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Adaptation of Living Things Certain animals and plants develop cha...
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理工类《阅读理解》真题及答案
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Language Whenmostofusthinkaboutlanguagewethinkfirstaboutwords.Thusthehardestpartoflearningaforeignlanguagemayseemtobememorizing【51】vocabulary;whenweobserveachildfirstacquiringspeechwetalkofhisprogress【52】amatteroflearningnewwords.Wearealso【53】tofeelthattheadultspeakerwiththelargestvocabularyhasthebest【54】ofEnglish.Tothink【55】alanguageasjustastockofwordsis【56】quitewrong.Wordsalonedonot【57】alanguage;agrammaris【58】tocombinetheminsomeintelligibleway.Moreoverwordsarerelativelyeasytolearnandindeedallofusgo【59】learningthemallour【60】.Theyarealsothe【61】stablepartoflanguage.Wordscomeinto【62】changetheirpronunciationsandmeaningsanddisappearcompletelyallwithcomparativeease.Yetitistruethatthe【63】isfocusoflanguage.Itisinwords【64】soundsandmeaningsinterlocktoallowusto【65】withoneanotheranditiswordsthatwearrangetogethertomakesentencesconversationsanddiscourseofallkinds.Thuswehaveaparadoxinthatthemostshort-livedpartoflanguageisalsothecentrewheremeaningpronunciationandgrammarcometogether.
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Language Whenmostofusthinkaboutlanguagewethinkfirstaboutwords.Thusthehardestpartoflearningaforeignlanguagemayseemtobememorizing【51】vocabulary;whenweobserveachildfirstacquiringspeechwetalkofhisprogress【52】amatteroflearningnewwords.Wearealso【53】tofeelthattheadultspeakerwiththelargestvocabularyhasthebest【54】ofEnglish.Tothink【55】alanguageasjustastockofwordsis【56】quitewrong.Wordsalonedonot【57】alanguage;agrammaris【58】tocombinetheminsomeintelligibleway.Moreoverwordsarerelativelyeasytolearnandindeedallofusgo【59】learningthemallour【60】.Theyarealsothe【61】stablepartoflanguage.Wordscomeinto【62】changetheirpronunciationsandmeaningsanddisappearcompletelyallwithcomparativeease.Yetitistruethatthe【63】isfocusoflanguage.Itisinwords【64】soundsandmeaningsinterlocktoallowusto【65】withoneanotheranditiswordsthatwearrangetogethertomakesentencesconversationsanddiscourseofallkinds.Thuswehaveaparadoxinthatthemostshort-livedpartoflanguageisalsothecentrewheremeaningpronunciationandgrammarcometogether.
Suburb Ifsuburbismeantanurbanmarginthatgrowsmorerapidlythanitsalreadydevelopedinteriortheprocessofsuburbanizationbeganduringtheemergenceoftheindustrialcityinthesecondquarterofthenineteenthcentury.Beforethatperiodthecitywasasmallhighlycompactclusterinwhichpeoplemovedaboutonfootandgoodswereconveyedbyhorseandcart.Buttheearlyfactoriesbuiltinthe1830’’sand1840’’swerelocatedalongwaterwaysandnearrailheadsattheedgesofcitiesandhousingwasneededforthethousandsofpeopledrawnbytheprospectofemployment.Intimethefactoriesweresurroundedbyproliferatingmilltownsofapartmentsandrowhousesaroundtheoldermaincities.Asadefenceagainstthisencroachmentandtoenlargetheirtaxbasesthecitiesappropriatedtheirindustrialneighbors.In1854forexamplethecityofPhiladelphiaannexedmostofPhiladelphiaCounty.SimilarmunicipalmaneuverstookplaceinChicagoandinNewYork.IndeedmostgreatcitiesoftheUnitedStatesachievedsuchstatusonlybyincorporatingthecommunitiesalongtheirborders. Withtheaccelerationofindustrialgrowthcomeacuteurbancrowdingandaccompanyingsocialstress-conditionsbegantoapproachdisastrousproportionswhenin1888thefirstcommerciallysuccessfulelectrictractionlinewasdeveloped.Withinafewyearsthehorse-drawntrolleyswereretiredandelectricstreetcarnetworkscrisscrossedandconnectedeverymajorurbanareafosteringawaveofsuburbanizationthattransformedthecompactindustrialcityintoadispersedmetropolis.Thisfirstphaseofmass-scalesuburbanizationwasreinforcedbythesimultaneousemergenceoftheurbanmiddleclasswhosedesiresforhomeownershipinneighborhoodsfarfromtheaginginnercityweresatisfiedbythedevelopingofsingle-familyhousingtracts. Whereinthetextdoestheauthordescribethecitiesastheywerepriortosuburbanization?
Vegetarianism Astrictvegetarianisapersonwhoneverinhislifeeatsanythingderivedfromanimals.Themainobjectiontovegetarianismonalong-termbasisisthedifficultytogettingenoughproteinthebodybuildingelementsinfood.Ifyouhaveeverbeenwithoutmeatoranimalfoodsforsomedaysofweekssayreligiousreasonsyouwillhavenoticedthatyoutendtogetphysicallyratherweak.Youaregladwhenthefastisoverandyougetyourrewardofasucculentmeatmeal.Proteinsarebuiltupfromapproximatelytwentyfoodelementscalledamino-acidswhicharefoundmoreabundantlyinanimalproteinthaninvegetableprotein.Thismeansyouhavetoeatagreatdealmorevegetablethananimalfoodinordertogetenoughoftheseamino-acids.Agreatofthevegetablefoodgoestowasteinthisprocessandfromthephysiologicalpointofviewthereisnotmuchtobesaidinfavoroflife-longvegetarianism. Theeconomicsideofthequestionthoughmustbeconsidered.Vegetablefoodismuchcheaperthananimalfood.Howeversinceonlyasmallproportionofthevegetableproteinisusefulforbody-buildingpurposesaconsistentvegetarianifheistogainthenecessary70gramsofproteinadayhastoconsumeagreaterbulkoffoodthanhisdigestiveorganscancomfortablydealwith.Infairnessthoughitmustbepointedoutthatvegetariansclaimtheyneedfarlessthan70gramsofproteinaday. Whetherornotvegetarianismshouldbeadvocatedforadultsitisdefinitelyunsatisfactoryforgrowingchildrenwhoneedmoreproteinthantheycangetfromvegetablesource’’s.Alacto-vegetariandietwhichincludesmilkandmilkproductssuchascheesecanhoweverbesatisfactoryaslongasenoughmilkandmilkproductsareconsumed. Meatandcheesearethebestsourcesofusabledigestibleandnextcomemilkfishandeggs.Slowandcarefulcookingofmeatmakesitmoredigestibleandassistsinthebreakingdownoftheproteincontentbythebody.Whencookingvegetableshoweverthevitaminsandinparticularthewater-solubevitaminCshouldbelostthroughovercooking. Whichofthefollowingisbestreflectedtheauthor’sattitude?
Language Whenmostofusthinkaboutlanguagewethinkfirstaboutwords.Thusthehardestpartoflearningaforeignlanguagemayseemtobememorizing【51】vocabulary;whenweobserveachildfirstacquiringspeechwetalkofhisprogress【52】amatteroflearningnewwords.Wearealso【53】tofeelthattheadultspeakerwiththelargestvocabularyhasthebest【54】ofEnglish.Tothink【55】alanguageasjustastockofwordsis【56】quitewrong.Wordsalonedonot【57】alanguage;agrammaris【58】tocombinetheminsomeintelligibleway.Moreoverwordsarerelativelyeasytolearnandindeedallofusgo【59】learningthemallour【60】.Theyarealsothe【61】stablepartoflanguage.Wordscomeinto【62】changetheirpronunciationsandmeaningsanddisappearcompletelyallwithcomparativeease.Yetitistruethatthe【63】isfocusoflanguage.Itisinwords【64】soundsandmeaningsinterlocktoallowusto【65】withoneanotheranditiswordsthatwearrangetogethertomakesentencesconversationsanddiscourseofallkinds.Thuswehaveaparadoxinthatthemostshort-livedpartoflanguageisalsothecentrewheremeaningpronunciationandgrammarcometogether.
TheAttitudeForComputers AsDr.SamuelJohnsonsaidinadifferenteraaboutladiespreachingthesurprisingthingaboutcomputersisnotthattheythinklesswellthanamanbutthattheythinkatall.Theearlyelectroniccomputerdidnothavemuchgoingforitexceptamarvelousmemoryandsomegoodmathskills.Buttodaythebestmodelscanbewireduptolearnbyexperiencefollowanargumentaskproperquestionsandwritepoetryandmusic.Theycanalsocarryonsomewhatpuzzlingconversations. Computersimitatelife.Ascomputersgetmorecompletetheimitationgetsbetter.Finallythelinebetweentheoriginalandthecopybecomesunclear.Inanother15yearsorsowewillseethecomputerasanewformoflife. Theopinionseemsridiculousbecauseforonethingcomputerslackthedrivesandemotionsoflivingcreatures.Butdrivescanbeprogrammedintothecomputer’’sbrainjustasnatureprogrammedthemintoourhumanbrainsasapartoftheequipmentforsurvival. Computersmatchpeopleinsomerolesandwhenfastdecisionsareneededinacrisistheyoftensurpassthem.Havingevolvedwhenthepaceoflifewasslowerthehumanbrainhasaninherentdefectthatpreventsitfromabsorbingseveralstreamsofinformationsimultaneouslyandactingonthemquickly.Throwtoomanythingsatthebrainatonetimeanditfreezesup. Wearestillincontrolbutthecapabilitiesofcomputersareincreasingatafantasticratewhilerawhumanintelligenceischangingslowlyifatall.Computerpowerhasincreasedtentimeseveryeightyearssince1946.Inthe1990swhenthesixthgenerationappearsthereasoningpowerofanintelligencebuiltoutofsiliconwillbegintomatchthatofthehumanbrain. Thatdoesnotmeantheevolutionofintelligencehasendedontheearth.Judgingbythepastwecanexpectthatanewspecieswillariseoutofmansurpassinghisachievementsashehassurpassedthoseofhispredecessor.Onlyacarbonchemistryenthusiastwouldassumethatthespeciesmustbeman’’sflesh-and-blooddescendants.Thenewkindofintelligentlifeismorelikelytobemadeofsilicon. Todaycomputersarestillinferiortomanintermsofgrowthofreasoningpower.
Vegetarianism Astrictvegetarianisapersonwhoneverinhislifeeatsanythingderivedfromanimals.Themainobjectiontovegetarianismonalong-termbasisisthedifficultytogettingenoughproteinthebodybuildingelementsinfood.Ifyouhaveeverbeenwithoutmeatoranimalfoodsforsomedaysofweekssayreligiousreasonsyouwillhavenoticedthatyoutendtogetphysicallyratherweak.Youaregladwhenthefastisoverandyougetyourrewardofasucculentmeatmeal.Proteinsarebuiltupfromapproximatelytwentyfoodelementscalledamino-acidswhicharefoundmoreabundantlyinanimalproteinthaninvegetableprotein.Thismeansyouhavetoeatagreatdealmorevegetablethananimalfoodinordertogetenoughoftheseamino-acids.Agreatofthevegetablefoodgoestowasteinthisprocessandfromthephysiologicalpointofviewthereisnotmuchtobesaidinfavoroflife-longvegetarianism. Theeconomicsideofthequestionthoughmustbeconsidered.Vegetablefoodismuchcheaperthananimalfood.Howeversinceonlyasmallproportionofthevegetableproteinisusefulforbody-buildingpurposesaconsistentvegetarianifheistogainthenecessary70gramsofproteinadayhastoconsumeagreaterbulkoffoodthanhisdigestiveorganscancomfortablydealwith.Infairnessthoughitmustbepointedoutthatvegetariansclaimtheyneedfarlessthan70gramsofproteinaday. Whetherornotvegetarianismshouldbeadvocatedforadultsitisdefinitelyunsatisfactoryforgrowingchildrenwhoneedmoreproteinthantheycangetfromvegetablesource’’s.Alacto-vegetariandietwhichincludesmilkandmilkproductssuchascheesecanhoweverbesatisfactoryaslongasenoughmilkandmilkproductsareconsumed. Meatandcheesearethebestsourcesofusabledigestibleandnextcomemilkfishandeggs.Slowandcarefulcookingofmeatmakesitmoredigestibleandassistsinthebreakingdownoftheproteincontentbythebody.Whencookingvegetableshoweverthevitaminsandinparticularthewater-solubevitaminCshouldbelostthroughovercooking. Theunderlinedwordlacto-vegetarianinPara.4means______.
{{*HTML*}} HowtheBodyKeepstheSame Temperature??Thetemperatureofyourbodyshould bealwaysjustthesamenomatterwhethertheweatherishotorcold.Thatis whythedoctoruseshisthermometerwhenyouaresick.Whenyouarewellyour temperatureisninety-eightandsixtenthsdegrees.Ifhefindsit{{U}}?51 ?{{/U}}thanthatitisasuresignthatsomethingiswrong.? ?Thebodykeepsthesametemperatureallthetimebecauseitbalances平衡 theheatitproducesand{{U}}?52?{{/U}}off.Itisalwaysburningup foodandproducingheat.Itcanproduceheatfasterwhenitneedstoorgiveoff heatfasterwhenitbecomestoowarm.Let’ssee{{U}}?53?{{/U}}this happens.??Theheatofyourbodyisgivenoffchieflythroughthe skin.Whenyouare{{U}}?54?{{/U}}yourskinistightandshowsgoose flesh.Whenyougetchilly寒冷的youmustdancearoundtokeepwarmor{{U}} ?55?{{/U}}youwillshiver颤抖.{{U}}?56?{{/U}}yourmuscles begintoworkburnupfuelandproducemoreheat.Itisnot{{U}}?57 ?{{/U}}toshiversoyouusuallypreferwarmingupbyexerciseorput{{U}} ?58?{{/U}}moreclothestokeepheatin.??Whenyouare warmtheskinislooseandsoft.Itissosupplied{{U}}?59?{{/U}}blood thatheatisgivenoffrapidly.Ifyougettoohotyoubegintosweatand{{U}} ?60?{{/U}}bodyheatisusedinevaporating蒸发themoisture潮湿 fromyourskin.Youwearlessclothingtooinwarm{{U}}?61?{{/U}}or inawarmroomsothatwarmthcanbegivenofffreely.Youfeelyoudon’t{{U}} ?62?{{/U}}exercisingbecauseyourbodyiswarm{{U}}?63 ?{{/U}}andtheextraheatproducedbyexercisemakesyouuncomfortable. ??Youcanseefromthiswhyyou{{U}}?64 ?{{/U}}differentlyindifferentkindsofweather.Insummerwhenitis warmyoufeeltiredandlazy.Youdonotcaretoworkorplaybutenjoylying anddoingnothing.Whenyougetoutofdoorsinwinterthecoldairmakesyou feel{{U}}?65?{{/U}}.Youwanttorunandplay.
Therewasanumberofchildrenontheplayground.
Itwasveryhardtograspwhatheactuallymeant.
Thenewcommunicationsystemisbynomeansaminuteinvention.
Suburb Ifsuburbismeantanurbanmarginthatgrowsmorerapidlythanitsalreadydevelopedinteriortheprocessofsuburbanizationbeganduringtheemergenceoftheindustrialcityinthesecondquarterofthenineteenthcentury.Beforethatperiodthecitywasasmallhighlycompactclusterinwhichpeoplemovedaboutonfootandgoodswereconveyedbyhorseandcart.Buttheearlyfactoriesbuiltinthe1830’’sand1840’’swerelocatedalongwaterwaysandnearrailheadsattheedgesofcitiesandhousingwasneededforthethousandsofpeopledrawnbytheprospectofemployment.Intimethefactoriesweresurroundedbyproliferatingmilltownsofapartmentsandrowhousesaroundtheoldermaincities.Asadefenceagainstthisencroachmentandtoenlargetheirtaxbasesthecitiesappropriatedtheirindustrialneighbors.In1854forexamplethecityofPhiladelphiaannexedmostofPhiladelphiaCounty.SimilarmunicipalmaneuverstookplaceinChicagoandinNewYork.IndeedmostgreatcitiesoftheUnitedStatesachievedsuchstatusonlybyincorporatingthecommunitiesalongtheirborders. Withtheaccelerationofindustrialgrowthcomeacuteurbancrowdingandaccompanyingsocialstress-conditionsbegantoapproachdisastrousproportionswhenin1888thefirstcommerciallysuccessfulelectrictractionlinewasdeveloped.Withinafewyearsthehorse-drawntrolleyswereretiredandelectricstreetcarnetworkscrisscrossedandconnectedeverymajorurbanareafosteringawaveofsuburbanizationthattransformedthecompactindustrialcityintoadispersedmetropolis.Thisfirstphaseofmass-scalesuburbanizationwasreinforcedbythesimultaneousemergenceoftheurbanmiddleclasswhosedesiresforhomeownershipinneighborhoodsfarfromtheaginginnercityweresatisfiedbythedevelopingofsingle-familyhousingtracts. Inthepassagethewordencroachmentreferstowhichofthefollowing?
Aseismographisadevicedesignedtomeasurevibrationsoftheground.
{{*HTML*}} HowtheBodyKeepstheSame Temperature??Thetemperatureofyourbodyshould bealwaysjustthesamenomatterwhethertheweatherishotorcold.Thatis whythedoctoruseshisthermometerwhenyouaresick.Whenyouarewellyour temperatureisninety-eightandsixtenthsdegrees.Ifhefindsit{{U}}?51 ?{{/U}}thanthatitisasuresignthatsomethingiswrong.? ?Thebodykeepsthesametemperatureallthetimebecauseitbalances平衡 theheatitproducesand{{U}}?52?{{/U}}off.Itisalwaysburningup foodandproducingheat.Itcanproduceheatfasterwhenitneedstoorgiveoff heatfasterwhenitbecomestoowarm.Let’ssee{{U}}?53?{{/U}}this happens.??Theheatofyourbodyisgivenoffchieflythroughthe skin.Whenyouare{{U}}?54?{{/U}}yourskinistightandshowsgoose flesh.Whenyougetchilly寒冷的youmustdancearoundtokeepwarmor{{U}} ?55?{{/U}}youwillshiver颤抖.{{U}}?56?{{/U}}yourmuscles begintoworkburnupfuelandproducemoreheat.Itisnot{{U}}?57 ?{{/U}}toshiversoyouusuallypreferwarmingupbyexerciseorput{{U}} ?58?{{/U}}moreclothestokeepheatin.??Whenyouare warmtheskinislooseandsoft.Itissosupplied{{U}}?59?{{/U}}blood thatheatisgivenoffrapidly.Ifyougettoohotyoubegintosweatand{{U}} ?60?{{/U}}bodyheatisusedinevaporating蒸发themoisture潮湿 fromyourskin.Youwearlessclothingtooinwarm{{U}}?61?{{/U}}or inawarmroomsothatwarmthcanbegivenofffreely.Youfeelyoudon’t{{U}} ?62?{{/U}}exercisingbecauseyourbodyiswarm{{U}}?63 ?{{/U}}andtheextraheatproducedbyexercisemakesyouuncomfortable. ??Youcanseefromthiswhyyou{{U}}?64 ?{{/U}}differentlyindifferentkindsofweather.Insummerwhenitis warmyoufeeltiredandlazy.Youdonotcaretoworkorplaybutenjoylying anddoingnothing.Whenyougetoutofdoorsinwinterthecoldairmakesyou feel{{U}}?65?{{/U}}.Youwanttorunandplay.
{{*HTML*}} HowtheBodyKeepstheSame Temperature??Thetemperatureofyourbodyshould bealwaysjustthesamenomatterwhethertheweatherishotorcold.Thatis whythedoctoruseshisthermometerwhenyouaresick.Whenyouarewellyour temperatureisninety-eightandsixtenthsdegrees.Ifhefindsit{{U}}?51 ?{{/U}}thanthatitisasuresignthatsomethingiswrong.? ?Thebodykeepsthesametemperatureallthetimebecauseitbalances平衡 theheatitproducesand{{U}}?52?{{/U}}off.Itisalwaysburningup foodandproducingheat.Itcanproduceheatfasterwhenitneedstoorgiveoff heatfasterwhenitbecomestoowarm.Let’ssee{{U}}?53?{{/U}}this happens.??Theheatofyourbodyisgivenoffchieflythroughthe skin.Whenyouare{{U}}?54?{{/U}}yourskinistightandshowsgoose flesh.Whenyougetchilly寒冷的youmustdancearoundtokeepwarmor{{U}} ?55?{{/U}}youwillshiver颤抖.{{U}}?56?{{/U}}yourmuscles begintoworkburnupfuelandproducemoreheat.Itisnot{{U}}?57 ?{{/U}}toshiversoyouusuallypreferwarmingupbyexerciseorput{{U}} ?58?{{/U}}moreclothestokeepheatin.??Whenyouare warmtheskinislooseandsoft.Itissosupplied{{U}}?59?{{/U}}blood thatheatisgivenoffrapidly.Ifyougettoohotyoubegintosweatand{{U}} ?60?{{/U}}bodyheatisusedinevaporating蒸发themoisture潮湿 fromyourskin.Youwearlessclothingtooinwarm{{U}}?61?{{/U}}or inawarmroomsothatwarmthcanbegivenofffreely.Youfeelyoudon’t{{U}} ?62?{{/U}}exercisingbecauseyourbodyiswarm{{U}}?63 ?{{/U}}andtheextraheatproducedbyexercisemakesyouuncomfortable. ??Youcanseefromthiswhyyou{{U}}?64 ?{{/U}}differentlyindifferentkindsofweather.Insummerwhenitis warmyoufeeltiredandlazy.Youdonotcaretoworkorplaybutenjoylying anddoingnothing.Whenyougetoutofdoorsinwinterthecoldairmakesyou feel{{U}}?65?{{/U}}.Youwanttorunandplay.
Vegetarianism Astrictvegetarianisapersonwhoneverinhislifeeatsanythingderivedfromanimals.Themainobjectiontovegetarianismonalong-termbasisisthedifficultytogettingenoughproteinthebodybuildingelementsinfood.Ifyouhaveeverbeenwithoutmeatoranimalfoodsforsomedaysofweekssayreligiousreasonsyouwillhavenoticedthatyoutendtogetphysicallyratherweak.Youaregladwhenthefastisoverandyougetyourrewardofasucculentmeatmeal.Proteinsarebuiltupfromapproximatelytwentyfoodelementscalledamino-acidswhicharefoundmoreabundantlyinanimalproteinthaninvegetableprotein.Thismeansyouhavetoeatagreatdealmorevegetablethananimalfoodinordertogetenoughoftheseamino-acids.Agreatofthevegetablefoodgoestowasteinthisprocessandfromthephysiologicalpointofviewthereisnotmuchtobesaidinfavoroflife-longvegetarianism. Theeconomicsideofthequestionthoughmustbeconsidered.Vegetablefoodismuchcheaperthananimalfood.Howeversinceonlyasmallproportionofthevegetableproteinisusefulforbody-buildingpurposesaconsistentvegetarianifheistogainthenecessary70gramsofproteinadayhastoconsumeagreaterbulkoffoodthanhisdigestiveorganscancomfortablydealwith.Infairnessthoughitmustbepointedoutthatvegetariansclaimtheyneedfarlessthan70gramsofproteinaday. Whetherornotvegetarianismshouldbeadvocatedforadultsitisdefinitelyunsatisfactoryforgrowingchildrenwhoneedmoreproteinthantheycangetfromvegetablesource’’s.Alacto-vegetariandietwhichincludesmilkandmilkproductssuchascheesecanhoweverbesatisfactoryaslongasenoughmilkandmilkproductsareconsumed. Meatandcheesearethebestsourcesofusabledigestibleandnextcomemilkfishandeggs.Slowandcarefulcookingofmeatmakesitmoredigestibleandassistsinthebreakingdownoftheproteincontentbythebody.Whencookingvegetableshoweverthevitaminsandinparticularthewater-solubevitaminCshouldbelostthroughovercooking. Avegetarianisapersonwho______.
Suburb Ifsuburbismeantanurbanmarginthatgrowsmorerapidlythanitsalreadydevelopedinteriortheprocessofsuburbanizationbeganduringtheemergenceoftheindustrialcityinthesecondquarterofthenineteenthcentury.Beforethatperiodthecitywasasmallhighlycompactclusterinwhichpeoplemovedaboutonfootandgoodswereconveyedbyhorseandcart.Buttheearlyfactoriesbuiltinthe1830’’sand1840’’swerelocatedalongwaterwaysandnearrailheadsattheedgesofcitiesandhousingwasneededforthethousandsofpeopledrawnbytheprospectofemployment.Intimethefactoriesweresurroundedbyproliferatingmilltownsofapartmentsandrowhousesaroundtheoldermaincities.Asadefenceagainstthisencroachmentandtoenlargetheirtaxbasesthecitiesappropriatedtheirindustrialneighbors.In1854forexamplethecityofPhiladelphiaannexedmostofPhiladelphiaCounty.SimilarmunicipalmaneuverstookplaceinChicagoandinNewYork.IndeedmostgreatcitiesoftheUnitedStatesachievedsuchstatusonlybyincorporatingthecommunitiesalongtheirborders. Withtheaccelerationofindustrialgrowthcomeacuteurbancrowdingandaccompanyingsocialstress-conditionsbegantoapproachdisastrousproportionswhenin1888thefirstcommerciallysuccessfulelectrictractionlinewasdeveloped.Withinafewyearsthehorse-drawntrolleyswereretiredandelectricstreetcarnetworkscrisscrossedandconnectedeverymajorurbanareafosteringawaveofsuburbanizationthattransformedthecompactindustrialcityintoadispersedmetropolis.Thisfirstphaseofmass-scalesuburbanizationwasreinforcedbythesimultaneousemergenceoftheurbanmiddleclasswhosedesiresforhomeownershipinneighborhoodsfarfromtheaginginnercityweresatisfiedbythedevelopingofsingle-familyhousingtracts. Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?
Language Whenmostofusthinkaboutlanguagewethinkfirstaboutwords.Thusthehardestpartoflearningaforeignlanguagemayseemtobememorizing【51】vocabulary;whenweobserveachildfirstacquiringspeechwetalkofhisprogress【52】amatteroflearningnewwords.Wearealso【53】tofeelthattheadultspeakerwiththelargestvocabularyhasthebest【54】ofEnglish.Tothink【55】alanguageasjustastockofwordsis【56】quitewrong.Wordsalonedonot【57】alanguage;agrammaris【58】tocombinetheminsomeintelligibleway.Moreoverwordsarerelativelyeasytolearnandindeedallofusgo【59】learningthemallour【60】.Theyarealsothe【61】stablepartoflanguage.Wordscomeinto【62】changetheirpronunciationsandmeaningsanddisappearcompletelyallwithcomparativeease.Yetitistruethatthe【63】isfocusoflanguage.Itisinwords【64】soundsandmeaningsinterlocktoallowusto【65】withoneanotheranditiswordsthatwearrangetogethertomakesentencesconversationsanddiscourseofallkinds.Thuswehaveaparadoxinthatthemostshort-livedpartoflanguageisalsothecentrewheremeaningpronunciationandgrammarcometogether.
Throughaprocedureknownastime-sharingonelargecomputercanbeemployedsimultaneouslybylotsofsmallusers.
{{*HTML*}} HowtheBodyKeepstheSame Temperature??Thetemperatureofyourbodyshould bealwaysjustthesamenomatterwhethertheweatherishotorcold.Thatis whythedoctoruseshisthermometerwhenyouaresick.Whenyouarewellyour temperatureisninety-eightandsixtenthsdegrees.Ifhefindsit{{U}}?51 ?{{/U}}thanthatitisasuresignthatsomethingiswrong.? ?Thebodykeepsthesametemperatureallthetimebecauseitbalances平衡 theheatitproducesand{{U}}?52?{{/U}}off.Itisalwaysburningup foodandproducingheat.Itcanproduceheatfasterwhenitneedstoorgiveoff heatfasterwhenitbecomestoowarm.Let’ssee{{U}}?53?{{/U}}this happens.??Theheatofyourbodyisgivenoffchieflythroughthe skin.Whenyouare{{U}}?54?{{/U}}yourskinistightandshowsgoose flesh.Whenyougetchilly寒冷的youmustdancearoundtokeepwarmor{{U}} ?55?{{/U}}youwillshiver颤抖.{{U}}?56?{{/U}}yourmuscles begintoworkburnupfuelandproducemoreheat.Itisnot{{U}}?57 ?{{/U}}toshiversoyouusuallypreferwarmingupbyexerciseorput{{U}} ?58?{{/U}}moreclothestokeepheatin.??Whenyouare warmtheskinislooseandsoft.Itissosupplied{{U}}?59?{{/U}}blood thatheatisgivenoffrapidly.Ifyougettoohotyoubegintosweatand{{U}} ?60?{{/U}}bodyheatisusedinevaporating蒸发themoisture潮湿 fromyourskin.Youwearlessclothingtooinwarm{{U}}?61?{{/U}}or inawarmroomsothatwarmthcanbegivenofffreely.Youfeelyoudon’t{{U}} ?62?{{/U}}exercisingbecauseyourbodyiswarm{{U}}?63 ?{{/U}}andtheextraheatproducedbyexercisemakesyouuncomfortable. ??Youcanseefromthiswhyyou{{U}}?64 ?{{/U}}differentlyindifferentkindsofweather.Insummerwhenitis warmyoufeeltiredandlazy.Youdonotcaretoworkorplaybutenjoylying anddoingnothing.Whenyougetoutofdoorsinwinterthecoldairmakesyou feel{{U}}?65?{{/U}}.Youwanttorunandplay.
MaleandFemalepilotscauseaccidentsdifferently MalepilotsflyinggeneralaviationprivateaircraftintheUnitedStatesaremorelikelytocrashduetoinattentionorflaweddecisionmakingwhilefemalepilotsaremorelikelytocrashfrommishandlingtheaircraft.ThesearetheresultsofastudybyresearchersattheJohnsHopkinsUniversityBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth. Thestudyidentifiesthedifferencesbetweenmaleandfemalepilotsintermsofcircumstancesofthecrashandthetypeofpilotserrorinvolved.Crashesofgeneralaviationaircraftaccountfor85percentofallaviationdeathsintheUnitedStates.ThecrashrateformalepilotsasformotorvehicledriversexceedsthatofcrashesoffemalepilotsexplainsSusanP.BakerMPHprofessorofhealthpolicyandmanagementattheBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth.Becausepilotyouthandinexperienceareestablishedcontributorstoaviationcrasheswefocusedononlymaturepilotstodeterminethegenderdifferencesinthereasonsforthecrash. Theresearchersextracteddataforthisstudyfromalargeresearchprojectonpilotagingandflightsafety.Thedataweregatheredfromgeneralaviationcrashesofairplanesandhelicoptersbetween1983and1997involving144femalepilotsand267malepilotsaged40-63.Femalepilotswerematchedwithmalepilotsina1:2ratiobyageclassesofmedicalandpilotcertificatesstateorareaofcrashandyearofcrash.Thenthecircumstancesofthecrashesandthepiloterrorinvolvedwerecategorizedandcodedwithoutknowledgeofpilotgender. Theresearchersfoundthatlossofcontrolonlandingortakeoffwasthemostcommoncircumstanceforbothsexesleadingto59percentoffemalepilots’crashesand36percentofmales’’.Experiencingmechanicalfailurerunningoutoffuelandlandingtheplanewiththelandinggearupwereamongthefactorsmorelikelywithmaleswhilestallingwasmorelikelywithfemales. Themajorityofthecrashes—95percentforfemalesand88percentformales—involvedatleastonetypeofpiloterror.Mishandlingaircraftkineticswasthemostcommonerrorforbothsexesbutwasmorecommonamongfemalesaccountingfor81percentofthecrashesthanmalesaccountingfor48percent.Maleshoweverappearedmorelikelytobeguiltyofpoordecision-makingrisk-takingandinattentivenessexamplesofwhichincludemisjudgingweatherandvisibilityorflyinganaircraftwithaknowndefect.Femalesthoughmorelikelytomishandleorlosecontroloftheaircraftweregenerallymorecarefulthantheirmalecounterparts. inattention/n.疏忽 aviation/n.航空 flawed/adj.有缺陷的 mishandle/v.瞎弄乱处理 MPHMasterofPublicHealth公共卫生硕士 gender/n.性性别 runout耗尽用完 stallv.飞机失速发动机熄火 kinetics/n.动力学 Whatisthemostcommoncircumstanceofcrashwithfemalepilots?
Language Whenmostofusthinkaboutlanguagewethinkfirstaboutwords.Thusthehardestpartoflearningaforeignlanguagemayseemtobememorizing【51】vocabulary;whenweobserveachildfirstacquiringspeechwetalkofhisprogress【52】amatteroflearningnewwords.Wearealso【53】tofeelthattheadultspeakerwiththelargestvocabularyhasthebest【54】ofEnglish.Tothink【55】alanguageasjustastockofwordsis【56】quitewrong.Wordsalonedonot【57】alanguage;agrammaris【58】tocombinetheminsomeintelligibleway.Moreoverwordsarerelativelyeasytolearnandindeedallofusgo【59】learningthemallour【60】.Theyarealsothe【61】stablepartoflanguage.Wordscomeinto【62】changetheirpronunciationsandmeaningsanddisappearcompletelyallwithcomparativeease.Yetitistruethatthe【63】isfocusoflanguage.Itisinwords【64】soundsandmeaningsinterlocktoallowusto【65】withoneanotheranditiswordsthatwearrangetogethertomakesentencesconversationsanddiscourseofallkinds.Thuswehaveaparadoxinthatthemostshort-livedpartoflanguageisalsothecentrewheremeaningpronunciationandgrammarcometogether.
MaleandFemalepilotscauseaccidentsdifferently MalepilotsflyinggeneralaviationprivateaircraftintheUnitedStatesaremorelikelytocrashduetoinattentionorflaweddecisionmakingwhilefemalepilotsaremorelikelytocrashfrommishandlingtheaircraft.ThesearetheresultsofastudybyresearchersattheJohnsHopkinsUniversityBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth. Thestudyidentifiesthedifferencesbetweenmaleandfemalepilotsintermsofcircumstancesofthecrashandthetypeofpilotserrorinvolved.Crashesofgeneralaviationaircraftaccountfor85percentofallaviationdeathsintheUnitedStates.ThecrashrateformalepilotsasformotorvehicledriversexceedsthatofcrashesoffemalepilotsexplainsSusanP.BakerMPHprofessorofhealthpolicyandmanagementattheBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth.Becausepilotyouthandinexperienceareestablishedcontributorstoaviationcrasheswefocusedononlymaturepilotstodeterminethegenderdifferencesinthereasonsforthecrash. Theresearchersextracteddataforthisstudyfromalargeresearchprojectonpilotagingandflightsafety.Thedataweregatheredfromgeneralaviationcrashesofairplanesandhelicoptersbetween1983and1997involving144femalepilotsand267malepilotsaged40-63.Femalepilotswerematchedwithmalepilotsina1:2ratiobyageclassesofmedicalandpilotcertificatesstateorareaofcrashandyearofcrash.Thenthecircumstancesofthecrashesandthepiloterrorinvolvedwerecategorizedandcodedwithoutknowledgeofpilotgender. Theresearchersfoundthatlossofcontrolonlandingortakeoffwasthemostcommoncircumstanceforbothsexesleadingto59percentoffemalepilots’crashesand36percentofmales’’.Experiencingmechanicalfailurerunningoutoffuelandlandingtheplanewiththelandinggearupwereamongthefactorsmorelikelywithmaleswhilestallingwasmorelikelywithfemales. Themajorityofthecrashes—95percentforfemalesand88percentformales—involvedatleastonetypeofpiloterror.Mishandlingaircraftkineticswasthemostcommonerrorforbothsexesbutwasmorecommonamongfemalesaccountingfor81percentofthecrashesthanmalesaccountingfor48percent.Maleshoweverappearedmorelikelytobeguiltyofpoordecision-makingrisk-takingandinattentivenessexamplesofwhichincludemisjudgingweatherandvisibilityorflyinganaircraftwithaknowndefect.Femalesthoughmorelikelytomishandleorlosecontroloftheaircraftweregenerallymorecarefulthantheirmalecounterparts. inattention/n.疏忽 aviation/n.航空 flawed/adj.有缺陷的 mishandle/v.瞎弄乱处理 MPHMasterofPublicHealth公共卫生硕士 gender/n.性性别 runout耗尽用完 stallv.飞机失速发动机熄火 kinetics/n.动力学 WhichofthestatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothesecondparagraph?
Itisnecessarytomakeanabstractwhilewritingareport.
Language Whenmostofusthinkaboutlanguagewethinkfirstaboutwords.Thusthehardestpartoflearningaforeignlanguagemayseemtobememorizing【51】vocabulary;whenweobserveachildfirstacquiringspeechwetalkofhisprogress【52】amatteroflearningnewwords.Wearealso【53】tofeelthattheadultspeakerwiththelargestvocabularyhasthebest【54】ofEnglish.Tothink【55】alanguageasjustastockofwordsis【56】quitewrong.Wordsalonedonot【57】alanguage;agrammaris【58】tocombinetheminsomeintelligibleway.Moreoverwordsarerelativelyeasytolearnandindeedallofusgo【59】learningthemallour【60】.Theyarealsothe【61】stablepartoflanguage.Wordscomeinto【62】changetheirpronunciationsandmeaningsanddisappearcompletelyallwithcomparativeease.Yetitistruethatthe【63】isfocusoflanguage.Itisinwords【64】soundsandmeaningsinterlocktoallowusto【65】withoneanotheranditiswordsthatwearrangetogethertomakesentencesconversationsanddiscourseofallkinds.Thuswehaveaparadoxinthatthemostshort-livedpartoflanguageisalsothecentrewheremeaningpronunciationandgrammarcometogether.
TheAttitudeForComputers AsDr.SamuelJohnsonsaidinadifferenteraaboutladiespreachingthesurprisingthingaboutcomputersisnotthattheythinklesswellthanamanbutthattheythinkatall.Theearlyelectroniccomputerdidnothavemuchgoingforitexceptamarvelousmemoryandsomegoodmathskills.Buttodaythebestmodelscanbewireduptolearnbyexperiencefollowanargumentaskproperquestionsandwritepoetryandmusic.Theycanalsocarryonsomewhatpuzzlingconversations. Computersimitatelife.Ascomputersgetmorecompletetheimitationgetsbetter.Finallythelinebetweentheoriginalandthecopybecomesunclear.Inanother15yearsorsowewillseethecomputerasanewformoflife. Theopinionseemsridiculousbecauseforonethingcomputerslackthedrivesandemotionsoflivingcreatures.Butdrivescanbeprogrammedintothecomputer’’sbrainjustasnatureprogrammedthemintoourhumanbrainsasapartoftheequipmentforsurvival. Computersmatchpeopleinsomerolesandwhenfastdecisionsareneededinacrisistheyoftensurpassthem.Havingevolvedwhenthepaceoflifewasslowerthehumanbrainhasaninherentdefectthatpreventsitfromabsorbingseveralstreamsofinformationsimultaneouslyandactingonthemquickly.Throwtoomanythingsatthebrainatonetimeanditfreezesup. Wearestillincontrolbutthecapabilitiesofcomputersareincreasingatafantasticratewhilerawhumanintelligenceischangingslowlyifatall.Computerpowerhasincreasedtentimeseveryeightyearssince1946.Inthe1990swhenthesixthgenerationappearsthereasoningpowerofanintelligencebuiltoutofsiliconwillbegintomatchthatofthehumanbrain. Thatdoesnotmeantheevolutionofintelligencehasendedontheearth.Judgingbythepastwecanexpectthatanewspecieswillariseoutofmansurpassinghisachievementsashehassurpassedthoseofhispredecessor.Onlyacarbonchemistryenthusiastwouldassumethatthespeciesmustbeman’’sflesh-and-blooddescendants.Thenewkindofintelligentlifeismorelikelytobemadeofsilicon. Whenhethinkshighlyofthedevelopmentofcomputersciencetheauthordoesn’tmeanthathumanbeingshavelostcontrolofcomputers.
TheAttitudeForComputers AsDr.SamuelJohnsonsaidinadifferenteraaboutladiespreachingthesurprisingthingaboutcomputersisnotthattheythinklesswellthanamanbutthattheythinkatall.Theearlyelectroniccomputerdidnothavemuchgoingforitexceptamarvelousmemoryandsomegoodmathskills.Buttodaythebestmodelscanbewireduptolearnbyexperiencefollowanargumentaskproperquestionsandwritepoetryandmusic.Theycanalsocarryonsomewhatpuzzlingconversations. Computersimitatelife.Ascomputersgetmorecompletetheimitationgetsbetter.Finallythelinebetweentheoriginalandthecopybecomesunclear.Inanother15yearsorsowewillseethecomputerasanewformoflife. Theopinionseemsridiculousbecauseforonethingcomputerslackthedrivesandemotionsoflivingcreatures.Butdrivescanbeprogrammedintothecomputer’’sbrainjustasnatureprogrammedthemintoourhumanbrainsasapartoftheequipmentforsurvival. Computersmatchpeopleinsomerolesandwhenfastdecisionsareneededinacrisistheyoftensurpassthem.Havingevolvedwhenthepaceoflifewasslowerthehumanbrainhasaninherentdefectthatpreventsitfromabsorbingseveralstreamsofinformationsimultaneouslyandactingonthemquickly.Throwtoomanythingsatthebrainatonetimeanditfreezesup. Wearestillincontrolbutthecapabilitiesofcomputersareincreasingatafantasticratewhilerawhumanintelligenceischangingslowlyifatall.Computerpowerhasincreasedtentimeseveryeightyearssince1946.Inthe1990swhenthesixthgenerationappearsthereasoningpowerofanintelligencebuiltoutofsiliconwillbegintomatchthatofthehumanbrain. Thatdoesnotmeantheevolutionofintelligencehasendedontheearth.Judgingbythepastwecanexpectthatanewspecieswillariseoutofmansurpassinghisachievementsashehassurpassedthoseofhispredecessor.Onlyacarbonchemistryenthusiastwouldassumethatthespeciesmustbeman’’sflesh-and-blooddescendants.Thenewkindofintelligentlifeismorelikelytobemadeofsilicon. Futureintelligentlifemaynotnecessarilybemadeoforganicmatter.
Language Whenmostofusthinkaboutlanguagewethinkfirstaboutwords.Thusthehardestpartoflearningaforeignlanguagemayseemtobememorizing【51】vocabulary;whenweobserveachildfirstacquiringspeechwetalkofhisprogress【52】amatteroflearningnewwords.Wearealso【53】tofeelthattheadultspeakerwiththelargestvocabularyhasthebest【54】ofEnglish.Tothink【55】alanguageasjustastockofwordsis【56】quitewrong.Wordsalonedonot【57】alanguage;agrammaris【58】tocombinetheminsomeintelligibleway.Moreoverwordsarerelativelyeasytolearnandindeedallofusgo【59】learningthemallour【60】.Theyarealsothe【61】stablepartoflanguage.Wordscomeinto【62】changetheirpronunciationsandmeaningsanddisappearcompletelyallwithcomparativeease.Yetitistruethatthe【63】isfocusoflanguage.Itisinwords【64】soundsandmeaningsinterlocktoallowusto【65】withoneanotheranditiswordsthatwearrangetogethertomakesentencesconversationsanddiscourseofallkinds.Thuswehaveaparadoxinthatthemostshort-livedpartoflanguageisalsothecentrewheremeaningpronunciationandgrammarcometogether.
Beingcolleaguesfortenyearstheyhavebecomeintimatefriends.
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