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Tatoo Jack’s friend Tony had recently gotten a tatoo (文身) and Jack was so impressed by Tony’s brave...
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TatooJack’sfriendTonyhadrecentlygottenatatoo文身andJ
Sports Stars.
Car sellers.
Fashion designers.
Movie stars.
—HiTony.____ismyfriendJack.—HelloJack!Nicetomeetyo
She
That
This
He
OnedayJackthrewsomepapersonmydesk.What’swrong?Iask
OnceanEnglishmannamedJackBrownwenttoRussiaforaholi
—HiTony.____ismyfriendJack.—HelloJack!Nicetomeetyo
He
That
This
It
Whenaclosefrienddiesitoftenforcesyoutoconsideryour
MikeandJackwereborninthesamevillagE.Theywereinthes
TatooJack’sfriendTonyhadrecentlygottenatatoo文身andJ
individuality
sense of belonging
sense of honor
power
Tonytoldmethathe_______anewfrienD.
had
has
are having
were having
TatooJack’sfriendTonyhadrecentlygottenatatoo文身andJ
Tatoos Tell Who You Are
Tatoos’ New Trend
The Popularity of Tatoos
Why People Get Tatoos
Tonyisafriendof.
Mary’s mother’s
mother of Mary’s
Mary mother’s
mother’s of Mary
Almosteveryonelikesdogsandalmosteveryonelikesreadi
Whenaclosefrienddiesitoftenforcesyoutoconsideryour
Brianknewhehadbeendrinkingmoreandmorebuthewasconvi
TatooJack’sfriendTonyhadrecentlygottenatatoo文身andJ
a desire to express himself
the influence of the media
the influence of friends
a desire to be fashionable
Mrs.Bondisanoldfriendof.
Jack mother
Jack mother’s
Jack’s mother
Jack’s mother’s
Whenaclosefrienddiesitoftenforcesyoutoconsideryour
OnedayJackthrewsomepapersonmydesk.What’swrong?Iask
FormanypeopleparticularlyimmigrantstheAmericanDrea
﹣HiTony．ismyfriendJack．﹣HelloJack!Nicetomeetyou．
She
That
This
It
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A.fallasleepagain.B.becomemoreenergeticthefollowingdayC.sleeplessthan7hoursD.confirmthoseseriousconsequencesE.suffersleepproblemsF.sleepmorethan8hoursTogetagoodnight’srestpeoplemaynotneedto______.
IntheUnitedStatesolderpeoplerarelylivewiththeiradultchildren.Butinmanyothercultureschildrenareexpectedtocare51theiragedparents.InsomepartsofItalythepercentageofadultchildrenwho52withtheirparentsreach65to70percent.InThailandtoochildrenareexpectedtocarefortheirelderlyparents;fewThaielderlylive53.Whatexplainsthesedifferencesinlivingarrangements54culturesModernizationtheory55theextendedfamilyhouseholdtolowlevelsofeconomicdevelopment.Intraditionalsocietiestheelderlylivewiththeirchildreninlargeextendedfamilyunitsforeconomicreasons.Butwithmodernizationchildrenmovetourbanareasleavingoldpeoplebehindin56ruralareas.YetmodernizationtheorycannotexplainwhyextendedfamilyhouseholdswerenevercommonintheUnitedStatesorEnglandorwhyfamiliesinItalywhichisfullymodemized57astrongtraditionofintergenerationalliving.Clearlyeconomicdevelopmentalonecannotexplain58livingarrangements.Anothertheoryassociatedintergenerationallivingarrangementswithinheritancepatterns.Insomeculturesthestemfamilypattemofinheritancepredominates.59thissystemparentslivewithamarriedchildusuallytheoldestsonwhothen60theirpropertywhentheydie.ThestemfamilysystemwasoncecommoninJapanbutchangesininheritancelawsaswellasbroadersocialchangesbrought61byindustrializationandurbanizationhave62thetradition.In1960about80percentofJapaneseover65livedwiththeirchildren;by1990only60percentdid-afigurethatisstillhigh63U.S.standardsbutwhichhasbeen64steadily.InKoreatootraditionallivingarrangementsare65:thepercentageofagedKoreanswholivewithasondeclinedfrom77percentin1984to50percentjust10yearslater.AlthoughmostelderlyKoreansstillexpecttolivewithasontheiradultchildrendonotexpecttolivewiththeirchildrenwhentheygrowold.
TheAnti-AlcoholCampaignTriesinRussiaLastweekRussianPresidentDmitryMedvedevkickedoffanewanti-alcoholcampaignaimedatcuttingthenation’spercapitaconsumptionofalcoholbynearlyaquarterby2012.Russianscurrentlydrinkabout18liters19quartsayearmorethandoublethe8liters8.4quartsdeemedsafebytheWorldHealthOrganizationWHO.WitheachadditionalliteraddstheWHOmencansubtract11monthsfromtheiraveragelifeexpectancy.Thelatestmoveconsistsofthreeparts:amediacampaignrestrictionsonbeerconsumptionandstrictpenaltiesforsellingtominors.Russianofficialsplantosetupmorethan500healthcentersbytheendoftheyearcompletewithSoviet-eratacticslikedrawingsofcimlosis肝硬化-strickenliversontheirwalls.Evenwithsuchaggressivemeasuresit’shardlythemostambitiouscampaignRussianshaseverlaunchedagainstdrinking.FormerleaderMikhailGorbachevgotalcoholsalestodeclineby60percent.ThreeyearsagoagroupofyoungRussiansorganizedasortofVigilante治安维持会成员vicesquadtosingleoutandshamemerchantswhosoldalcoholtominors.SupportedbytheMoscowcityadministrationtheSolarCirclemovementastheycalledthemselvesheldralliesandslappedleafletsontheshopdoorsofguiltyestablishments.Theypiqued激起激发mediainterestatfirstbutthemomentumsoonfizzled渐停夭折.Somecriticssaythatwhileadmirable:ithardlyaddressesthebiggestculpritofall:vodka.ThemainproblemistheavailabilityofhardliquorsaysAleksandrNemtsovatopRussianexpertonalcoholpolicy.Some70percentofalcoholconsumptioninRussiaisofthehardstuffprimarilyvodka.Oneattempttriedinthemid-1990ssubstitutedbeerasalessintoxicatingnon-liquoralternative.InsteadbeerhasbecomeagatewayopeningthewaytoalcoholismforteenagerssaysOlegZykovamemberofthePublicChamber.Theearlierpeoplestartdownthatroutethemorelikelytheyaretoendupgrapplingwith尽力解决alcoholismproblemslater.StillfornowRussiansseemtosupportthegovernment’snewapproach.AstheNationalCenterfortheStudyofPublicOpinionreportedlastweek65percentofthepopulationsaytheyareinfavorofthenewmeasures-especiallythosethatrestrictalcoholsalestothoseunder21.Rightnowthedrinkingageis18.whichoneofthefollowingstatementscannotbeinferredfromthepassage
MarriageLinkedWithBetterSleepMarriagemayimproveyoursleepandbettersleepmayimproveyourmarriagetwonewstudiessuggest.Womenwhoaremarriedorwhohavestablepartnersappeartosleepbetterthanwomenwhohavenevermarriedorlostapanneraccordingtoresearchfromaneight-yearstudypresentedattheAssociatedProfessionalSleepSocietiesannualmeeting.Theyalsofoundthatmarital婚姻的happinesslowerstheriskofsleepproblemswhilemaritalconflictheightenstherisk.AlthoughmarriedwomenoverallsleptmoresoundlythanunmarriedwomentheresearchersfromtheUniversityofPittsburghSchoolofMedicinedididentifyanewlywedeffect.Womenwhoweresingleatthestartofthestudybutgainedapartnerhadmorerestlesssleepthanwomenwhowereakeadymarried.Theresearchersspeculatedthatnewlymarriedwomenwerelessadjustedtosleepingwiththeirpartnerthanthosewhohadbeenmarriedlonger.Thestudyincluded360middle-agedAfrican--AmericanCaucasianandChinese.AmericanwomenwhohadtakenpartintheStudyofWomen’sHealthAcrosstheNation.Researchersusedin--homesleepstudiesactivitymonitorstotracksleep--wakepatternsandrelationshiphistoriestolookattheeffectstablemarriagesunstablemarriagesandmaritaltransitionssuchasadivorcehadonsleep.Anothersmallstudyof29couplesfoundthatonadailybasisthequalityofacouple’srelationshipandthequalityoftheirsleeparecloselylinked.InthatstudyfromtheUniversityofArizona29heterosexual异性的coupleswhosharedabedanddidnothavechildrencompletedsleepandrelationshipdiariesforaweek.Theresultsshowedthatwhenmengetbettersleeptheyaremorelikelytofeelpositiveabouttheirrelationshipthenextday.AndforwomenproblemsintherelationshipwereStronglyassociatedwithpoorsleepforboththemselvesandtheirpartner.Whenwelookatthedataonaday-by-daybasisthereseemstobeaviciouscycleinwhichsleepaffectsnextdayrelationshipfunctioningandrelationshipfunctioningaffectsthesubsequentnight’ssleepsaidprincipalinvestigatorBrantHasleraclinicalpsychologydoctoralcandidateattheUniversityofArizonainapressrelease.Inthiscycleconflictwithone’spartnerduringthedayleadstoworsesleepthatnightwhichleadstomoreconflictthefollowingday.Thedatafrombothstudiessuggestthatsleepandrelationshiphappinessarecloselylinked.Thelessonforcouplesespeciallythosewhoarestrugglingwithproblemsisthatpayingattentiontosleephabitsmayhelpsolveotherissuesintherelationship.Thedatafromthestudyshowthat
3.BorntobeBigIn2006scientistsattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealthreportedthattheprevalenceofobesity肥胖ininfantsunder6monthshadrisen73percentsince1980.Thisepidemicofobese6-month-oldsasRobertLustigoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFranciscocallsitposesaproblemforconventionalexplanationsofthefatteningofAmerica.Sincethey’reeatingonlyformula配方奶orbreastmilkandneverexactlygotalotofexercisetheobviousexplanationsforobesitydon’tworkforbabieshepointsout.Youhavetolookbeyondtheobvious.Thesearchforthenon-obvioushasledtoanearly-lifeexposuretoPacesofchemicalsintheenvironment.Evidencehasbeensteadilyaccumulatingthatcertainhormone-mimickingpollutants污染物质ubiquitous到处存在的inthefoodchainhavetwopreviouslyeffects.Theyactongenesinthedevelopingfetus胎儿andnewborntoturnmoreprecursor前体cellsintofatcellswhichstaywithyouforlife.Andtheymayaltermetabolic新陈代谢的ratesothatthebodysavescaloriesratherthanburningthem.TheevidencenowemergingsaysthatbeingoverweightisnotjusttheresultofpersonalchoicesaboutwhatyoueatcombinedwithinactivitysaysRethaNewboldoftheNationalInstituteofEnvironmentalHealthSciencesNIEHS.Exposuretoenvironmentalchemicalsduringdevelopmentmayhecontributingtotheobesityepidemic.Theyarenotthecauseofextrapoundsineverypersonwhoisoverweightbutenvironmentalchemicalsmaywellaccountforagoodpartofthecurrentepidemicespeciallyinthoseunder50.Thenewthinkingaboutobesitycomesatacriticaltimepolitically.Asthedebateoverhealthcareshinesalightonthecountry’sunsustainablespendingondoctorshospitalsanddrugstheobesemaketemptingscapegoats替罪羊.About60percentofAmericansareoverweightorobeseandtheirhealth-carecostsarehigher:$3400inannualspendingforanormal-weightadultversus$4870foranobeseadultmostlyduetotheirhigherlevelsoftype2diabetesheartdiseaseandotherconditions.Ifthoseoutsizecostsinspiregreatereffortstopreventandtreatobesityfine.Butiftheyleadtodemonizing妖魔化theobese-caricaturing画成漫画讽刺themaslazypigsraisinginsurancepremiums保险费fortherestofus-that’saproblemandnotonlyforethicalreasons:itthreatenstoobscure使不明显thatonepotentcauseofweightgainmaybelargelybeyondanindividual’scontrol.ConventionalexplanationsofthefatteningofAmericacanalsoworkforobesebabies.
TheAnti-AlcoholCampaignTriesinRussiaLastweekRussianPresidentDmitryMedvedevkickedoffanewanti-alcoholcampaignaimedatcuttingthenation’spercapitaconsumptionofalcoholbynearlyaquarterby2012.Russianscurrentlydrinkabout18liters19quartsayearmorethandoublethe8liters8.4quartsdeemedsafebytheWorldHealthOrganizationWHO.WitheachadditionalliteraddstheWHOmencansubtract11monthsfromtheiraveragelifeexpectancy.Thelatestmoveconsistsofthreeparts:amediacampaignrestrictionsonbeerconsumptionandstrictpenaltiesforsellingtominors.Russianofficialsplantosetupmorethan500healthcentersbytheendoftheyearcompletewithSoviet-eratacticslikedrawingsofcimlosis肝硬化-strickenliversontheirwalls.Evenwithsuchaggressivemeasuresit’shardlythemostambitiouscampaignRussianshaseverlaunchedagainstdrinking.FormerleaderMikhailGorbachevgotalcoholsalestodeclineby60percent.ThreeyearsagoagroupofyoungRussiansorganizedasortofVigilante治安维持会成员vicesquadtosingleoutandshamemerchantswhosoldalcoholtominors.SupportedbytheMoscowcityadministrationtheSolarCirclemovementastheycalledthemselvesheldralliesandslappedleafletsontheshopdoorsofguiltyestablishments.Theypiqued激起激发mediainterestatfirstbutthemomentumsoonfizzled渐停夭折.Somecriticssaythatwhileadmirable:ithardlyaddressesthebiggestculpritofall:vodka.ThemainproblemistheavailabilityofhardliquorsaysAleksandrNemtsovatopRussianexpertonalcoholpolicy.Some70percentofalcoholconsumptioninRussiaisofthehardstuffprimarilyvodka.Oneattempttriedinthemid-1990ssubstitutedbeerasalessintoxicatingnon-liquoralternative.InsteadbeerhasbecomeagatewayopeningthewaytoalcoholismforteenagerssaysOlegZykovamemberofthePublicChamber.Theearlierpeoplestartdownthatroutethemorelikelytheyaretoendupgrapplingwith尽力解决alcoholismproblemslater.StillfornowRussiansseemtosupportthegovernment’snewapproach.AstheNationalCenterfortheStudyofPublicOpinionreportedlastweek65percentofthepopulationsaytheyareinfavorofthenewmeasures-especiallythosethatrestrictalcoholsalestothoseunder21.Rightnowthedrinkingageis18.Accordingtothepassagewhatisthemainaimtocarryouttheanti-alcoholmovement
3.WithGeneticGift2MonkeysAreViewingaMoreColorfulWorldDaltonandSamaremalesquirrelmonkeysaboutafoottall.46DaltonandSamleadamoreprotectedlifeinthelaboratoryofJayandMaureenNeitzattheUniversityofWashingtonSeattle.RecentlytheNeitzesendowedthemwithanewgeneticgift:theabilitytoseetheworldwithfullcolorvision.Malesquirrelmonkeyshaveonlytwoofthecolorpigments色素knownasopsins视蛋白unlikepeoplewhohavethree.TheNeitzeswithKatherineMancusoandothercolleaguesusedthetechniqueofgenetherapytointroducethegeneforthemissingredpigmentintotheconecellsofthemonkeys’retinas视网膜.47Itwassomewhatsurprisingthatthemonkeys’brainscouldtakeadvantageofathirdopsin.Theretinahoweverseemstoworkbyrecordingthedifferencebetweenthesignalsfromneighboringconesthecellsthatdetectcolor.48NewWorldmalemonkeyslikeDaltonandSamarechromaticallychallengedbecausetheirancestorssplitofffromOldWorldprimatesbeforefullcolorvisionevolved.Atthetimeofthesplitprimateshadonlytwovisualpigmentsonethatisparticularlysensitivetobluelightandanotherthatrespondsbesttoeithergreenorreddependingonwhichvariantofthegeneisinherited.49Thegenefortheredorgreenopsinwasduplicatedallowingindividualstoseeredandgreeninsteadofjustoneortheother.NewWorldmonkeysneverdevelopedtheduplicatedgenebutmanyfemaleshavefullcolorvisionnevertheless.Thereasonisthatthered/greenopsingeneliesontheXchromosomesofemaleswhoinheritadifferentversionfromeachparenthavebothredandgreenopsinsalongwiththeblueopsinonanotherchromosome染色体.50A.ButmaleswithonlyoneXchromosomeinheritjustonevariantofthered/greenopsin-thegreeninthecaseofDaltonandSam.B.SeveralmonthsafterthetherapyDaltonandSamwereabletoseeaworldinwhichredhues颜色werevisibleandorangesnolongerlookedlikelemonstheresearcherssayinthecurrentissueofNature.C.Theirancestorslivedbyeatingfruitandinsectsintheforestcanopy树荫ofCentralandSouthAmerica.D.AfterthesplitwhichbeganwiththeopeningoftheAtlanticbetweenAfricaandSouthAmericasome150millionyearsagotheOldWorldprimatesbenefitedfromageneticaccident.E.SotheextraopsingenegiventoDaltonandSamwouldhavechangedthesignalfromaffectedconesandhencethemessageforwardedfromtheretinatothevisualcortexinthebrain.F.Themonkeyexperimentwouldhelpresearchersunderstandthecircuitryusedbytheprimatebraintoanalyzecolor.
ChocolatetoLiveFor!AstudypublishedintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationin2003reportedthatdarkchocolatemayloweryourbloodpressure.ResearchersattheUniversityofColognestudiedmenandwomenwhowererecentlydiagnosedwithmildhighbloodpressure.Halfweregiven100gfabout3.5ouncesofdarkchocolateperdayandhalfweregivenwhitechocolate.Afteronlytwoweekssystolic收缩的bloodpressuredecreasedonaveragebyfivepointsanddiastolic以及舒张的bloodpressurebytwopointsinthoseconsumingdarkchocolatebutnotthoseconsumingwhitechocolate.InasimilarstudyresearchersfromItalyreportedintheAmericanHeartAssociationjournalHypertensionthat3.5ouncesofdarkchocolateforoneweekloweredsystolicbloodpressureby12pointsanddiastolicbloodpressureby8.5pointswhenbloodpressurewasmonitoredcontinuouslyfor24hours.Insulin胰岛素sensitivityandLDLcholesterolalsoimproved.Nobenefitswereseenwithwhitechocolate.AnotherstudypublishedintheJournaloftheAmericanCollegeofCardiologyfoundthatchocolatemayhelprepairdamagetosmokers’bloodvesselsatleasttemporarily.whyChocolateincreasesyourbody’sproductionofnitricoxide一氧化氮apowerfulsubstancethatcausesyourbloodvesselstorelaxanddilate.Thisinturncausesanincreaseinbloodflowandadecreaseinbloodpressure--likeopeningawaterspigot水龙头.AstudypublishedinJulyintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationreportedthatjust30caloriesperdayofdarkchocolateloweredbloodpressureandincreasednitricoxideproductionafter18weeks.NitricoxideisalsostimulatedbydrugssuchasViagraandLevitrawhichincreasebloodflowtothepenisandenhanceerections.Thismaybeoneofthereasonswhychocolatehashadalongreputationasanaphrodisiac壮阳药.Casanova卡萨诺瓦issaidtohaveconsidereditashisfavoritebreakfastdish.Chocolatealsocontainsphenylethylamine苯乙胺whichresearchsuggestsisastimulantthatisreleasedwhenyou’reinteractingwithsomeoneintimately.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutthesubjectsinthe2003study
3.WithGeneticGift2MonkeysAreViewingaMoreColorfulWorldDaltonandSamaremalesquirrelmonkeysaboutafoottall.46DaltonandSamleadamoreprotectedlifeinthelaboratoryofJayandMaureenNeitzattheUniversityofWashingtonSeattle.RecentlytheNeitzesendowedthemwithanewgeneticgift:theabilitytoseetheworldwithfullcolorvision.Malesquirrelmonkeyshaveonlytwoofthecolorpigments色素knownasopsins视蛋白unlikepeoplewhohavethree.TheNeitzeswithKatherineMancusoandothercolleaguesusedthetechniqueofgenetherapytointroducethegeneforthemissingredpigmentintotheconecellsofthemonkeys’retinas视网膜.47Itwassomewhatsurprisingthatthemonkeys’brainscouldtakeadvantageofathirdopsin.Theretinahoweverseemstoworkbyrecordingthedifferencebetweenthesignalsfromneighboringconesthecellsthatdetectcolor.48NewWorldmalemonkeyslikeDaltonandSamarechromaticallychallengedbecausetheirancestorssplitofffromOldWorldprimatesbeforefullcolorvisionevolved.Atthetimeofthesplitprimateshadonlytwovisualpigmentsonethatisparticularlysensitivetobluelightandanotherthatrespondsbesttoeithergreenorreddependingonwhichvariantofthegeneisinherited.49Thegenefortheredorgreenopsinwasduplicatedallowingindividualstoseeredandgreeninsteadofjustoneortheother.NewWorldmonkeysneverdevelopedtheduplicatedgenebutmanyfemaleshavefullcolorvisionnevertheless.Thereasonisthatthered/greenopsingeneliesontheXchromosomesofemaleswhoinheritadifferentversionfromeachparenthavebothredandgreenopsinsalongwiththeblueopsinonanotherchromosome染色体.50A.ButmaleswithonlyoneXchromosomeinheritjustonevariantofthered/greenopsin-thegreeninthecaseofDaltonandSam.B.SeveralmonthsafterthetherapyDaltonandSamwereabletoseeaworldinwhichredhues颜色werevisibleandorangesnolongerlookedlikelemonstheresearcherssayinthecurrentissueofNature.C.Theirancestorslivedbyeatingfruitandinsectsintheforestcanopy树荫ofCentralandSouthAmerica.D.AfterthesplitwhichbeganwiththeopeningoftheAtlanticbetweenAfricaandSouthAmericasome150millionyearsagotheOldWorldprimatesbenefitedfromageneticaccident.E.SotheextraopsingenegiventoDaltonandSamwouldhavechangedthesignalfromaffectedconesandhencethemessageforwardedfromtheretinatothevisualcortexinthebrain.F.Themonkeyexperimentwouldhelpresearchersunderstandthecircuitryusedbytheprimatebraintoanalyzecolor.
Thelittleboyemployedanunexpectedmethodtogettheresult.
IntheUnitedStatesolderpeoplerarelylivewiththeiradultchildren.Butinmanyothercultureschildrenareexpectedtocare51theiragedparents.InsomepartsofItalythepercentageofadultchildrenwho52withtheirparentsreach65to70percent.InThailandtoochildrenareexpectedtocarefortheirelderlyparents;fewThaielderlylive53.Whatexplainsthesedifferencesinlivingarrangements54culturesModernizationtheory55theextendedfamilyhouseholdtolowlevelsofeconomicdevelopment.Intraditionalsocietiestheelderlylivewiththeirchildreninlargeextendedfamilyunitsforeconomicreasons.Butwithmodernizationchildrenmovetourbanareasleavingoldpeoplebehindin56ruralareas.YetmodernizationtheorycannotexplainwhyextendedfamilyhouseholdswerenevercommonintheUnitedStatesorEnglandorwhyfamiliesinItalywhichisfullymodemized57astrongtraditionofintergenerationalliving.Clearlyeconomicdevelopmentalonecannotexplain58livingarrangements.Anothertheoryassociatedintergenerationallivingarrangementswithinheritancepatterns.Insomeculturesthestemfamilypattemofinheritancepredominates.59thissystemparentslivewithamarriedchildusuallytheoldestsonwhothen60theirpropertywhentheydie.ThestemfamilysystemwasoncecommoninJapanbutchangesininheritancelawsaswellasbroadersocialchangesbrought61byindustrializationandurbanizationhave62thetradition.In1960about80percentofJapaneseover65livedwiththeirchildren;by1990only60percentdid-afigurethatisstillhigh63U.S.standardsbutwhichhasbeen64steadily.InKoreatootraditionallivingarrangementsare65:thepercentageofagedKoreanswholivewithasondeclinedfrom77percentin1984to50percentjust10yearslater.AlthoughmostelderlyKoreansstillexpecttolivewithasontheiradultchildrendonotexpecttolivewiththeirchildrenwhentheygrowold.
TheAnti-AlcoholCampaignTriesinRussiaLastweekRussianPresidentDmitryMedvedevkickedoffanewanti-alcoholcampaignaimedatcuttingthenation’spercapitaconsumptionofalcoholbynearlyaquarterby2012.Russianscurrentlydrinkabout18liters19quartsayearmorethandoublethe8liters8.4quartsdeemedsafebytheWorldHealthOrganizationWHO.WitheachadditionalliteraddstheWHOmencansubtract11monthsfromtheiraveragelifeexpectancy.Thelatestmoveconsistsofthreeparts:amediacampaignrestrictionsonbeerconsumptionandstrictpenaltiesforsellingtominors.Russianofficialsplantosetupmorethan500healthcentersbytheendoftheyearcompletewithSoviet-eratacticslikedrawingsofcimlosis肝硬化-strickenliversontheirwalls.Evenwithsuchaggressivemeasuresit’shardlythemostambitiouscampaignRussianshaseverlaunchedagainstdrinking.FormerleaderMikhailGorbachevgotalcoholsalestodeclineby60percent.ThreeyearsagoagroupofyoungRussiansorganizedasortofVigilante治安维持会成员vicesquadtosingleoutandshamemerchantswhosoldalcoholtominors.SupportedbytheMoscowcityadministrationtheSolarCirclemovementastheycalledthemselvesheldralliesandslappedleafletsontheshopdoorsofguiltyestablishments.Theypiqued激起激发mediainterestatfirstbutthemomentumsoonfizzled渐停夭折.Somecriticssaythatwhileadmirable:ithardlyaddressesthebiggestculpritofall:vodka.ThemainproblemistheavailabilityofhardliquorsaysAleksandrNemtsovatopRussianexpertonalcoholpolicy.Some70percentofalcoholconsumptioninRussiaisofthehardstuffprimarilyvodka.Oneattempttriedinthemid-1990ssubstitutedbeerasalessintoxicatingnon-liquoralternative.InsteadbeerhasbecomeagatewayopeningthewaytoalcoholismforteenagerssaysOlegZykovamemberofthePublicChamber.Theearlierpeoplestartdownthatroutethemorelikelytheyaretoendupgrapplingwith尽力解决alcoholismproblemslater.StillfornowRussiansseemtosupportthegovernment’snewapproach.AstheNationalCenterfortheStudyofPublicOpinionreportedlastweek65percentofthepopulationsaytheyareinfavorofthenewmeasures-especiallythosethatrestrictalcoholsalestothoseunder21.Rightnowthedrinkingageis18.Whichoneofthefollowingmeasuresisnotmentionedinthethirdparagraph
IntheUnitedStatesolderpeoplerarelylivewiththeiradultchildren.Butinmanyothercultureschildrenareexpectedtocare51theiragedparents.InsomepartsofItalythepercentageofadultchildrenwho52withtheirparentsreach65to70percent.InThailandtoochildrenareexpectedtocarefortheirelderlyparents;fewThaielderlylive53.Whatexplainsthesedifferencesinlivingarrangements54culturesModernizationtheory55theextendedfamilyhouseholdtolowlevelsofeconomicdevelopment.Intraditionalsocietiestheelderlylivewiththeirchildreninlargeextendedfamilyunitsforeconomicreasons.Butwithmodernizationchildrenmovetourbanareasleavingoldpeoplebehindin56ruralareas.YetmodernizationtheorycannotexplainwhyextendedfamilyhouseholdswerenevercommonintheUnitedStatesorEnglandorwhyfamiliesinItalywhichisfullymodemized57astrongtraditionofintergenerationalliving.Clearlyeconomicdevelopmentalonecannotexplain58livingarrangements.Anothertheoryassociatedintergenerationallivingarrangementswithinheritancepatterns.Insomeculturesthestemfamilypattemofinheritancepredominates.59thissystemparentslivewithamarriedchildusuallytheoldestsonwhothen60theirpropertywhentheydie.ThestemfamilysystemwasoncecommoninJapanbutchangesininheritancelawsaswellasbroadersocialchangesbrought61byindustrializationandurbanizationhave62thetradition.In1960about80percentofJapaneseover65livedwiththeirchildren;by1990only60percentdid-afigurethatisstillhigh63U.S.standardsbutwhichhasbeen64steadily.InKoreatootraditionallivingarrangementsare65:thepercentageofagedKoreanswholivewithasondeclinedfrom77percentin1984to50percentjust10yearslater.AlthoughmostelderlyKoreansstillexpecttolivewithasontheiradultchildrendonotexpecttolivewiththeirchildrenwhentheygrowold.
ChocolatetoLiveFor!AstudypublishedintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationin2003reportedthatdarkchocolatemayloweryourbloodpressure.ResearchersattheUniversityofColognestudiedmenandwomenwhowererecentlydiagnosedwithmildhighbloodpressure.Halfweregiven100gfabout3.5ouncesofdarkchocolateperdayandhalfweregivenwhitechocolate.Afteronlytwoweekssystolic收缩的bloodpressuredecreasedonaveragebyfivepointsanddiastolic以及舒张的bloodpressurebytwopointsinthoseconsumingdarkchocolatebutnotthoseconsumingwhitechocolate.InasimilarstudyresearchersfromItalyreportedintheAmericanHeartAssociationjournalHypertensionthat3.5ouncesofdarkchocolateforoneweekloweredsystolicbloodpressureby12pointsanddiastolicbloodpressureby8.5pointswhenbloodpressurewasmonitoredcontinuouslyfor24hours.Insulin胰岛素sensitivityandLDLcholesterolalsoimproved.Nobenefitswereseenwithwhitechocolate.AnotherstudypublishedintheJournaloftheAmericanCollegeofCardiologyfoundthatchocolatemayhelprepairdamagetosmokers’bloodvesselsatleasttemporarily.whyChocolateincreasesyourbody’sproductionofnitricoxide一氧化氮apowerfulsubstancethatcausesyourbloodvesselstorelaxanddilate.Thisinturncausesanincreaseinbloodflowandadecreaseinbloodpressure--likeopeningawaterspigot水龙头.AstudypublishedinJulyintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationreportedthatjust30caloriesperdayofdarkchocolateloweredbloodpressureandincreasednitricoxideproductionafter18weeks.NitricoxideisalsostimulatedbydrugssuchasViagraandLevitrawhichincreasebloodflowtothepenisandenhanceerections.Thismaybeoneofthereasonswhychocolatehashadalongreputationasanaphrodisiac壮阳药.Casanova卡萨诺瓦issaidtohaveconsidereditashisfavoritebreakfastdish.Chocolatealsocontainsphenylethylamine苯乙胺whichresearchsuggestsisastimulantthatisreleasedwhenyou’reinteractingwithsomeoneintimately.Whatisnitricoxideaccordingtothepassage
A.fallasleepagain.B.becomemoreenergeticthefollowingdayC.sleeplessthan7hoursD.confirmthoseseriousconsequencesE.suffersleepproblemsF.sleepmorethan8hoursOneofthesleepproblemsiswakinginthemiddleofthenightunableto______.
A.Kripke’sresearchtoolB.DangersofhabitualshortagesofsleepC.CriticismonKripke’sreportD.AwayofovercominginsomniaE.SleepproblemsoflongandshortsleepersF.ClassificationofsleepproblemsParagraph2______.
Hehasbecomeacelebritybecauseofhiswonderfulperformanceintheplay.
3.BorntobeBigIn2006scientistsattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealthreportedthattheprevalenceofobesity肥胖ininfantsunder6monthshadrisen73percentsince1980.Thisepidemicofobese6-month-oldsasRobertLustigoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFranciscocallsitposesaproblemforconventionalexplanationsofthefatteningofAmerica.Sincethey’reeatingonlyformula配方奶orbreastmilkandneverexactlygotalotofexercisetheobviousexplanationsforobesitydon’tworkforbabieshepointsout.Youhavetolookbeyondtheobvious.Thesearchforthenon-obvioushasledtoanearly-lifeexposuretoPacesofchemicalsintheenvironment.Evidencehasbeensteadilyaccumulatingthatcertainhormone-mimickingpollutants污染物质ubiquitous到处存在的inthefoodchainhavetwopreviouslyeffects.Theyactongenesinthedevelopingfetus胎儿andnewborntoturnmoreprecursor前体cellsintofatcellswhichstaywithyouforlife.Andtheymayaltermetabolic新陈代谢的ratesothatthebodysavescaloriesratherthanburningthem.TheevidencenowemergingsaysthatbeingoverweightisnotjusttheresultofpersonalchoicesaboutwhatyoueatcombinedwithinactivitysaysRethaNewboldoftheNationalInstituteofEnvironmentalHealthSciencesNIEHS.Exposuretoenvironmentalchemicalsduringdevelopmentmayhecontributingtotheobesityepidemic.Theyarenotthecauseofextrapoundsineverypersonwhoisoverweightbutenvironmentalchemicalsmaywellaccountforagoodpartofthecurrentepidemicespeciallyinthoseunder50.Thenewthinkingaboutobesitycomesatacriticaltimepolitically.Asthedebateoverhealthcareshinesalightonthecountry’sunsustainablespendingondoctorshospitalsanddrugstheobesemaketemptingscapegoats替罪羊.About60percentofAmericansareoverweightorobeseandtheirhealth-carecostsarehigher:$3400inannualspendingforanormal-weightadultversus$4870foranobeseadultmostlyduetotheirhigherlevelsoftype2diabetesheartdiseaseandotherconditions.Ifthoseoutsizecostsinspiregreatereffortstopreventandtreatobesityfine.Butiftheyleadtodemonizing妖魔化theobese-caricaturing画成漫画讽刺themaslazypigsraisinginsurancepremiums保险费fortherestofus-that’saproblemandnotonlyforethicalreasons:itthreatenstoobscure使不明显thatonepotentcauseofweightgainmaybelargelybeyondanindividual’scontrol.RobertLustigbelievestheobesityepidemicisduetotheexposuretoenvironmentalchemicalsduringdevelopment.
Thecompulsorycoursesrefertothosethatyouhavetotake.
A.Kripke’sresearchtoolB.DangersofhabitualshortagesofsleepC.CriticismonKripke’sreportD.AwayofovercominginsomniaE.SleepproblemsoflongandshortsleepersF.ClassificationofsleepproblemsParagraph5______.
ChocolatetoLiveFor!AstudypublishedintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationin2003reportedthatdarkchocolatemayloweryourbloodpressure.ResearchersattheUniversityofColognestudiedmenandwomenwhowererecentlydiagnosedwithmildhighbloodpressure.Halfweregiven100gfabout3.5ouncesofdarkchocolateperdayandhalfweregivenwhitechocolate.Afteronlytwoweekssystolic收缩的bloodpressuredecreasedonaveragebyfivepointsanddiastolic以及舒张的bloodpressurebytwopointsinthoseconsumingdarkchocolatebutnotthoseconsumingwhitechocolate.InasimilarstudyresearchersfromItalyreportedintheAmericanHeartAssociationjournalHypertensionthat3.5ouncesofdarkchocolateforoneweekloweredsystolicbloodpressureby12pointsanddiastolicbloodpressureby8.5pointswhenbloodpressurewasmonitoredcontinuouslyfor24hours.Insulin胰岛素sensitivityandLDLcholesterolalsoimproved.Nobenefitswereseenwithwhitechocolate.AnotherstudypublishedintheJournaloftheAmericanCollegeofCardiologyfoundthatchocolatemayhelprepairdamagetosmokers’bloodvesselsatleasttemporarily.whyChocolateincreasesyourbody’sproductionofnitricoxide一氧化氮apowerfulsubstancethatcausesyourbloodvesselstorelaxanddilate.Thisinturncausesanincreaseinbloodflowandadecreaseinbloodpressure--likeopeningawaterspigot水龙头.AstudypublishedinJulyintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationreportedthatjust30caloriesperdayofdarkchocolateloweredbloodpressureandincreasednitricoxideproductionafter18weeks.NitricoxideisalsostimulatedbydrugssuchasViagraandLevitrawhichincreasebloodflowtothepenisandenhanceerections.Thismaybeoneofthereasonswhychocolatehashadalongreputationasanaphrodisiac壮阳药.Casanova卡萨诺瓦issaidtohaveconsidereditashisfavoritebreakfastdish.Chocolatealsocontainsphenylethylamine苯乙胺whichresearchsuggestsisastimulantthatisreleasedwhenyou’reinteractingwithsomeoneintimately.Chocolatehaslongbeenconsideredasanaphrodisiacbecause
MarriageLinkedWithBetterSleepMarriagemayimproveyoursleepandbettersleepmayimproveyourmarriagetwonewstudiessuggest.Womenwhoaremarriedorwhohavestablepartnersappeartosleepbetterthanwomenwhohavenevermarriedorlostapanneraccordingtoresearchfromaneight-yearstudypresentedattheAssociatedProfessionalSleepSocietiesannualmeeting.Theyalsofoundthatmarital婚姻的happinesslowerstheriskofsleepproblemswhilemaritalconflictheightenstherisk.AlthoughmarriedwomenoverallsleptmoresoundlythanunmarriedwomentheresearchersfromtheUniversityofPittsburghSchoolofMedicinedididentifyanewlywedeffect.Womenwhoweresingleatthestartofthestudybutgainedapartnerhadmorerestlesssleepthanwomenwhowereakeadymarried.Theresearchersspeculatedthatnewlymarriedwomenwerelessadjustedtosleepingwiththeirpartnerthanthosewhohadbeenmarriedlonger.Thestudyincluded360middle-agedAfrican--AmericanCaucasianandChinese.AmericanwomenwhohadtakenpartintheStudyofWomen’sHealthAcrosstheNation.Researchersusedin--homesleepstudiesactivitymonitorstotracksleep--wakepatternsandrelationshiphistoriestolookattheeffectstablemarriagesunstablemarriagesandmaritaltransitionssuchasadivorcehadonsleep.Anothersmallstudyof29couplesfoundthatonadailybasisthequalityofacouple’srelationshipandthequalityoftheirsleeparecloselylinked.InthatstudyfromtheUniversityofArizona29heterosexual异性的coupleswhosharedabedanddidnothavechildrencompletedsleepandrelationshipdiariesforaweek.Theresultsshowedthatwhenmengetbettersleeptheyaremorelikelytofeelpositiveabouttheirrelationshipthenextday.AndforwomenproblemsintherelationshipwereStronglyassociatedwithpoorsleepforboththemselvesandtheirpartner.Whenwelookatthedataonaday-by-daybasisthereseemstobeaviciouscycleinwhichsleepaffectsnextdayrelationshipfunctioningandrelationshipfunctioningaffectsthesubsequentnight’ssleepsaidprincipalinvestigatorBrantHasleraclinicalpsychologydoctoralcandidateattheUniversityofArizonainapressrelease.Inthiscycleconflictwithone’spartnerduringthedayleadstoworsesleepthatnightwhichleadstomoreconflictthefollowingday.Thedatafrombothstudiessuggestthatsleepandrelationshiphappinessarecloselylinked.Thelessonforcouplesespeciallythosewhoarestrugglingwithproblemsisthatpayingattentiontosleephabitsmayhelpsolveotherissuesintherelationship.Researchersusedin-homesleepstudiesactivitymonitorstotracksleep-wakepatternsandrelationshiphistoriesto
IntheUnitedStatesolderpeoplerarelylivewiththeiradultchildren.Butinmanyothercultureschildrenareexpectedtocare51theiragedparents.InsomepartsofItalythepercentageofadultchildrenwho52withtheirparentsreach65to70percent.InThailandtoochildrenareexpectedtocarefortheirelderlyparents;fewThaielderlylive53.Whatexplainsthesedifferencesinlivingarrangements54culturesModernizationtheory55theextendedfamilyhouseholdtolowlevelsofeconomicdevelopment.Intraditionalsocietiestheelderlylivewiththeirchildreninlargeextendedfamilyunitsforeconomicreasons.Butwithmodernizationchildrenmovetourbanareasleavingoldpeoplebehindin56ruralareas.YetmodernizationtheorycannotexplainwhyextendedfamilyhouseholdswerenevercommonintheUnitedStatesorEnglandorwhyfamiliesinItalywhichisfullymodemized57astrongtraditionofintergenerationalliving.Clearlyeconomicdevelopmentalonecannotexplain58livingarrangements.Anothertheoryassociatedintergenerationallivingarrangementswithinheritancepatterns.Insomeculturesthestemfamilypattemofinheritancepredominates.59thissystemparentslivewithamarriedchildusuallytheoldestsonwhothen60theirpropertywhentheydie.ThestemfamilysystemwasoncecommoninJapanbutchangesininheritancelawsaswellasbroadersocialchangesbrought61byindustrializationandurbanizationhave62thetradition.In1960about80percentofJapaneseover65livedwiththeirchildren;by1990only60percentdid-afigurethatisstillhigh63U.S.standardsbutwhichhasbeen64steadily.InKoreatootraditionallivingarrangementsare65:thepercentageofagedKoreanswholivewithasondeclinedfrom77percentin1984to50percentjust10yearslater.AlthoughmostelderlyKoreansstillexpecttolivewithasontheiradultchildrendonotexpecttolivewiththeirchildrenwhentheygrowold.
IntheUnitedStatesolderpeoplerarelylivewiththeiradultchildren.Butinmanyothercultureschildrenareexpectedtocare51theiragedparents.InsomepartsofItalythepercentageofadultchildrenwho52withtheirparentsreach65to70percent.InThailandtoochildrenareexpectedtocarefortheirelderlyparents;fewThaielderlylive53.Whatexplainsthesedifferencesinlivingarrangements54culturesModernizationtheory55theextendedfamilyhouseholdtolowlevelsofeconomicdevelopment.Intraditionalsocietiestheelderlylivewiththeirchildreninlargeextendedfamilyunitsforeconomicreasons.Butwithmodernizationchildrenmovetourbanareasleavingoldpeoplebehindin56ruralareas.YetmodernizationtheorycannotexplainwhyextendedfamilyhouseholdswerenevercommonintheUnitedStatesorEnglandorwhyfamiliesinItalywhichisfullymodemized57astrongtraditionofintergenerationalliving.Clearlyeconomicdevelopmentalonecannotexplain58livingarrangements.Anothertheoryassociatedintergenerationallivingarrangementswithinheritancepatterns.Insomeculturesthestemfamilypattemofinheritancepredominates.59thissystemparentslivewithamarriedchildusuallytheoldestsonwhothen60theirpropertywhentheydie.ThestemfamilysystemwasoncecommoninJapanbutchangesininheritancelawsaswellasbroadersocialchangesbrought61byindustrializationandurbanizationhave62thetradition.In1960about80percentofJapaneseover65livedwiththeirchildren;by1990only60percentdid-afigurethatisstillhigh63U.S.standardsbutwhichhasbeen64steadily.InKoreatootraditionallivingarrangementsare65:thepercentageofagedKoreanswholivewithasondeclinedfrom77percentin1984to50percentjust10yearslater.AlthoughmostelderlyKoreansstillexpecttolivewithasontheiradultchildrendonotexpecttolivewiththeirchildrenwhentheygrowold.
Thesonwassoconcernedabouttheillnessofhisfather.
3.BorntobeBigIn2006scientistsattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealthreportedthattheprevalenceofobesity肥胖ininfantsunder6monthshadrisen73percentsince1980.Thisepidemicofobese6-month-oldsasRobertLustigoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFranciscocallsitposesaproblemforconventionalexplanationsofthefatteningofAmerica.Sincethey’reeatingonlyformula配方奶orbreastmilkandneverexactlygotalotofexercisetheobviousexplanationsforobesitydon’tworkforbabieshepointsout.Youhavetolookbeyondtheobvious.Thesearchforthenon-obvioushasledtoanearly-lifeexposuretoPacesofchemicalsintheenvironment.Evidencehasbeensteadilyaccumulatingthatcertainhormone-mimickingpollutants污染物质ubiquitous到处存在的inthefoodchainhavetwopreviouslyeffects.Theyactongenesinthedevelopingfetus胎儿andnewborntoturnmoreprecursor前体cellsintofatcellswhichstaywithyouforlife.Andtheymayaltermetabolic新陈代谢的ratesothatthebodysavescaloriesratherthanburningthem.TheevidencenowemergingsaysthatbeingoverweightisnotjusttheresultofpersonalchoicesaboutwhatyoueatcombinedwithinactivitysaysRethaNewboldoftheNationalInstituteofEnvironmentalHealthSciencesNIEHS.Exposuretoenvironmentalchemicalsduringdevelopmentmayhecontributingtotheobesityepidemic.Theyarenotthecauseofextrapoundsineverypersonwhoisoverweightbutenvironmentalchemicalsmaywellaccountforagoodpartofthecurrentepidemicespeciallyinthoseunder50.Thenewthinkingaboutobesitycomesatacriticaltimepolitically.Asthedebateoverhealthcareshinesalightonthecountry’sunsustainablespendingondoctorshospitalsanddrugstheobesemaketemptingscapegoats替罪羊.About60percentofAmericansareoverweightorobeseandtheirhealth-carecostsarehigher:$3400inannualspendingforanormal-weightadultversus$4870foranobeseadultmostlyduetotheirhigherlevelsoftype2diabetesheartdiseaseandotherconditions.Ifthoseoutsizecostsinspiregreatereffortstopreventandtreatobesityfine.Butiftheyleadtodemonizing妖魔化theobese-caricaturing画成漫画讽刺themaslazypigsraisinginsurancepremiums保险费fortherestofus-that’saproblemandnotonlyforethicalreasons:itthreatenstoobscure使不明显thatonepotentcauseofweightgainmaybelargelybeyondanindividual’scontrol.Theobesemaybeblamedforoutsizecostssuchasspendingmoreondoctorshospitalsanddrugs.
Ihavebeentryingtogiveupsmoking.
IntheUnitedStatesolderpeoplerarelylivewiththeiradultchildren.Butinmanyothercultureschildrenareexpectedtocare51theiragedparents.InsomepartsofItalythepercentageofadultchildrenwho52withtheirparentsreach65to70percent.InThailandtoochildrenareexpectedtocarefortheirelderlyparents;fewThaielderlylive53.Whatexplainsthesedifferencesinlivingarrangements54culturesModernizationtheory55theextendedfamilyhouseholdtolowlevelsofeconomicdevelopment.Intraditionalsocietiestheelderlylivewiththeirchildreninlargeextendedfamilyunitsforeconomicreasons.Butwithmodernizationchildrenmovetourbanareasleavingoldpeoplebehindin56ruralareas.YetmodernizationtheorycannotexplainwhyextendedfamilyhouseholdswerenevercommonintheUnitedStatesorEnglandorwhyfamiliesinItalywhichisfullymodemized57astrongtraditionofintergenerationalliving.Clearlyeconomicdevelopmentalonecannotexplain58livingarrangements.Anothertheoryassociatedintergenerationallivingarrangementswithinheritancepatterns.Insomeculturesthestemfamilypattemofinheritancepredominates.59thissystemparentslivewithamarriedchildusuallytheoldestsonwhothen60theirpropertywhentheydie.ThestemfamilysystemwasoncecommoninJapanbutchangesininheritancelawsaswellasbroadersocialchangesbrought61byindustrializationandurbanizationhave62thetradition.In1960about80percentofJapaneseover65livedwiththeirchildren;by1990only60percentdid-afigurethatisstillhigh63U.S.standardsbutwhichhasbeen64steadily.InKoreatootraditionallivingarrangementsare65:thepercentageofagedKoreanswholivewithasondeclinedfrom77percentin1984to50percentjust10yearslater.AlthoughmostelderlyKoreansstillexpecttolivewithasontheiradultchildrendonotexpecttolivewiththeirchildrenwhentheygrowold.
IntheUnitedStatesolderpeoplerarelylivewiththeiradultchildren.Butinmanyothercultureschildrenareexpectedtocare51theiragedparents.InsomepartsofItalythepercentageofadultchildrenwho52withtheirparentsreach65to70percent.InThailandtoochildrenareexpectedtocarefortheirelderlyparents;fewThaielderlylive53.Whatexplainsthesedifferencesinlivingarrangements54culturesModernizationtheory55theextendedfamilyhouseholdtolowlevelsofeconomicdevelopment.Intraditionalsocietiestheelderlylivewiththeirchildreninlargeextendedfamilyunitsforeconomicreasons.Butwithmodernizationchildrenmovetourbanareasleavingoldpeoplebehindin56ruralareas.YetmodernizationtheorycannotexplainwhyextendedfamilyhouseholdswerenevercommonintheUnitedStatesorEnglandorwhyfamiliesinItalywhichisfullymodemized57astrongtraditionofintergenerationalliving.Clearlyeconomicdevelopmentalonecannotexplain58livingarrangements.Anothertheoryassociatedintergenerationallivingarrangementswithinheritancepatterns.Insomeculturesthestemfamilypattemofinheritancepredominates.59thissystemparentslivewithamarriedchildusuallytheoldestsonwhothen60theirpropertywhentheydie.ThestemfamilysystemwasoncecommoninJapanbutchangesininheritancelawsaswellasbroadersocialchangesbrought61byindustrializationandurbanizationhave62thetradition.In1960about80percentofJapaneseover65livedwiththeirchildren;by1990only60percentdid-afigurethatisstillhigh63U.S.standardsbutwhichhasbeen64steadily.InKoreatootraditionallivingarrangementsare65:thepercentageofagedKoreanswholivewithasondeclinedfrom77percentin1984to50percentjust10yearslater.AlthoughmostelderlyKoreansstillexpecttolivewithasontheiradultchildrendonotexpecttolivewiththeirchildrenwhentheygrowold.
IntheUnitedStatesolderpeoplerarelylivewiththeiradultchildren.Butinmanyothercultureschildrenareexpectedtocare51theiragedparents.InsomepartsofItalythepercentageofadultchildrenwho52withtheirparentsreach65to70percent.InThailandtoochildrenareexpectedtocarefortheirelderlyparents;fewThaielderlylive53.Whatexplainsthesedifferencesinlivingarrangements54culturesModernizationtheory55theextendedfamilyhouseholdtolowlevelsofeconomicdevelopment.Intraditionalsocietiestheelderlylivewiththeirchildreninlargeextendedfamilyunitsforeconomicreasons.Butwithmodernizationchildrenmovetourbanareasleavingoldpeoplebehindin56ruralareas.YetmodernizationtheorycannotexplainwhyextendedfamilyhouseholdswerenevercommonintheUnitedStatesorEnglandorwhyfamiliesinItalywhichisfullymodemized57astrongtraditionofintergenerationalliving.Clearlyeconomicdevelopmentalonecannotexplain58livingarrangements.Anothertheoryassociatedintergenerationallivingarrangementswithinheritancepatterns.Insomeculturesthestemfamilypattemofinheritancepredominates.59thissystemparentslivewithamarriedchildusuallytheoldestsonwhothen60theirpropertywhentheydie.ThestemfamilysystemwasoncecommoninJapanbutchangesininheritancelawsaswellasbroadersocialchangesbrought61byindustrializationandurbanizationhave62thetradition.In1960about80percentofJapaneseover65livedwiththeirchildren;by1990only60percentdid-afigurethatisstillhigh63U.S.standardsbutwhichhasbeen64steadily.InKoreatootraditionallivingarrangementsare65:thepercentageofagedKoreanswholivewithasondeclinedfrom77percentin1984to50percentjust10yearslater.AlthoughmostelderlyKoreansstillexpecttolivewithasontheiradultchildrendonotexpecttolivewiththeirchildrenwhentheygrowold.
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