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William Wrigley sent free gum to every pretty woman in the US.
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HeartAttack IntheUnitedStatesandespeciallyinbigcitiesandruralareastensofthousandsofpeoplewithheartsthatshouldbegood【51】tokeepthemalivedieeachyearforlackofadequatefirstaid.InNewYorkCityforexampleanewstudyhasshownthatonlyonepersonin100outsideofhospitals【52】aftertheheartsuddenlystopspumping.IncontrastinSeattlethesurvival【53】aftersuchheartattacksisoneinfive. Thedifferencecanbetraced【54】theeffectivenessofthechainofsurvivalDr.JosephP.Ornatosaid.Eachlinkinthe【55】mustbestrongenoughformanylivestobe【56】. Thechainbeginswithanimmediatetelephone【57】foremergencyhelpandthestartwithinfourminutesoftheprocessneededforrestartingthe【58】workingbyafamilymemberorbystander旁观者. Itcontinueswiththepromptarrival-------withineight【59】tenminutesofarescuerequippedwithaspecialinstrumentthatcanshocktheheartbacktoanormalrhythm.Anditendswiththeadministration给予实施ofadvanced先进emergencycarebynursestomaintaintheheart’’sabilitytosurviveuntilthedoctorsatthehospitalscantake【60】Whenoneormorelinksinthischainfailorfunctiontooslowlythe【61】ofavictimsurvivingheartattackfallsrapidly.Becauseofwidespreadweaknessesinthechainof【62】expertsinemergencyheartcareestimatethat20000to80000people【63】needlesslyofheartattackeachyearanumbercomparabletothe55000killedannuallyinautomobile【64】. OneexpertsaysSendinganemergencyvehicletoaheartattackvictim【65】thespecialequipmentislikehavingpolicemenwithgunsbutnobullets.Theymayputonagoodshowbuttheylacktheweaponneededtogetthejobdone.
{{*HTML*}} ??1.??AIDSisthefinal life-threateningstageofinfectionwithhumanimmuno-deficiencyvirusHIV. AIDSstandsforacquiredimmuno-deficiencysyndrome.Thenamereferstothefact thatHIVseverelydamagesthepatient’sdisease-fightingimmunesystem.Casesof AIDSwerefirstidentifiedin1981intheUnitedStatesbutresearchershave tracedcasestoasearlyas1969.MillionsofAIDScaseshavebeendiagnosed worldwide.??2.??AIDSiscausedbytwovirusesthat belongtoagroupcalledretroviruses.ThefirstAIDSviruswasisolatedby researchersinFrancein1983andresearchersintheUnitedStatesin1984.This virusbecameknownasHIV-1.in1985scientistsinFranceidentifiedanother closelyrelatedvirusthatalsoproducesAIDS.ThisvirusnamedHIV-2occurs mainlyinAfrica.HIV-1occursthroughouttheworld.??3.? ?PeopleinfectedwithHIVeventuallydevelopsymptomsthatalsomaybe causedbyotherlessseriousconditions.WithHIVinfectionhoweverthese symptomsareprolongedandoftenmoresevere.Theyincludeenlargedlymph glandstirednessfeverlossofappetiteandweightdiarrheayeast infectionsofthemouthandvaginaandnightsweats.??4.? ?AnHIV-infectedpersonmaydevelopAIDSfrom2to15ormoreyearsafter becominginfected.InchildrenbornwithHIVinfectionthisintervalisusually shorter.AfewpeoplewhohavebeeninfectedwithHIVformorethan15years havenotdevelopedanysymptomsorsufferonlyminorsymptoms.Aninfected personcantransmitthevirustoanotherpersonwhetherornotsymptomsare present.InfectionwithHIVappearstobelifelonginallwhobecomeinfected. ??5.??Researchershaveidentifiedthreewaysin whichHIVistransmitted:sexualintercoursedirectcontactwithinfected bloodandtransmissionfromaninfectedwomantoherfetusorbaby.Themost commonwayofbecominginfectedisthroughintimatesexualcontactwithan HIV-infectedperson.IntheUnitedStatessexualtransmissionofHIVhas occurredmainlyamonghomosexualmenbutitisbecomingmorefrequentamong heterosexualmenandwomen.??6.??Peoplewhoinject drugsintotheirbodiescanbeexposedtoinfectedbloodbysharinghypodermic needlessyringesorequipmentusedtopreparedrugsforinjection.Health-care workerscanbecomeinfectedwithHIVbycomingintodirectcontactwith ?infectedblood.Thismayoccurthroughinjurywithaneedleorothersharp instrumentusedintreatinganHIV-infectedpatient.Afewpatientshavebecome infectedwhilereceivingtreatmentfromanHIV-infecteddentist.? ?7.??AninfectedpregnantwomancantransmittheAIDSvirusto herfetusevenifshehasnosymptoms.Transmissionmayalsooccurfroman HIV-infectedmothertoherbabythroughbreast-feeding.??8. ??StudiesindicatethatHIVisnottransmittedthroughairfoodor waterorbyinsects.NoknowncasesofAIDShaveresultedfromsharingeating utensilsbathroomslockerroomslivingspaceor classrooms.Paragraph3______.
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} ???Weallageatdifferentrates. Heredityclearlyplaysanimportantpart.Butrecentresearchstudiesby gerontologistsindicatethatlife-stylemaybeequallysignificantin determiningwhowillremainyouthful.???Asarulesingle menandwomenhaveshorterlivesthanmarriedmenandwomen.Studiesshowthat thosewhohavebeenwidowedespeciallymenhavealongerlifeexpectancyif theyremarrysoon.Bothmenandwomenseemtohaveagreaterresistanceto diseaseanddeathwhentheirmarriageisundamaged.Accordingtoa1960study womenwhohavebornethreechildrenhavethelowestmortalityrates.Thosewho havebornefourormorehavethehighest.Childlesswomenandthosewithonly onechildgenerallydon’tliveaslongasmotheroftwoorthreeaccordingto UniversityofChicagosociologistsEvenlyM.KitagawaandPhilipM.Hauser. ???It’simpossibletosayhowmuchsleepisideal.Some peoplethriveonfivehoursanightothersseemtorequireeightornine. Scientistsagreethatconsistencyinsleepingpatternismoresignificant;it’s bettertogetsixhours’sleepeverynightthantenhoursonenightandthree thenext.???Whileit’struethatveryfewpeoplewhoenjoy alonglifearefatthisdoesnotmeanthateverypoundyougainisgoingto shortenyourlife.InfactanongoingstudyinFraminghamMass.hasshowed thatduringatleast30yearsofmiddlelifeleannesswasahigherfactorfor mortalitythanfatness!Whatisknownisthatweightextremesineither directionaredefinitelyunhealthy.Weighing20percentmoreorlessthanyou shouldweighcanincertaincasesbealifeshortener.?? ?Thebenefitsofregularexerciseareindisputable.Menengagedin energeticandpersistentphysicallaborhavefewerheartattacks.Butmany researchersbelievethatexerciseneednotbeverystrongtokeepyouinshape. Thefirstprincipleofanylife-extensionprogramthenistoenjoyevery momentofthelifeyouhave—whetheritlastsonemoreyearorahundred.Asthe philosopherJeanJacquesRousseauputit:Teachhimtoliveratherthanto avoiddeath.Lifeisnotbreathbutactiontheuseofoursensesmind facultieseverypartofourselveswhichmakesusconsciousofourbeing. Whichofthefollowingisnotbeneficialtothelengtheningoflife?
{{*HTML*}} ??Antibioticresistancedoesn’tjust makepathogens病原体difficulttotreatItalsomakesthemhardertotrack Traditionallyepidemiologists流行病专家followingthepathsofdisease-causing microbeshaveidentifiedtheirsuspectsbyfeaturesofbacterial polysaccharide多糖coatssusceptibilitytodifferentantibioticsorother schemesButthesetrackingtechniquesarelosingtheirrelevance相关性实用性 saysAlexanderTomaszamicrobiologistatRockefellerUniversityinNewYork City.Withtheincreaseindrugresistanceavarietyofresistantmicrobescan nowwearthesamecoatorberesistanttothesamedrugsmakingitharderand hardertokeeptabsonindividualstrains菌株.?? Epidemiologiststhereforeareincreasinglyturningtomoreprecisemolecular typingtechniquessuchasDNAfingerprintingtodistinguishresistantstrains. ??DNAtypingtoolsareofcoursenotnew.Indeedsome DNA-basedmethodssuchascomparingplasmids质体smallringsofDNAoutside thechromosomes〈染色体〉havebeenusedbyepidemiologiststotrackinfections sincethe1970s.butsinceplasmidDNAistransferredeasilyandoftenbetween differentstrainsthattechniquetoohasitslimitations.?? ?Morerecenttechniquesuserestrictionenzymestocutapartentire bacterialchromosomesintostrain-specificfragmentpatternsAnothermethod usesspecificradiolabeled放射标汇的DNAprobesinatechniqueknownasSouthern hybridization杂交totestforthepresenceofaparticulardrug-resistancegene inabacterialstrain.Suchtoolsgiveepidemiologistsunprecedentedresolving powerforidentifyingreservoirsandtransitionroutesofgenesandpathogens saysTomasz.Thathashelpedresearcherstrackanumberofdrug-resistant clonesastheytravelvastdistances.???Suchtracking methodsalsohelpuslearnaboutthemechanismofresistancesays CDC疾病控制和预防中心epidemiologistRobertBreiman.Resistancegrowsheexplains eitherasoneresistantorganismspreadsfromonelocationtothenext—asinthe BrazilianMRSA耐甲氧苯青素金黄色葡萄球菌—orasdifferentstrainsandevenspeciesof microbessharethegenesresponsiblefordrugresistanceasaseriesofstudies ofvancomycin万古霉素resistancerecentlydemonstrated.??That knowledgealsohelpspublichealthofficialscombatthespread.Ifresistance spreadshorizontally’asamicrobeincreasesitsrangeBreimansaysit’s importanttofocuspreventioneffortsonminimizingperson-to-personspreadin hospitalsandday-carecenters.Ifhoweverresistancegenesarejumping betweenorganismsthatsuggeststhatoverlyaggressiveantibiotictreatmentis encouragingnonresistantbugstoacquirenewgenes.Insuchcasesthefocus needstobeoncontrollinganti-microbialusesaysBreiman.Thehoped-for result:fewerinfectionstotrack.Usingspecificradio-labeledDNAprobesprovidesepidemiologistsunprecedentedresolvingpowerforidentifyingreservoirandtransitionroutesofgenesandpathogens.
{{*HTML*}} ??Antibioticresistancedoesn’tjust makepathogens病原体difficulttotreatItalsomakesthemhardertotrack Traditionallyepidemiologists流行病专家followingthepathsofdisease-causing microbeshaveidentifiedtheirsuspectsbyfeaturesofbacterial polysaccharide多糖coatssusceptibilitytodifferentantibioticsorother schemesButthesetrackingtechniquesarelosingtheirrelevance相关性实用性 saysAlexanderTomaszamicrobiologistatRockefellerUniversityinNewYork City.Withtheincreaseindrugresistanceavarietyofresistantmicrobescan nowwearthesamecoatorberesistanttothesamedrugsmakingitharderand hardertokeeptabsonindividualstrains菌株.?? Epidemiologiststhereforeareincreasinglyturningtomoreprecisemolecular typingtechniquessuchasDNAfingerprintingtodistinguishresistantstrains. ??DNAtypingtoolsareofcoursenotnew.Indeedsome DNA-basedmethodssuchascomparingplasmids质体smallringsofDNAoutside thechromosomes〈染色体〉havebeenusedbyepidemiologiststotrackinfections sincethe1970s.butsinceplasmidDNAistransferredeasilyandoftenbetween differentstrainsthattechniquetoohasitslimitations.?? ?Morerecenttechniquesuserestrictionenzymestocutapartentire bacterialchromosomesintostrain-specificfragmentpatternsAnothermethod usesspecificradiolabeled放射标汇的DNAprobesinatechniqueknownasSouthern hybridization杂交totestforthepresenceofaparticulardrug-resistancegene inabacterialstrain.Suchtoolsgiveepidemiologistsunprecedentedresolving powerforidentifyingreservoirsandtransitionroutesofgenesandpathogens saysTomasz.Thathashelpedresearcherstrackanumberofdrug-resistant clonesastheytravelvastdistances.???Suchtracking methodsalsohelpuslearnaboutthemechanismofresistancesays CDC疾病控制和预防中心epidemiologistRobertBreiman.Resistancegrowsheexplains eitherasoneresistantorganismspreadsfromonelocationtothenext—asinthe BrazilianMRSA耐甲氧苯青素金黄色葡萄球菌—orasdifferentstrainsandevenspeciesof microbessharethegenesresponsiblefordrugresistanceasaseriesofstudies ofvancomycin万古霉素resistancerecentlydemonstrated.??That knowledgealsohelpspublichealthofficialscombatthespread.Ifresistance spreadshorizontally’asamicrobeincreasesitsrangeBreimansaysit’s importanttofocuspreventioneffortsonminimizingperson-to-personspreadin hospitalsandday-carecenters.Ifhoweverresistancegenesarejumping betweenorganismsthatsuggeststhatoverlyaggressiveantibiotictreatmentis encouragingnonresistantbugstoacquirenewgenes.Insuchcasesthefocus needstobeoncontrollinganti-microbialusesaysBreiman.Thehoped-for result:fewerinfectionstotrack.Thisenzymemanufacturesprostaglandinssubstancesthatcausepainandinflammation.
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HeartAttack IntheUnitedStatesandespeciallyinbigcitiesandruralareastensofthousandsofpeoplewithheartsthatshouldbegood【51】tokeepthemalivedieeachyearforlackofadequatefirstaid.InNewYorkCityforexampleanewstudyhasshownthatonlyonepersonin100outsideofhospitals【52】aftertheheartsuddenlystopspumping.IncontrastinSeattlethesurvival【53】aftersuchheartattacksisoneinfive. Thedifferencecanbetraced【54】theeffectivenessofthechainofsurvivalDr.JosephP.Ornatosaid.Eachlinkinthe【55】mustbestrongenoughformanylivestobe【56】. Thechainbeginswithanimmediatetelephone【57】foremergencyhelpandthestartwithinfourminutesoftheprocessneededforrestartingthe【58】workingbyafamilymemberorbystander旁观者. Itcontinueswiththepromptarrival-------withineight【59】tenminutesofarescuerequippedwithaspecialinstrumentthatcanshocktheheartbacktoanormalrhythm.Anditendswiththeadministration给予实施ofadvanced先进emergencycarebynursestomaintaintheheart’’sabilitytosurviveuntilthedoctorsatthehospitalscantake【60】Whenoneormorelinksinthischainfailorfunctiontooslowlythe【61】ofavictimsurvivingheartattackfallsrapidly.Becauseofwidespreadweaknessesinthechainof【62】expertsinemergencyheartcareestimatethat20000to80000people【63】needlesslyofheartattackeachyearanumbercomparabletothe55000killedannuallyinautomobile【64】. OneexpertsaysSendinganemergencyvehicletoaheartattackvictim【65】thespecialequipmentislikehavingpolicemenwithgunsbutnobullets.Theymayputonagoodshowbuttheylacktheweaponneededtogetthejobdone.
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HeartAttack IntheUnitedStatesandespeciallyinbigcitiesandruralareastensofthousandsofpeoplewithheartsthatshouldbegood【51】tokeepthemalivedieeachyearforlackofadequatefirstaid.InNewYorkCityforexampleanewstudyhasshownthatonlyonepersonin100outsideofhospitals【52】aftertheheartsuddenlystopspumping.IncontrastinSeattlethesurvival【53】aftersuchheartattacksisoneinfive. Thedifferencecanbetraced【54】theeffectivenessofthechainofsurvivalDr.JosephP.Ornatosaid.Eachlinkinthe【55】mustbestrongenoughformanylivestobe【56】. Thechainbeginswithanimmediatetelephone【57】foremergencyhelpandthestartwithinfourminutesoftheprocessneededforrestartingthe【58】workingbyafamilymemberorbystander旁观者. Itcontinueswiththepromptarrival-------withineight【59】tenminutesofarescuerequippedwithaspecialinstrumentthatcanshocktheheartbacktoanormalrhythm.Anditendswiththeadministration给予实施ofadvanced先进emergencycarebynursestomaintaintheheart’’sabilitytosurviveuntilthedoctorsatthehospitalscantake【60】Whenoneormorelinksinthischainfailorfunctiontooslowlythe【61】ofavictimsurvivingheartattackfallsrapidly.Becauseofwidespreadweaknessesinthechainof【62】expertsinemergencyheartcareestimatethat20000to80000people【63】needlesslyofheartattackeachyearanumbercomparabletothe55000killedannuallyinautomobile【64】. OneexpertsaysSendinganemergencyvehicletoaheartattackvictim【65】thespecialequipmentislikehavingpolicemenwithgunsbutnobullets.Theymayputonagoodshowbuttheylacktheweaponneededtogetthejobdone.
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第三篇{{/B}} ???Withoutregularsuppliesofsome hormonesourcapacitytobehavewouldbeseriouslyimpaired;withoutotherswe wouldsoondie.Tinyamountsofsomehormonescanmodifyourmoodsandour actionourinclinationtoeatordrinkouraggressivenessorsubmissiveness andourreproductiveandparentalbehavior.Andhormonesdomorethaninfluence adultbehavior;earlyinlifetheyhelptodeterminethedevelopmentofbodily formandmayevendetermineanindividual’sbehavioralcapacities.Laterinlife thechangingoutputsofsomeendocrineglandsandthebody’schanging sensitivitytosomehormonesareessentialaspectsofthephenomenaofaging. ???Communicationwithinthebodyandtheconsequent integrationofbehaviorwereconsideredtheexclusiveprovinceofthenervous systemuptothebeginningofthepresentcentury.Theemergenceof endocrinologyasaseparatedisciplinecanprobablebe?tracedtothe experimentsofBaylissandStarlingonthehormonesecretion.Thissubstanceis secretedfromcellsintheintestinalwallswhenfoodentersthestomach;it travelsthroughthebloodstreamandstimulatesthepancreastoliberate pancreaticjuicewhichaidsindigestion.Byshowingthatspecialcellssecrete chemicalagentsthatareconveyedbythebloodstreamandregulatedistanttarget organsortissuesBaylissandStarlingdemonstratedthatchemicalintegration canoccurwithoutparticipationofthenervoussystem.?? ?Thetermhormonewasfirstusedwithreferencetosecretion.Starling derivedthetermfromtheGreekhormonemeaningtoexcitedorsetinmotion. ThetermendocrinewasintroducedshortlythereafterEndocrineisusedto refertoglandsthatsecreteproductsintothebloodstream.Thetermendocrine contrastswithexocrinewhichisappliedtoglandsthatsecretetheirproducts throughductstothesiteofaction.Examplesofexocrineglandsarethetear glandsthesweatglandsandthepancreaswhichsecretespancreaticjuice throughaductintointestine.Exocrineglandsarealsocalledductglands whileendocrineglandsarecalledductless.ThewordaggressivenessinPara.1sentence2isclosestinmeaning______.
HeartAttack IntheUnitedStatesandespeciallyinbigcitiesandruralareastensofthousandsofpeoplewithheartsthatshouldbegood【51】tokeepthemalivedieeachyearforlackofadequatefirstaid.InNewYorkCityforexampleanewstudyhasshownthatonlyonepersonin100outsideofhospitals【52】aftertheheartsuddenlystopspumping.IncontrastinSeattlethesurvival【53】aftersuchheartattacksisoneinfive. Thedifferencecanbetraced【54】theeffectivenessofthechainofsurvivalDr.JosephP.Ornatosaid.Eachlinkinthe【55】mustbestrongenoughformanylivestobe【56】. Thechainbeginswithanimmediatetelephone【57】foremergencyhelpandthestartwithinfourminutesoftheprocessneededforrestartingthe【58】workingbyafamilymemberorbystander旁观者. Itcontinueswiththepromptarrival-------withineight【59】tenminutesofarescuerequippedwithaspecialinstrumentthatcanshocktheheartbacktoanormalrhythm.Anditendswiththeadministration给予实施ofadvanced先进emergencycarebynursestomaintaintheheart’’sabilitytosurviveuntilthedoctorsatthehospitalscantake【60】Whenoneormorelinksinthischainfailorfunctiontooslowlythe【61】ofavictimsurvivingheartattackfallsrapidly.Becauseofwidespreadweaknessesinthechainof【62】expertsinemergencyheartcareestimatethat20000to80000people【63】needlesslyofheartattackeachyearanumbercomparabletothe55000killedannuallyinautomobile【64】. OneexpertsaysSendinganemergencyvehicletoaheartattackvictim【65】thespecialequipmentislikehavingpolicemenwithgunsbutnobullets.Theymayputonagoodshowbuttheylacktheweaponneededtogetthejobdone.
{{*HTML*}} ??Antibioticresistancedoesn’tjust makepathogens病原体difficulttotreatItalsomakesthemhardertotrack Traditionallyepidemiologists流行病专家followingthepathsofdisease-causing microbeshaveidentifiedtheirsuspectsbyfeaturesofbacterial polysaccharide多糖coatssusceptibilitytodifferentantibioticsorother schemesButthesetrackingtechniquesarelosingtheirrelevance相关性实用性 saysAlexanderTomaszamicrobiologistatRockefellerUniversityinNewYork City.Withtheincreaseindrugresistanceavarietyofresistantmicrobescan nowwearthesamecoatorberesistanttothesamedrugsmakingitharderand hardertokeeptabsonindividualstrains菌株.?? Epidemiologiststhereforeareincreasinglyturningtomoreprecisemolecular typingtechniquessuchasDNAfingerprintingtodistinguishresistantstrains. ??DNAtypingtoolsareofcoursenotnew.Indeedsome DNA-basedmethodssuchascomparingplasmids质体smallringsofDNAoutside thechromosomes〈染色体〉havebeenusedbyepidemiologiststotrackinfections sincethe1970s.butsinceplasmidDNAistransferredeasilyandoftenbetween differentstrainsthattechniquetoohasitslimitations.?? ?Morerecenttechniquesuserestrictionenzymestocutapartentire bacterialchromosomesintostrain-specificfragmentpatternsAnothermethod usesspecificradiolabeled放射标汇的DNAprobesinatechniqueknownasSouthern hybridization杂交totestforthepresenceofaparticulardrug-resistancegene inabacterialstrain.Suchtoolsgiveepidemiologistsunprecedentedresolving powerforidentifyingreservoirsandtransitionroutesofgenesandpathogens saysTomasz.Thathashelpedresearcherstrackanumberofdrug-resistant clonesastheytravelvastdistances.???Suchtracking methodsalsohelpuslearnaboutthemechanismofresistancesays CDC疾病控制和预防中心epidemiologistRobertBreiman.Resistancegrowsheexplains eitherasoneresistantorganismspreadsfromonelocationtothenext—asinthe BrazilianMRSA耐甲氧苯青素金黄色葡萄球菌—orasdifferentstrainsandevenspeciesof microbessharethegenesresponsiblefordrugresistanceasaseriesofstudies ofvancomycin万古霉素resistancerecentlydemonstrated.??That knowledgealsohelpspublichealthofficialscombatthespread.Ifresistance spreadshorizontally’asamicrobeincreasesitsrangeBreimansaysit’s importanttofocuspreventioneffortsonminimizingperson-to-personspreadin hospitalsandday-carecenters.Ifhoweverresistancegenesarejumping betweenorganismsthatsuggeststhatoverlyaggressiveantibiotictreatmentis encouragingnonresistantbugstoacquirenewgenes.Insuchcasesthefocus needstobeoncontrollinganti-microbialusesaysBreiman.Thehoped-for result:fewerinfectionstotrack.AccordingtoAlexanderTomaszthetraditionaltrackingtechniquesareturningouttobeefficient.
HeartAttack IntheUnitedStatesandespeciallyinbigcitiesandruralareastensofthousandsofpeoplewithheartsthatshouldbegood【51】tokeepthemalivedieeachyearforlackofadequatefirstaid.InNewYorkCityforexampleanewstudyhasshownthatonlyonepersonin100outsideofhospitals【52】aftertheheartsuddenlystopspumping.IncontrastinSeattlethesurvival【53】aftersuchheartattacksisoneinfive. Thedifferencecanbetraced【54】theeffectivenessofthechainofsurvivalDr.JosephP.Ornatosaid.Eachlinkinthe【55】mustbestrongenoughformanylivestobe【56】. Thechainbeginswithanimmediatetelephone【57】foremergencyhelpandthestartwithinfourminutesoftheprocessneededforrestartingthe【58】workingbyafamilymemberorbystander旁观者. Itcontinueswiththepromptarrival-------withineight【59】tenminutesofarescuerequippedwithaspecialinstrumentthatcanshocktheheartbacktoanormalrhythm.Anditendswiththeadministration给予实施ofadvanced先进emergencycarebynursestomaintaintheheart’’sabilitytosurviveuntilthedoctorsatthehospitalscantake【60】Whenoneormorelinksinthischainfailorfunctiontooslowlythe【61】ofavictimsurvivingheartattackfallsrapidly.Becauseofwidespreadweaknessesinthechainof【62】expertsinemergencyheartcareestimatethat20000to80000people【63】needlesslyofheartattackeachyearanumbercomparabletothe55000killedannuallyinautomobile【64】. OneexpertsaysSendinganemergencyvehicletoaheartattackvictim【65】thespecialequipmentislikehavingpolicemenwithgunsbutnobullets.Theymayputonagoodshowbuttheylacktheweaponneededtogetthejobdone.
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} ???Weallageatdifferentrates. Heredityclearlyplaysanimportantpart.Butrecentresearchstudiesby gerontologistsindicatethatlife-stylemaybeequallysignificantin determiningwhowillremainyouthful.???Asarulesingle menandwomenhaveshorterlivesthanmarriedmenandwomen.Studiesshowthat thosewhohavebeenwidowedespeciallymenhavealongerlifeexpectancyif theyremarrysoon.Bothmenandwomenseemtohaveagreaterresistanceto diseaseanddeathwhentheirmarriageisundamaged.Accordingtoa1960study womenwhohavebornethreechildrenhavethelowestmortalityrates.Thosewho havebornefourormorehavethehighest.Childlesswomenandthosewithonly onechildgenerallydon’tliveaslongasmotheroftwoorthreeaccordingto UniversityofChicagosociologistsEvenlyM.KitagawaandPhilipM.Hauser. ???It’simpossibletosayhowmuchsleepisideal.Some peoplethriveonfivehoursanightothersseemtorequireeightornine. Scientistsagreethatconsistencyinsleepingpatternismoresignificant;it’s bettertogetsixhours’sleepeverynightthantenhoursonenightandthree thenext.???Whileit’struethatveryfewpeoplewhoenjoy alonglifearefatthisdoesnotmeanthateverypoundyougainisgoingto shortenyourlife.InfactanongoingstudyinFraminghamMass.hasshowed thatduringatleast30yearsofmiddlelifeleannesswasahigherfactorfor mortalitythanfatness!Whatisknownisthatweightextremesineither directionaredefinitelyunhealthy.Weighing20percentmoreorlessthanyou shouldweighcanincertaincasesbealifeshortener.?? ?Thebenefitsofregularexerciseareindisputable.Menengagedin energeticandpersistentphysicallaborhavefewerheartattacks.Butmany researchersbelievethatexerciseneednotbeverystrongtokeepyouinshape. Thefirstprincipleofanylife-extensionprogramthenistoenjoyevery momentofthelifeyouhave—whetheritlastsonemoreyearorahundred.Asthe philosopherJeanJacquesRousseauputit:Teachhimtoliveratherthanto avoiddeath.Lifeisnotbreathbutactiontheuseofoursensesmind facultieseverypartofourselveswhichmakesusconsciousofourbeing. Whatarethemainfactorsthatdeterminedifferentratesofaging?
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{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} ???Weallageatdifferentrates. Heredityclearlyplaysanimportantpart.Butrecentresearchstudiesby gerontologistsindicatethatlife-stylemaybeequallysignificantin determiningwhowillremainyouthful.???Asarulesingle menandwomenhaveshorterlivesthanmarriedmenandwomen.Studiesshowthat thosewhohavebeenwidowedespeciallymenhavealongerlifeexpectancyif theyremarrysoon.Bothmenandwomenseemtohaveagreaterresistanceto diseaseanddeathwhentheirmarriageisundamaged.Accordingtoa1960study womenwhohavebornethreechildrenhavethelowestmortalityrates.Thosewho havebornefourormorehavethehighest.Childlesswomenandthosewithonly onechildgenerallydon’tliveaslongasmotheroftwoorthreeaccordingto UniversityofChicagosociologistsEvenlyM.KitagawaandPhilipM.Hauser. ???It’simpossibletosayhowmuchsleepisideal.Some peoplethriveonfivehoursanightothersseemtorequireeightornine. Scientistsagreethatconsistencyinsleepingpatternismoresignificant;it’s bettertogetsixhours’sleepeverynightthantenhoursonenightandthree thenext.???Whileit’struethatveryfewpeoplewhoenjoy alonglifearefatthisdoesnotmeanthateverypoundyougainisgoingto shortenyourlife.InfactanongoingstudyinFraminghamMass.hasshowed thatduringatleast30yearsofmiddlelifeleannesswasahigherfactorfor mortalitythanfatness!Whatisknownisthatweightextremesineither directionaredefinitelyunhealthy.Weighing20percentmoreorlessthanyou shouldweighcanincertaincasesbealifeshortener.?? ?Thebenefitsofregularexerciseareindisputable.Menengagedin energeticandpersistentphysicallaborhavefewerheartattacks.Butmany researchersbelievethatexerciseneednotbeverystrongtokeepyouinshape. Thefirstprincipleofanylife-extensionprogramthenistoenjoyevery momentofthelifeyouhave—whetheritlastsonemoreyearorahundred.Asthe philosopherJeanJacquesRousseauputit:Teachhimtoliveratherthanto avoiddeath.Lifeisnotbreathbutactiontheuseofoursensesmind facultieseverypartofourselveswhichmakesusconsciousofourbeing. TheauthorofthearticlequotesRousseau’swordsto______.
Knitting Mymotherknewhowtoknit编织butshenevertaughtme.Sheassumedasdidmanywomenofhergenerationthatknittingwasnolongeraskillworthpassingdownfrommothertodaughter.Acombinationoffeminism女权主义andconsumerism浪费主义mademanywomenfeelthatsuchhomelyaccomplishmentswerenowoutofdate.MyGrandmotherstillknittedthoughandeveryChristmasshemadeapairofsocksformybrotherandmeofredwool.Theyweretheonesweworeunderouriceskates冰鞋whenitwasreallyimportanttohavewarmfeet. Knittingisanervoushabitthathappenstobeproductive.Ithelpedmequitsmokingbygivingmyhandssomethingelsetodo.Itiswonderfulfordepressionbecausenomatterwhatelsehappensyouarecreatingsomethingbeautiful.Timespentinfrontofthetelevisionorjustsittingisnolongertimewasted. Ilovebreathinglifeintothepatterns.It’’struemagicfindinganeglecteddog-earedoldbookwiththeperfectsnowflakedesignbuyingthesameGermantownwoolmygrandmotherusedintheexactbluetomatchmydaughter’’seyestakingitonthetrainwithmeeverydayfortwomonthsworkingenthusiasticallytogetitdonebyChristmasstayinguplateafterthestockingsarefilledtosewinthesleevesandweaveintheends. Knittinghastaughtmepatience.IknowthatifIjustkeepgoingevenifittakesmonthstherewillbeareward.WhenImakeamistakeIknowthatangerwillnotfixitthatIjusthavetogobackandtakeoutthestitches针脚betweenandstartoveragain. PeopleoftenaskifIwoulddoitformoneyandtheanswerisalwaysadefiniteno.InthefirstplaceyoucouldnotpaymeenoughforthehoursIputintoasweater.ButmoreimportantthisisanactivityIkeepseparatefromsuchconsiderations.IknittocovermychildrenandotherpeopleIloveinwarmthandcolor.Iknittogivethemsomethingearthlythatmoneycouldneverbuy. Knittinggivesmylifeanalternativerhythmtothedailydeadline.BydayIcanwriteaboutNorthernIrelandortheNewYorkCityPoliceDepartmentandgetpaidforitbutonthetrainhomesurroundedbypeoplewithlaptopsIstagemylittlerebellion.Itakeoutmyoldknittingbagandjointhecenturiesofwomenwhohaveknittedforlove. AccordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutknittingisNOTtrue?
HeartAttack IntheUnitedStatesandespeciallyinbigcitiesandruralareastensofthousandsofpeoplewithheartsthatshouldbegood【51】tokeepthemalivedieeachyearforlackofadequatefirstaid.InNewYorkCityforexampleanewstudyhasshownthatonlyonepersonin100outsideofhospitals【52】aftertheheartsuddenlystopspumping.IncontrastinSeattlethesurvival【53】aftersuchheartattacksisoneinfive. Thedifferencecanbetraced【54】theeffectivenessofthechainofsurvivalDr.JosephP.Ornatosaid.Eachlinkinthe【55】mustbestrongenoughformanylivestobe【56】. Thechainbeginswithanimmediatetelephone【57】foremergencyhelpandthestartwithinfourminutesoftheprocessneededforrestartingthe【58】workingbyafamilymemberorbystander旁观者. Itcontinueswiththepromptarrival-------withineight【59】tenminutesofarescuerequippedwithaspecialinstrumentthatcanshocktheheartbacktoanormalrhythm.Anditendswiththeadministration给予实施ofadvanced先进emergencycarebynursestomaintaintheheart’’sabilitytosurviveuntilthedoctorsatthehospitalscantake【60】Whenoneormorelinksinthischainfailorfunctiontooslowlythe【61】ofavictimsurvivingheartattackfallsrapidly.Becauseofwidespreadweaknessesinthechainof【62】expertsinemergencyheartcareestimatethat20000to80000people【63】needlesslyofheartattackeachyearanumbercomparabletothe55000killedannuallyinautomobile【64】. OneexpertsaysSendinganemergencyvehicletoaheartattackvictim【65】thespecialequipmentislikehavingpolicemenwithgunsbutnobullets.Theymayputonagoodshowbuttheylacktheweaponneededtogetthejobdone.
HeartAttack IntheUnitedStatesandespeciallyinbigcitiesandruralareastensofthousandsofpeoplewithheartsthatshouldbegood【51】tokeepthemalivedieeachyearforlackofadequatefirstaid.InNewYorkCityforexampleanewstudyhasshownthatonlyonepersonin100outsideofhospitals【52】aftertheheartsuddenlystopspumping.IncontrastinSeattlethesurvival【53】aftersuchheartattacksisoneinfive. Thedifferencecanbetraced【54】theeffectivenessofthechainofsurvivalDr.JosephP.Ornatosaid.Eachlinkinthe【55】mustbestrongenoughformanylivestobe【56】. Thechainbeginswithanimmediatetelephone【57】foremergencyhelpandthestartwithinfourminutesoftheprocessneededforrestartingthe【58】workingbyafamilymemberorbystander旁观者. Itcontinueswiththepromptarrival-------withineight【59】tenminutesofarescuerequippedwithaspecialinstrumentthatcanshocktheheartbacktoanormalrhythm.Anditendswiththeadministration给予实施ofadvanced先进emergencycarebynursestomaintaintheheart’’sabilitytosurviveuntilthedoctorsatthehospitalscantake【60】Whenoneormorelinksinthischainfailorfunctiontooslowlythe【61】ofavictimsurvivingheartattackfallsrapidly.Becauseofwidespreadweaknessesinthechainof【62】expertsinemergencyheartcareestimatethat20000to80000people【63】needlesslyofheartattackeachyearanumbercomparabletothe55000killedannuallyinautomobile【64】. OneexpertsaysSendinganemergencyvehicletoaheartattackvictim【65】thespecialequipmentislikehavingpolicemenwithgunsbutnobullets.Theymayputonagoodshowbuttheylacktheweaponneededtogetthejobdone.
Everyexperienceteachesthepeoplesomethingandtheeffectsare{{U}}cumulative{{/U}}.
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第一篇{{/B}} ???Ihadbeenworkinginthetrauma unitatalocalhospitalforaboutayear.Yougetusedtofamiliesthinking thatacomapatientismovingtheirhandordoingsomethingthattheywere askedtodo.Followingcommandsiswhatwecallit.Oftenit’swishful thinkingonthefamilies’part.Nursescaneasilybecomecalloustoit. ???Onthisparticularnightduringvisitinghoursmy patient’swifecamein.Ihadtakencareofhimforseveramnights.Iwasvery familiarwithhiscareandwhathewasabletodo.Actuallyhedidn’tdo anything.Hebarelymovedatallevenwhensomethingwouldobviouslyhurthim suchassuctioning.???Hiswifewasveryshortabout5 feettall.Shehadtostandonastooltoleanoverhimsothatshecouldsee hisfaceandtalktohim.Sheclimbeduponthestool.Ispoketoherforafew minutesandthensteppedouttotendtomyotherpatient.Afewminuteslater shecamerunningoutoftheroom.InanexcitedvoiceshesaidDonnahe’s movinghishand!???Iimmediatelythoughtthatitwas probablyherimaginationandthathehadnotactuallydoneitonpurpose.He hadbeenthereaboutamonthatthetimeandhadnevermadeanymovementson purpose.IaskedherwhathadhappenedandshesaidIaskedhimtosqueezemy handandhedid!???Thisledmetoanothertrainof questioning.Butdidheletgowhenyouaskedhimto?Shesaidyesthathe haddoneexactlywhatsheasked.???Iwentintotheroom withhernotreallybelievingthatIwouldseeanythingdifferentthanIhad alwaysseen.ButIdecidedthatitwouldbebettertopacifyherthantomake herthinkIdidn’tbelieveherorthatshewassomehowmistaken.? ??Sheaskedhimtosqueezeherhandwhichhedid.IsaidWellask himtoletgo.Hecontinuedtosqueezeforamomentsothatwhenhefinally didletgoIreallystilldidn’tbelievethathehaddoneitonPurpose.SoI saidAskhimtoholduponefinger.Hedidasasked.?? ?Wellhmmthiswasstartingtogetmyattention.Ilookedathimhis facestillsomewhatswollenandhiseyesstillclosed.Stickoutyourtongue! Isaid.Hedidit.Ialmostfellonthefloor.ItwasthefirsttimeIhadever seenanyonewakeup.Whatdidthepatientdoonthatparticularnight?
{{*HTML*}} ??Antibioticresistancedoesn’tjust makepathogens病原体difficulttotreatItalsomakesthemhardertotrack Traditionallyepidemiologists流行病专家followingthepathsofdisease-causing microbeshaveidentifiedtheirsuspectsbyfeaturesofbacterial polysaccharide多糖coatssusceptibilitytodifferentantibioticsorother schemesButthesetrackingtechniquesarelosingtheirrelevance相关性实用性 saysAlexanderTomaszamicrobiologistatRockefellerUniversityinNewYork City.Withtheincreaseindrugresistanceavarietyofresistantmicrobescan nowwearthesamecoatorberesistanttothesamedrugsmakingitharderand hardertokeeptabsonindividualstrains菌株.?? Epidemiologiststhereforeareincreasinglyturningtomoreprecisemolecular typingtechniquessuchasDNAfingerprintingtodistinguishresistantstrains. ??DNAtypingtoolsareofcoursenotnew.Indeedsome DNA-basedmethodssuchascomparingplasmids质体smallringsofDNAoutside thechromosomes〈染色体〉havebeenusedbyepidemiologiststotrackinfections sincethe1970s.butsinceplasmidDNAistransferredeasilyandoftenbetween differentstrainsthattechniquetoohasitslimitations.?? ?Morerecenttechniquesuserestrictionenzymestocutapartentire bacterialchromosomesintostrain-specificfragmentpatternsAnothermethod usesspecificradiolabeled放射标汇的DNAprobesinatechniqueknownasSouthern hybridization杂交totestforthepresenceofaparticulardrug-resistancegene inabacterialstrain.Suchtoolsgiveepidemiologistsunprecedentedresolving powerforidentifyingreservoirsandtransitionroutesofgenesandpathogens saysTomasz.Thathashelpedresearcherstrackanumberofdrug-resistant clonesastheytravelvastdistances.???Suchtracking methodsalsohelpuslearnaboutthemechanismofresistancesays CDC疾病控制和预防中心epidemiologistRobertBreiman.Resistancegrowsheexplains eitherasoneresistantorganismspreadsfromonelocationtothenext—asinthe BrazilianMRSA耐甲氧苯青素金黄色葡萄球菌—orasdifferentstrainsandevenspeciesof microbessharethegenesresponsiblefordrugresistanceasaseriesofstudies ofvancomycin万古霉素resistancerecentlydemonstrated.??That knowledgealsohelpspublichealthofficialscombatthespread.Ifresistance spreadshorizontally’asamicrobeincreasesitsrangeBreimansaysit’s importanttofocuspreventioneffortsonminimizingperson-to-personspreadin hospitalsandday-carecenters.Ifhoweverresistancegenesarejumping betweenorganismsthatsuggeststhatoverlyaggressiveantibiotictreatmentis encouragingnonresistantbugstoacquirenewgenes.Insuchcasesthefocus needstobeoncontrollinganti-microbialusesaysBreiman.Thehoped-for result:fewerinfectionstotrack.Aspirinisoneoftheworld’soldestpainremedies.
{{*HTML*}} ??1.??AIDSisthefinal life-threateningstageofinfectionwithhumanimmuno-deficiencyvirusHIV. AIDSstandsforacquiredimmuno-deficiencysyndrome.Thenamereferstothefact thatHIVseverelydamagesthepatient’sdisease-fightingimmunesystem.Casesof AIDSwerefirstidentifiedin1981intheUnitedStatesbutresearchershave tracedcasestoasearlyas1969.MillionsofAIDScaseshavebeendiagnosed worldwide.??2.??AIDSiscausedbytwovirusesthat belongtoagroupcalledretroviruses.ThefirstAIDSviruswasisolatedby researchersinFrancein1983andresearchersintheUnitedStatesin1984.This virusbecameknownasHIV-1.in1985scientistsinFranceidentifiedanother closelyrelatedvirusthatalsoproducesAIDS.ThisvirusnamedHIV-2occurs mainlyinAfrica.HIV-1occursthroughouttheworld.??3.? ?PeopleinfectedwithHIVeventuallydevelopsymptomsthatalsomaybe causedbyotherlessseriousconditions.WithHIVinfectionhoweverthese symptomsareprolongedandoftenmoresevere.Theyincludeenlargedlymph glandstirednessfeverlossofappetiteandweightdiarrheayeast infectionsofthemouthandvaginaandnightsweats.??4.? ?AnHIV-infectedpersonmaydevelopAIDSfrom2to15ormoreyearsafter becominginfected.InchildrenbornwithHIVinfectionthisintervalisusually shorter.AfewpeoplewhohavebeeninfectedwithHIVformorethan15years havenotdevelopedanysymptomsorsufferonlyminorsymptoms.Aninfected personcantransmitthevirustoanotherpersonwhetherornotsymptomsare present.InfectionwithHIVappearstobelifelonginallwhobecomeinfected. ??5.??Researchershaveidentifiedthreewaysin whichHIVistransmitted:sexualintercoursedirectcontactwithinfected bloodandtransmissionfromaninfectedwomantoherfetusorbaby.Themost commonwayofbecominginfectedisthroughintimatesexualcontactwithan HIV-infectedperson.IntheUnitedStatessexualtransmissionofHIVhas occurredmainlyamonghomosexualmenbutitisbecomingmorefrequentamong heterosexualmenandwomen.??6.??Peoplewhoinject drugsintotheirbodiescanbeexposedtoinfectedbloodbysharinghypodermic needlessyringesorequipmentusedtopreparedrugsforinjection.Health-care workerscanbecomeinfectedwithHIVbycomingintodirectcontactwith ?infectedblood.Thismayoccurthroughinjurywithaneedleorothersharp instrumentusedintreatinganHIV-infectedpatient.Afewpatientshavebecome infectedwhilereceivingtreatmentfromanHIV-infecteddentist.? ?7.??AninfectedpregnantwomancantransmittheAIDSvirusto herfetusevenifshehasnosymptoms.Transmissionmayalsooccurfroman HIV-infectedmothertoherbabythroughbreast-feeding.??8. ??StudiesindicatethatHIVisnottransmittedthroughairfoodor waterorbyinsects.NoknowncasesofAIDShaveresultedfromsharingeating utensilsbathroomslockerroomslivingspaceor classrooms.Paragraph5______.
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第一篇{{/B}} ???Ihadbeenworkinginthetrauma unitatalocalhospitalforaboutayear.Yougetusedtofamiliesthinking thatacomapatientismovingtheirhandordoingsomethingthattheywere askedtodo.Followingcommandsiswhatwecallit.Oftenit’swishful thinkingonthefamilies’part.Nursescaneasilybecomecalloustoit. ???Onthisparticularnightduringvisitinghoursmy patient’swifecamein.Ihadtakencareofhimforseveramnights.Iwasvery familiarwithhiscareandwhathewasabletodo.Actuallyhedidn’tdo anything.Hebarelymovedatallevenwhensomethingwouldobviouslyhurthim suchassuctioning.???Hiswifewasveryshortabout5 feettall.Shehadtostandonastooltoleanoverhimsothatshecouldsee hisfaceandtalktohim.Sheclimbeduponthestool.Ispoketoherforafew minutesandthensteppedouttotendtomyotherpatient.Afewminuteslater shecamerunningoutoftheroom.InanexcitedvoiceshesaidDonnahe’s movinghishand!???Iimmediatelythoughtthatitwas probablyherimaginationandthathehadnotactuallydoneitonpurpose.He hadbeenthereaboutamonthatthetimeandhadnevermadeanymovementson purpose.IaskedherwhathadhappenedandshesaidIaskedhimtosqueezemy handandhedid!???Thisledmetoanothertrainof questioning.Butdidheletgowhenyouaskedhimto?Shesaidyesthathe haddoneexactlywhatsheasked.???Iwentintotheroom withhernotreallybelievingthatIwouldseeanythingdifferentthanIhad alwaysseen.ButIdecidedthatitwouldbebettertopacifyherthantomake herthinkIdidn’tbelieveherorthatshewassomehowmistaken.? ??Sheaskedhimtosqueezeherhandwhichhedid.IsaidWellask himtoletgo.Hecontinuedtosqueezeforamomentsothatwhenhefinally didletgoIreallystilldidn’tbelievethathehaddoneitonPurpose.SoI saidAskhimtoholduponefinger.Hedidasasked.?? ?Wellhmmthiswasstartingtogetmyattention.Ilookedathimhis facestillsomewhatswollenandhiseyesstillclosed.Stickoutyourtongue! Isaid.Hedidit.Ialmostfellonthefloor.ItwasthefirsttimeIhadever seenanyonewakeup.Whatwastheconditionofthepatientbeforethatparticularnight?
{{*HTML*}} ??1.??AIDSisthefinal life-threateningstageofinfectionwithhumanimmuno-deficiencyvirusHIV. AIDSstandsforacquiredimmuno-deficiencysyndrome.Thenamereferstothefact thatHIVseverelydamagesthepatient’sdisease-fightingimmunesystem.Casesof AIDSwerefirstidentifiedin1981intheUnitedStatesbutresearchershave tracedcasestoasearlyas1969.MillionsofAIDScaseshavebeendiagnosed worldwide.??2.??AIDSiscausedbytwovirusesthat belongtoagroupcalledretroviruses.ThefirstAIDSviruswasisolatedby researchersinFrancein1983andresearchersintheUnitedStatesin1984.This virusbecameknownasHIV-1.in1985scientistsinFranceidentifiedanother closelyrelatedvirusthatalsoproducesAIDS.ThisvirusnamedHIV-2occurs mainlyinAfrica.HIV-1occursthroughouttheworld.??3.? ?PeopleinfectedwithHIVeventuallydevelopsymptomsthatalsomaybe causedbyotherlessseriousconditions.WithHIVinfectionhoweverthese symptomsareprolongedandoftenmoresevere.Theyincludeenlargedlymph glandstirednessfeverlossofappetiteandweightdiarrheayeast infectionsofthemouthandvaginaandnightsweats.??4.? ?AnHIV-infectedpersonmaydevelopAIDSfrom2to15ormoreyearsafter becominginfected.InchildrenbornwithHIVinfectionthisintervalisusually shorter.AfewpeoplewhohavebeeninfectedwithHIVformorethan15years havenotdevelopedanysymptomsorsufferonlyminorsymptoms.Aninfected personcantransmitthevirustoanotherpersonwhetherornotsymptomsare present.InfectionwithHIVappearstobelifelonginallwhobecomeinfected. ??5.??Researchershaveidentifiedthreewaysin whichHIVistransmitted:sexualintercoursedirectcontactwithinfected bloodandtransmissionfromaninfectedwomantoherfetusorbaby.Themost commonwayofbecominginfectedisthroughintimatesexualcontactwithan HIV-infectedperson.IntheUnitedStatessexualtransmissionofHIVhas occurredmainlyamonghomosexualmenbutitisbecomingmorefrequentamong heterosexualmenandwomen.??6.??Peoplewhoinject drugsintotheirbodiescanbeexposedtoinfectedbloodbysharinghypodermic needlessyringesorequipmentusedtopreparedrugsforinjection.Health-care workerscanbecomeinfectedwithHIVbycomingintodirectcontactwith ?infectedblood.Thismayoccurthroughinjurywithaneedleorothersharp instrumentusedintreatinganHIV-infectedpatient.Afewpatientshavebecome infectedwhilereceivingtreatmentfromanHIV-infecteddentist.? ?7.??AninfectedpregnantwomancantransmittheAIDSvirusto herfetusevenifshehasnosymptoms.Transmissionmayalsooccurfroman HIV-infectedmothertoherbabythroughbreast-feeding.??8. ??StudiesindicatethatHIVisnottransmittedthroughairfoodor waterorbyinsects.NoknowncasesofAIDShaveresultedfromsharingeating utensilsbathroomslockerroomslivingspaceor classrooms.PeoplewithHIVinfectionusuallydevelopAIDS______.
HeartAttack IntheUnitedStatesandespeciallyinbigcitiesandruralareastensofthousandsofpeoplewithheartsthatshouldbegood【51】tokeepthemalivedieeachyearforlackofadequatefirstaid.InNewYorkCityforexampleanewstudyhasshownthatonlyonepersonin100outsideofhospitals【52】aftertheheartsuddenlystopspumping.IncontrastinSeattlethesurvival【53】aftersuchheartattacksisoneinfive. Thedifferencecanbetraced【54】theeffectivenessofthechainofsurvivalDr.JosephP.Ornatosaid.Eachlinkinthe【55】mustbestrongenoughformanylivestobe【56】. Thechainbeginswithanimmediatetelephone【57】foremergencyhelpandthestartwithinfourminutesoftheprocessneededforrestartingthe【58】workingbyafamilymemberorbystander旁观者. Itcontinueswiththepromptarrival-------withineight【59】tenminutesofarescuerequippedwithaspecialinstrumentthatcanshocktheheartbacktoanormalrhythm.Anditendswiththeadministration给予实施ofadvanced先进emergencycarebynursestomaintaintheheart’’sabilitytosurviveuntilthedoctorsatthehospitalscantake【60】Whenoneormorelinksinthischainfailorfunctiontooslowlythe【61】ofavictimsurvivingheartattackfallsrapidly.Becauseofwidespreadweaknessesinthechainof【62】expertsinemergencyheartcareestimatethat20000to80000people【63】needlesslyofheartattackeachyearanumbercomparabletothe55000killedannuallyinautomobile【64】. OneexpertsaysSendinganemergencyvehicletoaheartattackvictim【65】thespecialequipmentislikehavingpolicemenwithgunsbutnobullets.Theymayputonagoodshowbuttheylacktheweaponneededtogetthejobdone.
{{*HTML*}} ??1.??AIDSisthefinal life-threateningstageofinfectionwithhumanimmuno-deficiencyvirusHIV. AIDSstandsforacquiredimmuno-deficiencysyndrome.Thenamereferstothefact thatHIVseverelydamagesthepatient’sdisease-fightingimmunesystem.Casesof AIDSwerefirstidentifiedin1981intheUnitedStatesbutresearchershave tracedcasestoasearlyas1969.MillionsofAIDScaseshavebeendiagnosed worldwide.??2.??AIDSiscausedbytwovirusesthat belongtoagroupcalledretroviruses.ThefirstAIDSviruswasisolatedby researchersinFrancein1983andresearchersintheUnitedStatesin1984.This virusbecameknownasHIV-1.in1985scientistsinFranceidentifiedanother closelyrelatedvirusthatalsoproducesAIDS.ThisvirusnamedHIV-2occurs mainlyinAfrica.HIV-1occursthroughouttheworld.??3.? ?PeopleinfectedwithHIVeventuallydevelopsymptomsthatalsomaybe causedbyotherlessseriousconditions.WithHIVinfectionhoweverthese symptomsareprolongedandoftenmoresevere.Theyincludeenlargedlymph glandstirednessfeverlossofappetiteandweightdiarrheayeast infectionsofthemouthandvaginaandnightsweats.??4.? ?AnHIV-infectedpersonmaydevelopAIDSfrom2to15ormoreyearsafter becominginfected.InchildrenbornwithHIVinfectionthisintervalisusually shorter.AfewpeoplewhohavebeeninfectedwithHIVformorethan15years havenotdevelopedanysymptomsorsufferonlyminorsymptoms.Aninfected personcantransmitthevirustoanotherpersonwhetherornotsymptomsare present.InfectionwithHIVappearstobelifelonginallwhobecomeinfected. ??5.??Researchershaveidentifiedthreewaysin whichHIVistransmitted:sexualintercoursedirectcontactwithinfected bloodandtransmissionfromaninfectedwomantoherfetusorbaby.Themost commonwayofbecominginfectedisthroughintimatesexualcontactwithan HIV-infectedperson.IntheUnitedStatessexualtransmissionofHIVhas occurredmainlyamonghomosexualmenbutitisbecomingmorefrequentamong heterosexualmenandwomen.??6.??Peoplewhoinject drugsintotheirbodiescanbeexposedtoinfectedbloodbysharinghypodermic needlessyringesorequipmentusedtopreparedrugsforinjection.Health-care workerscanbecomeinfectedwithHIVbycomingintodirectcontactwith ?infectedblood.Thismayoccurthroughinjurywithaneedleorothersharp instrumentusedintreatinganHIV-infectedpatient.Afewpatientshavebecome infectedwhilereceivingtreatmentfromanHIV-infecteddentist.? ?7.??AninfectedpregnantwomancantransmittheAIDSvirusto herfetusevenifshehasnosymptoms.Transmissionmayalsooccurfroman HIV-infectedmothertoherbabythroughbreast-feeding.??8. ??StudiesindicatethatHIVisnottransmittedthroughairfoodor waterorbyinsects.NoknowncasesofAIDShaveresultedfromsharingeating utensilsbathroomslockerroomslivingspaceor classrooms.AnHIV-infectedmothermaytransmittheAIDSvirustoherfetusthrough______.
Thewoman's{{U}}scowl{{/U}}showedshewasnotsatisfiedwiththeservicehere.
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