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She found me very dull.（）
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10.00分Ilovemymotherverymuch.DuringdayswhereIamnot
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OnedayIwastryingtosendashortmessagewithmymobilepho
ToWhomItMayConcern:MyhusbandandIgotmarriedin1965an
WhenIwasaboutsixyearsoldmymothercamehomeoneclayand
the good education her parents gave her
the support of her understanding and adventurous mother
her inborn talent
her ballet teacher
Ifoundoutonetimethatdoingafavorforsomeonecouldgety
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Shefoundmeverydull.
dirty
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WhenIwasaboutsixyearsoldmymothercamehomeoneclayand
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—What’syourmother?—______.
She is a doctor
She likes listening to music
She is very thin
She loves me very much.
YesterdayIboughtanewcoatinashopandIfounditsobigfor
ToWhomItMayConcern:MyhusbandandIgotmarriedin1965an
---What’syourmotherlike?---______.
She is a doctor
She likes listening to music
She is very thin
She loves me very much.
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WhyPeopleUsePseudonyms假名字Youcan’tchoosethenameyouaregivenatbirthbutinmanycountriesyoucanchangeitlegallywhenyoureachadulthood.Ofcoursemostpeopleneverchangetheirnames51theyfeelunhappyaboutthem.Howeversomepeopledo52thiscourseofaction--particularlyartists!WhatmakesanartistwanttochangetheirnameSometimesit’sforpurely53reasonssuchastheNobelPrizewinningpoetfromChileNeftaliiReyes.Hedidn’twanthisfatherto54hewaswritingpoetrysohechangedhisnametoPabloNerudawhenhewasayoungman.55othertimesthereasonmayappearstrange~takethecaseofthePortuguesepoetFernandoPessoa56wroteunder75differentnames.ThereasonWhenIuseadifferentnameIalwayswriteinadifferentwayheexplained.Inmostcases57peoplechangetheirnamesforsocialhistoricalpoliticalorculturalreasons.Herearesomeofthemost58:Theperson’srealnameisjust59longanddifficulttoremember.Let’sbehonestMadonnaLouiseCicconeisnotas60torememberasjustplainMadonna.Andshortnamesaremucheasiertoremember:WilliamBradleybecameBradPittandEdsonArantesdoNascimentobecamePelt.Sometimesnamesarechangedformarketing61.Forexampleifanamesoundstooforeignitmaybechangedtosomethingthatismorerecognizableina62.SointhefilmworldRam6nEstevezadoptedthenameMartinSheen.Ormaybetheartist’srealnamedoesn’tsoundveryattractive—ChadEverettdoes63alotbetterthanRaymondCramton.Artistssometimes64thenameofsomeonetheyadmire.RobertZimmermanchangedhisnametoBooDylanbecauseofhisadmirationfortheWelshpoetDylanThomas.Anotherreasonmaybepracticality:inthepastwomenfounditverydifficulttogetpublished.To65thissituationtheysometimesgavethemselvesmen’snames.SotheEnglishauthorMaryAnnEvansbecameGeorgeEliotandshedidgetherbookspublished!
WinnersandLosers WhyarethebiggestwinnersinthepastdecadeoftradeglobalizationmostlyinSouthandEastAsiawhereasthebiggestlosersaremostlyinthe．formerSovietbloc集团and sub—SaharanAfrica?HistoryisapartialguideEastAsiahasalongtradingtraditionlatelyreinvigorated给以新的活力bytheChineseadoptionofmarketeconomics．TheSovietUnionontheotherhandwasshelteredfromfree—marketforcesformorethan70years．InAfricasomecountriesaredisadvantagedbecauseofinadequateinfrastructure基础结构manycountrieshavelittletotradebutcommoditiesthepricesofwhichhavefalleninrecentyears． Insomeregionscertaincountrieshavesufferedbyadoptingmisguidedpoliciesoften underpressurefromInternationalMonetaryFund．FirstamongtheseisRussia．whichinthe early1990striedtoembracecapitalismbeforefirstbuildingtheinstitutionsthatmakecapitalismworksuchasanindependentbanksystemasystemofbusinesslawandalladequatemethodforcollectingtaxes．EncouragedbytheIMFtheWorldBankandtheU．S．DepartmentoftheTreasuryPresidentBorisYeltsin’sregimeprivatizedthestate．ownedindustrialsectorcreatingaclassofoligarchs寡头政治集团成员whoknowinghowunstableconditionswereathome．senttheirmoneyabroadinsteadofinvestingitathome． IncontrastChinathebiggestwinnerfromglobalizationdidnotfollowtheIMFformula． OftheformerstatesoftheSovietbloconlyafewnotablyPolandandHungarymanagedtogrowwhichtheydidbyignoringIMFadviceandadoptingexpansionaryplans．including spendingmorethantheycollectedintaxes．BotswanaandUgandaarealsoSuccessstories despitetheirdisadvantagestheircountriesachievedvigorousgrowthbycreatingstablecivilsocietiesliberalizingtradeandimplementingreformsthatrancountertoIMFprescriptions． Japanhasalongtradingtradition．
MydoctorsaidIshouldvarymydietmore
WhyPeopleUsePseudonyms假名字Youcan’tchoosethenameyouaregivenatbirthbutinmanycountriesyoucanchangeitlegallywhenyoureachadulthood.Ofcoursemostpeopleneverchangetheirnames51theyfeelunhappyaboutthem.Howeversomepeopledo52thiscourseofaction--particularlyartists!WhatmakesanartistwanttochangetheirnameSometimesit’sforpurely53reasonssuchastheNobelPrizewinningpoetfromChileNeftaliiReyes.Hedidn’twanthisfatherto54hewaswritingpoetrysohechangedhisnametoPabloNerudawhenhewasayoungman.55othertimesthereasonmayappearstrange~takethecaseofthePortuguesepoetFernandoPessoa56wroteunder75differentnames.ThereasonWhenIuseadifferentnameIalwayswriteinadifferentwayheexplained.Inmostcases57peoplechangetheirnamesforsocialhistoricalpoliticalorculturalreasons.Herearesomeofthemost58:Theperson’srealnameisjust59longanddifficulttoremember.Let’sbehonestMadonnaLouiseCicconeisnotas60torememberasjustplainMadonna.Andshortnamesaremucheasiertoremember:WilliamBradleybecameBradPittandEdsonArantesdoNascimentobecamePelt.Sometimesnamesarechangedformarketing61.Forexampleifanamesoundstooforeignitmaybechangedtosomethingthatismorerecognizableina62.SointhefilmworldRam6nEstevezadoptedthenameMartinSheen.Ormaybetheartist’srealnamedoesn’tsoundveryattractive—ChadEverettdoes63alotbetterthanRaymondCramton.Artistssometimes64thenameofsomeonetheyadmire.RobertZimmermanchangedhisnametoBooDylanbecauseofhisadmirationfortheWelshpoetDylanThomas.Anotherreasonmaybepracticality:inthepastwomenfounditverydifficulttogetpublished.To65thissituationtheysometimesgavethemselvesmen’snames.SotheEnglishauthorMaryAnnEvansbecameGeorgeEliotandshedidgetherbookspublished!
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WinnersandLosers WhyarethebiggestwinnersinthepastdecadeoftradeglobalizationmostlyinSouthandEastAsiawhereasthebiggestlosersaremostlyinthe．formerSovietbloc集团and sub—SaharanAfrica?HistoryisapartialguideEastAsiahasalongtradingtraditionlatelyreinvigorated给以新的活力bytheChineseadoptionofmarketeconomics．TheSovietUnionontheotherhandwasshelteredfromfree—marketforcesformorethan70years．InAfricasomecountriesaredisadvantagedbecauseofinadequateinfrastructure基础结构manycountrieshavelittletotradebutcommoditiesthepricesofwhichhavefalleninrecentyears． Insomeregionscertaincountrieshavesufferedbyadoptingmisguidedpoliciesoften underpressurefromInternationalMonetaryFund．FirstamongtheseisRussia．whichinthe early1990striedtoembracecapitalismbeforefirstbuildingtheinstitutionsthatmakecapitalismworksuchasanindependentbanksystemasystemofbusinesslawandalladequatemethodforcollectingtaxes．EncouragedbytheIMFtheWorldBankandtheU．S．DepartmentoftheTreasuryPresidentBorisYeltsin’sregimeprivatizedthestate．ownedindustrialsectorcreatingaclassofoligarchs寡头政治集团成员whoknowinghowunstableconditionswereathome．senttheirmoneyabroadinsteadofinvestingitathome． IncontrastChinathebiggestwinnerfromglobalizationdidnotfollowtheIMFformula． OftheformerstatesoftheSovietbloconlyafewnotablyPolandandHungarymanagedtogrowwhichtheydidbyignoringIMFadviceandadoptingexpansionaryplans．including spendingmorethantheycollectedintaxes．BotswanaandUgandaarealsoSuccessstories despitetheirdisadvantagestheircountriesachievedvigorousgrowthbycreatingstablecivilsocietiesliberalizingtradeandimplementingreformsthatrancountertoIMFprescriptions． AllAfricancountriesfollowedtheIMFformula．
WhyPeopleUsePseudonyms假名字Youcan’tchoosethenameyouaregivenatbirthbutinmanycountriesyoucanchangeitlegallywhenyoureachadulthood.Ofcoursemostpeopleneverchangetheirnames51theyfeelunhappyaboutthem.Howeversomepeopledo52thiscourseofaction--particularlyartists!WhatmakesanartistwanttochangetheirnameSometimesit’sforpurely53reasonssuchastheNobelPrizewinningpoetfromChileNeftaliiReyes.Hedidn’twanthisfatherto54hewaswritingpoetrysohechangedhisnametoPabloNerudawhenhewasayoungman.55othertimesthereasonmayappearstrange~takethecaseofthePortuguesepoetFernandoPessoa56wroteunder75differentnames.ThereasonWhenIuseadifferentnameIalwayswriteinadifferentwayheexplained.Inmostcases57peoplechangetheirnamesforsocialhistoricalpoliticalorculturalreasons.Herearesomeofthemost58:Theperson’srealnameisjust59longanddifficulttoremember.Let’sbehonestMadonnaLouiseCicconeisnotas60torememberasjustplainMadonna.Andshortnamesaremucheasiertoremember:WilliamBradleybecameBradPittandEdsonArantesdoNascimentobecamePelt.Sometimesnamesarechangedformarketing61.Forexampleifanamesoundstooforeignitmaybechangedtosomethingthatismorerecognizableina62.SointhefilmworldRam6nEstevezadoptedthenameMartinSheen.Ormaybetheartist’srealnamedoesn’tsoundveryattractive—ChadEverettdoes63alotbetterthanRaymondCramton.Artistssometimes64thenameofsomeonetheyadmire.RobertZimmermanchangedhisnametoBooDylanbecauseofhisadmirationfortheWelshpoetDylanThomas.Anotherreasonmaybepracticality:inthepastwomenfounditverydifficulttogetpublished.To65thissituationtheysometimesgavethemselvesmen’snames.SotheEnglishauthorMaryAnnEvansbecameGeorgeEliotandshedidgetherbookspublished!
第一篇TechnologyTransferinGermany WhenitcomestotranslatingbasicresearchintoindustrialSuccessfewnationscanmatchGermany．Sincethe1940sthenation’svastindustrialbasehasbeenfedwithaconstantstreamofnewideasandexpertisefromscience．AndthoughGermanprosperity繁荣hasfaltered衰退overthepastdecadebecauseofthehugecostofunifyingeastandwestaswellastheglobaleconomicdecline．itstillhasanenviablerecordforturningideasintoprofit． Muchofthereasonfor也atsuccessistheFraunhoferSocietyanetworkofresearch institutest11atexistssolelytosolveindustrialproblemsandcreatesought—aftertechnologies．ButtodaytheFraunhoferinstituteshavecompetition．Universitiesaretakinganeverlargerroleintechnologytransferandtechnologyparksarespringingupallover．Theseeffortsarebeingcomplementedbythefederalprogrammesforpumpingmoneyintostart-upcompanies． Suchastrategymaysoundlikearecipeforeconomicsuccessbutitisnotwithoutitscritics．Thesepeopleworrythatfavouringappliedresearchwillmeanneglectingbasicscienceeventuallystarvingindustryoffreshideas．Ifeveryscientiststartsthinkinglikeanentrepreneur企业家theargumentgoesthenthetraditionalprinciplesofuniversityresearchbeingcuriosity．driven．freeandwidelyavailablewillSuffer．Othersclaimthatmanyoftheprogrammestopromotetechnologytransferareawasteofmoneybecausehalfthesmallbusinessesthatarepromotedareboundtogobankruptwithinafewyears． WhilethisdebatecontinuesnewideasflowatasteadyratefromGermany’sresearch networks．whichbearfamousnamessuchasHelmholtzMaxPlanckandLeibniz．YetitisthefourthnetworktheFraunhoferSocietythatplaysthegreatestroleintechnologytransfer． Foundedin1949theFraunhoferSocietyisnowEurope’slargestorganisationforapplied technologyandhas59institutesemploying12000people．Itcontinuestogrow．LastyearitswalloweduptheHeinrichHertzInstituteforCommunicationTechnologyinBerlin．Today thereareevenFraunhofersintheUSandAsia． When．wastheFraunhoferSocietyfounded?
WhyPeopleUsePseudonyms假名字Youcan’tchoosethenameyouaregivenatbirthbutinmanycountriesyoucanchangeitlegallywhenyoureachadulthood.Ofcoursemostpeopleneverchangetheirnames51theyfeelunhappyaboutthem.Howeversomepeopledo52thiscourseofaction--particularlyartists!WhatmakesanartistwanttochangetheirnameSometimesit’sforpurely53reasonssuchastheNobelPrizewinningpoetfromChileNeftaliiReyes.Hedidn’twanthisfatherto54hewaswritingpoetrysohechangedhisnametoPabloNerudawhenhewasayoungman.55othertimesthereasonmayappearstrange~takethecaseofthePortuguesepoetFernandoPessoa56wroteunder75differentnames.ThereasonWhenIuseadifferentnameIalwayswriteinadifferentwayheexplained.Inmostcases57peoplechangetheirnamesforsocialhistoricalpoliticalorculturalreasons.Herearesomeofthemost58:Theperson’srealnameisjust59longanddifficulttoremember.Let’sbehonestMadonnaLouiseCicconeisnotas60torememberasjustplainMadonna.Andshortnamesaremucheasiertoremember:WilliamBradleybecameBradPittandEdsonArantesdoNascimentobecamePelt.Sometimesnamesarechangedformarketing61.Forexampleifanamesoundstooforeignitmaybechangedtosomethingthatismorerecognizableina62.SointhefilmworldRam6nEstevezadoptedthenameMartinSheen.Ormaybetheartist’srealnamedoesn’tsoundveryattractive—ChadEverettdoes63alotbetterthanRaymondCramton.Artistssometimes64thenameofsomeonetheyadmire.RobertZimmermanchangedhisnametoBooDylanbecauseofhisadmirationfortheWelshpoetDylanThomas.Anotherreasonmaybepracticality:inthepastwomenfounditverydifficulttogetpublished.To65thissituationtheysometimesgavethemselvesmen’snames.SotheEnglishauthorMaryAnnEvansbecameGeorgeEliotandshedidgetherbookspublished!
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SomeUnusualCelebrationsSomeholidaysarewell-knownallaroundtheworld.AmongthemareNewYear’sEvecelebrations.AlsocommonaredaysinhonorofloveandfriendshiplikeValentine’sDay.Eachcountryhasitsownspecialholidaystoooftentomarkimportanteventsinitshistory.Schoolsbanksandgovernmentofficesallcloseondayslikethese.46Afewofthemarereallyverystrange.Ofcoursetheyarenotstrangetothepeoplewhocelebratethem.Perhapsthatisbecausethecelebrationshavelongtraditions.ConsiderAprilFool’sDayforexample.Nooneknowswhenorwhyitbegan.Todayitiscelebratedinmanycountries—FranceEnglandandAustraliaamongothers.Onthisdaypeopleplaypracticaljokes.47Theoneswholaugharetheonesplayingthejokes.Thepeopletheyfooloftengetangry.DoescelebratingthisdaymakesensetoyouDyngusDayinPolandseemsstrangetoo.Onthisdayitistraditionalforboystopourwaterovertheheadsofgirls.Hereisthestrangestpart:Theydoittogirlstheylike.Otherunusualcelebrationstakeplaceinasinglecityortown.AholidaycalledLaTomatinaiscelebratedinBunolSpain.EveryyearinlateAugustbigtruckscarrymorethan200000poundsoftomatoesintothislittletown.48Fortwohourspeopleinthestreetsthrowtomatoesateachother.Everyoneendsupredfromheadtotoe.August10marksthestartofthePuckFairanIrishfestivalwithaveryunusualtradition.PeoplefromthetownofKillorglingoupintothemountainsandcatchawildgoat.49Therearealsosomecelebrationsthatarereallystrange.IntheUnitedStatessometimesonepersongetsanideaforanewholidayandtriestogetotherstoacceptit.WhoseideawasPublicSleepingDayThatoneisonFebruary28.ItmayseemstrangebutitsoundslikemorefunthantheoneonFebruary9.50DoyouliketheideaofinventinganewholidayIfyoudothenyouwillwanttomarkMarch26onyourcalendar.ThatisMakeUpYourOwnHolidayDay.A.Theybringhimbacktotownputacrownonhisheadandmakehimkingforthreedays.B.Someofthedayspeoplecelebratehoweverarelessserious.C.ThatissupposedtobeToothacheDay.D.Thenbeginstheworld’sbiggestfoodfight.E.Somepeoplehavefunimaginingnewholidays.F.Jokesaresupposedtobefunnybutthesejokesdonotmakeeveryonelaug
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第一篇TechnologyTransferinGermany WhenitcomestotranslatingbasicresearchintoindustrialSuccessfewnationscanmatchGermany．Sincethe1940sthenation’svastindustrialbasehasbeenfedwithaconstantstreamofnewideasandexpertisefromscience．AndthoughGermanprosperity繁荣hasfaltered衰退overthepastdecadebecauseofthehugecostofunifyingeastandwestaswellastheglobaleconomicdecline．itstillhasanenviablerecordforturningideasintoprofit． Muchofthereasonfor也atsuccessistheFraunhoferSocietyanetworkofresearch institutest11atexistssolelytosolveindustrialproblemsandcreatesought—aftertechnologies．ButtodaytheFraunhoferinstituteshavecompetition．Universitiesaretakinganeverlargerroleintechnologytransferandtechnologyparksarespringingupallover．Theseeffortsarebeingcomplementedbythefederalprogrammesforpumpingmoneyintostart-upcompanies． Suchastrategymaysoundlikearecipeforeconomicsuccessbutitisnotwithoutitscritics．Thesepeopleworrythatfavouringappliedresearchwillmeanneglectingbasicscienceeventuallystarvingindustryoffreshideas．Ifeveryscientiststartsthinkinglikeanentrepreneur企业家theargumentgoesthenthetraditionalprinciplesofuniversityresearchbeingcuriosity．driven．freeandwidelyavailablewillSuffer．Othersclaimthatmanyoftheprogrammestopromotetechnologytransferareawasteofmoneybecausehalfthesmallbusinessesthatarepromotedareboundtogobankruptwithinafewyears． WhilethisdebatecontinuesnewideasflowatasteadyratefromGermany’sresearch networks．whichbearfamousnamessuchasHelmholtzMaxPlanckandLeibniz．YetitisthefourthnetworktheFraunhoferSocietythatplaysthegreatestroleintechnologytransfer． Foundedin1949theFraunhoferSocietyisnowEurope’slargestorganisationforapplied technologyandhas59institutesemploying12000people．Itcontinuestogrow．LastyearitswalloweduptheHeinrichHertzInstituteforCommunicationTechnologyinBerlin．Today thereareevenFraunhofersintheUSandAsia． WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueoftraditionaluniversityresearch?
WhyPeopleUsePseudonyms假名字Youcan’tchoosethenameyouaregivenatbirthbutinmanycountriesyoucanchangeitlegallywhenyoureachadulthood.Ofcoursemostpeopleneverchangetheirnames51theyfeelunhappyaboutthem.Howeversomepeopledo52thiscourseofaction--particularlyartists!WhatmakesanartistwanttochangetheirnameSometimesit’sforpurely53reasonssuchastheNobelPrizewinningpoetfromChileNeftaliiReyes.Hedidn’twanthisfatherto54hewaswritingpoetrysohechangedhisnametoPabloNerudawhenhewasayoungman.55othertimesthereasonmayappearstrange~takethecaseofthePortuguesepoetFernandoPessoa56wroteunder75differentnames.ThereasonWhenIuseadifferentnameIalwayswriteinadifferentwayheexplained.Inmostcases57peoplechangetheirnamesforsocialhistoricalpoliticalorculturalreasons.Herearesomeofthemost58:Theperson’srealnameisjust59longanddifficulttoremember.Let’sbehonestMadonnaLouiseCicconeisnotas60torememberasjustplainMadonna.Andshortnamesaremucheasiertoremember:WilliamBradleybecameBradPittandEdsonArantesdoNascimentobecamePelt.Sometimesnamesarechangedformarketing61.Forexampleifanamesoundstooforeignitmaybechangedtosomethingthatismorerecognizableina62.SointhefilmworldRam6nEstevezadoptedthenameMartinSheen.Ormaybetheartist’srealnamedoesn’tsoundveryattractive—ChadEverettdoes63alotbetterthanRaymondCramton.Artistssometimes64thenameofsomeonetheyadmire.RobertZimmermanchangedhisnametoBooDylanbecauseofhisadmirationfortheWelshpoetDylanThomas.Anotherreasonmaybepracticality:inthepastwomenfounditverydifficulttogetpublished.To65thissituationtheysometimesgavethemselvesmen’snames.SotheEnglishauthorMaryAnnEvansbecameGeorgeEliotandshedidgetherbookspublished!
Marshaconfessedthatsheknewnothingofcomputer.
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WhyPeopleUsePseudonyms假名字Youcan’tchoosethenameyouaregivenatbirthbutinmanycountriesyoucanchangeitlegallywhenyoureachadulthood.Ofcoursemostpeopleneverchangetheirnames51theyfeelunhappyaboutthem.Howeversomepeopledo52thiscourseofaction--particularlyartists!WhatmakesanartistwanttochangetheirnameSometimesit’sforpurely53reasonssuchastheNobelPrizewinningpoetfromChileNeftaliiReyes.Hedidn’twanthisfatherto54hewaswritingpoetrysohechangedhisnametoPabloNerudawhenhewasayoungman.55othertimesthereasonmayappearstrange~takethecaseofthePortuguesepoetFernandoPessoa56wroteunder75differentnames.ThereasonWhenIuseadifferentnameIalwayswriteinadifferentwayheexplained.Inmostcases57peoplechangetheirnamesforsocialhistoricalpoliticalorculturalreasons.Herearesomeofthemost58:Theperson’srealnameisjust59longanddifficulttoremember.Let’sbehonestMadonnaLouiseCicconeisnotas60torememberasjustplainMadonna.Andshortnamesaremucheasiertoremember:WilliamBradleybecameBradPittandEdsonArantesdoNascimentobecamePelt.Sometimesnamesarechangedformarketing61.Forexampleifanamesoundstooforeignitmaybechangedtosomethingthatismorerecognizableina62.SointhefilmworldRam6nEstevezadoptedthenameMartinSheen.Ormaybetheartist’srealnamedoesn’tsoundveryattractive—ChadEverettdoes63alotbetterthanRaymondCramton.Artistssometimes64thenameofsomeonetheyadmire.RobertZimmermanchangedhisnametoBooDylanbecauseofhisadmirationfortheWelshpoetDylanThomas.Anotherreasonmaybepracticality:inthepastwomenfounditverydifficulttogetpublished.To65thissituationtheysometimesgavethemselvesmen’snames.SotheEnglishauthorMaryAnnEvansbecameGeorgeEliotandshedidgetherbookspublished!
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WhyPeopleUsePseudonyms假名字Youcan’tchoosethenameyouaregivenatbirthbutinmanycountriesyoucanchangeitlegallywhenyoureachadulthood.Ofcoursemostpeopleneverchangetheirnames51theyfeelunhappyaboutthem.Howeversomepeopledo52thiscourseofaction--particularlyartists!WhatmakesanartistwanttochangetheirnameSometimesit’sforpurely53reasonssuchastheNobelPrizewinningpoetfromChileNeftaliiReyes.Hedidn’twanthisfatherto54hewaswritingpoetrysohechangedhisnametoPabloNerudawhenhewasayoungman.55othertimesthereasonmayappearstrange~takethecaseofthePortuguesepoetFernandoPessoa56wroteunder75differentnames.ThereasonWhenIuseadifferentnameIalwayswriteinadifferentwayheexplained.Inmostcases57peoplechangetheirnamesforsocialhistoricalpoliticalorculturalreasons.Herearesomeofthemost58:Theperson’srealnameisjust59longanddifficulttoremember.Let’sbehonestMadonnaLouiseCicconeisnotas60torememberasjustplainMadonna.Andshortnamesaremucheasiertoremember:WilliamBradleybecameBradPittandEdsonArantesdoNascimentobecamePelt.Sometimesnamesarechangedformarketing61.Forexampleifanamesoundstooforeignitmaybechangedtosomethingthatismorerecognizableina62.SointhefilmworldRam6nEstevezadoptedthenameMartinSheen.Ormaybetheartist’srealnamedoesn’tsoundveryattractive—ChadEverettdoes63alotbetterthanRaymondCramton.Artistssometimes64thenameofsomeonetheyadmire.RobertZimmermanchangedhisnametoBooDylanbecauseofhisadmirationfortheWelshpoetDylanThomas.Anotherreasonmaybepracticality:inthepastwomenfounditverydifficulttogetpublished.To65thissituationtheysometimesgavethemselvesmen’snames.SotheEnglishauthorMaryAnnEvansbecameGeorgeEliotandshedidgetherbookspublished!
WinnersandLosers WhyarethebiggestwinnersinthepastdecadeoftradeglobalizationmostlyinSouthandEastAsiawhereasthebiggestlosersaremostlyinthe．formerSovietbloc集团and sub—SaharanAfrica?HistoryisapartialguideEastAsiahasalongtradingtraditionlatelyreinvigorated给以新的活力bytheChineseadoptionofmarketeconomics．TheSovietUnionontheotherhandwasshelteredfromfree—marketforcesformorethan70years．InAfricasomecountriesaredisadvantagedbecauseofinadequateinfrastructure基础结构manycountrieshavelittletotradebutcommoditiesthepricesofwhichhavefalleninrecentyears． Insomeregionscertaincountrieshavesufferedbyadoptingmisguidedpoliciesoften underpressurefromInternationalMonetaryFund．FirstamongtheseisRussia．whichinthe early1990striedtoembracecapitalismbeforefirstbuildingtheinstitutionsthatmakecapitalismworksuchasanindependentbanksystemasystemofbusinesslawandalladequatemethodforcollectingtaxes．EncouragedbytheIMFtheWorldBankandtheU．S．DepartmentoftheTreasuryPresidentBorisYeltsin’sregimeprivatizedthestate．ownedindustrialsectorcreatingaclassofoligarchs寡头政治集团成员whoknowinghowunstableconditionswereathome．senttheirmoneyabroadinsteadofinvestingitathome． IncontrastChinathebiggestwinnerfromglobalizationdidnotfollowtheIMFformula． OftheformerstatesoftheSovietbloconlyafewnotablyPolandandHungarymanagedtogrowwhichtheydidbyignoringIMFadviceandadoptingexpansionaryplans．including spendingmorethantheycollectedintaxes．BotswanaandUgandaarealsoSuccessstories despitetheirdisadvantagestheircountriesachievedvigorousgrowthbycreatingstablecivilsocietiesliberalizingtradeandimplementingreformsthatrancountertoIMFprescriptions． ManyhighofficialsinRussiahavemuchbenefitedfromprivatization．
SomeUnusualCelebrationsSomeholidaysarewell-knownallaroundtheworld.AmongthemareNewYear’sEvecelebrations.AlsocommonaredaysinhonorofloveandfriendshiplikeValentine’sDay.Eachcountryhasitsownspecialholidaystoooftentomarkimportanteventsinitshistory.Schoolsbanksandgovernmentofficesallcloseondayslikethese.46Afewofthemarereallyverystrange.Ofcoursetheyarenotstrangetothepeoplewhocelebratethem.Perhapsthatisbecausethecelebrationshavelongtraditions.ConsiderAprilFool’sDayforexample.Nooneknowswhenorwhyitbegan.Todayitiscelebratedinmanycountries—FranceEnglandandAustraliaamongothers.Onthisdaypeopleplaypracticaljokes.47Theoneswholaugharetheonesplayingthejokes.Thepeopletheyfooloftengetangry.DoescelebratingthisdaymakesensetoyouDyngusDayinPolandseemsstrangetoo.Onthisdayitistraditionalforboystopourwaterovertheheadsofgirls.Hereisthestrangestpart:Theydoittogirlstheylike.Otherunusualcelebrationstakeplaceinasinglecityortown.AholidaycalledLaTomatinaiscelebratedinBunolSpain.EveryyearinlateAugustbigtruckscarrymorethan200000poundsoftomatoesintothislittletown.48Fortwohourspeopleinthestreetsthrowtomatoesateachother.Everyoneendsupredfromheadtotoe.August10marksthestartofthePuckFairanIrishfestivalwithaveryunusualtradition.PeoplefromthetownofKillorglingoupintothemountainsandcatchawildgoat.49Therearealsosomecelebrationsthatarereallystrange.IntheUnitedStatessometimesonepersongetsanideaforanewholidayandtriestogetotherstoacceptit.WhoseideawasPublicSleepingDayThatoneisonFebruary28.ItmayseemstrangebutitsoundslikemorefunthantheoneonFebruary9.50DoyouliketheideaofinventinganewholidayIfyoudothenyouwillwanttomarkMarch26onyourcalendar.ThatisMakeUpYourOwnHolidayDay.A.Theybringhimbacktotownputacrownonhisheadandmakehimkingforthreedays.B.Someofthedayspeoplecelebratehoweverarelessserious.C.ThatissupposedtobeToothacheDay.D.Thenbeginstheworld’sbiggestfoodfight.E.Somepeoplehavefunimaginingnewholidays.F.Jokesaresupposedtobefunnybutthesejokesdonotmakeeveryonelaug
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