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Whatissaidaboutcellphoneuseinparagraph4?
ObtainingDrinkingWaterfromAirHumidity Notaplanttobeseenthedesertgroundistoo51.Buttheaircontainswaterandresearchscientistshavefounda52ofobtainingdrinkingwaterfromairhumidity.Thesystemisbasedcompletelyonrenewableenergyandisthereforeautonomous. Crackspermeatethedried-outdesertgroundandthelandscapebearstestimonytothelack’ofwater.Butevenherewheretherearenolakesriversorgroundwaterconsiderablequantitiesofwaterarestoredintheair.IntheNegevdesert1inIsrael2forexampleannualaveragerelativeairhumidityis64percent--ineverycubicmeterofairthereare115millilitersofwater. Germanresearchscientistshavefoundawayofconvertingthisairhumidityautonomouslyintodrinkablewater.Theprocesswehavedevelopedisbasedexclusivelyonrenewableenergysourcessuchasthermal53collectorsandphotovoltaiccellswhichmakesthismethodcompletely energy-autonomous.Itwillthereforefunctioninregions54thereisnoelectricalinfrastructuresaysSiegfriedEgnerheadoftheresearchteam.Theprincipleofthe55isasfollows3:hygroscopicbrine~salinesolutionwhichabsorbsmoisture--runsdownatower-shapedunitandabsorbswaterfromtheair.Itisthensuckedintoatankafewmeters56thegroundinwhichavacuumprevails4.Energyfromsolarcollectorsheatsupthebrinewhichisdilutedbythewaterithas57. Becauseofthevacuumtheboilingpointoftheliquidis58thanitwouldbeundernormalatmosphericpressure.Thiseffectisknownfromthemountains:astheatmosphericpressure59islowerthaninthevalleywaterboilsattemperatures60below100oC.Theevaporatednon-salinewateriscondensedandrunsdownthroughacompletelyfilledtubeinacontrolledmanner.Thegravityofthiswatercolumncontinuouslyproducesthevacuumandsoavacuumpumpisnotneeded.Thereconcentrated5brinerunsdownthetowersurface61toabsorbmoisturefromtheair. Theconceptissuitableforvariouswater62.Single-personunitsandplants63watertoentirehotelsareconceivablesaysEgner.Prototypeshavebeenbuiltforbothsystemcomponents—airmoistureabsorptionandvacuumevaporation—andtheresearchscientistshavealready64theirinterplayonalaboratoryscale.Inafurthersteptheresearchersintendtodevelopademonstration65.
AIDS AIDSisAcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome.Thehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus人类免疫缺损病毒calledHIVisbelievedtocauseAIDS.Thereisnocure.Peoplewhogetthediseasewilldie.AIDSitselfdoesnotkill.Howeveritattacksanddestroysthebody’’sdefensesystemthatfightsagainstinfection.Whenthishappensapersonhaslittleabilitytofightoffmanyotherdiseasesincludingpneumonia肺炎cancerandtuberculosis结核病. AnewstudysaysthenumberofwomenintheUnitedStateswithAIDShasincreasedsharply.ThestudysaysAIDSisincreasingfasteramongwomenthanamongmen.EighteenpercentofAIDSpatientsarewomen.Thisisalmost3timestherate10yearsago.MostwomengettheAIDSvirusfromhavingsexualrelationswithmen.Pregnantwomenwiththediseasecanpassittotheirbabies.TheeffectofAIDSinAmericaisgreatestinlargecities.AIDSistheleadingcauseofdeathamongallpeoplein79cities.Itistheleadingcauseofdeathamongwomenin15cities.TheseincludeNewYorkCityandMiamiFlorida. DoctorsintheUnitedStatesfirstnotedAIDS14yearsagoinhomosexual同性恋的meninNewYorkandCalifornia.IntheUnitedStatesAIDSspreadfirstamonghomosexualmen.Thenitappearedinpeoplewhosharedneedlestoputillegaldrugsintotheirblood.Italsoappearedinpeoplewhohadreceivedinfectedbloodproductsathospitals.TheAIDSvirusisspreadthroughtheexchangeofinfectedbloodorbodyfluidsreleasedduringsexualactivity.Itisalsospreadbyhavingsexualrelationswithsomeonewhohasthevirus.Anditisspreadbysharingdrugneedlesthathaveinfectedbloodonthem. AIDShasaffectedseveralfamousAmericanathletes.TwoyearsagoformertennisplayerArthurAshediedofthedisease.AtaboutthesametimeformerbasketballplayerMagicJohnsonannouncedthathehastheAIDSvirus.ThemostrecentathletetobeaffectedisGregoryLouganis.LouganiswonanumberofgoldmedalsinOlympicdivingcompetition.HeannouncedontelevisionthathehasAIDS.PresidentClintonmetwithLouganisandpraisedhimfordiscussinghissickness.Mr.Clintonsaiditisimportanttoeducatethepublic. ActivistshavesucceededineducatingAmericansaboutAIDSandthepeoplewhohaveit.TheyalsohavebeenurgingthefederalgovernmenttoincreaseeffortstofindacureforAIDS.ScientistsfirstidentifiedthevirusthatisbelievedtocauseAIDSin1983.Manyofthemthenthoughttheycouldproduceananti-AIDSvaccine痘苗.Suchamedicinecouldbegiventopeopletoprotectagainstthedisease.HoweverscientistsatAmericangovernmentagenciesuniversitiesanddrugcompanieshavefailedtoproduceananti-AIDSvaccine.Buttheyarecontinuingefforttofindbettertreatmentsforacure. Whatisnotlikelytohappen?
TheGrandCanyon StandingontherimoftheGrandCanyon大峡谷gazingacrossthisgiantwoundintheEarth’’ssurfaceavisitormightassumethatthecanyonhadbeencausedbysomeancientconvulsion震动.Infacttheeventsthatproducedthecanyonfarfrombeingsuddenandcatastrophicsimplyadduptotheslowandorderlyprocessoferosion. ManymillionsofyearsagotheColoradoPlateauintheGrandCanyonareacontained1000morefeetofrockthanitdoestodayandwasrelativelylevel.Theadditionalmaterialconsistedofsome14layeredformationsofrock.IntheGrandCanyonregiontheselayerswerelargelywornawayoverthecourseofmillionsofyears. Approximately65millionyearsagotheplateausflatsurfaceintheGrandCanyonareabulgedupwardfrominternalpressuregeologistsrefertothisbulgingactionsupwarding弯曲上升;itwasfollowedbyageneralelevationofthewholeColoradoPlateauaprocessthatisstillgoingon.Astheplateaugraduallyroseshallowriversthatwindedacrossitbegantorunmoreswiftlyandcutmoredefinitecourses.OneoftheseriverslocatedeastoftheupwardwastheancestoroftheColorado.AnotherriversystemcalledtheHualapaiflowingwestoftheupwardextendeditselfeastwardbycuttingbackintotheupwarditeventuallyconnectedwiththeancientColoradoandcaptureditswaters.Thenewriverthenbegantocarveoutthe277-mile-longtrenchthateventuallybecametheGrandCanyon.Geologistsestimatethatthisinitialcuttingactionbegannoearlierthan10millionyearsago. SincethentheCanyonforminghasbeencumulative.Tothecorrosiveforceoftheriveritselfhavebeenaddedotherfactors.Heatandcoldrainandsnowalongwiththevaryingresistanceoftherocksincreasetheopportunitiesforerosions.TheCanyonwallscrumbletheriveracquiresacuttingtool.Tonsofdebrisrainfallrunningoffthehighplateaucreatesfeederstreamsthatcarresidecanyons.Pushingslowlybackwardintotheplateauthesidecanyonsexposenewrocksandthepatternoferosioncontinues. Thepassagewouldmostlikelybefoundinatextbookonwhichofthefollowingsubjects?
ObtainingDrinkingWaterfromAirHumidity Notaplanttobeseenthedesertgroundistoo51.Buttheaircontainswaterandresearchscientistshavefounda52ofobtainingdrinkingwaterfromairhumidity.Thesystemisbasedcompletelyonrenewableenergyandisthereforeautonomous. Crackspermeatethedried-outdesertgroundandthelandscapebearstestimonytothelack’ofwater.Butevenherewheretherearenolakesriversorgroundwaterconsiderablequantitiesofwaterarestoredintheair.IntheNegevdesert1inIsrael2forexampleannualaveragerelativeairhumidityis64percent--ineverycubicmeterofairthereare115millilitersofwater. Germanresearchscientistshavefoundawayofconvertingthisairhumidityautonomouslyintodrinkablewater.Theprocesswehavedevelopedisbasedexclusivelyonrenewableenergysourcessuchasthermal53collectorsandphotovoltaiccellswhichmakesthismethodcompletely energy-autonomous.Itwillthereforefunctioninregions54thereisnoelectricalinfrastructuresaysSiegfriedEgnerheadoftheresearchteam.Theprincipleofthe55isasfollows3:hygroscopicbrine~salinesolutionwhichabsorbsmoisture--runsdownatower-shapedunitandabsorbswaterfromtheair.Itisthensuckedintoatankafewmeters56thegroundinwhichavacuumprevails4.Energyfromsolarcollectorsheatsupthebrinewhichisdilutedbythewaterithas57. Becauseofthevacuumtheboilingpointoftheliquidis58thanitwouldbeundernormalatmosphericpressure.Thiseffectisknownfromthemountains:astheatmosphericpressure59islowerthaninthevalleywaterboilsattemperatures60below100oC.Theevaporatednon-salinewateriscondensedandrunsdownthroughacompletelyfilledtubeinacontrolledmanner.Thegravityofthiswatercolumncontinuouslyproducesthevacuumandsoavacuumpumpisnotneeded.Thereconcentrated5brinerunsdownthetowersurface61toabsorbmoisturefromtheair. Theconceptissuitableforvariouswater62.Single-personunitsandplants63watertoentirehotelsareconceivablesaysEgner.Prototypeshavebeenbuiltforbothsystemcomponents—airmoistureabsorptionandvacuumevaporation—andtheresearchscientistshavealready64theirinterplayonalaboratoryscale.Inafurthersteptheresearchersintendtodevelopademonstration65.
Accordingtothesecondparagraphwhendidcellphonesactuallyhelptoreducepedestrianandtrafficfatalities?
TheGrandCanyon StandingontherimoftheGrandCanyon大峡谷gazingacrossthisgiantwoundintheEarth’’ssurfaceavisitormightassumethatthecanyonhadbeencausedbysomeancientconvulsion震动.Infacttheeventsthatproducedthecanyonfarfrombeingsuddenandcatastrophicsimplyadduptotheslowandorderlyprocessoferosion. ManymillionsofyearsagotheColoradoPlateauintheGrandCanyonareacontained1000morefeetofrockthanitdoestodayandwasrelativelylevel.Theadditionalmaterialconsistedofsome14layeredformationsofrock.IntheGrandCanyonregiontheselayerswerelargelywornawayoverthecourseofmillionsofyears. Approximately65millionyearsagotheplateausflatsurfaceintheGrandCanyonareabulgedupwardfrominternalpressuregeologistsrefertothisbulgingactionsupwarding弯曲上升;itwasfollowedbyageneralelevationofthewholeColoradoPlateauaprocessthatisstillgoingon.Astheplateaugraduallyroseshallowriversthatwindedacrossitbegantorunmoreswiftlyandcutmoredefinitecourses.OneoftheseriverslocatedeastoftheupwardwastheancestoroftheColorado.AnotherriversystemcalledtheHualapaiflowingwestoftheupwardextendeditselfeastwardbycuttingbackintotheupwarditeventuallyconnectedwiththeancientColoradoandcaptureditswaters.Thenewriverthenbegantocarveoutthe277-mile-longtrenchthateventuallybecametheGrandCanyon.Geologistsestimatethatthisinitialcuttingactionbegannoearlierthan10millionyearsago. SincethentheCanyonforminghasbeencumulative.Tothecorrosiveforceoftheriveritselfhavebeenaddedotherfactors.Heatandcoldrainandsnowalongwiththevaryingresistanceoftherocksincreasetheopportunitiesforerosions.TheCanyonwallscrumbletheriveracquiresacuttingtool.Tonsofdebrisrainfallrunningoffthehighplateaucreatesfeederstreamsthatcarresidecanyons.Pushingslowlybackwardintotheplateauthesidecanyonsexposenewrocksandthepatternoferosioncontinues. Thepassagemainlydiscusses______.
第一篇 TheVolcano Geologistshavebeenstudyingvolcanoesforalongtime.Thoughtheyhavelearnedagreatdealtheystillhavenotdiscoveredthecauseofvolcanicaction.Theyknowthattheinsideoftheearthisveryhotbuttheyarenotsureexactlywhatcausesthegreatheat.Somegeologistshavethoughtthattheheatiscausedbythegreatpressureoftheearth’souterlayers.Ortheheatmaybeleftfromthetimewhentheearthwasformed.Duringthelastsixtyyearsscientistshavelearnedaboutradiumuraniumthoriumandotherradioactiveelements.Thesegiveoutheatallthetimeastheychangeintootherelements.Manyscientistsnowbelievethatmuchoftheheatinsidetheearthisproducedbyradioactiveelements. Whateverthecauseoftheheatmaybewedoknowthattheearthgetshotterthefartherdownwedigindeepminesandoilwellsthetemperaturerisesabout10Fforeach50feet.Atthisratethetemperature40milesbelowtheearth’ssurfacewouldbeover40000F.thisismuchhotterthannecessarytomeltrock.Howeverthepressureoftherockabovekeepsmostmaterialsfrommeltingattheirusualmeltingpoints.Geologistsbelievethattherockdeepintheearthmaybeplasticorputtylikeinotherwordstherockyieldsslowlytopressurebutisnotliquid.Butifsomechangeintheearth’scrustreleasesthepressuretherockmelts.Thenthehotliquidrockcanmoveuptowardthesurface. Whenthemeltedrockworksitswayclosetoearth’scrustavolcanomaybeformed.Themeltedrockoftencontainssteamandothergasesundergreatpressure.Iftherockabovegiveswaythepressureisreleased.Thenthesuddenexpansionofthegasescausesexplosions.Theseblowthemeltedrockintopiecesofdifferentsizesandshootthemhighintheair.Heretheycoolandhardenintovolcanicashandcinders.Someofthematerialfallsaroundtheholemadeintheearth’ssurface.Themeltedrockmaykeeponrisingandpouroutaslava.Inthiswayvolcanicashcindersandlavabuildupthecone-shapedmountainsthatwecallvolcanoes.
Heselectedabirthdaypresentforhisdaughter.
WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?
TheyshowedmesomephotosandIhadtoidentifythewomanthatIsawcomingoutofthepostoffice.
Helenwillleaveimmediately.
Competition Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworldsgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestionitwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflictdefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanotherisdistinguishedfromcompetitiondefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanotherwhilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofoppositionwhichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperationtheprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresourcesbutconflictisnot.Conflictneverthelessisverylikelytooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties. Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspeciesonlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneralhoweverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetitionnotconflict.Socialanimalssuchasmonkeysandcattlefighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandfortheoccupancy占有ofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwarbutratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobsmarketsandmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall. Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestradesskillsandasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandproper繁荣;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothersandthusleadtoconflictitcannotbesaidthatwarlikeconflictamongnationsisinevitablealthoughcompetitionis. Competitionisessentiallyastruggleforexistence.
Thegovernmentwouldnotdaretoimposetaxesonsuchnecessitiesasbreadormilk.
TheauthormentionsallofthefollowingsaspossibleproductsofcrudeoilEXCEPT_____.
ObtainingDrinkingWaterfromAirHumidity Notaplanttobeseenthedesertgroundistoo51.Buttheaircontainswaterandresearchscientistshavefounda52ofobtainingdrinkingwaterfromairhumidity.Thesystemisbasedcompletelyonrenewableenergyandisthereforeautonomous. Crackspermeatethedried-outdesertgroundandthelandscapebearstestimonytothelack’ofwater.Butevenherewheretherearenolakesriversorgroundwaterconsiderablequantitiesofwaterarestoredintheair.IntheNegevdesert1inIsrael2forexampleannualaveragerelativeairhumidityis64percent--ineverycubicmeterofairthereare115millilitersofwater. Germanresearchscientistshavefoundawayofconvertingthisairhumidityautonomouslyintodrinkablewater.Theprocesswehavedevelopedisbasedexclusivelyonrenewableenergysourcessuchasthermal53collectorsandphotovoltaiccellswhichmakesthismethodcompletely energy-autonomous.Itwillthereforefunctioninregions54thereisnoelectricalinfrastructuresaysSiegfriedEgnerheadoftheresearchteam.Theprincipleofthe55isasfollows3:hygroscopicbrine~salinesolutionwhichabsorbsmoisture--runsdownatower-shapedunitandabsorbswaterfromtheair.Itisthensuckedintoatankafewmeters56thegroundinwhichavacuumprevails4.Energyfromsolarcollectorsheatsupthebrinewhichisdilutedbythewaterithas57. Becauseofthevacuumtheboilingpointoftheliquidis58thanitwouldbeundernormalatmosphericpressure.Thiseffectisknownfromthemountains:astheatmosphericpressure59islowerthaninthevalleywaterboilsattemperatures60below100oC.Theevaporatednon-salinewateriscondensedandrunsdownthroughacompletelyfilledtubeinacontrolledmanner.Thegravityofthiswatercolumncontinuouslyproducesthevacuumandsoavacuumpumpisnotneeded.Thereconcentrated5brinerunsdownthetowersurface61toabsorbmoisturefromtheair. Theconceptissuitableforvariouswater62.Single-personunitsandplants63watertoentirehotelsareconceivablesaysEgner.Prototypeshavebeenbuiltforbothsystemcomponents—airmoistureabsorptionandvacuumevaporation—andtheresearchscientistshavealready64theirinterplayonalaboratoryscale.Inafurthersteptheresearchersintendtodevelopademonstration65.
ObtainingDrinkingWaterfromAirHumidity Notaplanttobeseenthedesertgroundistoo51.Buttheaircontainswaterandresearchscientistshavefounda52ofobtainingdrinkingwaterfromairhumidity.Thesystemisbasedcompletelyonrenewableenergyandisthereforeautonomous. Crackspermeatethedried-outdesertgroundandthelandscapebearstestimonytothelack’ofwater.Butevenherewheretherearenolakesriversorgroundwaterconsiderablequantitiesofwaterarestoredintheair.IntheNegevdesert1inIsrael2forexampleannualaveragerelativeairhumidityis64percent--ineverycubicmeterofairthereare115millilitersofwater. Germanresearchscientistshavefoundawayofconvertingthisairhumidityautonomouslyintodrinkablewater.Theprocesswehavedevelopedisbasedexclusivelyonrenewableenergysourcessuchasthermal53collectorsandphotovoltaiccellswhichmakesthismethodcompletely energy-autonomous.Itwillthereforefunctioninregions54thereisnoelectricalinfrastructuresaysSiegfriedEgnerheadoftheresearchteam.Theprincipleofthe55isasfollows3:hygroscopicbrine~salinesolutionwhichabsorbsmoisture--runsdownatower-shapedunitandabsorbswaterfromtheair.Itisthensuckedintoatankafewmeters56thegroundinwhichavacuumprevails4.Energyfromsolarcollectorsheatsupthebrinewhichisdilutedbythewaterithas57. Becauseofthevacuumtheboilingpointoftheliquidis58thanitwouldbeundernormalatmosphericpressure.Thiseffectisknownfromthemountains:astheatmosphericpressure59islowerthaninthevalleywaterboilsattemperatures60below100oC.Theevaporatednon-salinewateriscondensedandrunsdownthroughacompletelyfilledtubeinacontrolledmanner.Thegravityofthiswatercolumncontinuouslyproducesthevacuumandsoavacuumpumpisnotneeded.Thereconcentrated5brinerunsdownthetowersurface61toabsorbmoisturefromtheair. Theconceptissuitableforvariouswater62.Single-personunitsandplants63watertoentirehotelsareconceivablesaysEgner.Prototypeshavebeenbuiltforbothsystemcomponents—airmoistureabsorptionandvacuumevaporation—andtheresearchscientistshavealready64theirinterplayonalaboratoryscale.Inafurthersteptheresearchersintendtodevelopademonstration65.
ObtainingDrinkingWaterfromAirHumidity Notaplanttobeseenthedesertgroundistoo51.Buttheaircontainswaterandresearchscientistshavefounda52ofobtainingdrinkingwaterfromairhumidity.Thesystemisbasedcompletelyonrenewableenergyandisthereforeautonomous. Crackspermeatethedried-outdesertgroundandthelandscapebearstestimonytothelack’ofwater.Butevenherewheretherearenolakesriversorgroundwaterconsiderablequantitiesofwaterarestoredintheair.IntheNegevdesert1inIsrael2forexampleannualaveragerelativeairhumidityis64percent--ineverycubicmeterofairthereare115millilitersofwater. Germanresearchscientistshavefoundawayofconvertingthisairhumidityautonomouslyintodrinkablewater.Theprocesswehavedevelopedisbasedexclusivelyonrenewableenergysourcessuchasthermal53collectorsandphotovoltaiccellswhichmakesthismethodcompletely energy-autonomous.Itwillthereforefunctioninregions54thereisnoelectricalinfrastructuresaysSiegfriedEgnerheadoftheresearchteam.Theprincipleofthe55isasfollows3:hygroscopicbrine~salinesolutionwhichabsorbsmoisture--runsdownatower-shapedunitandabsorbswaterfromtheair.Itisthensuckedintoatankafewmeters56thegroundinwhichavacuumprevails4.Energyfromsolarcollectorsheatsupthebrinewhichisdilutedbythewaterithas57. Becauseofthevacuumtheboilingpointoftheliquidis58thanitwouldbeundernormalatmosphericpressure.Thiseffectisknownfromthemountains:astheatmosphericpressure59islowerthaninthevalleywaterboilsattemperatures60below100oC.Theevaporatednon-salinewateriscondensedandrunsdownthroughacompletelyfilledtubeinacontrolledmanner.Thegravityofthiswatercolumncontinuouslyproducesthevacuumandsoavacuumpumpisnotneeded.Thereconcentrated5brinerunsdownthetowersurface61toabsorbmoisturefromtheair. Theconceptissuitableforvariouswater62.Single-personunitsandplants63watertoentirehotelsareconceivablesaysEgner.Prototypeshavebeenbuiltforbothsystemcomponents—airmoistureabsorptionandvacuumevaporation—andtheresearchscientistshavealready64theirinterplayonalaboratoryscale.Inafurthersteptheresearchersintendtodevelopademonstration65.
ThecurrenteditionofthatmagazinediscussestheancientcivilizationofLatinAmerica.
WecanrelyonJamestocarryoutthismissionforhisjudgementisalwayssound.
ObtainingDrinkingWaterfromAirHumidity Notaplanttobeseenthedesertgroundistoo51.Buttheaircontainswaterandresearchscientistshavefounda52ofobtainingdrinkingwaterfromairhumidity.Thesystemisbasedcompletelyonrenewableenergyandisthereforeautonomous. Crackspermeatethedried-outdesertgroundandthelandscapebearstestimonytothelack’ofwater.Butevenherewheretherearenolakesriversorgroundwaterconsiderablequantitiesofwaterarestoredintheair.IntheNegevdesert1inIsrael2forexampleannualaveragerelativeairhumidityis64percent--ineverycubicmeterofairthereare115millilitersofwater. Germanresearchscientistshavefoundawayofconvertingthisairhumidityautonomouslyintodrinkablewater.Theprocesswehavedevelopedisbasedexclusivelyonrenewableenergysourcessuchasthermal53collectorsandphotovoltaiccellswhichmakesthismethodcompletely energy-autonomous.Itwillthereforefunctioninregions54thereisnoelectricalinfrastructuresaysSiegfriedEgnerheadoftheresearchteam.Theprincipleofthe55isasfollows3:hygroscopicbrine~salinesolutionwhichabsorbsmoisture--runsdownatower-shapedunitandabsorbswaterfromtheair.Itisthensuckedintoatankafewmeters56thegroundinwhichavacuumprevails4.Energyfromsolarcollectorsheatsupthebrinewhichisdilutedbythewaterithas57. Becauseofthevacuumtheboilingpointoftheliquidis58thanitwouldbeundernormalatmosphericpressure.Thiseffectisknownfromthemountains:astheatmosphericpressure59islowerthaninthevalleywaterboilsattemperatures60below100oC.Theevaporatednon-salinewateriscondensedandrunsdownthroughacompletelyfilledtubeinacontrolledmanner.Thegravityofthiswatercolumncontinuouslyproducesthevacuumandsoavacuumpumpisnotneeded.Thereconcentrated5brinerunsdownthetowersurface61toabsorbmoisturefromtheair. Theconceptissuitableforvariouswater62.Single-personunitsandplants63watertoentirehotelsareconceivablesaysEgner.Prototypeshavebeenbuiltforbothsystemcomponents—airmoistureabsorptionandvacuumevaporation—andtheresearchscientistshavealready64theirinterplayonalaboratoryscale.Inafurthersteptheresearchersintendtodevelopademonstration65.
第三篇 OilRefining Animportantnewindustryoilrefininggrewafterthecivilwar.Crudeoilorpetroleum---adarkthickoozefromtheearth---hadbeenknownforhundredsofyears.Butlittleusehadeverbeenmadeofit.Inthe1850’sSamuelM.KieramanufacturerinwesternPennsylvaniabegancollectingtheoilfromlocalseepages油苗andrefiningitintokerosene.Refininglikesmeltingisaprocessofremovingimpuritiesfromarawmaterial. Kerosenewasusedtolightlamps.Itwasacheapsubstituteforwhaleoilwhichwasbecominghardertoget.Soontherewasalargedemandforkerosene.Peoplebegantosearchfornewsuppliesofpetroleum. ThefirstoilwellwasdrilledbyE.L.Drakearetairedrailroadconductor.In1859hebegandrillinginTitusvillPennsylvania.ThewholeventureseemedsoimpracticalandfoolishthatonlookerscalleditDrake’sFolly.Butwhenhehaddrilleddownabout70feet21metersDrakestruckoilandhiswellbegantoyield20barrelsofcrudeoiladay. NewsofDrake’ssuccessbroughtoilprospectorstothescene.Bytheearly1860’sthesewildcattersweredrillingforblackgoldalloverwesternPennsylvania.TheboomrivaledtheCaliforniagoldrushof1848initsexcitementandWildWestatmosphere.Anditbroughtfarmorewealthtotheprospectorsthananygoldrush. Crudeoilcouldberefinedintomanyproducts.Forsomeyearskerosenecontinuedtobetheprincipalone.Itwassoldingrocerystoresanddoor-to-door.Inthe1880’sand1890’srefinerslearnedhowtomakeotherpetroleumproductssuchaswaxesandlubricatingoils.Petroleumwasnotthenusedtomakegasolineorheatingoil.
Someinsectsrelyonthetinyhairsscatteredovertheirbodiestosensesoundwaves.
ObtainingDrinkingWaterfromAirHumidity Notaplanttobeseenthedesertgroundistoo51.Buttheaircontainswaterandresearchscientistshavefounda52ofobtainingdrinkingwaterfromairhumidity.Thesystemisbasedcompletelyonrenewableenergyandisthereforeautonomous. Crackspermeatethedried-outdesertgroundandthelandscapebearstestimonytothelack’ofwater.Butevenherewheretherearenolakesriversorgroundwaterconsiderablequantitiesofwaterarestoredintheair.IntheNegevdesert1inIsrael2forexampleannualaveragerelativeairhumidityis64percent--ineverycubicmeterofairthereare115millilitersofwater. Germanresearchscientistshavefoundawayofconvertingthisairhumidityautonomouslyintodrinkablewater.Theprocesswehavedevelopedisbasedexclusivelyonrenewableenergysourcessuchasthermal53collectorsandphotovoltaiccellswhichmakesthismethodcompletely energy-autonomous.Itwillthereforefunctioninregions54thereisnoelectricalinfrastructuresaysSiegfriedEgnerheadoftheresearchteam.Theprincipleofthe55isasfollows3:hygroscopicbrine~salinesolutionwhichabsorbsmoisture--runsdownatower-shapedunitandabsorbswaterfromtheair.Itisthensuckedintoatankafewmeters56thegroundinwhichavacuumprevails4.Energyfromsolarcollectorsheatsupthebrinewhichisdilutedbythewaterithas57. Becauseofthevacuumtheboilingpointoftheliquidis58thanitwouldbeundernormalatmosphericpressure.Thiseffectisknownfromthemountains:astheatmosphericpressure59islowerthaninthevalleywaterboilsattemperatures60below100oC.Theevaporatednon-salinewateriscondensedandrunsdownthroughacompletelyfilledtubeinacontrolledmanner.Thegravityofthiswatercolumncontinuouslyproducesthevacuumandsoavacuumpumpisnotneeded.Thereconcentrated5brinerunsdownthetowersurface61toabsorbmoisturefromtheair. Theconceptissuitableforvariouswater62.Single-personunitsandplants63watertoentirehotelsareconceivablesaysEgner.Prototypeshavebeenbuiltforbothsystemcomponents—airmoistureabsorptionandvacuumevaporation—andtheresearchscientistshavealready64theirinterplayonalaboratoryscale.Inafurthersteptheresearchersintendtodevelopademonstration65.
TheGrandCanyon StandingontherimoftheGrandCanyon大峡谷gazingacrossthisgiantwoundintheEarth’’ssurfaceavisitormightassumethatthecanyonhadbeencausedbysomeancientconvulsion震动.Infacttheeventsthatproducedthecanyonfarfrombeingsuddenandcatastrophicsimplyadduptotheslowandorderlyprocessoferosion. ManymillionsofyearsagotheColoradoPlateauintheGrandCanyonareacontained1000morefeetofrockthanitdoestodayandwasrelativelylevel.Theadditionalmaterialconsistedofsome14layeredformationsofrock.IntheGrandCanyonregiontheselayerswerelargelywornawayoverthecourseofmillionsofyears. Approximately65millionyearsagotheplateausflatsurfaceintheGrandCanyonareabulgedupwardfrominternalpressuregeologistsrefertothisbulgingactionsupwarding弯曲上升;itwasfollowedbyageneralelevationofthewholeColoradoPlateauaprocessthatisstillgoingon.Astheplateaugraduallyroseshallowriversthatwindedacrossitbegantorunmoreswiftlyandcutmoredefinitecourses.OneoftheseriverslocatedeastoftheupwardwastheancestoroftheColorado.AnotherriversystemcalledtheHualapaiflowingwestoftheupwardextendeditselfeastwardbycuttingbackintotheupwarditeventuallyconnectedwiththeancientColoradoandcaptureditswaters.Thenewriverthenbegantocarveoutthe277-mile-longtrenchthateventuallybecametheGrandCanyon.Geologistsestimatethatthisinitialcuttingactionbegannoearlierthan10millionyearsago. SincethentheCanyonforminghasbeencumulative.Tothecorrosiveforceoftheriveritselfhavebeenaddedotherfactors.Heatandcoldrainandsnowalongwiththevaryingresistanceoftherocksincreasetheopportunitiesforerosions.TheCanyonwallscrumbletheriveracquiresacuttingtool.Tonsofdebrisrainfallrunningoffthehighplateaucreatesfeederstreamsthatcarresidecanyons.Pushingslowlybackwardintotheplateauthesidecanyonsexposenewrocksandthepatternoferosioncontinues. AccordingtothepassagehowmanymileslongwasthetrenchthatbecameknownastheGrandCanyon?
Competition Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworldsgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestionitwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflictdefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanotherisdistinguishedfromcompetitiondefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanotherwhilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofoppositionwhichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperationtheprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresourcesbutconflictisnot.Conflictneverthelessisverylikelytooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties. Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspeciesonlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneralhoweverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetitionnotconflict.Socialanimalssuchasmonkeysandcattlefighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandfortheoccupancy占有ofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwarbutratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobsmarketsandmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall. Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestradesskillsandasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandproper繁荣;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothersandthusleadtoconflictitcannotbesaidthatwarlikeconflictamongnationsisinevitablealthoughcompetitionis. Accordingtotheauthorcompetitiondiffersfromconflictinthatitresultsinwarinmostcases.
Competition Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworldsgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestionitwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflictdefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanotherisdistinguishedfromcompetitiondefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanotherwhilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofoppositionwhichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperationtheprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresourcesbutconflictisnot.Conflictneverthelessisverylikelytooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties. Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspeciesonlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneralhoweverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetitionnotconflict.Socialanimalssuchasmonkeysandcattlefighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandfortheoccupancy占有ofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwarbutratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobsmarketsandmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall. Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestradesskillsandasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandproper繁荣;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothersandthusleadtoconflictitcannotbesaidthatwarlikeconflictamongnationsisinevitablealthoughcompetitionis. Theauthorindicatesinthepassagethatconflictcanbeavoided.
Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatkerosenewaspreferabletowhaleoilbecausewhaleoilwastoo_______.
AIDS AIDSisAcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome.Thehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus人类免疫缺损病毒calledHIVisbelievedtocauseAIDS.Thereisnocure.Peoplewhogetthediseasewilldie.AIDSitselfdoesnotkill.Howeveritattacksanddestroysthebody’’sdefensesystemthatfightsagainstinfection.Whenthishappensapersonhaslittleabilitytofightoffmanyotherdiseasesincludingpneumonia肺炎cancerandtuberculosis结核病. AnewstudysaysthenumberofwomenintheUnitedStateswithAIDShasincreasedsharply.ThestudysaysAIDSisincreasingfasteramongwomenthanamongmen.EighteenpercentofAIDSpatientsarewomen.Thisisalmost3timestherate10yearsago.MostwomengettheAIDSvirusfromhavingsexualrelationswithmen.Pregnantwomenwiththediseasecanpassittotheirbabies.TheeffectofAIDSinAmericaisgreatestinlargecities.AIDSistheleadingcauseofdeathamongallpeoplein79cities.Itistheleadingcauseofdeathamongwomenin15cities.TheseincludeNewYorkCityandMiamiFlorida. DoctorsintheUnitedStatesfirstnotedAIDS14yearsagoinhomosexual同性恋的meninNewYorkandCalifornia.IntheUnitedStatesAIDSspreadfirstamonghomosexualmen.Thenitappearedinpeoplewhosharedneedlestoputillegaldrugsintotheirblood.Italsoappearedinpeoplewhohadreceivedinfectedbloodproductsathospitals.TheAIDSvirusisspreadthroughtheexchangeofinfectedbloodorbodyfluidsreleasedduringsexualactivity.Itisalsospreadbyhavingsexualrelationswithsomeonewhohasthevirus.Anditisspreadbysharingdrugneedlesthathaveinfectedbloodonthem. AIDShasaffectedseveralfamousAmericanathletes.TwoyearsagoformertennisplayerArthurAshediedofthedisease.AtaboutthesametimeformerbasketballplayerMagicJohnsonannouncedthathehastheAIDSvirus.ThemostrecentathletetobeaffectedisGregoryLouganis.LouganiswonanumberofgoldmedalsinOlympicdivingcompetition.HeannouncedontelevisionthathehasAIDS.PresidentClintonmetwithLouganisandpraisedhimfordiscussinghissickness.Mr.Clintonsaiditisimportanttoeducatethepublic. ActivistshavesucceededineducatingAmericansaboutAIDSandthepeoplewhohaveit.TheyalsohavebeenurgingthefederalgovernmenttoincreaseeffortstofindacureforAIDS.ScientistsfirstidentifiedthevirusthatisbelievedtocauseAIDSin1983.Manyofthemthenthoughttheycouldproduceananti-AIDSvaccine痘苗.Suchamedicinecouldbegiventopeopletoprotectagainstthedisease.HoweverscientistsatAmericangovernmentagenciesuniversitiesanddrugcompanieshavefailedtoproduceananti-AIDSvaccine.Buttheyarecontinuingefforttofindbettertreatmentsforacure. WhyaresomemuseumsclosedinayearlyeventcalledDaywithoutArt?
Althoughyouarebusyyoumustallowforyourhealth.
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