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下列哪一个被誉为古希腊悲剧之父
埃利库罗斯
阿里斯托芬
修兮底斯
阿里斯托芬
伯里克利德谟克利特苏格拉底柏拉图色诺芬阿里斯多芬戴克里先西塞罗李维波里比阿塔西佗普鲁塔克阿庇安汉尼拔
古希腊三大悲剧作家是
埃斯库罗斯
索福克勒斯
阿里斯多芬
欧里庇得斯
阿里斯托芬的鸟讲述了为躲避战争逃离雅典的建设鸟国并成为神界至尊的故事
鸟表达了阿里斯托芬的
反战思想
主__平的思想
乌托邦思想
民主思想
古希腊是欧洲戏剧的故乡下列有喜剧之父之称的是
阿里斯多芬
埃斯库罗斯
希罗多德
荷马
阿里斯托芬最著名的反战喜剧是
《阿卡奈人》
《鸟》
《云》
《公断》
被称为悲剧之父的是
索福克勒斯
埃斯库罗斯
阿里斯托芬
莎士比亚
阿里斯托芬
古希腊最著名的喜剧作家是
阿里斯托芬
爱斯奇里斯
索福克利斯
幼里披底斯
阿里斯托芬代表有
《鸟》
《阿卡奈人》
《美狄亚》
《安德洛玛刻》
阿卡奈人全剧富于幻想抒情气氛浓厚被认为是阿里斯托芬 结构最完整最优秀的作品
喜剧之父阿里斯托芬的代表作是
阿里斯托芬的是流传至今唯一以神话幻想为题材的喜剧作品也是欧洲文学中最早表现思想的作品
下列哪一个被称为悲剧之父
阿里斯托芬
阿里斯托芬
修兮底斯
埃利库罗斯
阿里斯托芬的鸟表达的是
厌世思想
主张帝制的思想
乌托邦思想
主张独立的思想
被称为悲剧之父的是
索福克斯勒
埃斯库罗斯
阿里斯托芬
莎士比亚
哈姆雷特是创作的悲剧
埃斯库罗斯
阿里斯托芬
莎士比亚
莫里哀
阿里斯托芬公民大会妇女的主题是什么
古希腊最著名的喜剧家是
但丁
雨果
哥伦布
阿里斯托芬
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"UniversalhistorythehistoryofwhatmanhasaccomplishedinthisworldisatbottomtheHistoryoftheGreatMenwhohaveworkedhere"wrotetheVictorianstageThomasCarlyle.Wellnotanymoreitisnot. SuddenlyBritainlookstohavefallenoutwithitsfavouritehistoricalform.Thiscouldbenomorethanapassingliterarycrazebutitalsopointstoabroadertruthabouthowwenowapproachthepast:lessconcernedwithlearningfromforefathersandmoreinterestedinfeelingtheirpain.Todaywewantempathynotinspiration. FromtheearliestdaysoftheRenaissancethewritingofhistorymeantrecountingtheexemplarylivesofgreatmen.In1337PetrarchbeganworkonhisramblingwritingDeVirisIllustribus—OnFamousMenhighlightingthevirtusorvirtueofclassicalheroes.Petrarchcelebratedtheirgreatnessinconqueringfortuneandrisingtothetop.ThiswasthebiographicaltraditionwhichNiccoloMachiavelliturnedonitshead.InThePrincethechampionedcunningruthlessnessandboldnessratherthanvirtuemercyandjusticeastheskillsofsuccessfulleaders. Overtimetheattributesofgreatnessshifted.TheRomanticscommemoratedtheleadingpaintersandauthorsoftheirdaystressingtheuniquenessoftheartist’spersonalexperienceratherthanpublicglory.BycontrasttheVictorianauthorSamualSmileswroteSelf-Helpasacatalogueoftheworthylivesofengineersindustrialistsandexplores."Thevaluableexampleswhichtheyfurnishofthepowerofself-helpifpatientpurposeresoluteworkingandsteadfastintegrityissuingintheformulationoftrulynobleandmanycharacterexhibit"wroteSmiles."whatitisinthepowerofeachtoaccomplishforhimself"HisbiographiesofJamesWaltRichardArkwrightandJosiahWedgwoodwereheldupasbeaconstoguidetheworkingmanthroughhisdifficultlife. ThiswasallabitbourgeoisforThomasCarlylewhofocusedhisbiographiesonthetrulyheroiclivesofMartinLutherOliverCromwellandNapoleonBonaparte.Theseepochalfiguresrepresentedliveshardtoimitatebuttobeacknowledgedaspossessinghigherauthoritythanmeremortals. CommunistManifesto.Forthemhistorydidnothingitpossessednoimmensewealthnorwagedbattles:"Itismanreallivingmanwhodoesallthat."Andhistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle.Assuchitneededtoappreciatetheeconomicrealitiesthesocialcontextsandpowerrelationsinwhicheachepochstood.For:"Menmaketheirownhistorybuttheydonotmakeitjustastheyplease;theydonotmakeitundercircumstanceschosenbythemselvesbutundercircumstancesdirectlyfoundgivenandtransmittedfromthepast." Thiswasthetraditionwhichrevolutionizedourappreciationofthepast.InplaceofThomasCarlyleBritainnurturedChristopherHillEPThompsonandEricHobsbawm.Historyfrombelowstoodalongsidebiographiesofgreatmen.Wholenewrealmsofunderstanding—fromgendertoracetoculturalstudies—wereopenedupasscholarsunpickedthemultiplicityoflostsocieties.Andittransformedpublichistorytoo:downstairsbecamejustasfascinatingasupstairs. [A]emphasizedthevirtueofclassicalheroes. 41.iPetrarch [B]highlightedthepublicgloryoftheleadingartists. 42.NiccoloMachiavelli [C]focusedonepochalfigureswhoseliveswerehardtoimitate. 43.SamuelSmiles [D]openedupnewrealmsofunderstandingthegreatmeninhistory. 44.ThomasCarlyle [E]heldthathistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle. 45.MarxandEngels [F]dismissedvirtueasunnecessaryforsuccessfulleaders. [G]depictedtheworthylivesofengineerindustrialistsandexplorers. 42
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage".Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen—publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. 8
Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It1itsattentionuponthose.physicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhich2onecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudyothersocieties3ourown.Foritspurposesanysocial4ofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfor5acommonproblemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheis6toavoidanyweightingofone7theother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytradition8Heisinterestedinawide9ofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeand10thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthe11inwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesofthe12. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasa13ofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquely14ofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.15itistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthan16anyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarather17aspectofthematter.Thefact18firstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustom19inexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmay20 18
Peopledon’twanttobuyinformationonline.WhyBecausetheydon’thaveto.Nomorethanthatbecausethey’reusedtonotpayingforit.That’stheconventionalwisdom.SlateMicrosoft’sonlinepolitics-and-culturemagazineisanoft-citedexampleofthefailedattemptstochargeafeeforaccesstocontent.Sofarformostpublishersithasn’tworked. ButnothingontheWebisadonedeal.InSeptembergraphics-soft-warepowerhouseAdobeannouncednewapplicationsthatintegratecommerceintodownloadingbooksandarticlesonlinewithSimon&SchusterBarnesandNobleandSalon.cornamongitshigh-profilepartners.Someanalystsputthemarketfordigitizedpublishingatmorethan$100billion.OfcourseiftheInternetcangeneratethatkindofmoney—somemightsayalmostanykindofmoney—peoplewantin.Andthiscouldn’tcomeatabettertime.Newspaperandmagazinewritersinparticularareincreasinglyfrustratedbytheirpublisherswhichposttheirwritingsonlinebutfrequentlydon’tpaythemextra. Sohere’sthegoodnews:Fathrain.comthethirdbiggestbook-sellerontheNet—afterAmazon.comandBarnesandnoble.corn—isnowdoingjustwhatthepublishingindustrythatmadeitasuccessfears.it’sofferingasecurewaytopayfordownloadablemanuscriptsonline.FatbraincallsitoffshooteMatter.Withitthecompany’sexecutiveshavetheradicalnotionofoustingpublishersfromthebook-sellingbusinessaltogetherbygivingwriters50%ofeachandeverysaleToreelinauthorseMatterisrunninga100%royaltypromotionuntiltheendoftheyear.Suggestedpricestoconsumersrangefromaminimum$2to$20dependingonthesizeofthebooktodownload. "Thiswillchangepublishingforever!"ChrisMaeAskillco-founderandchiefexecutiveofFatbraindeclareswiththebravadoofaninteriordecorator."WitheBayanybodycouldsellantiques.Nowanybodycanbepublished." There’sbeennoshortageofauthorswantingin.Withinafewweeksaccordingtothecompanysome2000writerssignedontopublishtheirworks.Someofthisistechnicalstuff—Fatbraingotwhereitisbyspecializingintechnicalbooks—buttherearesomewell-knownwriterslikeCatherineLaniganauthorofRomancingtheStonewhohasputherout-of-printbooksandanewnovellaonthesite.AnotherpopulardrawisRichardBachwhoagreedtoposta23-pageshortstorytothesite. NoteveryonethinksdownloadabledocumentsarethebiggestthinginpublishingsinceOprah’sBookClub."Ithinkitwillappealtosellersmorethanbuyers"saysMichaelMayadigitalcommerceanalystatJupiterCommunicationswhichreleasedareportthatcastdoubtonthemarket’spotential."Alotofpeoplearegoingtopublishgibberish.Thechallengeistoensurethequalityofthework." BlaineMathieuananalystatGartnerGroup’sDataquestsays"MostpeoplewhowantdigitalcontentwantitimmediatelyIdon’tknowifthismodelwouldsatisfytheirimmediateneed.EvenauthorsmaynotfindthatWebdistributionoftheirworksisgoingtobringthemapotofgold.Foronethingitcouldunderminesalesratherthanenhancethem.Foranotheranybodycoulde-maildownloadedcopiesofmanuscriptsaroundtownoraroundtheworldovertheNetwithoutthewriter’severseeingaproverbialdime."Softlock.comAuthenticaandFatbrainaretryingtoheadthisproblemoffbydevelopingencryptionpadlocksthatwouldallowonlyoneharddrivetoreceiveandprintthemanuscripts.Fornowtheproblempersists. Whichofthefollowingcanserveasanappropriatetitleforthepassage
TheBushadministrationisabouttoproposefar-reachingnewrulesthatwouldgivepeoplewithdisabilitiesgreateraccesstotensofthousandsofcourtroomsswimmingpoolsgolfcoursesstadiumstheatershotelsandretailstores.TheproposalwouldsubstantiallyupdateandrewritefederalstandardsforenforcementoftheAmericansWithDisabilitiesActalandmarkcivilrightslawpassedwithstrongbipartisansupportin1990.Thenewruleswouldsetmorestringentrequirementsinmanyareasandaddresssomeissuesforthefirsttimeinanefforttomeettheneedsofanagingpopulationandgrowingnumbersofdisabledwarveterans. Morethansevenmillionbusinessesandallstateandlocalgovernmentagencieswouldbeaffected.Theproposalincludessomeexemptionsforpartsofexistingbuildingsbutanynewconstructionorrenovationswouldhavetocomply.Thenewstandardswouldaffecteverythingfromthelocationoflightswitchestotheheightofretailservicecounterstotheuseofmonkeysas"serviceanimals"forpeoplewithdisabilitieswhichwouldbeforbidden’. TheWhiteHouseapprovedtheproposalinMayafterafive-monthreview.ItisscheduledtobepublishedintheFederalRegisteronTuesdaywith60daysforpubliccomment.Afterconsideringthosecommentsthegovernmentwouldissuefinalruleswiththeforceoflaw.Alreadytheproposalisstirringconcern.TheUnitedStatesChamberofCommercesaysitwouldbeonerousandcostlywhileadvocatesfordisabledAmericanssayitdoesnotgofarenough. SincethedisabilitylawwassignedbythefirstPresidentBushadvancesintechnologyhavemadeservicesmoreavailabletopeoplewithdisabilities.ButJusticeDepartmentofficialssaidtheywerestillreceivinglargenumbersofcomplaints.InrecentmonthsthefederalgovernmenthassettledlawsuitssecuringmoreseatsfordisabledfansatMadisonSquareGardeninNewYorkandatthenation’slargestcollegefootballstadiumattheUniversityofMichigan. TheJusticeDepartmentacknowledgedthatsomeofthechangeswouldhavesignificantcosts.Butoverallitsaidthevalueofthepublicbenefitsestimatedat$54billionexceedstheexpectedcostsof$23billion.InaneconomicanalysisoftheproposedrulestheJusticeDepartmentsaidtheneedforanaccessibleenvironmentwasgreaterthaneverbecausetheIraqwarwas"creatinganewgenerationofyoungmenandwomenwithdisabilities".JohnL.WodatchchiefofthedisabilityrightssectionoftheJusticeDepartmentsaid"Disabilityisinherentinthehumancondition.Thevastmajorityofindividualswhoarefortunateenoughtoreachanadvancedagewillbenefitfromtheproposedrequirements. ThecaseofsecuringmoreseatsfordisabledfansismentionedinParagraph4to
Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It1itsattentionuponthose.physicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhich2onecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudyothersocieties3ourown.Foritspurposesanysocial4ofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfor5acommonproblemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheis6toavoidanyweightingofone7theother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytradition8Heisinterestedinawide9ofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeand10thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthe11inwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesofthe12. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasa13ofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquely14ofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.15itistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthan16anyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarather17aspectofthematter.Thefact18firstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustom19inexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmay20 14
Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It1itsattentionuponthose.physicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhich2onecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudyothersocieties3ourown.Foritspurposesanysocial4ofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfor5acommonproblemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheis6toavoidanyweightingofone7theother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytradition8Heisinterestedinawide9ofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeand10thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthe11inwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesofthe12. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasa13ofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquely14ofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.15itistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthan16anyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarather17aspectofthematter.Thefact18firstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustom19inexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmay20 12
"UniversalhistorythehistoryofwhatmanhasaccomplishedinthisworldisatbottomtheHistoryoftheGreatMenwhohaveworkedhere"wrotetheVictorianstageThomasCarlyle.Wellnotanymoreitisnot. SuddenlyBritainlookstohavefallenoutwithitsfavouritehistoricalform.Thiscouldbenomorethanapassingliterarycrazebutitalsopointstoabroadertruthabouthowwenowapproachthepast:lessconcernedwithlearningfromforefathersandmoreinterestedinfeelingtheirpain.Todaywewantempathynotinspiration. FromtheearliestdaysoftheRenaissancethewritingofhistorymeantrecountingtheexemplarylivesofgreatmen.In1337PetrarchbeganworkonhisramblingwritingDeVirisIllustribus—OnFamousMenhighlightingthevirtusorvirtueofclassicalheroes.Petrarchcelebratedtheirgreatnessinconqueringfortuneandrisingtothetop.ThiswasthebiographicaltraditionwhichNiccoloMachiavelliturnedonitshead.InThePrincethechampionedcunningruthlessnessandboldnessratherthanvirtuemercyandjusticeastheskillsofsuccessfulleaders. Overtimetheattributesofgreatnessshifted.TheRomanticscommemoratedtheleadingpaintersandauthorsoftheirdaystressingtheuniquenessoftheartist’spersonalexperienceratherthanpublicglory.BycontrasttheVictorianauthorSamualSmileswroteSelf-Helpasacatalogueoftheworthylivesofengineersindustrialistsandexplores."Thevaluableexampleswhichtheyfurnishofthepowerofself-helpifpatientpurposeresoluteworkingandsteadfastintegrityissuingintheformulationoftrulynobleandmanycharacterexhibit"wroteSmiles."whatitisinthepowerofeachtoaccomplishforhimself"HisbiographiesofJamesWaltRichardArkwrightandJosiahWedgwoodwereheldupasbeaconstoguidetheworkingmanthroughhisdifficultlife. ThiswasallabitbourgeoisforThomasCarlylewhofocusedhisbiographiesonthetrulyheroiclivesofMartinLutherOliverCromwellandNapoleonBonaparte.Theseepochalfiguresrepresentedliveshardtoimitatebuttobeacknowledgedaspossessinghigherauthoritythanmeremortals. CommunistManifesto.Forthemhistorydidnothingitpossessednoimmensewealthnorwagedbattles:"Itismanreallivingmanwhodoesallthat."Andhistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle.Assuchitneededtoappreciatetheeconomicrealitiesthesocialcontextsandpowerrelationsinwhicheachepochstood.For:"Menmaketheirownhistorybuttheydonotmakeitjustastheyplease;theydonotmakeitundercircumstanceschosenbythemselvesbutundercircumstancesdirectlyfoundgivenandtransmittedfromthepast." Thiswasthetraditionwhichrevolutionizedourappreciationofthepast.InplaceofThomasCarlyleBritainnurturedChristopherHillEPThompsonandEricHobsbawm.Historyfrombelowstoodalongsidebiographiesofgreatmen.Wholenewrealmsofunderstanding—fromgendertoracetoculturalstudies—wereopenedupasscholarsunpickedthemultiplicityoflostsocieties.Andittransformedpublichistorytoo:downstairsbecamejustasfascinatingasupstairs. [A]emphasizedthevirtueofclassicalheroes. 41.iPetrarch [B]highlightedthepublicgloryoftheleadingartists. 42.NiccoloMachiavelli [C]focusedonepochalfigureswhoseliveswerehardtoimitate. 43.SamuelSmiles [D]openedupnewrealmsofunderstandingthegreatmeninhistory. 44.ThomasCarlyle [E]heldthathistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle. 45.MarxandEngels [F]dismissedvirtueasunnecessaryforsuccessfulleaders. [G]depictedtheworthylivesofengineerindustrialistsandexplorers. 44
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethephotosbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningand 3supportyourviewwithanexample/examples. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It1itsattentionuponthose.physicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhich2onecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudyothersocieties3ourown.Foritspurposesanysocial4ofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfor5acommonproblemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheis6toavoidanyweightingofone7theother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytradition8Heisinterestedinawide9ofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeand10thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthe11inwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesofthe12. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasa13ofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquely14ofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.15itistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthan16anyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarather17aspectofthematter.Thefact18firstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustom19inexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmay20 10
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage".Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen—publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. 4
46StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedtheemergenceoffeministmovementshavethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenth-centuryAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorinanshoweverhaveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod.47FurthermoretheideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbecauseevenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStatestheyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedas"solitary"and"individualtheorists"wereinrealityconnectedtoamovement—utopiansocialism—whichwasalreadypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFallsNewYorkin1848.48Thusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginsanddevelopmentofnineteenth-centuryfeminismintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudyalreadymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism. TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhashoweverbeenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherents’energy;hencebyignoringitsfeminismEuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstoodSaint-Simonianism.MoreoversincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtoSaint-SimonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited. 49Saint-Simon’sfollowersmanyofwhomwerewomenbasedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamaletorepresentreflectionandafemaletorepresentsentiment.ThiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthatwhiletheSaint-Simoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentheyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheirutopia. OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionofsexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthatindividualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacterandtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.50Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife. 50Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife.
TheBushadministrationisabouttoproposefar-reachingnewrulesthatwouldgivepeoplewithdisabilitiesgreateraccesstotensofthousandsofcourtroomsswimmingpoolsgolfcoursesstadiumstheatershotelsandretailstores.TheproposalwouldsubstantiallyupdateandrewritefederalstandardsforenforcementoftheAmericansWithDisabilitiesActalandmarkcivilrightslawpassedwithstrongbipartisansupportin1990.Thenewruleswouldsetmorestringentrequirementsinmanyareasandaddresssomeissuesforthefirsttimeinanefforttomeettheneedsofanagingpopulationandgrowingnumbersofdisabledwarveterans. Morethansevenmillionbusinessesandallstateandlocalgovernmentagencieswouldbeaffected.Theproposalincludessomeexemptionsforpartsofexistingbuildingsbutanynewconstructionorrenovationswouldhavetocomply.Thenewstandardswouldaffecteverythingfromthelocationoflightswitchestotheheightofretailservicecounterstotheuseofmonkeysas"serviceanimals"forpeoplewithdisabilitieswhichwouldbeforbidden’. TheWhiteHouseapprovedtheproposalinMayafterafive-monthreview.ItisscheduledtobepublishedintheFederalRegisteronTuesdaywith60daysforpubliccomment.Afterconsideringthosecommentsthegovernmentwouldissuefinalruleswiththeforceoflaw.Alreadytheproposalisstirringconcern.TheUnitedStatesChamberofCommercesaysitwouldbeonerousandcostlywhileadvocatesfordisabledAmericanssayitdoesnotgofarenough. SincethedisabilitylawwassignedbythefirstPresidentBushadvancesintechnologyhavemadeservicesmoreavailabletopeoplewithdisabilities.ButJusticeDepartmentofficialssaidtheywerestillreceivinglargenumbersofcomplaints.InrecentmonthsthefederalgovernmenthassettledlawsuitssecuringmoreseatsfordisabledfansatMadisonSquareGardeninNewYorkandatthenation’slargestcollegefootballstadiumattheUniversityofMichigan. TheJusticeDepartmentacknowledgedthatsomeofthechangeswouldhavesignificantcosts.Butoverallitsaidthevalueofthepublicbenefitsestimatedat$54billionexceedstheexpectedcostsof$23billion.InaneconomicanalysisoftheproposedrulestheJusticeDepartmentsaidtheneedforanaccessibleenvironmentwasgreaterthaneverbecausetheIraqwarwas"creatinganewgenerationofyoungmenandwomenwithdisabilities".JohnL.WodatchchiefofthedisabilityrightssectionoftheJusticeDepartmentsaid"Disabilityisinherentinthehumancondition.Thevastmajorityofindividualswhoarefortunateenoughtoreachanadvancedagewillbenefitfromtheproposedrequirements. WhatdowelearnabouttheBushadministration’sproposalofnewrules
It’ssevenweeksintothenewyear.DoyouknowwhereyourresolutionisIfyou’relikemillionsofAmericansyouprobablyvowedtoloseweightquitsmokinganddrinklessinthenewyear.YoukickedoffJanuarywithacommitmenttolong-termwell-being--untilyoucameface-to-facewithacheeseburger.Youspentabundleonashinynewgympass.Turnsoutitwasn’treasonenoughforyoutoactuallyusethegym. Peoplecanmakepoordecisionswhenitcomestohealth--despitetheirbestintentions.It’snoteasyabidingbywholesomechoicesgivingupFrenchfrieswhentheconsequencesofnotdoingsoheartdiseaseseemsofarinthefuture.Mostpeoplearebadatjudgingtheirhealthrisks:smokersgenerallyknowcigarettescausecancerbuttheyalsotendtobelievethey’relesslikelythanothersmokerstogetit.Andasanysnack-lovingdietercanattestpeoplecanbecomicallyineptatpredictingtheirfuture.behavior.Youswearyouwilleatjustonepotatochipbutdon’tstopuntilthebagisempty. SowhatdoesittaketomotivatepeopletosticktothepathsetbytheirconsciousbrainHowcangoodchoicesbemadetoseemmoreappealingthanbadonesTheproblemstumpsdoctorspublic-healthofficialsandweight-lossexpertsbutonesolutionmayspringfromanunlikelysource.Meetyournewpersonaltrainer:yourboss. Americanbusinesseshaveaparticularinterestinpersonalhealthsinceworkerillnesscoststhembillionseachyearininsuranceclaimssickdaysandhighstaffturnover.A2008surveyofmajorUSemployersfoundthat64%considertheiremployees’poorhealthdecisionsaseriousbarriertoaffordableinsurancecoverage.Nowsomecompaniesaretacklingthemotivationproblemheadonusingtacticsdrawnfrombehavioralpsychologytonudgetheiremployeestogethealthy. "It’sabitparadoxicalthatemployersneedtoprovideincentivesforpeopletoimprovetheirownhealth"saysMichaelFollickabehavioralpsychologistatBrownUniversityandpresidentoftheconsultancyAbacusEmployerHealthSolutions. Paradoxicalmaybebuteffective.ConsiderAmicaMutualInsurancebasedinRhodeIsland.Arnicaseemedtobedoingeverythingright:itboastsanon-sitefitnesscenteratitsheadquarters.ItpaystowardWeightWatchersandsmoking-cessationhelpgivesgiftcardstorewardproperprenatalcareandoffersfreeflushotseachyear.Stillinthemid-2000sabout7%ofthecompany’sinsuredpopulationincludingroughly3100employeesandtheirdependentshaddiabetes."Wemanagerisk.That’sourcorebusiness"saysScottBoydAmica’sdirectorofcompensationandbenefits.Butdiabetes-relatedclaimsfromArnicaemployeeshaddoubledinfouryears."WethoughtOK"Boydsaysnow"wehavetomanagethesehigh-riskgroupsalittlebetter. InthefirstparagraphwecaninferthattheAmericans
46StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedtheemergenceoffeministmovementshavethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenth-centuryAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorinanshoweverhaveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod.47FurthermoretheideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbecauseevenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStatestheyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedas"solitary"and"individualtheorists"wereinrealityconnectedtoamovement—utopiansocialism—whichwasalreadypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFallsNewYorkin1848.48Thusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginsanddevelopmentofnineteenth-centuryfeminismintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudyalreadymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism. TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhashoweverbeenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherents’energy;hencebyignoringitsfeminismEuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstoodSaint-Simonianism.MoreoversincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtoSaint-SimonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited. 49Saint-Simon’sfollowersmanyofwhomwerewomenbasedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamaletorepresentreflectionandafemaletorepresentsentiment.ThiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthatwhiletheSaint-Simoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentheyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheirutopia. OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionofsexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthatindividualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacterandtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.50Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife. 46StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedtheemergenceoffeministmovementshavethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenth-centuryAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.
46StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedtheemergenceoffeministmovementshavethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenth-centuryAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorinanshoweverhaveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod.47FurthermoretheideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbecauseevenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStatestheyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedas"solitary"and"individualtheorists"wereinrealityconnectedtoamovement—utopiansocialism—whichwasalreadypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFallsNewYorkin1848.48Thusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginsanddevelopmentofnineteenth-centuryfeminismintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudyalreadymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism. TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhashoweverbeenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherents’energy;hencebyignoringitsfeminismEuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstoodSaint-Simonianism.MoreoversincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtoSaint-SimonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited. 49Saint-Simon’sfollowersmanyofwhomwerewomenbasedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamaletorepresentreflectionandafemaletorepresentsentiment.ThiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthatwhiletheSaint-Simoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentheyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheirutopia. OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionofsexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthatindividualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacterandtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.50Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife. 48Thusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginsanddevelopmentofnineteenth-centuryfeminismintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudyalreadymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism.
Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It1itsattentionuponthose.physicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhich2onecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudyothersocieties3ourown.Foritspurposesanysocial4ofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfor5acommonproblemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheis6toavoidanyweightingofone7theother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytradition8Heisinterestedinawide9ofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeand10thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthe11inwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesofthe12. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasa13ofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquely14ofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.15itistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthan16anyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarather17aspectofthematter.Thefact18firstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustom19inexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmay20 16
Thetelecommunicationspharmaceuticalandairlineindustriesallhaveundergoneradicalchangesinrecentyears.Pharmaceuticalcompanieswhichoncesolddrugstothedoctorsthatdispensedthemswitchedtothesolution-sellingmethodandstarteddealingwithhealth-carecompanies.Andmanymajorairlinesconsolidatedatthesametimethatlow-costfirmslikeJetBlueenteredthemarket. Ineachoftheseindustriesthegamechangedandwithnewrulescamenewwaystowin.ThatisthepremiseofHarvardBusinessSchool’s"ChangingtheGame.NegotiationandCompetitiveDecisionMaking."Theprogramwhichcoversnotonlydeal-makingbutalsotopicsasdiverseasonlineauctionsandstrategicpartnerships"isforcompaniesthataregoingthroughfundamentalchangeinthewaythingsaredone"saysMaxBazermanprogramchairandprofessorofbusinessadministrationattheschool. ThisisnotaprogramfornovicessaysBazerman;mostparticipantshavealreadyattendedageneralnegotiationprogram.In"ChangingtheGame"participantslearntounderstandtheirthoughtprocessesregardingnegotiationtocomparerationalandintuitivedecision-makingstrategiesandtoidentifycommonmistakesmadebyeventhemostexperiencedprofessionals.Byfocusingoncompetitiveenvironmentstheprogramdrawsonsomeofthemostadvancedconceptsfromtheemergingareasofbehavioraleconomicsbehavioraldecisionresearchandbehavioralfinance. Participantsengageinsimulatednegotiationsthathighlightthetensionbetweencreatingandassessingvalueandlearnhowtothinkaboutbothsimultaneously.Thesoup-to-nutssimulationsencompasspreparationteambuildingnegotiatingandfeedbackaswellasthedevelopmentofaconceptualstructureforthinkingaboutnegotiationsmorerationally.Participantsthenapplythatstructureintheircritiquesofseverallarge-scalenegotiationcases.Ultimatelyparticipantsapplytheirnewly-honedanalyticskillstotheirowncompaniesandcritiqueofpastnegotiations. Negotiationscantakemanyformsofcourse.Bazermannotesthatauctionsarebecomingincreasinglycommon.Thankstoarenewedfocusondrivingclowncostsauctionshaveemergedasavaluablewayforbuyerstoexertmaximumleveragealthoughthecourseoffersadvicetosellersaswell.Hereagaincourseworkfocusesbothonanalysisofcasestudiesandonsimulationsthatgiveparticipantsachancetorolluptheirsleevesandputthemselvestothetest. "Max’sapproachismorepragmaticthanotherprogramsI’vetaken"saysGerryDullyseniorvicepresidentofglobalmarketingandlogisticsatMethanexaproducerofmethanolbasedinVancouver."LookingatmypriorexperienceIcouldseewhatmistakesImadeandI’mmoreconsciousofthemnow.ThecoursehadaprofoundimpactonhowI’vemodifiedmybehaviorinnegotiatingsituations. WhatisthefocusofHarvardBusinessSchool’strainingprogram
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage".Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen—publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. 6
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage".Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen—publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. 12
Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It1itsattentionuponthose.physicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhich2onecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudyothersocieties3ourown.Foritspurposesanysocial4ofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfor5acommonproblemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheis6toavoidanyweightingofone7theother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytradition8Heisinterestedinawide9ofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeand10thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthe11inwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesofthe12. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasa13ofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquely14ofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.15itistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthan16anyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarather17aspectofthematter.Thefact18firstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustom19inexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmay20 6
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage".Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen—publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. 10
Peopledon’twanttobuyinformationonline.WhyBecausetheydon’thaveto.Nomorethanthatbecausethey’reusedtonotpayingforit.That’stheconventionalwisdom.SlateMicrosoft’sonlinepolitics-and-culturemagazineisanoft-citedexampleofthefailedattemptstochargeafeeforaccesstocontent.Sofarformostpublishersithasn’tworked. ButnothingontheWebisadonedeal.InSeptembergraphics-soft-warepowerhouseAdobeannouncednewapplicationsthatintegratecommerceintodownloadingbooksandarticlesonlinewithSimon&SchusterBarnesandNobleandSalon.cornamongitshigh-profilepartners.Someanalystsputthemarketfordigitizedpublishingatmorethan$100billion.OfcourseiftheInternetcangeneratethatkindofmoney—somemightsayalmostanykindofmoney—peoplewantin.Andthiscouldn’tcomeatabettertime.Newspaperandmagazinewritersinparticularareincreasinglyfrustratedbytheirpublisherswhichposttheirwritingsonlinebutfrequentlydon’tpaythemextra. Sohere’sthegoodnews:Fathrain.comthethirdbiggestbook-sellerontheNet—afterAmazon.comandBarnesandnoble.corn—isnowdoingjustwhatthepublishingindustrythatmadeitasuccessfears.it’sofferingasecurewaytopayfordownloadablemanuscriptsonline.FatbraincallsitoffshooteMatter.Withitthecompany’sexecutiveshavetheradicalnotionofoustingpublishersfromthebook-sellingbusinessaltogetherbygivingwriters50%ofeachandeverysaleToreelinauthorseMatterisrunninga100%royaltypromotionuntiltheendoftheyear.Suggestedpricestoconsumersrangefromaminimum$2to$20dependingonthesizeofthebooktodownload. "Thiswillchangepublishingforever!"ChrisMaeAskillco-founderandchiefexecutiveofFatbraindeclareswiththebravadoofaninteriordecorator."WitheBayanybodycouldsellantiques.Nowanybodycanbepublished." There’sbeennoshortageofauthorswantingin.Withinafewweeksaccordingtothecompanysome2000writerssignedontopublishtheirworks.Someofthisistechnicalstuff—Fatbraingotwhereitisbyspecializingintechnicalbooks—buttherearesomewell-knownwriterslikeCatherineLaniganauthorofRomancingtheStonewhohasputherout-of-printbooksandanewnovellaonthesite.AnotherpopulardrawisRichardBachwhoagreedtoposta23-pageshortstorytothesite. NoteveryonethinksdownloadabledocumentsarethebiggestthinginpublishingsinceOprah’sBookClub."Ithinkitwillappealtosellersmorethanbuyers"saysMichaelMayadigitalcommerceanalystatJupiterCommunicationswhichreleasedareportthatcastdoubtonthemarket’spotential."Alotofpeoplearegoingtopublishgibberish.Thechallengeistoensurethequalityofthework." BlaineMathieuananalystatGartnerGroup’sDataquestsays"MostpeoplewhowantdigitalcontentwantitimmediatelyIdon’tknowifthismodelwouldsatisfytheirimmediateneed.EvenauthorsmaynotfindthatWebdistributionoftheirworksisgoingtobringthemapotofgold.Foronethingitcouldunderminesalesratherthanenhancethem.Foranotheranybodycoulde-maildownloadedcopiesofmanuscriptsaroundtownoraroundtheworldovertheNetwithoutthewriter’severseeingaproverbialdime."Softlock.comAuthenticaandFatbrainaretryingtoheadthisproblemoffbydevelopingencryptionpadlocksthatwouldallowonlyoneharddrivetoreceiveandprintthemanuscripts.Fornowtheproblempersists. WhichofthefollowingisNOTareasonforsomepeople’sbeliefthate-publisherswillnotsucceed
Thetelecommunicationspharmaceuticalandairlineindustriesallhaveundergoneradicalchangesinrecentyears.Pharmaceuticalcompanieswhichoncesolddrugstothedoctorsthatdispensedthemswitchedtothesolution-sellingmethodandstarteddealingwithhealth-carecompanies.Andmanymajorairlinesconsolidatedatthesametimethatlow-costfirmslikeJetBlueenteredthemarket. Ineachoftheseindustriesthegamechangedandwithnewrulescamenewwaystowin.ThatisthepremiseofHarvardBusinessSchool’s"ChangingtheGame.NegotiationandCompetitiveDecisionMaking."Theprogramwhichcoversnotonlydeal-makingbutalsotopicsasdiverseasonlineauctionsandstrategicpartnerships"isforcompaniesthataregoingthroughfundamentalchangeinthewaythingsaredone"saysMaxBazermanprogramchairandprofessorofbusinessadministrationattheschool. ThisisnotaprogramfornovicessaysBazerman;mostparticipantshavealreadyattendedageneralnegotiationprogram.In"ChangingtheGame"participantslearntounderstandtheirthoughtprocessesregardingnegotiationtocomparerationalandintuitivedecision-makingstrategiesandtoidentifycommonmistakesmadebyeventhemostexperiencedprofessionals.Byfocusingoncompetitiveenvironmentstheprogramdrawsonsomeofthemostadvancedconceptsfromtheemergingareasofbehavioraleconomicsbehavioraldecisionresearchandbehavioralfinance. Participantsengageinsimulatednegotiationsthathighlightthetensionbetweencreatingandassessingvalueandlearnhowtothinkaboutbothsimultaneously.Thesoup-to-nutssimulationsencompasspreparationteambuildingnegotiatingandfeedbackaswellasthedevelopmentofaconceptualstructureforthinkingaboutnegotiationsmorerationally.Participantsthenapplythatstructureintheircritiquesofseverallarge-scalenegotiationcases.Ultimatelyparticipantsapplytheirnewly-honedanalyticskillstotheirowncompaniesandcritiqueofpastnegotiations. Negotiationscantakemanyformsofcourse.Bazermannotesthatauctionsarebecomingincreasinglycommon.Thankstoarenewedfocusondrivingclowncostsauctionshaveemergedasavaluablewayforbuyerstoexertmaximumleveragealthoughthecourseoffersadvicetosellersaswell.Hereagaincourseworkfocusesbothonanalysisofcasestudiesandonsimulationsthatgiveparticipantsachancetorolluptheirsleevesandputthemselvestothetest. "Max’sapproachismorepragmaticthanotherprogramsI’vetaken"saysGerryDullyseniorvicepresidentofglobalmarketingandlogisticsatMethanexaproducerofmethanolbasedinVancouver."LookingatmypriorexperienceIcouldseewhatmistakesImadeandI’mmoreconsciousofthemnow.ThecoursehadaprofoundimpactonhowI’vemodifiedmybehaviorinnegotiatingsituations. TheChangingtheGameprogramemphasizes
It’ssevenweeksintothenewyear.DoyouknowwhereyourresolutionisIfyou’relikemillionsofAmericansyouprobablyvowedtoloseweightquitsmokinganddrinklessinthenewyear.YoukickedoffJanuarywithacommitmenttolong-termwell-being--untilyoucameface-to-facewithacheeseburger.Youspentabundleonashinynewgympass.Turnsoutitwasn’treasonenoughforyoutoactuallyusethegym. Peoplecanmakepoordecisionswhenitcomestohealth--despitetheirbestintentions.It’snoteasyabidingbywholesomechoicesgivingupFrenchfrieswhentheconsequencesofnotdoingsoheartdiseaseseemsofarinthefuture.Mostpeoplearebadatjudgingtheirhealthrisks:smokersgenerallyknowcigarettescausecancerbuttheyalsotendtobelievethey’relesslikelythanothersmokerstogetit.Andasanysnack-lovingdietercanattestpeoplecanbecomicallyineptatpredictingtheirfuture.behavior.Youswearyouwilleatjustonepotatochipbutdon’tstopuntilthebagisempty. SowhatdoesittaketomotivatepeopletosticktothepathsetbytheirconsciousbrainHowcangoodchoicesbemadetoseemmoreappealingthanbadonesTheproblemstumpsdoctorspublic-healthofficialsandweight-lossexpertsbutonesolutionmayspringfromanunlikelysource.Meetyournewpersonaltrainer:yourboss. Americanbusinesseshaveaparticularinterestinpersonalhealthsinceworkerillnesscoststhembillionseachyearininsuranceclaimssickdaysandhighstaffturnover.A2008surveyofmajorUSemployersfoundthat64%considertheiremployees’poorhealthdecisionsaseriousbarriertoaffordableinsurancecoverage.Nowsomecompaniesaretacklingthemotivationproblemheadonusingtacticsdrawnfrombehavioralpsychologytonudgetheiremployeestogethealthy. "It’sabitparadoxicalthatemployersneedtoprovideincentivesforpeopletoimprovetheirownhealth"saysMichaelFollickabehavioralpsychologistatBrownUniversityandpresidentoftheconsultancyAbacusEmployerHealthSolutions. Paradoxicalmaybebuteffective.ConsiderAmicaMutualInsurancebasedinRhodeIsland.Arnicaseemedtobedoingeverythingright:itboastsanon-sitefitnesscenteratitsheadquarters.ItpaystowardWeightWatchersandsmoking-cessationhelpgivesgiftcardstorewardproperprenatalcareandoffersfreeflushotseachyear.Stillinthemid-2000sabout7%ofthecompany’sinsuredpopulationincludingroughly3100employeesandtheirdependentshaddiabetes."Wemanagerisk.That’sourcorebusiness"saysScottBoydAmica’sdirectorofcompensationandbenefits.Butdiabetes-relatedclaimsfromArnicaemployeeshaddoubledinfouryears."WethoughtOK"Boydsaysnow"wehavetomanagethesehigh-riskgroupsalittlebetter. Whoplayanimportantroleinmotivatingpeopletosticktohealth
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage".Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen—publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. 2
Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It1itsattentionuponthose.physicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhich2onecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudyothersocieties3ourown.Foritspurposesanysocial4ofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfor5acommonproblemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheis6toavoidanyweightingofone7theother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytradition8Heisinterestedinawide9ofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeand10thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthe11inwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesofthe12. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasa13ofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquely14ofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.15itistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthan16anyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarather17aspectofthematter.Thefact18firstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustom19inexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmay20 20
TheBushadministrationisabouttoproposefar-reachingnewrulesthatwouldgivepeoplewithdisabilitiesgreateraccesstotensofthousandsofcourtroomsswimmingpoolsgolfcoursesstadiumstheatershotelsandretailstores.TheproposalwouldsubstantiallyupdateandrewritefederalstandardsforenforcementoftheAmericansWithDisabilitiesActalandmarkcivilrightslawpassedwithstrongbipartisansupportin1990.Thenewruleswouldsetmorestringentrequirementsinmanyareasandaddresssomeissuesforthefirsttimeinanefforttomeettheneedsofanagingpopulationandgrowingnumbersofdisabledwarveterans. Morethansevenmillionbusinessesandallstateandlocalgovernmentagencieswouldbeaffected.Theproposalincludessomeexemptionsforpartsofexistingbuildingsbutanynewconstructionorrenovationswouldhavetocomply.Thenewstandardswouldaffecteverythingfromthelocationoflightswitchestotheheightofretailservicecounterstotheuseofmonkeysas"serviceanimals"forpeoplewithdisabilitieswhichwouldbeforbidden’. TheWhiteHouseapprovedtheproposalinMayafterafive-monthreview.ItisscheduledtobepublishedintheFederalRegisteronTuesdaywith60daysforpubliccomment.Afterconsideringthosecommentsthegovernmentwouldissuefinalruleswiththeforceoflaw.Alreadytheproposalisstirringconcern.TheUnitedStatesChamberofCommercesaysitwouldbeonerousandcostlywhileadvocatesfordisabledAmericanssayitdoesnotgofarenough. SincethedisabilitylawwassignedbythefirstPresidentBushadvancesintechnologyhavemadeservicesmoreavailabletopeoplewithdisabilities.ButJusticeDepartmentofficialssaidtheywerestillreceivinglargenumbersofcomplaints.InrecentmonthsthefederalgovernmenthassettledlawsuitssecuringmoreseatsfordisabledfansatMadisonSquareGardeninNewYorkandatthenation’slargestcollegefootballstadiumattheUniversityofMichigan. TheJusticeDepartmentacknowledgedthatsomeofthechangeswouldhavesignificantcosts.Butoverallitsaidthevalueofthepublicbenefitsestimatedat$54billionexceedstheexpectedcostsof$23billion.InaneconomicanalysisoftheproposedrulestheJusticeDepartmentsaidtheneedforanaccessibleenvironmentwasgreaterthaneverbecausetheIraqwarwas"creatinganewgenerationofyoungmenandwomenwithdisabilities".JohnL.WodatchchiefofthedisabilityrightssectionoftheJusticeDepartmentsaid"Disabilityisinherentinthehumancondition.Thevastmajorityofindividualswhoarefortunateenoughtoreachanadvancedagewillbenefitfromtheproposedrequirements. Whichofthefollowingstatementbestsummarizesthetext
Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It1itsattentionuponthose.physicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhich2onecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudyothersocieties3ourown.Foritspurposesanysocial4ofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfor5acommonproblemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheis6toavoidanyweightingofone7theother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytradition8Heisinterestedinawide9ofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeand10thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthe11inwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesofthe12. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasa13ofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquely14ofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.15itistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthan16anyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarather17aspectofthematter.Thefact18firstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustom19inexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmay20 8
It’ssevenweeksintothenewyear.DoyouknowwhereyourresolutionisIfyou’relikemillionsofAmericansyouprobablyvowedtoloseweightquitsmokinganddrinklessinthenewyear.YoukickedoffJanuarywithacommitmenttolong-termwell-being--untilyoucameface-to-facewithacheeseburger.Youspentabundleonashinynewgympass.Turnsoutitwasn’treasonenoughforyoutoactuallyusethegym. Peoplecanmakepoordecisionswhenitcomestohealth--despitetheirbestintentions.It’snoteasyabidingbywholesomechoicesgivingupFrenchfrieswhentheconsequencesofnotdoingsoheartdiseaseseemsofarinthefuture.Mostpeoplearebadatjudgingtheirhealthrisks:smokersgenerallyknowcigarettescausecancerbuttheyalsotendtobelievethey’relesslikelythanothersmokerstogetit.Andasanysnack-lovingdietercanattestpeoplecanbecomicallyineptatpredictingtheirfuture.behavior.Youswearyouwilleatjustonepotatochipbutdon’tstopuntilthebagisempty. SowhatdoesittaketomotivatepeopletosticktothepathsetbytheirconsciousbrainHowcangoodchoicesbemadetoseemmoreappealingthanbadonesTheproblemstumpsdoctorspublic-healthofficialsandweight-lossexpertsbutonesolutionmayspringfromanunlikelysource.Meetyournewpersonaltrainer:yourboss. Americanbusinesseshaveaparticularinterestinpersonalhealthsinceworkerillnesscoststhembillionseachyearininsuranceclaimssickdaysandhighstaffturnover.A2008surveyofmajorUSemployersfoundthat64%considertheiremployees’poorhealthdecisionsaseriousbarriertoaffordableinsurancecoverage.Nowsomecompaniesaretacklingthemotivationproblemheadonusingtacticsdrawnfrombehavioralpsychologytonudgetheiremployeestogethealthy. "It’sabitparadoxicalthatemployersneedtoprovideincentivesforpeopletoimprovetheirownhealth"saysMichaelFollickabehavioralpsychologistatBrownUniversityandpresidentoftheconsultancyAbacusEmployerHealthSolutions. Paradoxicalmaybebuteffective.ConsiderAmicaMutualInsurancebasedinRhodeIsland.Arnicaseemedtobedoingeverythingright:itboastsanon-sitefitnesscenteratitsheadquarters.ItpaystowardWeightWatchersandsmoking-cessationhelpgivesgiftcardstorewardproperprenatalcareandoffersfreeflushotseachyear.Stillinthemid-2000sabout7%ofthecompany’sinsuredpopulationincludingroughly3100employeesandtheirdependentshaddiabetes."Wemanagerisk.That’sourcorebusiness"saysScottBoydAmica’sdirectorofcompensationandbenefits.Butdiabetes-relatedclaimsfromArnicaemployeeshaddoubledinfouryears."WethoughtOK"Boydsaysnow"wehavetomanagethesehigh-riskgroupsalittlebetter. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
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