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The telecommunications, pharmaceutical, and airline industries all have undergone radical changes...
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仅作用于T细胞的丝裂原是
PWM
PHA
SPA
PPD
LPS
PHA可用于
Western Bloting
细胞毒实验
溶血空斑实验
E花环实验
PHA淋巴细胞转化实验
Phaëthonstoodimpatientlyattheheavygoldendoors.Heor
January112006 AlanCosgray BureauSecretary
Big Sky Networks
Virginia Chamber of Commerce
Superior Telecommunications
State Bureau of Businesses
能与哺乳动物IgG结合的成分是
SPA
BSA
PHA
LPS
HLA
与SRBC结合的表面受体是
LPS
Con-A
PHA
CD2
CD3
在什么条件下会生成PHA或糖原
抗HCV检测常采用哪种方法
ELISA
IFA
RIA
PHA
RT-PCR
T细胞表面的______受体有PHA和______的受体
Theearliestmethodofdeliveringtelecommunicationsist
telegraph
telephone
e-mail
letter
预先危险分析PHA过程危险分析包括哪些内容
T细胞增殖试验需要加入植物血凝素PHA共同培养其中PHA的作用是
T细胞增殖的主要营养成分
促使T细胞增殖
掺入到T细胞DNA中
促使T细胞形态改变
促进T细胞的杀伤效应
用于T细胞增殖试验的丝裂原为
PHA
LPS
PWM
Con-A
SPA
在文件保存中能保存通道的文件格式有
Jpg
Tif
Max
Pha
最常用的人类T细胞有丝分裂原是
LPS
PHA
ConA
SPA
PHA方法包括准备审查三个阶段
Theearliestmethodofdeliveringtelecommunicationsist
telegraph
telephone
e-mail
letter
下列物质能活化T细胞
LPS
ConA
SPA
PHA
干扰素
PHA与ConA属于
佐剂
超抗原
抗原
丝裂原
抗体
原核细胞特有的碳源贮藏颗粒是
PHB
DAP
PHA
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Weakdollarorno$46000-thepriceforasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvardYard-is1Butnowadayscostis2barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidablefinancial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthemdeeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesignedto4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleandevenupper-incomefamiliestoo. SincethenotherrichAmericanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives.YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplansonJanuary14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000ayearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhavetopayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamiliesmakingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-andupper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudenttotakeout10topayfortheir11apolicyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvaniajustafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmissionofficialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheorshecan’taffordthefees. Noneofthatisquiteasaltruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytoluremorestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularlystate-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressiveadmissionsfiguresandreputations. Theschemesalsoprovidea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhighpricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamiliesareless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwillnotbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’sstate-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstablemightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraisecashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20.IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementasliding-feescale. 6
Weakdollarorno$46000-thepriceforasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvardYard-is1Butnowadayscostis2barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidablefinancial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthemdeeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesignedto4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleandevenupper-incomefamiliestoo. SincethenotherrichAmericanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives.YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplansonJanuary14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000ayearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhavetopayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamiliesmakingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-andupper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudenttotakeout10topayfortheir11apolicyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvaniajustafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmissionofficialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheorshecan’taffordthefees. Noneofthatisquiteasaltruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytoluremorestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularlystate-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressiveadmissionsfiguresandreputations. Theschemesalsoprovidea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhighpricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamiliesareless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwillnotbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’sstate-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstablemightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraisecashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20.IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementasliding-feescale. 12
Thenewspapermustprovideforthereaderthefactsunalloyedunslantedobjectivelyselectedfacts.Butinthesedaysofcomplexnewsitmustprovidemore;itmustsupplyinterpretationthemeaningofthefacts.ThisisthemostimportantassignmentConfrontingAmericanjournalism—tomakecleartothereadertheproblemsofthedaytomakeinternationalnewsasunderstandableascommunitynewstorecognizethatthereisnolongeranysuchthingwiththepossibleexceptionofsuchscribblingassocietyandclubnewsas“local”newsbecauseanyeventintheinternationalareahasalocalreactioninmanpowerdraftineconomicstrainintermsindeedofourverywayoflife. 46Thereisinjournalismawidespreadviewthatwhenyouembarkoninterpretationyouareenteringchoppyanddangerouswaterstheswirlingtidesofopinion.Thisisnonsense. Theopponentsofinterpretationinsistthatthewriterandtheeditorshallconfinehimselftothe“facts”.Thisinsistenceraisestwoquestions:WhatarethefactsAnd:Arethebarefactsenough Astothefirstqueryconsiderhowaso-called“factual”storycomesabout.Thereportercollectssayfiftyfacts;outofthesefiftyhisspaceallotmentbeingnecessarilyrestrictedheselectsthetenwhichheconsidersmostimportant.ThisisJudgmentNumberOne.ThenheorhiseditordecideswhichofthesetenfactsshallconstitutetheleadofthepieceThisisimportantdecisionbecausemanyreadersdonotproceedbeyondthefirstparagraph.ThisisJudgmentNumberTwo.47Thenthenighteditordetermineswhetherthearticleshallbepresentedonpageonewhereithasalargeimpactoronpagetwenty-fourwhereithaslittle.JudgmentNumberThree. Thusinthepresentationofaso-called“factual”or“objective”storyatleastthreejudgmentsareinvolved.48Andtheyarejudgmentsnotatallunlikethoseinvolvedininterpretationinwhichreporterandeditorcallingupontheirresearchresourcestheirgeneralbackgroundandtheir“newsneutralism”arriveataconclusionastothesignificanceofthenews. 49Thetwoareasofjudgmentpresentationofthenewsanditsinterpretationarebothobjectiveratherthansubjectiveprocesses—asobjectivethatisasanyhumanbeingcanbe.Noteinpassing:eventhoughcompleteobjectivitycanneverbeachievedneverthelesstheidealmustalwaysbethebeacononthemurkynewschannels.50Ifaneditorisintentonslantingthenewshecandoitinotherwaysandmoreeffectivelythanbyinterpretationandhecandoitbytheselectionofthosefactsthatpropuphisparticularplea.Orhecandoitbythepayhegivesastory—promotingittopageoneordemotingittopagethirty. 48Andtheyarejudgmentsnotatallunlikethoseinvolvedininterpretationinwhichreporterandeditorcallingupontheirresearchresourcestheirgeneralbackgroundandtheirnewsneutralismarriveataconclusionastothesignificanceofthenews.
Weakdollarorno$46000-thepriceforasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvardYard-is1Butnowadayscostis2barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidablefinancial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthemdeeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesignedto4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleandevenupper-incomefamiliestoo. SincethenotherrichAmericanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives.YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplansonJanuary14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000ayearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhavetopayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamiliesmakingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-andupper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudenttotakeout10topayfortheir11apolicyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvaniajustafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmissionofficialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheorshecan’taffordthefees. Noneofthatisquiteasaltruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytoluremorestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularlystate-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressiveadmissionsfiguresandreputations. Theschemesalsoprovidea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhighpricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamiliesareless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwillnotbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’sstate-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstablemightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraisecashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20.IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementasliding-feescale. 20
Thenewspapermustprovideforthereaderthefactsunalloyedunslantedobjectivelyselectedfacts.Butinthesedaysofcomplexnewsitmustprovidemore;itmustsupplyinterpretationthemeaningofthefacts.ThisisthemostimportantassignmentConfrontingAmericanjournalism—tomakecleartothereadertheproblemsofthedaytomakeinternationalnewsasunderstandableascommunitynewstorecognizethatthereisnolongeranysuchthingwiththepossibleexceptionofsuchscribblingassocietyandclubnewsas“local”newsbecauseanyeventintheinternationalareahasalocalreactioninmanpowerdraftineconomicstrainintermsindeedofourverywayoflife. 46Thereisinjournalismawidespreadviewthatwhenyouembarkoninterpretationyouareenteringchoppyanddangerouswaterstheswirlingtidesofopinion.Thisisnonsense. Theopponentsofinterpretationinsistthatthewriterandtheeditorshallconfinehimselftothe“facts”.Thisinsistenceraisestwoquestions:WhatarethefactsAnd:Arethebarefactsenough Astothefirstqueryconsiderhowaso-called“factual”storycomesabout.Thereportercollectssayfiftyfacts;outofthesefiftyhisspaceallotmentbeingnecessarilyrestrictedheselectsthetenwhichheconsidersmostimportant.ThisisJudgmentNumberOne.ThenheorhiseditordecideswhichofthesetenfactsshallconstitutetheleadofthepieceThisisimportantdecisionbecausemanyreadersdonotproceedbeyondthefirstparagraph.ThisisJudgmentNumberTwo.47Thenthenighteditordetermineswhetherthearticleshallbepresentedonpageonewhereithasalargeimpactoronpagetwenty-fourwhereithaslittle.JudgmentNumberThree. Thusinthepresentationofaso-called“factual”or“objective”storyatleastthreejudgmentsareinvolved.48Andtheyarejudgmentsnotatallunlikethoseinvolvedininterpretationinwhichreporterandeditorcallingupontheirresearchresourcestheirgeneralbackgroundandtheir“newsneutralism”arriveataconclusionastothesignificanceofthenews. 49Thetwoareasofjudgmentpresentationofthenewsanditsinterpretationarebothobjectiveratherthansubjectiveprocesses—asobjectivethatisasanyhumanbeingcanbe.Noteinpassing:eventhoughcompleteobjectivitycanneverbeachievedneverthelesstheidealmustalwaysbethebeacononthemurkynewschannels.50Ifaneditorisintentonslantingthenewshecandoitinotherwaysandmoreeffectivelythanbyinterpretationandhecandoitbytheselectionofthosefactsthatpropuphisparticularplea.Orhecandoitbythepayhegivesastory—promotingittopageoneordemotingittopagethirty. 50Ifaneditorisintentonslantingthenewshecandoitinotherwaysandmoreeffectivelythanbyinterpretationandhecandoitbytheselectionofthosefactsthatpropuphisparticularplea.
Weakdollarorno$46000-thepriceforasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvardYard-is1Butnowadayscostis2barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidablefinancial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthemdeeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesignedto4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleandevenupper-incomefamiliestoo. SincethenotherrichAmericanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives.YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplansonJanuary14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000ayearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhavetopayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamiliesmakingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-andupper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudenttotakeout10topayfortheir11apolicyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvaniajustafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmissionofficialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheorshecan’taffordthefees. Noneofthatisquiteasaltruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytoluremorestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularlystate-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressiveadmissionsfiguresandreputations. Theschemesalsoprovidea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhighpricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamiliesareless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwillnotbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’sstate-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstablemightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraisecashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20.IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementasliding-feescale. 14
Thereareanumberofformatsforreportingresearchsuchasarticlestoappearinjournalsreportsaddressedtofundingagenciesthesesordissertationsaspartoftherequirementsforuniversitydegreesandpaperstobepresentedatconferences.Theseformatsdifferfromoneanothermostlyintheirpurposesandtheaudienceswhomtheyaddress.Wewillnowbrieflydescribethem. Thejournalarticleisawayofreportingresearchforprofessionaljournalsoreditedcollections.Theresearchisreportinginabriefyetinformativewayfocusingmostlyonthemainfeaturesoftheresearchsuchasthepurposereviewoftheliteratureoftenreferredtoas"background"proceduresusedforcarryingouttheresearchaccompaniedbytableschartsandgraphsandinterpretationsoftheresultsoftenreferredtoasdiscussion. Thecontentandemphasisofthejournalarticlewillvaryaccordingtotheintendedreadersresearchorpractitionersanditisimportantfortheresearchertobeawareofthebackgroundandinterestofthereadersofthejournal.ArticlesintendedtobereadbypractitionerswillemphasizethepracticalimplicationsandrecommendationsoftheresearchwhilearticlesintendedtobereadbyresearcherswilldescribeindetailthemethodusedtocollectdatatheconstructionofdatacollectionproceduresandthetechniquesusedforanalyzingthedataItisimportantforthenoviceresearchertobeawareofthefactthatarticlessubmittedtojournalsgothroughaprocessofevaluationbyexpertswhomakeajudgmentandrecommendwhethertheyshouldbepublishedornot. Thethesisordissertationisaformatforreportingresearchwhichgraduatestudentswriteaspartoffulfillingtherequirementsforanadvancedacademicdegree.Thestudentisexpectedtodescribeingreatdetailallthephasesoftheresearchsoitcanbeexaminedandevaluatedcarefullybythereader.Thusthethesisordissertationincludesthepurposeandsignificanceofthestudytherationaleathoroughreviewoftheliteraturedetailedinformationastotheresearchtoolsandtheproceduresinvolvedintheirdevelopmentadescriptionofdataanalysisandtheresultsandaninterpretationoftheresultsintheformofconclusionsimplicationsandrecommendation.Thisdetaileddescriptionoftheprocessoftheresearchisneededtoprovidetheprofessorswithanindicationofthestudent’sabilitytocarryoutresearch. Theconferencepaperisawayofreportingresearchatconferencesseminarsandcolloquia.Atsuchmeetingsresearchpapersareusuallypresentedorally.Theyaresimilartotheresearcharticlesinceresearchisreportedinaconciseyetinformativewayfocusingonthemostessentialelementsoftheresearch.Handoutsandtransparenciescanalsoaccompanythepresentations.Aswiththeresearcharticleheretoothecontentandemphasisoftheoralreportwilldependtoalargeextentonthetypeofaudiencepresentatthemeetingandwhethertheyareresearchersorpractitioners. Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnotmentionedinthispassage
OnthegroundflooroftheFederalReservebuildinginWashingtonDCthereisanelectronicgamewhichtestsavisitor’sskillatsettinginterestrates.Youhavetodecidehowtorespondtoeventssuchasrisinginflationorastockmarketcrash.IfyougetalltheanswersrightthemachinedeclaresyouthenextFedchairman.Inreallifebecauseofhugeuncertaintiesaboutdataandhowtheeconomyworksthereisnoobviouslyrightanswertothequestionofwhentochangeinterestrates.NoristhereanyeasytestofwhowillmakethebestFedchairman.SowhowouldTheEconomistselectforthejob AlanGreenspanwillretireasFedchairmanonJanuary31stafteramere181/2yearsinthejob.SoGeorgeBushneedstonominateasuccessorsoon.Mr.Bushhasapenchantforpickinghispalstofilltopjobs:lastweekhenominatedhispersonallawyerHarrietMierstotheSupremeCourt.ButhispersonalbankmanagerreallywouldnotcutthemustardasFedchairman.Thisisthemostimportanteconomic-policyjobinAmerica—indeedinthewholeworld.TheFedchairmansetsinterestrateswiththeaimofcontrollinginflationwhichinturnhelpsdeterminethevalueofthedollartheworld’smainreservecurrency.Itishardlysurprisingthatfinancialmarketsworldwidecanriseorfallonhiseveryword. Financialmarketsaretypicallymorevolatileduringthefirstyearafterthehandovertoanewchairmanthanduringtherestofhistenure.InOctober1987barelytwomonthsafterMr.Greenspantookofficethestockmarketcrashed.Currentconditionsforahandoverarehardlyideal.America’seconomyhasneverlookedsounbalancedwithanegativehouseholdsavingsrateahousingbubbleaheftybudgetdeficitarecordcurrent-accountdeficitandrisinginflation.FiguresdueonOctober14thareexpectedtoshowthatthe12-monthrateofinflationhasrisenabove4%—itshighestsince1991. Whichofthefollowingaccordingtothetextisacommonphenomenon
Directions:Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawings.Inyoushould: 1describethedrawingbriefly 2interpretthephenomenonreflectedbyitandthen 3giveyourcomments. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
"Iwasjustlikeyou--I’thoughtIwasinvincible"saysAdamBlombergstandingbefore400studentsinadarkenedauditoriumatMiami’sCoralReefSeniorHighSchool.Aphotoofabloodiedandunconsciousteenagerabreathingtubeprotrudingfromhismouthflashesonthewall. "Thatwasme"hesays.There’sacollectivegaspbeforetheroomgrowssilentandBlomberg31ananesthesiologistwhotrainedatBrighamandWomen’sHospitalinBostonbeginsthestoryofwhathappenedonenightinFebruary1995. Hecreatedapresentationillustratingthedangersofbehavingirresponsiblyinacarfromnotbucklinguptospeedingtodrivingundertheinfluenceofalcoholanddrugs.Hetrackeddownphotosofteencrashvictimsfromthecenter’sarchivesthenincorporatedstatisticsandhisownexperience.HespokethefirsttimetoalocalBoyScouttroopandwassoongivinghistalk"ASurvivor’sStory"athighschoolsaroundthestate. TheBlombergfamilyhadreasontocelebrate.Adamhadfullyrecoveredandwasonhiswaytofulfillinghislifelongdreamofbecomingadoctor.ButinJanuary2000Blomberg’s22-year-oldstep-brotherMichaelwaskilledinacrashwhiledrivingtohisAtlantahomelateonenight.Hewasn’twearingaseatbelt.AftertheaccidentBlombergstoppedtellinghisstorytocrowdsrackedwithguiltoverhisinabilitytoreachMichael.IfBlomberghadfailedhisownbrotherhereasonedhowcouldhepossiblymakeadifferencetoaroomfulofstrangersRequestsfromschoolscontinuedtorollinbutheturneddowneveryone. ThenBlomberggotacallfromahighschoolcounselor.Ashestartedintohisstandardexcuse-lackoftime—helookedacrosstheroomatastackofthank-younotesfromstudentswhohadheardhimspeak.Herealizedthatkidsneededtohearwhathehadtosay.Heagreedtovisittheschoolandbegancontactingothersonthewaitinglistforhistalks. Blombergleavestheschoolhopinghehaschangedsomeone’sbehavior.Herecallsaletterhereceivedfromastudentwhoheardhimspeakandgotintoacrashlaterthatsamedaybutwasunharmed."Shetoldmeshewaswearingherseatbeltbecauseofme." Letterslikethisreinforcehisbeliefthathesurvivedtheaccidentforareason."Therearealotofphysiciansintheworldandweallsavelives"hesays."Ihaveaspecialopportunitytosavelivesnotjustasadoctorbutalsoasahumanbeing. Whydidtheauthorstopgivingspeechesforawhile
Weakdollarorno$46000-thepriceforasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvardYard-is1Butnowadayscostis2barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidablefinancial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthemdeeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesignedto4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleandevenupper-incomefamiliestoo. SincethenotherrichAmericanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives.YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplansonJanuary14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000ayearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhavetopayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamiliesmakingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-andupper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudenttotakeout10topayfortheir11apolicyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvaniajustafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmissionofficialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheorshecan’taffordthefees. Noneofthatisquiteasaltruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytoluremorestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularlystate-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressiveadmissionsfiguresandreputations. Theschemesalsoprovidea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhighpricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamiliesareless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwillnotbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’sstate-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstablemightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraisecashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20.IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementasliding-feescale. 8
Thenewspapermustprovideforthereaderthefactsunalloyedunslantedobjectivelyselectedfacts.Butinthesedaysofcomplexnewsitmustprovidemore;itmustsupplyinterpretationthemeaningofthefacts.ThisisthemostimportantassignmentConfrontingAmericanjournalism—tomakecleartothereadertheproblemsofthedaytomakeinternationalnewsasunderstandableascommunitynewstorecognizethatthereisnolongeranysuchthingwiththepossibleexceptionofsuchscribblingassocietyandclubnewsas“local”newsbecauseanyeventintheinternationalareahasalocalreactioninmanpowerdraftineconomicstrainintermsindeedofourverywayoflife. 46Thereisinjournalismawidespreadviewthatwhenyouembarkoninterpretationyouareenteringchoppyanddangerouswaterstheswirlingtidesofopinion.Thisisnonsense. Theopponentsofinterpretationinsistthatthewriterandtheeditorshallconfinehimselftothe“facts”.Thisinsistenceraisestwoquestions:WhatarethefactsAnd:Arethebarefactsenough Astothefirstqueryconsiderhowaso-called“factual”storycomesabout.Thereportercollectssayfiftyfacts;outofthesefiftyhisspaceallotmentbeingnecessarilyrestrictedheselectsthetenwhichheconsidersmostimportant.ThisisJudgmentNumberOne.ThenheorhiseditordecideswhichofthesetenfactsshallconstitutetheleadofthepieceThisisimportantdecisionbecausemanyreadersdonotproceedbeyondthefirstparagraph.ThisisJudgmentNumberTwo.47Thenthenighteditordetermineswhetherthearticleshallbepresentedonpageonewhereithasalargeimpactoronpagetwenty-fourwhereithaslittle.JudgmentNumberThree. Thusinthepresentationofaso-called“factual”or“objective”storyatleastthreejudgmentsareinvolved.48Andtheyarejudgmentsnotatallunlikethoseinvolvedininterpretationinwhichreporterandeditorcallingupontheirresearchresourcestheirgeneralbackgroundandtheir“newsneutralism”arriveataconclusionastothesignificanceofthenews. 49Thetwoareasofjudgmentpresentationofthenewsanditsinterpretationarebothobjectiveratherthansubjectiveprocesses—asobjectivethatisasanyhumanbeingcanbe.Noteinpassing:eventhoughcompleteobjectivitycanneverbeachievedneverthelesstheidealmustalwaysbethebeacononthemurkynewschannels.50Ifaneditorisintentonslantingthenewshecandoitinotherwaysandmoreeffectivelythanbyinterpretationandhecandoitbytheselectionofthosefactsthatpropuphisparticularplea.Orhecandoitbythepayhegivesastory—promotingittopageoneordemotingittopagethirty. 46Thereisinjournalismawidespreadviewthatwhenyouembarkoninterpretationyouareenteringchoppyanddangerouswaterstheswirlingtidesofopinion.
Weakdollarorno$46000-thepriceforasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvardYard-is1Butnowadayscostis2barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidablefinancial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthemdeeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesignedto4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleandevenupper-incomefamiliestoo. SincethenotherrichAmericanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives.YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplansonJanuary14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000ayearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhavetopayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamiliesmakingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-andupper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudenttotakeout10topayfortheir11apolicyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvaniajustafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmissionofficialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheorshecan’taffordthefees. Noneofthatisquiteasaltruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytoluremorestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularlystate-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressiveadmissionsfiguresandreputations. Theschemesalsoprovidea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhighpricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamiliesareless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwillnotbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’sstate-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstablemightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraisecashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20.IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementasliding-feescale. 10
Weakdollarorno$46000-thepriceforasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvardYard-is1Butnowadayscostis2barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidablefinancial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthemdeeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesignedto4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleandevenupper-incomefamiliestoo. SincethenotherrichAmericanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives.YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplansonJanuary14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000ayearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhavetopayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamiliesmakingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-andupper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudenttotakeout10topayfortheir11apolicyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvaniajustafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmissionofficialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheorshecan’taffordthefees. Noneofthatisquiteasaltruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytoluremorestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularlystate-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressiveadmissionsfiguresandreputations. Theschemesalsoprovidea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhighpricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamiliesareless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwillnotbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’sstate-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstablemightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraisecashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20.IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementasliding-feescale. 16
Notmany25-year-oldscanreasonablyclaimtohavechangedtheworld.TheIBMpersonalcomputerwhichwaslaunchedin1981andcelebratesits25thbirthdayinAugustisarareexception.Otherpersonalcomputershadbeenlaunchedbefore;butitwastheIBMPCthatendedupdefiningthestandardaroundwhichavastnewindustrythencoalesced.IBMthetitanofthecomputingWorldatthetimequicklylostcontrolofitsowncreationallowingotherstoreapthebenefits.ButleaveasidewhatthePChasdoneforthefortunesofparticularcompaniesandinsteadstepbackandconsiderwhatthePChasdoneformankind. ThePC’smostobviousachievementhasbeentohelpmakecomputerscheapermorewidelyavailableandmoreusefulthaneverbefore.Beforeitappeareddifferentcomputersfromdifferentmanufacturersweremostlyincompatiblewitheachother.ThePC’sarchitecturewasnotperfectbutitsadoptionasanindustrystandardmadepossibleeconomiesofscaleinbothhardwareandsoftware.ThisinturnreducedpricesandenabledthePCtodemocratisecomputing. ButalthoughthePChasitsmeritsitalsohasitsfaults.Itsflexibilityhasprovedtobebothastrengthandaweakness:itencouragesinnovationbutatthecostofcomplexityreliabilityandsecurity.AndforpeopleinthedevelopingworldPCsaretoobulkyexpensiveandenergy-hungry.W.henitcomestoextendingthebenefitsofdigitaltechnology--chieflycheapandeasyaccesstoinformationtoeveryoneontheplanetthePCmaynotbethebesttoolforthejob. Lookonthestreetsofalmostanycityintheworldhoweverandyouwillseepeopleclutchingtinypocketcomputersbetterknownasmobilephones.Alreadyevenbasichandsetshavesimpleweb-browserscalculatorsandothercomputingfunctions.MobilephonesarecheapersimplerandmorereliablethanPCsandmarketforces--inparticularthecombinationofpie-paidbillingplansandmicrocreditschemes--arealreadyputtingthemintothehandsofeventheworld’spoorestpeople.InitiativestospreadPCsinthedevelopingworldincontrastrelyontop-downfundingfromgovernmentsoraidagenciesratherthanbottom-upadoptionbyconsumers. AllkindsoffirmsfromgiantssuchasGoogletostart-upssuchasCellBazaarareworkingtobringthefullbellefitsofthewebtomobilephones.ThereisnoquestionthatthePChasdemocratisedcomputingand-unleashedinnovationbutitisthemobilephonethatnowseemsmostlikelytocarrythedreamofthe"personalcomputer"toitsconclusion. Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsmobilephone
EveryyearNewZealanderslivinginLondoncanbeseenloadingupKombivansandheadingofftoexperiencethe"classicEuropeanholiday".ThetripusuallystartsinthenorthofFranceaftercrossingthechannelfromDoverinEnglandtoCalaisdrivingdownthroughFranceoverthePyreneesintoSpainwestintoPortugalandthenacrosstheContinenttoItalyandoftenbeyond. TherearenumerousreasonsyoungNewZealanderstakethisriteofpassage—aswellasseeingallthefantasticsightsandtastingthedelightsofEurope’sfoodandwineit’srelativelyinexpensive.TheKombiistransportandaccommodationallinonecuttingdownsignificantlyoncosts. Thereisjustoneproblem.AstheKombisbecome"antique"thesetripsareusuallypunctuatedwithnumerousroadsidesessionsasthevansitsidleinnohurrytostartwhileyouswelterinthehotsun.Butdonotletthisdeteryou.TravellingEuropeinyourownvehiclemeansnopublictransportschedulestocrampyourstyletheabilitytoexplorethequaintoff-the-beaten-trackvillageswherethe"real"localslivefreedomtonothavetobookaccommodationinadvance—youcannearlyalwaysgetacampsiteandcanloadyourvehiclewithcheapfantasticregionalwinesandsouvenirs.WiththesebonusesinmindherearesomesuggestionsforplanningthegreatEuroperoadadventure.Thekeytoapleasurabledrivingexperienceisagoodnavigatorandadriverwithacoolhead.Ifyoudonotfeelrelaxeddriving’aroundNewZealand’scitiesandhighwaysthenyouprobablywillnotenjoydrivingaroundEurope.Asco-pilottothedriveryouneedtoreadandunderstandmapslookoutforturn-offs--andkeepthemusicplaying.Languageisnotabigproblemonceafewessentialtermsaremastered.Thebiggestchallengeisinthecitieswheretrafficcanbechaoticandelaborateone-waysystemsandnarrowcobbledalleywayscanmakefindingyourdestinationhardwork.Itcanbeeasiertoleavethevehicleontheoutskirtsoftownorinacampinggroundandusepublictransport.Thisalsoavoidspayingforcostlyparking. Inthesentenceit’srelativelyinexpensivePara.2itmostprobablyrefersto
Notmany25-year-oldscanreasonablyclaimtohavechangedtheworld.TheIBMpersonalcomputerwhichwaslaunchedin1981andcelebratesits25thbirthdayinAugustisarareexception.Otherpersonalcomputershadbeenlaunchedbefore;butitwastheIBMPCthatendedupdefiningthestandardaroundwhichavastnewindustrythencoalesced.IBMthetitanofthecomputingWorldatthetimequicklylostcontrolofitsowncreationallowingotherstoreapthebenefits.ButleaveasidewhatthePChasdoneforthefortunesofparticularcompaniesandinsteadstepbackandconsiderwhatthePChasdoneformankind. ThePC’smostobviousachievementhasbeentohelpmakecomputerscheapermorewidelyavailableandmoreusefulthaneverbefore.Beforeitappeareddifferentcomputersfromdifferentmanufacturersweremostlyincompatiblewitheachother.ThePC’sarchitecturewasnotperfectbutitsadoptionasanindustrystandardmadepossibleeconomiesofscaleinbothhardwareandsoftware.ThisinturnreducedpricesandenabledthePCtodemocratisecomputing. ButalthoughthePChasitsmeritsitalsohasitsfaults.Itsflexibilityhasprovedtobebothastrengthandaweakness:itencouragesinnovationbutatthecostofcomplexityreliabilityandsecurity.AndforpeopleinthedevelopingworldPCsaretoobulkyexpensiveandenergy-hungry.W.henitcomestoextendingthebenefitsofdigitaltechnology--chieflycheapandeasyaccesstoinformationtoeveryoneontheplanetthePCmaynotbethebesttoolforthejob. Lookonthestreetsofalmostanycityintheworldhoweverandyouwillseepeopleclutchingtinypocketcomputersbetterknownasmobilephones.Alreadyevenbasichandsetshavesimpleweb-browserscalculatorsandothercomputingfunctions.MobilephonesarecheapersimplerandmorereliablethanPCsandmarketforces--inparticularthecombinationofpie-paidbillingplansandmicrocreditschemes--arealreadyputtingthemintothehandsofeventheworld’spoorestpeople.InitiativestospreadPCsinthedevelopingworldincontrastrelyontop-downfundingfromgovernmentsoraidagenciesratherthanbottom-upadoptionbyconsumers. AllkindsoffirmsfromgiantssuchasGoogletostart-upssuchasCellBazaarareworkingtobringthefullbellefitsofthewebtomobilephones.ThereisnoquestionthatthePChasdemocratisedcomputingand-unleashedinnovationbutitisthemobilephonethatnowseemsmostlikelytocarrythedreamofthe"personalcomputer"toitsconclusion. Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthat
Evenbeforecanaries特高频噪声werebroughtintocoalminestoalertworkerstothepresenceofpoisonousgasbirdsweregivingusearlywarningcallssignalingtheEarth’sdeterioratingenvironmentalhealth.Globalbirdpopulationshaveshrunkbyupto25%sincepreagricultural农业社会前的times.Overthepast300yearsfarmlandhasexpandedfromsixpercentoftheEarth’ssurfacetonearly33%. Todaythreequartersofthreatenedbirdspeciesdependonforestsastheirprincipalhabitat;eachyearhoweversome13000000hectaresofforestsaredestroyedanareathesizeofGreece.Nearlyhalfthewoodlandslostarerelativelyundisturbedprimaryforeststhatarehometoanumberofsensitivebirdsandothercreatures. Directexploitationincludinghuntingforfoodandcaptureforthepettradeisthesecondgreatestdangerafterhabitatlosswhilenextistheintentionaloraccidentalintroductionofnon-nativespecies.Aspeopletraveltoallpartsoftheglobesotoodothepestsandpetsthatpreyonout-competeoralterthehabitatofnativewildlife. Pollutionposesanadditionalriskaffecting12%ofthethreatenedbirdspecies.Inadditiontodirectpoisoningfromfertilizerandpesticideapplicationsrunoffofchemicalscontaminatesthewetlandsthatmigratingwaterfowlrelyon.Persistentorganicpollutantsaccumulateinthefoodchainandcanleadtodeformitiesreproductivefailureanddiseaseinbirds. Worldwideone-thirdofplantandanimalspeciescouldbecomeextinctby2050asaresultofclimatechangearelativelynewthreat.Globaltemperaturespikeshavebroughtseverealterationstothemigrationbreedingandhabitatrangesofsomebirds. Inadditiontotheseloomingdangerssevenpercentofthreatenedbirdspeciesareatriskfromincidentalmortality.Arapiddeclineinseabirdpopulationsoverthelast15yearscorrespondswiththegrowthincommerciallonglinefisheries.InEuropeCentralAsiaandAfricaelectrocutiononpowerlineshascausedthemassmortalityofraptors.Moreovercountlessbirdsdieeachyearfromcollisionswithwindowsthenumber-onecauseofU.S.avianmortality. Ifbirdsdisappearsodotheeconomicallyvaluableservicestheyprovide.Preventingtheextinctionofadditionalbirdpopulationsdependslargelyonprotectingtheworld’sremainingwildspacesandpreservingthehealthofournaturalandalteredecosystems. Reportsthattheivory-billedwoodpeckerlongthoughttobeextinctisstillwithusthrilledbirdwatchersandothersbutthissortofsecondchanceseldomoccursinnature.Evenwithcontinuedhabitatprotectiononcewildlifepopulationsdropdramaticallyareboundisfarfromguaranteed.Withoutstabilizingclimateandhumannumbersputtingfencesaroundalltheparksintheworldwillnotlieenoughtoprotectthreatenedspecies. Whichofthefollowingisnottrueofthetext
OnthegroundflooroftheFederalReservebuildinginWashingtonDCthereisanelectronicgamewhichtestsavisitor’sskillatsettinginterestrates.Youhavetodecidehowtorespondtoeventssuchasrisinginflationorastockmarketcrash.IfyougetalltheanswersrightthemachinedeclaresyouthenextFedchairman.Inreallifebecauseofhugeuncertaintiesaboutdataandhowtheeconomyworksthereisnoobviouslyrightanswertothequestionofwhentochangeinterestrates.NoristhereanyeasytestofwhowillmakethebestFedchairman.SowhowouldTheEconomistselectforthejob AlanGreenspanwillretireasFedchairmanonJanuary31stafteramere181/2yearsinthejob.SoGeorgeBushneedstonominateasuccessorsoon.Mr.Bushhasapenchantforpickinghispalstofilltopjobs:lastweekhenominatedhispersonallawyerHarrietMierstotheSupremeCourt.ButhispersonalbankmanagerreallywouldnotcutthemustardasFedchairman.Thisisthemostimportanteconomic-policyjobinAmerica—indeedinthewholeworld.TheFedchairmansetsinterestrateswiththeaimofcontrollinginflationwhichinturnhelpsdeterminethevalueofthedollartheworld’smainreservecurrency.Itishardlysurprisingthatfinancialmarketsworldwidecanriseorfallonhiseveryword. Financialmarketsaretypicallymorevolatileduringthefirstyearafterthehandovertoanewchairmanthanduringtherestofhistenure.InOctober1987barelytwomonthsafterMr.Greenspantookofficethestockmarketcrashed.Currentconditionsforahandoverarehardlyideal.America’seconomyhasneverlookedsounbalancedwithanegativehouseholdsavingsrateahousingbubbleaheftybudgetdeficitarecordcurrent-accountdeficitandrisinginflation.FiguresdueonOctober14thareexpectedtoshowthatthe12-monthrateofinflationhasrisenabove4%—itshighestsince1991. Thephrasecutthemustardinthesecondparagraphmostprobablymeans
"Iwasjustlikeyou--I’thoughtIwasinvincible"saysAdamBlombergstandingbefore400studentsinadarkenedauditoriumatMiami’sCoralReefSeniorHighSchool.Aphotoofabloodiedandunconsciousteenagerabreathingtubeprotrudingfromhismouthflashesonthewall. "Thatwasme"hesays.There’sacollectivegaspbeforetheroomgrowssilentandBlomberg31ananesthesiologistwhotrainedatBrighamandWomen’sHospitalinBostonbeginsthestoryofwhathappenedonenightinFebruary1995. Hecreatedapresentationillustratingthedangersofbehavingirresponsiblyinacarfromnotbucklinguptospeedingtodrivingundertheinfluenceofalcoholanddrugs.Hetrackeddownphotosofteencrashvictimsfromthecenter’sarchivesthenincorporatedstatisticsandhisownexperience.HespokethefirsttimetoalocalBoyScouttroopandwassoongivinghistalk"ASurvivor’sStory"athighschoolsaroundthestate. TheBlombergfamilyhadreasontocelebrate.Adamhadfullyrecoveredandwasonhiswaytofulfillinghislifelongdreamofbecomingadoctor.ButinJanuary2000Blomberg’s22-year-oldstep-brotherMichaelwaskilledinacrashwhiledrivingtohisAtlantahomelateonenight.Hewasn’twearingaseatbelt.AftertheaccidentBlombergstoppedtellinghisstorytocrowdsrackedwithguiltoverhisinabilitytoreachMichael.IfBlomberghadfailedhisownbrotherhereasonedhowcouldhepossiblymakeadifferencetoaroomfulofstrangersRequestsfromschoolscontinuedtorollinbutheturneddowneveryone. ThenBlomberggotacallfromahighschoolcounselor.Ashestartedintohisstandardexcuse-lackoftime—helookedacrosstheroomatastackofthank-younotesfromstudentswhohadheardhimspeak.Herealizedthatkidsneededtohearwhathehadtosay.Heagreedtovisittheschoolandbegancontactingothersonthewaitinglistforhistalks. Blombergleavestheschoolhopinghehaschangedsomeone’sbehavior.Herecallsaletterhereceivedfromastudentwhoheardhimspeakandgotintoacrashlaterthatsamedaybutwasunharmed."Shetoldmeshewaswearingherseatbeltbecauseofme." Letterslikethisreinforcehisbeliefthathesurvivedtheaccidentforareason."Therearealotofphysiciansintheworldandweallsavelives"hesays."Ihaveaspecialopportunitytosavelivesnotjustasadoctorbutalsoasahumanbeing. Thewordinvinciblemostprobablymeans
Evenbeforecanaries特高频噪声werebroughtintocoalminestoalertworkerstothepresenceofpoisonousgasbirdsweregivingusearlywarningcallssignalingtheEarth’sdeterioratingenvironmentalhealth.Globalbirdpopulationshaveshrunkbyupto25%sincepreagricultural农业社会前的times.Overthepast300yearsfarmlandhasexpandedfromsixpercentoftheEarth’ssurfacetonearly33%. Todaythreequartersofthreatenedbirdspeciesdependonforestsastheirprincipalhabitat;eachyearhoweversome13000000hectaresofforestsaredestroyedanareathesizeofGreece.Nearlyhalfthewoodlandslostarerelativelyundisturbedprimaryforeststhatarehometoanumberofsensitivebirdsandothercreatures. Directexploitationincludinghuntingforfoodandcaptureforthepettradeisthesecondgreatestdangerafterhabitatlosswhilenextistheintentionaloraccidentalintroductionofnon-nativespecies.Aspeopletraveltoallpartsoftheglobesotoodothepestsandpetsthatpreyonout-competeoralterthehabitatofnativewildlife. Pollutionposesanadditionalriskaffecting12%ofthethreatenedbirdspecies.Inadditiontodirectpoisoningfromfertilizerandpesticideapplicationsrunoffofchemicalscontaminatesthewetlandsthatmigratingwaterfowlrelyon.Persistentorganicpollutantsaccumulateinthefoodchainandcanleadtodeformitiesreproductivefailureanddiseaseinbirds. Worldwideone-thirdofplantandanimalspeciescouldbecomeextinctby2050asaresultofclimatechangearelativelynewthreat.Globaltemperaturespikeshavebroughtseverealterationstothemigrationbreedingandhabitatrangesofsomebirds. Inadditiontotheseloomingdangerssevenpercentofthreatenedbirdspeciesareatriskfromincidentalmortality.Arapiddeclineinseabirdpopulationsoverthelast15yearscorrespondswiththegrowthincommerciallonglinefisheries.InEuropeCentralAsiaandAfricaelectrocutiononpowerlineshascausedthemassmortalityofraptors.Moreovercountlessbirdsdieeachyearfromcollisionswithwindowsthenumber-onecauseofU.S.avianmortality. Ifbirdsdisappearsodotheeconomicallyvaluableservicestheyprovide.Preventingtheextinctionofadditionalbirdpopulationsdependslargelyonprotectingtheworld’sremainingwildspacesandpreservingthehealthofournaturalandalteredecosystems. Reportsthattheivory-billedwoodpeckerlongthoughttobeextinctisstillwithusthrilledbirdwatchersandothersbutthissortofsecondchanceseldomoccursinnature.Evenwithcontinuedhabitatprotectiononcewildlifepopulationsdropdramaticallyareboundisfarfromguaranteed.Withoutstabilizingclimateandhumannumbersputtingfencesaroundalltheparksintheworldwillnotlieenoughtoprotectthreatenedspecies. Byintroducingtheexampleoftheivory-billedwoodpeckertheauthorintendsto
[A]Knightacknowledgesthechallenge."Wehavetobebeautifulaswellasbig.It’snomeanfeat"saysScottBedburyformerglobaladchiefforNike."TheworsteasescenariowouldbetobecomeMicrosoft"saysKevinKelleramarketingprofessoratDuke.Bestease:belikeCoea-Cola."They’reeverywherebutnooneseemstoresentthemforit." [B]OneansweristoplaydowntheSwooshandsomeNikewatcherssayitwilldojustthat.NikeismarketingnewproductsincludingitsACGAllConditionGearlineforhikingandoutdoorstyles. [C]LastweekwasparticularlyglumatNike’sheadquartersinsuburbanPortland.Managershadwarnedoflayoffsbuthadn’trevealedanynames.OnWednesday250employeesweretoldtopackuptheirdeskswhilestunnedcolleagueslookedon. [D]PhilKnightdoesn’tspeakinpublicveryoften.Andwhenyouhearfromhimthesedayshedoesn’tsoundhappy.TalkingtoWallStreetanalystsfromhisOregonheadquarterslastweekthefounderandheadofNikeInc.didn’tmincewords:"Thisisadarkdayaroundthesehalls." [E]YetNikeisnowfacingamarketingconundrum:canyoubebigandcoolWhenTeenageResearchUnlimiteddiditslatestsurvey40percentofkidsnamedNikeasoneofthe"coolest"brandsdownfrom52percentjustsixmonthsago.KimHostetlerofPaperaNewYorkmagazinesaysthatthecoolestthingsaroundnowarebrilliantlycoloredsuedesneakersbyNewBalance.EvenAdidastorpedoedbyNikeandReebokinthe[980sisstagingacomeback. [F]Knight’sproblemswouldworryanyCEO:astockpricethathasslidtothebottomfromthetopaplungeinprofitsandwarehouseslullofshoesthataren’tselling.ButmostcriticalisapricewarthathasslicedU.S.salesandisasignthatNike’slockasthechampionof"cool"maybeweakening.AlthoughNikepridesitselfontechnicalinnovationlosingitscoolwouldbetantamounttolosingthegame. [G]Atmostcorporateofficesthatscenethoughpainfulwouldn’tbecataclysmicbutforKnightandhisemployeesevenasetbackbearstheagonyofdefeat.Nikeroseaboutashighandfastinthe1990sasanycompanycan.IttookonanewreligionofbrandconsciousnessandbrokeadvertisingsoundbarrierswithitsindelibleSwoosh"JustDoIt"slogananddeifiedsportsfigures.Nikemanagedthedeftestofmarketingtricks:tobebothanti-establishmentandmassmarkettothetuneof$2billioninsaleslastyear. Order: [D]→41.______→42.______→43.______→44.______→45.______→[B] 44
Weakdollarorno$46000-thepriceforasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvardYard-is1Butnowadayscostis2barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidablefinancial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthemdeeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesignedto4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleandevenupper-incomefamiliestoo. SincethenotherrichAmericanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives.YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplansonJanuary14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000ayearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhavetopayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamiliesmakingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-andupper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudenttotakeout10topayfortheir11apolicyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvaniajustafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmissionofficialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheorshecan’taffordthefees. Noneofthatisquiteasaltruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytoluremorestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularlystate-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressiveadmissionsfiguresandreputations. Theschemesalsoprovidea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhighpricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamiliesareless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwillnotbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’sstate-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstablemightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraisecashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20.IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementasliding-feescale. 18
EveryyearNewZealanderslivinginLondoncanbeseenloadingupKombivansandheadingofftoexperiencethe"classicEuropeanholiday".ThetripusuallystartsinthenorthofFranceaftercrossingthechannelfromDoverinEnglandtoCalaisdrivingdownthroughFranceoverthePyreneesintoSpainwestintoPortugalandthenacrosstheContinenttoItalyandoftenbeyond. TherearenumerousreasonsyoungNewZealanderstakethisriteofpassage—aswellasseeingallthefantasticsightsandtastingthedelightsofEurope’sfoodandwineit’srelativelyinexpensive.TheKombiistransportandaccommodationallinonecuttingdownsignificantlyoncosts. Thereisjustoneproblem.AstheKombisbecome"antique"thesetripsareusuallypunctuatedwithnumerousroadsidesessionsasthevansitsidleinnohurrytostartwhileyouswelterinthehotsun.Butdonotletthisdeteryou.TravellingEuropeinyourownvehiclemeansnopublictransportschedulestocrampyourstyletheabilitytoexplorethequaintoff-the-beaten-trackvillageswherethe"real"localslivefreedomtonothavetobookaccommodationinadvance—youcannearlyalwaysgetacampsiteandcanloadyourvehiclewithcheapfantasticregionalwinesandsouvenirs.WiththesebonusesinmindherearesomesuggestionsforplanningthegreatEuroperoadadventure.Thekeytoapleasurabledrivingexperienceisagoodnavigatorandadriverwithacoolhead.Ifyoudonotfeelrelaxeddriving’aroundNewZealand’scitiesandhighwaysthenyouprobablywillnotenjoydrivingaroundEurope.Asco-pilottothedriveryouneedtoreadandunderstandmapslookoutforturn-offs--andkeepthemusicplaying.Languageisnotabigproblemonceafewessentialtermsaremastered.Thebiggestchallengeisinthecitieswheretrafficcanbechaoticandelaborateone-waysystemsandnarrowcobbledalleywayscanmakefindingyourdestinationhardwork.Itcanbeeasiertoleavethevehicleontheoutskirtsoftownorinacampinggroundandusepublictransport.Thisalsoavoidspayingforcostlyparking. Whatisthenationalityofthetargetreaders
EveryyearNewZealanderslivinginLondoncanbeseenloadingupKombivansandheadingofftoexperiencethe"classicEuropeanholiday".ThetripusuallystartsinthenorthofFranceaftercrossingthechannelfromDoverinEnglandtoCalaisdrivingdownthroughFranceoverthePyreneesintoSpainwestintoPortugalandthenacrosstheContinenttoItalyandoftenbeyond. TherearenumerousreasonsyoungNewZealanderstakethisriteofpassage—aswellasseeingallthefantasticsightsandtastingthedelightsofEurope’sfoodandwineit’srelativelyinexpensive.TheKombiistransportandaccommodationallinonecuttingdownsignificantlyoncosts. Thereisjustoneproblem.AstheKombisbecome"antique"thesetripsareusuallypunctuatedwithnumerousroadsidesessionsasthevansitsidleinnohurrytostartwhileyouswelterinthehotsun.Butdonotletthisdeteryou.TravellingEuropeinyourownvehiclemeansnopublictransportschedulestocrampyourstyletheabilitytoexplorethequaintoff-the-beaten-trackvillageswherethe"real"localslivefreedomtonothavetobookaccommodationinadvance—youcannearlyalwaysgetacampsiteandcanloadyourvehiclewithcheapfantasticregionalwinesandsouvenirs.WiththesebonusesinmindherearesomesuggestionsforplanningthegreatEuroperoadadventure.Thekeytoapleasurabledrivingexperienceisagoodnavigatorandadriverwithacoolhead.Ifyoudonotfeelrelaxeddriving’aroundNewZealand’scitiesandhighwaysthenyouprobablywillnotenjoydrivingaroundEurope.Asco-pilottothedriveryouneedtoreadandunderstandmapslookoutforturn-offs--andkeepthemusicplaying.Languageisnotabigproblemonceafewessentialtermsaremastered.Thebiggestchallengeisinthecitieswheretrafficcanbechaoticandelaborateone-waysystemsandnarrowcobbledalleywayscanmakefindingyourdestinationhardwork.Itcanbeeasiertoleavethevehicleontheoutskirtsoftownorinacampinggroundandusepublictransport.Thisalsoavoidspayingforcostlyparking. Accordingtothepassagethetripusuallystartsin
"Iwasjustlikeyou--I’thoughtIwasinvincible"saysAdamBlombergstandingbefore400studentsinadarkenedauditoriumatMiami’sCoralReefSeniorHighSchool.Aphotoofabloodiedandunconsciousteenagerabreathingtubeprotrudingfromhismouthflashesonthewall. "Thatwasme"hesays.There’sacollectivegaspbeforetheroomgrowssilentandBlomberg31ananesthesiologistwhotrainedatBrighamandWomen’sHospitalinBostonbeginsthestoryofwhathappenedonenightinFebruary1995. Hecreatedapresentationillustratingthedangersofbehavingirresponsiblyinacarfromnotbucklinguptospeedingtodrivingundertheinfluenceofalcoholanddrugs.Hetrackeddownphotosofteencrashvictimsfromthecenter’sarchivesthenincorporatedstatisticsandhisownexperience.HespokethefirsttimetoalocalBoyScouttroopandwassoongivinghistalk"ASurvivor’sStory"athighschoolsaroundthestate. TheBlombergfamilyhadreasontocelebrate.Adamhadfullyrecoveredandwasonhiswaytofulfillinghislifelongdreamofbecomingadoctor.ButinJanuary2000Blomberg’s22-year-oldstep-brotherMichaelwaskilledinacrashwhiledrivingtohisAtlantahomelateonenight.Hewasn’twearingaseatbelt.AftertheaccidentBlombergstoppedtellinghisstorytocrowdsrackedwithguiltoverhisinabilitytoreachMichael.IfBlomberghadfailedhisownbrotherhereasonedhowcouldhepossiblymakeadifferencetoaroomfulofstrangersRequestsfromschoolscontinuedtorollinbutheturneddowneveryone. ThenBlomberggotacallfromahighschoolcounselor.Ashestartedintohisstandardexcuse-lackoftime—helookedacrosstheroomatastackofthank-younotesfromstudentswhohadheardhimspeak.Herealizedthatkidsneededtohearwhathehadtosay.Heagreedtovisittheschoolandbegancontactingothersonthewaitinglistforhistalks. Blombergleavestheschoolhopinghehaschangedsomeone’sbehavior.Herecallsaletterhereceivedfromastudentwhoheardhimspeakandgotintoacrashlaterthatsamedaybutwasunharmed."Shetoldmeshewaswearingherseatbeltbecauseofme." Letterslikethisreinforcehisbeliefthathesurvivedtheaccidentforareason."Therearealotofphysiciansintheworldandweallsavelives"hesays."Ihaveaspecialopportunitytosavelivesnotjustasadoctorbutalsoasahumanbeing. Whichoneofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthispassage
[A]Knightacknowledgesthechallenge."Wehavetobebeautifulaswellasbig.It’snomeanfeat"saysScottBedburyformerglobaladchiefforNike."TheworsteasescenariowouldbetobecomeMicrosoft"saysKevinKelleramarketingprofessoratDuke.Bestease:belikeCoea-Cola."They’reeverywherebutnooneseemstoresentthemforit." [B]OneansweristoplaydowntheSwooshandsomeNikewatcherssayitwilldojustthat.NikeismarketingnewproductsincludingitsACGAllConditionGearlineforhikingandoutdoorstyles. [C]LastweekwasparticularlyglumatNike’sheadquartersinsuburbanPortland.Managershadwarnedoflayoffsbuthadn’trevealedanynames.OnWednesday250employeesweretoldtopackuptheirdeskswhilestunnedcolleagueslookedon. [D]PhilKnightdoesn’tspeakinpublicveryoften.Andwhenyouhearfromhimthesedayshedoesn’tsoundhappy.TalkingtoWallStreetanalystsfromhisOregonheadquarterslastweekthefounderandheadofNikeInc.didn’tmincewords:"Thisisadarkdayaroundthesehalls." [E]YetNikeisnowfacingamarketingconundrum:canyoubebigandcoolWhenTeenageResearchUnlimiteddiditslatestsurvey40percentofkidsnamedNikeasoneofthe"coolest"brandsdownfrom52percentjustsixmonthsago.KimHostetlerofPaperaNewYorkmagazinesaysthatthecoolestthingsaroundnowarebrilliantlycoloredsuedesneakersbyNewBalance.EvenAdidastorpedoedbyNikeandReebokinthe[980sisstagingacomeback. [F]Knight’sproblemswouldworryanyCEO:astockpricethathasslidtothebottomfromthetopaplungeinprofitsandwarehouseslullofshoesthataren’tselling.ButmostcriticalisapricewarthathasslicedU.S.salesandisasignthatNike’slockasthechampionof"cool"maybeweakening.AlthoughNikepridesitselfontechnicalinnovationlosingitscoolwouldbetantamounttolosingthegame. [G]Atmostcorporateofficesthatscenethoughpainfulwouldn’tbecataclysmicbutforKnightandhisemployeesevenasetbackbearstheagonyofdefeat.Nikeroseaboutashighandfastinthe1990sasanycompanycan.IttookonanewreligionofbrandconsciousnessandbrokeadvertisingsoundbarrierswithitsindelibleSwoosh"JustDoIt"slogananddeifiedsportsfigures.Nikemanagedthedeftestofmarketingtricks:tobebothanti-establishmentandmassmarkettothetuneof$2billioninsaleslastyear. Order: [D]→41.______→42.______→43.______→44.______→45.______→[B] 42
Weakdollarorno$46000-thepriceforasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvardYard-is1Butnowadayscostis2barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidablefinancial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthemdeeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesignedto4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleandevenupper-incomefamiliestoo. SincethenotherrichAmericanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives.YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplansonJanuary14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000ayearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhavetopayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamiliesmakingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-andupper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudenttotakeout10topayfortheir11apolicyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvaniajustafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmissionofficialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheorshecan’taffordthefees. Noneofthatisquiteasaltruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytoluremorestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularlystate-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressiveadmissionsfiguresandreputations. Theschemesalsoprovidea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhighpricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamiliesareless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwillnotbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’sstate-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstablemightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraisecashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20.IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementasliding-feescale. 4
Thereareanumberofformatsforreportingresearchsuchasarticlestoappearinjournalsreportsaddressedtofundingagenciesthesesordissertationsaspartoftherequirementsforuniversitydegreesandpaperstobepresentedatconferences.Theseformatsdifferfromoneanothermostlyintheirpurposesandtheaudienceswhomtheyaddress.Wewillnowbrieflydescribethem. Thejournalarticleisawayofreportingresearchforprofessionaljournalsoreditedcollections.Theresearchisreportinginabriefyetinformativewayfocusingmostlyonthemainfeaturesoftheresearchsuchasthepurposereviewoftheliteratureoftenreferredtoas"background"proceduresusedforcarryingouttheresearchaccompaniedbytableschartsandgraphsandinterpretationsoftheresultsoftenreferredtoasdiscussion. Thecontentandemphasisofthejournalarticlewillvaryaccordingtotheintendedreadersresearchorpractitionersanditisimportantfortheresearchertobeawareofthebackgroundandinterestofthereadersofthejournal.ArticlesintendedtobereadbypractitionerswillemphasizethepracticalimplicationsandrecommendationsoftheresearchwhilearticlesintendedtobereadbyresearcherswilldescribeindetailthemethodusedtocollectdatatheconstructionofdatacollectionproceduresandthetechniquesusedforanalyzingthedataItisimportantforthenoviceresearchertobeawareofthefactthatarticlessubmittedtojournalsgothroughaprocessofevaluationbyexpertswhomakeajudgmentandrecommendwhethertheyshouldbepublishedornot. Thethesisordissertationisaformatforreportingresearchwhichgraduatestudentswriteaspartoffulfillingtherequirementsforanadvancedacademicdegree.Thestudentisexpectedtodescribeingreatdetailallthephasesoftheresearchsoitcanbeexaminedandevaluatedcarefullybythereader.Thusthethesisordissertationincludesthepurposeandsignificanceofthestudytherationaleathoroughreviewoftheliteraturedetailedinformationastotheresearchtoolsandtheproceduresinvolvedintheirdevelopmentadescriptionofdataanalysisandtheresultsandaninterpretationoftheresultsintheformofconclusionsimplicationsandrecommendation.Thisdetaileddescriptionoftheprocessoftheresearchisneededtoprovidetheprofessorswithanindicationofthestudent’sabilitytocarryoutresearch. Theconferencepaperisawayofreportingresearchatconferencesseminarsandcolloquia.Atsuchmeetingsresearchpapersareusuallypresentedorally.Theyaresimilartotheresearcharticlesinceresearchisreportedinaconciseyetinformativewayfocusingonthemostessentialelementsoftheresearch.Handoutsandtransparenciescanalsoaccompanythepresentations.Aswiththeresearcharticleheretoothecontentandemphasisoftheoralreportwilldependtoalargeextentonthetypeofaudiencepresentatthemeetingandwhethertheyareresearchersorpractitioners. Thecommonaspectforthejournalarticlestheseandconferencepapersliesinthat
Weakdollarorno$46000-thepriceforasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvardYard-is1Butnowadayscostis2barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidablefinancial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthemdeeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesignedto4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleandevenupper-incomefamiliestoo. SincethenotherrichAmericanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives.YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplansonJanuary14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000ayearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhavetopayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamiliesmakingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-andupper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudenttotakeout10topayfortheir11apolicyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvaniajustafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmissionofficialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheorshecan’taffordthefees. Noneofthatisquiteasaltruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytoluremorestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularlystate-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressiveadmissionsfiguresandreputations. Theschemesalsoprovidea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhighpricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamiliesareless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwillnotbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’sstate-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstablemightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraisecashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20.IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementasliding-feescale. 2
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