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Soot煤烟灰andSnow:aHotCombination NewreasearchfromNASAscientistssuggestsemissionsofblacksootafterthewaysunlightreflectsoffsnow.Accordingtoacomputersimulationblacksootmayberesponsiblefor25percentofobservedglobalwarmingoverthepastcentury. Sootinthehigherlatitudes维度oftheEarthwhereiceismorecommonabsorbsmoreofthesun’senergyandwarmththananicywhitebackground.Dark-coloredblackcarbonorsootabsorbssunlightwhilelightercoloredicereflectssunlight. Sootinareaswithsnowandicemayplayanimportantroleinclimatechange.Alsoifsnowandicecoveredareasbeginmeltingthewarmingeffectincreaseasthesootbecomesmoreconcentratedonthesnowsurface.Thisprovidesapositivefeedbackasglaciersandicesheetsmelttheytendtogetevendirtier.saidDr.JamesHansenaresearcheratNASA’sGoddardInstituteforSpaceStudiesNewYork. Hansenfoundsoot’seffectonsnowalbedo反照率whichmaybecontributingtotrendstowardearlyspringsintheNorthernHemispheresuchasthinninbgArcticseaiceandmeltingglacierspermafrost.Sootalsoisbelievedtoplayaroleinchangesintheatmosphereabovetheoceansandland. BlackcarbonreducestheamountofenergyreflectedbysnowbackintospacethusheadingthesnowsurfacemorethaniftherewerenoblackcarbonHansensaid.Soot’sincreasedabsorptionofsolarenergyisespeciallyeffecntiveinwarmingtheworld’sclimate.Thisforcingisunusuallyeffectivecausingtwiceasmuchglobalwarmingasacarbon-dioxideforcingofthesamemagnitude.Hansennoted. Hansencautionedalthoughtheroleofsootinalteringglobalclimateissubstantialitdoesnotalterthefactthatgreenhousegasesaretheprimarycauseofclimatewarmingduringthepastcentury.Suchgasesareexpectedtobithelargestclimateforcingfortherestofthecentury. TheresearchersfoundthatobservedwarmingintheNorthernHermispherewaslargeinthewinterandspringatmiddleandhighlatitudes.Theseobservationswerecoherentwiththeresearchers’climatemodelsituationswhichshowedsomeofthelargestwarmingeffectsoccurredwhentherewereheavysnowcoverandsufficientsunlight.WhichofthefollowingstatementsofsootisNOTtrue?
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Soot煤烟灰andSnow:aHotCombination NewreasearchfromNASAscientistssuggestsemissionsofblacksootafterthewaysunlightreflectsoffsnow.Accordingtoacomputersimulationblacksootmayberesponsiblefor25percentofobservedglobalwarmingoverthepastcentury. Sootinthehigherlatitudes维度oftheEarthwhereiceismorecommonabsorbsmoreofthesun’senergyandwarmththananicywhitebackground.Dark-coloredblackcarbonorsootabsorbssunlightwhilelightercoloredicereflectssunlight. Sootinareaswithsnowandicemayplayanimportantroleinclimatechange.Alsoifsnowandicecoveredareasbeginmeltingthewarmingeffectincreaseasthesootbecomesmoreconcentratedonthesnowsurface.Thisprovidesapositivefeedbackasglaciersandicesheetsmelttheytendtogetevendirtier.saidDr.JamesHansenaresearcheratNASA’sGoddardInstituteforSpaceStudiesNewYork. Hansenfoundsoot’seffectonsnowalbedo反照率whichmaybecontributingtotrendstowardearlyspringsintheNorthernHemispheresuchasthinninbgArcticseaiceandmeltingglacierspermafrost.Sootalsoisbelievedtoplayaroleinchangesintheatmosphereabovetheoceansandland. BlackcarbonreducestheamountofenergyreflectedbysnowbackintospacethusheadingthesnowsurfacemorethaniftherewerenoblackcarbonHansensaid.Soot’sincreasedabsorptionofsolarenergyisespeciallyeffecntiveinwarmingtheworld’sclimate.Thisforcingisunusuallyeffectivecausingtwiceasmuchglobalwarmingasacarbon-dioxideforcingofthesamemagnitude.Hansennoted. Hansencautionedalthoughtheroleofsootinalteringglobalclimateissubstantialitdoesnotalterthefactthatgreenhousegasesaretheprimarycauseofclimatewarmingduringthepastcentury.Suchgasesareexpectedtobithelargestclimateforcingfortherestofthecentury. TheresearchersfoundthatobservedwarmingintheNorthernHermispherewaslargeinthewinterandspringatmiddleandhighlatitudes.Theseobservationswerecoherentwiththeresearchers’climatemodelsituationswhichshowedsomeofthelargestwarmingeffectsoccurredwhentherewereheavysnowcoverandsufficientsunlight.ThisforcinginParagraph5refersto?
WhyBuyShade-GrownCoffee? Whenpeopleargueaboutwhethercoffeeisgoodforhealththey’reusuallythinkingofthehealthofthecoffeedrinker.Isitfoodforyourheart?Doesitincreasebloodpressure?Doesithelpyouconcentrate?Howevercoffeeaffectsthehealthofthehumanpopulationinotherwaystoo. Traditionallycoffeebusheswereplantedunderthecanopy树冠oftallerindigenous土生土长的trees.HowevermoreandmorefarmersinLatinAmericaaredeforestingthelandtogrowfull-suncoffees.Atfirstthisincreasesproductionbecausemorecoffeebushescanbeplantediftherearen’tanytrees.Withincreasedproductioncomeincreasedprofits. Unfortunatelydeforestingforcoffeeproductionimmediatelydecreaseslocal-wildlifehabitat.Nativebirdsnestandhidefrompredators捕食者inthetalltreesandmigratingbirdsrestthere. Furthermoreinthelongtermthefull-sunmethodalsodamagestheecosystembecausemorechemicalfertilizersandpesticidesareneededtogrowthecoffee.Thefertilizersandpesticideskillinsectsthateatcoffeeplantbutthenthebirdseatthepoisonedinsectsandalsodie.Thechemicalskillorsickenotheranimalsaswellandcanevenenterthewaterthatpeoplewilleventuallydrink. FortunatelyfarmersinCentralandSouthAmericaarebeginningtogrowmorecoffeebushesintheshade.Wecansupportthesefarmersbybuyingcoffeewithsuchlabelsasshadegrownandbirdfriendly.Surethesevarietiesmightcostalittlemore.Butwe’repayingforthehealthofthebirdsthelandourselvesandtheplanet.Ithinkit’sworthit. ThefunctionofthewordTraditionallyinParagraph2istoshow_____.
RescuePlatform IntheaftermathoftheterroristattacksontheWorldTradeCentersecurityexpertsaretryingtodevelopnewwaysofrescuingpeoplefromburningskyscrapers.One_____51isaplatformcapableofflyingverticallyandhoveringintheair_____52ahelicopter.Theplatformwouldriseupanddownalongsideaskyscraperandpickuppeople_____53inhighstories. Theideaforverticaltakeoffplatformwashatched策划morethantenyearsagobyaRussianaerospaceengineerDavidMetreveliwhohassincemovedtoIsrael.Metreveli’sdesign_____54theEaglecallsfortwojetenginesthat_____55fourlargehorizontalpropellers.Thespinningofthepropellers_____56thenecessaryliftorupwardforcetoraisetheplatform.Themore_____57issuppliedtothepropellersthehighertheplatform_____58.Movingtheplatformsidewaysinvolves_____59differingamountsofpowertoeachpropeller. Helicoptersarenowusedinsome_____60togetpeopleoutofburningbuilding.Escapebasketsslungfromthemdanglebesidethebuildingforpeopletoclimbinto._____61thebasketscannotreacheveryfloorofabuilding_____62theropesfromwhichtheyhangbecomeunstable_____63acertainlength. SofarMetrevelihasbuiltasmall-scalemodeloftheEagleto_____64hisidea.InthewakeofSeptember11hehasbeenabletosecureenoughfundingtostartbuildingalarger4-meterby4-meterprototype_____65hecallstheEaglet.
RescuePlatform IntheaftermathoftheterroristattacksontheWorldTradeCentersecurityexpertsaretryingtodevelopnewwaysofrescuingpeoplefromburningskyscrapers.One_____51isaplatformcapableofflyingverticallyandhoveringintheair_____52ahelicopter.Theplatformwouldriseupanddownalongsideaskyscraperandpickuppeople_____53inhighstories. Theideaforverticaltakeoffplatformwashatched策划morethantenyearsagobyaRussianaerospaceengineerDavidMetreveliwhohassincemovedtoIsrael.Metreveli’sdesign_____54theEaglecallsfortwojetenginesthat_____55fourlargehorizontalpropellers.Thespinningofthepropellers_____56thenecessaryliftorupwardforcetoraisetheplatform.Themore_____57issuppliedtothepropellersthehighertheplatform_____58.Movingtheplatformsidewaysinvolves_____59differingamountsofpowertoeachpropeller. Helicoptersarenowusedinsome_____60togetpeopleoutofburningbuilding.Escapebasketsslungfromthemdanglebesidethebuildingforpeopletoclimbinto._____61thebasketscannotreacheveryfloorofabuilding_____62theropesfromwhichtheyhangbecomeunstable_____63acertainlength. SofarMetrevelihasbuiltasmall-scalemodeloftheEagleto_____64hisidea.InthewakeofSeptember11hehasbeenabletosecureenoughfundingtostartbuildingalarger4-meterby4-meterprototype_____65hecallstheEaglet.
ExploreJordanWadiRumisthenamegiventoavalleycutintothesandstoneandhardrockinsouthwestJordan._____46ThenameRummostlikelycomesfromanAramaicwordmeaning“high”or“elevated”TheareaaroundWadiRumisnowalsooneofJordan’smostimportanttouristdestinationsandattractsanincreasingnumberofforeigntouristsparticularlytrekkers越野者butalsoforcamelsafaris旅行orsimplyday-trippersfromAqabaorPetra.IncontrasttherearealmostnolocalorArabtouriststhroughPopularactivitiesinthedesertenvironmentincludecampingunderthestarsridingArabhorsesandrock-climbingamongstthemassiverockformations.JebalRumJebalmeansmountainis1574metresabovesealevel._____47.ButJordanisnotsimplyadesertenvironment——italsocontainstheareawhichisthelowestpointtothefaceoftheEarth——theincredibleDeadSeapopularwithtouristsforswimming._____48OncethewatersreachtheDeadSeatheyarelandlockedandhavenowheretogosotheyevaporateleavingbehindadenserichcocktail混合的ofsaltsandmineralsthatsupplyindustryagricultureinwaterspatreatmentsandwatertherapies.TheDeadSeaislocatedinthesyro-AfricanRifta4000-milefaultlineintheEarth’scrust.ThelowestpointofdrylandonEarthistheshorelineoftheDeadSeaat1300feetbelowsealevel.Becausethelakeisatthelowestpointthismeansthatwaterdoesnotdrainfromit._____49FiguresfortheDeadSea’ssalinity盐度todayrangefrom25%to35%.ButthegreatesttouristattractionistheincrediblecityofPetra._____50ItisavastuniquecitycarvedintothesheerrockfacebytheNabataeansanindustriousArabpeoplewhosettledheremorethan2000yearsagoturingitintoanimportantjunctionforthesilkspiceandothertraderoutesthatlinkedChinaIndiaandsouthernArabiawithEgyptSyriaGreeceandRome.Todayvisitorscanmarvelatthearchitectureandexplorelifeasitwasthousandsofyearsago. 49
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1NewresearchpublishedtodayinthejournalNatureCommunicationshasdemonstratedhowglasscanbemanipulatedtocreateamaterialthatwillallowcomputerstotransferinformationusinglight.Thisdevelopmentcouldsignificantlyincreasecomputerprocessingspeedsandpowerinthefuture.2TheresearchbytheUniversityofSurreyincollaborationwiththeUniversityofCambridgeandtheUniversityofSouthamptonhasfounditispossibletochangetheelectronicpropertiesofamorphouschalcogenidesaglassmaterialintegraltodatatechnologiessuchasCDsandDVDs.Byusingatechniquecallediondopingtheteamofresearchershavediscoveredamaterialthatcoulduselighttobringtogetherdifferentcomputingfunctionsintoonecomponentleadingtoall-opticalsystems.3Computerscurrentlyuseelectronstotransferinformationandprocessapplications.Ontheotherhanddatasourcessuchastheinternetrelyonopticalsystems;thetransferofinformationusinglight.Opticalfibresareusedtosendinformationaroundtheworldatthespeedoflightbutthesesignalsthenhavetobeconvertedtoelectricalsignalsoncetheyreachacomputercausingasignificantslowdowninprocessing.4"Thechallengeistofindasinglematerialthatcaneffectivelyuseandcontrollighttocarryinformationaroundacomputer.Muchlikehowthewebuseslighttodeliverinformationwewanttouselighttobothdeliverandprocesscomputerdata"saidprojectleaderDrRichardCurryoftheUniversityofSurrey.5"Thishaseludedresearchersfordecadesbutnowwehavenowshownhowawidelyusedglasscanbemanipulatedtoconductnegativeelectronsaswellaspositivechargescreatingwhatareknownas’pn-junction’devices.Thisshouldenablethematerialtoactasalightsourcealightguideandalightdetector-somethingthatcancarryandinterpretopticalinformation.Indoingsothiscouldtransformthecomputersoftomorrowallowingthemtoeffectivelyprocessinformationatmuchfasterspeeds."6Theresearchersexpectthattheresultsofthisresearchwillbeintegratedintocomputerswithintenyears.Intheshorttermtheglassisalreadybeingdevelopedandusedinnext-generationcomputermemorytechnologyknownasCRAMwhichmayultimatelybeintegratedwiththeadvancesreported. Currentcomputerstransferinformationusing
RescuePlatform IntheaftermathoftheterroristattacksontheWorldTradeCentersecurityexpertsaretryingtodevelopnewwaysofrescuingpeoplefromburningskyscrapers.One_____51isaplatformcapableofflyingverticallyandhoveringintheair_____52ahelicopter.Theplatformwouldriseupanddownalongsideaskyscraperandpickuppeople_____53inhighstories. Theideaforverticaltakeoffplatformwashatched策划morethantenyearsagobyaRussianaerospaceengineerDavidMetreveliwhohassincemovedtoIsrael.Metreveli’sdesign_____54theEaglecallsfortwojetenginesthat_____55fourlargehorizontalpropellers.Thespinningofthepropellers_____56thenecessaryliftorupwardforcetoraisetheplatform.Themore_____57issuppliedtothepropellersthehighertheplatform_____58.Movingtheplatformsidewaysinvolves_____59differingamountsofpowertoeachpropeller. Helicoptersarenowusedinsome_____60togetpeopleoutofburningbuilding.Escapebasketsslungfromthemdanglebesidethebuildingforpeopletoclimbinto._____61thebasketscannotreacheveryfloorofabuilding_____62theropesfromwhichtheyhangbecomeunstable_____63acertainlength. SofarMetrevelihasbuiltasmall-scalemodeloftheEagleto_____64hisidea.InthewakeofSeptember11hehasbeenabletosecureenoughfundingtostartbuildingalarger4-meterby4-meterprototype_____65hecallstheEaglet.
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RescuePlatform IntheaftermathoftheterroristattacksontheWorldTradeCentersecurityexpertsaretryingtodevelopnewwaysofrescuingpeoplefromburningskyscrapers.One_____51isaplatformcapableofflyingverticallyandhoveringintheair_____52ahelicopter.Theplatformwouldriseupanddownalongsideaskyscraperandpickuppeople_____53inhighstories. Theideaforverticaltakeoffplatformwashatched策划morethantenyearsagobyaRussianaerospaceengineerDavidMetreveliwhohassincemovedtoIsrael.Metreveli’sdesign_____54theEaglecallsfortwojetenginesthat_____55fourlargehorizontalpropellers.Thespinningofthepropellers_____56thenecessaryliftorupwardforcetoraisetheplatform.Themore_____57issuppliedtothepropellersthehighertheplatform_____58.Movingtheplatformsidewaysinvolves_____59differingamountsofpowertoeachpropeller. Helicoptersarenowusedinsome_____60togetpeopleoutofburningbuilding.Escapebasketsslungfromthemdanglebesidethebuildingforpeopletoclimbinto._____61thebasketscannotreacheveryfloorofabuilding_____62theropesfromwhichtheyhangbecomeunstable_____63acertainlength. SofarMetrevelihasbuiltasmall-scalemodeloftheEagleto_____64hisidea.InthewakeofSeptember11hehasbeenabletosecureenoughfundingtostartbuildingalarger4-meterby4-meterprototype_____65hecallstheEaglet.
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第一篇ApproachestoUnderstandingIntelligences Itpaystobesmartbutwearenotallsmartinthesameway.Youmaybeatalentedmusicianbutyoumightnotbeagoodreader.Eachofusisdifferent. Psychologistsdisagreeaboutwhatisintelligenceandwhataretalentsorpersonalabilities.Psychologistshavetwodifferentviewsonintelligence.Somebelievethereisonegeneralintelligence.Othersbelievetherearemanydifferentintelligences. SomepsychologistssaythereisonetypeofintelligencethatcanbemeasuredwithIQtests.Thesepsychologistssupporttheirviewwithresearchthatconcludesthatpeoplewhodowellononekindoftestformentalabilitydowellonothertests.Theydowellontestsusingwordsnumbersorpictures.Theydowellonindividualorgrouptestsandwrittenororaltests.Thosewhodopoorlyononetestdothesameonalltests. Studiesofthebrainshowthatthereisabiologicalbasisforgeneralintelligence.Thebrainofintelligencepeopleuselessenergyduringproblemsolving.Thebrainwavesofpeoplewithhigherintelligenceshowaquickerreaction.Someresearchersconcludethatdifferencesinintelligenceresultfromdifferencesinthespeedandeffectivenessofinformationprocessingbythebrain. HowardGardnerapsychologistattheHarvardSchoolofEducationhasfourchildren.Hebelievesthatallchildrenaredifferentandshouldn’tbetestedbyoneintelligencetest.AlthoughGardnerbelievesgeneralintelligenceexistshedoesn’tthinkittellsmuchaboutthetalentsofapersonoutsideofformalschooling.Hethinkthatthehumanmindhasdifferentintelligences.Theseintelligencesallowustosolvethekindsofproblemswearepresentedwithinlife.Eachofushasdifferentabilitieswithintheseintelligences.Gardnerbelievesthatthepurposeofschoolshouldbetoencouragedevelopmentofallofourintelligences. Gardnersaysthathistheoryisbasedonbiology.ForexamplewhenonepartoftheBrainisinjuredotherpartsofthebrainstillwork.PeoplewhocannottalkbecauseofBraindamagecanstillsing.Sothereisnotjustoneintelligencetolose.Gardnerhasidentified8differentkindsofintelligence;linguisticmathematicalspatialmusicalinterpersonalintrapersonalbody-kinesthetic身体动觉的andnaturalistic. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueconcerninggeneralintelligence?
RescuePlatform IntheaftermathoftheterroristattacksontheWorldTradeCentersecurityexpertsaretryingtodevelopnewwaysofrescuingpeoplefromburningskyscrapers.One_____51isaplatformcapableofflyingverticallyandhoveringintheair_____52ahelicopter.Theplatformwouldriseupanddownalongsideaskyscraperandpickuppeople_____53inhighstories. Theideaforverticaltakeoffplatformwashatched策划morethantenyearsagobyaRussianaerospaceengineerDavidMetreveliwhohassincemovedtoIsrael.Metreveli’sdesign_____54theEaglecallsfortwojetenginesthat_____55fourlargehorizontalpropellers.Thespinningofthepropellers_____56thenecessaryliftorupwardforcetoraisetheplatform.Themore_____57issuppliedtothepropellersthehighertheplatform_____58.Movingtheplatformsidewaysinvolves_____59differingamountsofpowertoeachpropeller. Helicoptersarenowusedinsome_____60togetpeopleoutofburningbuilding.Escapebasketsslungfromthemdanglebesidethebuildingforpeopletoclimbinto._____61thebasketscannotreacheveryfloorofabuilding_____62theropesfromwhichtheyhangbecomeunstable_____63acertainlength. SofarMetrevelihasbuiltasmall-scalemodeloftheEagleto_____64hisidea.InthewakeofSeptember11hehasbeenabletosecureenoughfundingtostartbuildingalarger4-meterby4-meterprototype_____65hecallstheEaglet.
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第一篇ApproachestoUnderstandingIntelligences Itpaystobesmartbutwearenotallsmartinthesameway.Youmaybeatalentedmusicianbutyoumightnotbeagoodreader.Eachofusisdifferent. Psychologistsdisagreeaboutwhatisintelligenceandwhataretalentsorpersonalabilities.Psychologistshavetwodifferentviewsonintelligence.Somebelievethereisonegeneralintelligence.Othersbelievetherearemanydifferentintelligences. SomepsychologistssaythereisonetypeofintelligencethatcanbemeasuredwithIQtests.Thesepsychologistssupporttheirviewwithresearchthatconcludesthatpeoplewhodowellononekindoftestformentalabilitydowellonothertests.Theydowellontestsusingwordsnumbersorpictures.Theydowellonindividualorgrouptestsandwrittenororaltests.Thosewhodopoorlyononetestdothesameonalltests. Studiesofthebrainshowthatthereisabiologicalbasisforgeneralintelligence.Thebrainofintelligencepeopleuselessenergyduringproblemsolving.Thebrainwavesofpeoplewithhigherintelligenceshowaquickerreaction.Someresearchersconcludethatdifferencesinintelligenceresultfromdifferencesinthespeedandeffectivenessofinformationprocessingbythebrain. HowardGardnerapsychologistattheHarvardSchoolofEducationhasfourchildren.Hebelievesthatallchildrenaredifferentandshouldn’tbetestedbyoneintelligencetest.AlthoughGardnerbelievesgeneralintelligenceexistshedoesn’tthinkittellsmuchaboutthetalentsofapersonoutsideofformalschooling.Hethinkthatthehumanmindhasdifferentintelligences.Theseintelligencesallowustosolvethekindsofproblemswearepresentedwithinlife.Eachofushasdifferentabilitieswithintheseintelligences.Gardnerbelievesthatthepurposeofschoolshouldbetoencouragedevelopmentofallofourintelligences. Gardnersaysthathistheoryisbasedonbiology.ForexamplewhenonepartoftheBrainisinjuredotherpartsofthebrainstillwork.PeoplewhocannottalkbecauseofBraindamagecanstillsing.Sothereisnotjustoneintelligencetolose.Gardnerhasidentified8differentkindsofintelligence;linguisticmathematicalspatialmusicalinterpersonalintrapersonalbody-kinesthetic身体动觉的andnaturalistic. AccordingtoGardnerschoolsshould________.
SoMany’Earths’ TheMilkyWay银河containsbillionsofEarth-sizedplanetsthatcouldsupportlifethat’sthefindingofanewstudy.ItdrawsondatethatcamefromNASA’stopplanet-huntingtelescope. AmechanicalfailurerecentlyputthatKeplerspacetelescopeoutofservice.Keplerhadplayedabigroleincreatingacensusofplanetsorbitingsome170000stars.Itsdatahavebeenhelpingastronomerspredicthowcommonplanetsareinourgalaxy.ThetelescopefocusedonhuntingplanetsthatmighthaveconditionssimilartothoseonEarth. TheauthorsofastudypublishedinTheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofsciencesconcludethatbetween14and30outofevery100starswithamassandtemperaturesimilartotheSunmayhostaplanetthatcouldsupportlifeasweknowit.SuchaplanetwouldhaveadiameteratleastaslargeasEarth’sbutnomorethantwicethatbig.Theplanetalsowouldhavetoorbitinastar’shabitablezone.That’swherethesurfacetemperaturewouldallowanywatertoexistasaliquid. Thenewestimateofhowmanyplanetsmightfittheseconditionscomesfromstudyingmorethan42000starsandidentifyingsuitableworldsorbitingthem.Thescientistsusedthosenumberstoextrapolate推算totherestofthestarsthatthetelescopecouldnotsee. Theestimateisroughtheauthorsadmit.IfappliedtothesolarsystemitwoulddefineashabitableazonestartingasclosetotheSunasVenusandrunningtoasfarawayasMars.NeitherplanetisEarthlikealthougheithermighthavebeeninthedistantpast.Usingtighterlimitstheresearchersestimatethatbetween4and8outofevery100SunlikestarscouldhostanEarth-sizedworld.Theseareonesthatwouldtake200to400daystocompleteayearlyorbit. Fouroutofevery100sunlikestarsdoesn’tsoundlikeabignumber.ItwouldmeanhoweverthattheMilkyWaycouldhostmorethanabillionEarth-sizedplanetswithachangeforlife. TheplanetthatcouldsupportlifemightbealittlebitsmallerthanEarth.
WhyBuyShade-GrownCoffee? Whenpeopleargueaboutwhethercoffeeisgoodforhealththey’reusuallythinkingofthehealthofthecoffeedrinker.Isitfoodforyourheart?Doesitincreasebloodpressure?Doesithelpyouconcentrate?Howevercoffeeaffectsthehealthofthehumanpopulationinotherwaystoo. Traditionallycoffeebusheswereplantedunderthecanopy树冠oftallerindigenous土生土长的trees.HowevermoreandmorefarmersinLatinAmericaaredeforestingthelandtogrowfull-suncoffees.Atfirstthisincreasesproductionbecausemorecoffeebushescanbeplantediftherearen’tanytrees.Withincreasedproductioncomeincreasedprofits. Unfortunatelydeforestingforcoffeeproductionimmediatelydecreaseslocal-wildlifehabitat.Nativebirdsnestandhidefrompredators捕食者inthetalltreesandmigratingbirdsrestthere. Furthermoreinthelongtermthefull-sunmethodalsodamagestheecosystembecausemorechemicalfertilizersandpesticidesareneededtogrowthecoffee.Thefertilizersandpesticideskillinsectsthateatcoffeeplantbutthenthebirdseatthepoisonedinsectsandalsodie.Thechemicalskillorsickenotheranimalsaswellandcanevenenterthewaterthatpeoplewilleventuallydrink. FortunatelyfarmersinCentralandSouthAmericaarebeginningtogrowmorecoffeebushesintheshade.Wecansupportthesefarmersbybuyingcoffeewithsuchlabelsasshadegrownandbirdfriendly.Surethesevarietiesmightcostalittlemore.Butwe’repayingforthehealthofthebirdsthelandourselvesandtheplanet.Ithinkit’sworthit. Howdofarmersfindmorelandforgrowingfull-suncoffee?
Soot煤烟灰andSnow:aHotCombination NewreasearchfromNASAscientistssuggestsemissionsofblacksootafterthewaysunlightreflectsoffsnow.Accordingtoacomputersimulationblacksootmayberesponsiblefor25percentofobservedglobalwarmingoverthepastcentury. Sootinthehigherlatitudes维度oftheEarthwhereiceismorecommonabsorbsmoreofthesun’senergyandwarmththananicywhitebackground.Dark-coloredblackcarbonorsootabsorbssunlightwhilelightercoloredicereflectssunlight. Sootinareaswithsnowandicemayplayanimportantroleinclimatechange.Alsoifsnowandicecoveredareasbeginmeltingthewarmingeffectincreaseasthesootbecomesmoreconcentratedonthesnowsurface.Thisprovidesapositivefeedbackasglaciersandicesheetsmelttheytendtogetevendirtier.saidDr.JamesHansenaresearcheratNASA’sGoddardInstituteforSpaceStudiesNewYork. Hansenfoundsoot’seffectonsnowalbedo反照率whichmaybecontributingtotrendstowardearlyspringsintheNorthernHemispheresuchasthinninbgArcticseaiceandmeltingglacierspermafrost.Sootalsoisbelievedtoplayaroleinchangesintheatmosphereabovetheoceansandland. BlackcarbonreducestheamountofenergyreflectedbysnowbackintospacethusheadingthesnowsurfacemorethaniftherewerenoblackcarbonHansensaid.Soot’sincreasedabsorptionofsolarenergyisespeciallyeffecntiveinwarmingtheworld’sclimate.Thisforcingisunusuallyeffectivecausingtwiceasmuchglobalwarmingasacarbon-dioxideforcingofthesamemagnitude.Hansennoted. Hansencautionedalthoughtheroleofsootinalteringglobalclimateissubstantialitdoesnotalterthefactthatgreenhousegasesaretheprimarycauseofclimatewarmingduringthepastcentury.Suchgasesareexpectedtobithelargestclimateforcingfortherestofthecentury. TheresearchersfoundthatobservedwarmingintheNorthernHermispherewaslargeinthewinterandspringatmiddleandhighlatitudes.Theseobservationswerecoherentwiththeresearchers’climatemodelsituationswhichshowedsomeofthelargestwarmingeffectsoccurredwhentherewereheavysnowcoverandsufficientsunlight.ThelargestwarmingeffectshappenedintheNorthernHemispherewith
1NewresearchpublishedtodayinthejournalNatureCommunicationshasdemonstratedhowglasscanbemanipulatedtocreateamaterialthatwillallowcomputerstotransferinformationusinglight.Thisdevelopmentcouldsignificantlyincreasecomputerprocessingspeedsandpowerinthefuture.2TheresearchbytheUniversityofSurreyincollaborationwiththeUniversityofCambridgeandtheUniversityofSouthamptonhasfounditispossibletochangetheelectronicpropertiesofamorphouschalcogenidesaglassmaterialintegraltodatatechnologiessuchasCDsandDVDs.Byusingatechniquecallediondopingtheteamofresearchershavediscoveredamaterialthatcoulduselighttobringtogetherdifferentcomputingfunctionsintoonecomponentleadingtoall-opticalsystems.3Computerscurrentlyuseelectronstotransferinformationandprocessapplications.Ontheotherhanddatasourcessuchastheinternetrelyonopticalsystems;thetransferofinformationusinglight.Opticalfibresareusedtosendinformationaroundtheworldatthespeedoflightbutthesesignalsthenhavetobeconvertedtoelectricalsignalsoncetheyreachacomputercausingasignificantslowdowninprocessing.4"Thechallengeistofindasinglematerialthatcaneffectivelyuseandcontrollighttocarryinformationaroundacomputer.Muchlikehowthewebuseslighttodeliverinformationwewanttouselighttobothdeliverandprocesscomputerdata"saidprojectleaderDrRichardCurryoftheUniversityofSurrey.5"Thishaseludedresearchersfordecadesbutnowwehavenowshownhowawidelyusedglasscanbemanipulatedtoconductnegativeelectronsaswellaspositivechargescreatingwhatareknownas’pn-junction’devices.Thisshouldenablethematerialtoactasalightsourcealightguideandalightdetector-somethingthatcancarryandinterpretopticalinformation.Indoingsothiscouldtransformthecomputersoftomorrowallowingthemtoeffectivelyprocessinformationatmuchfasterspeeds."6Theresearchersexpectthattheresultsofthisresearchwillbeintegratedintocomputerswithintenyears.Intheshorttermtheglassisalreadybeingdevelopedandusedinnext-generationcomputermemorytechnologyknownasCRAMwhichmayultimatelybeintegratedwiththeadvancesreported. Glassisusedintheresearchtocarryandprocess.
RescuePlatform IntheaftermathoftheterroristattacksontheWorldTradeCentersecurityexpertsaretryingtodevelopnewwaysofrescuingpeoplefromburningskyscrapers.One_____51isaplatformcapableofflyingverticallyandhoveringintheair_____52ahelicopter.Theplatformwouldriseupanddownalongsideaskyscraperandpickuppeople_____53inhighstories. Theideaforverticaltakeoffplatformwashatched策划morethantenyearsagobyaRussianaerospaceengineerDavidMetreveliwhohassincemovedtoIsrael.Metreveli’sdesign_____54theEaglecallsfortwojetenginesthat_____55fourlargehorizontalpropellers.Thespinningofthepropellers_____56thenecessaryliftorupwardforcetoraisetheplatform.Themore_____57issuppliedtothepropellersthehighertheplatform_____58.Movingtheplatformsidewaysinvolves_____59differingamountsofpowertoeachpropeller. Helicoptersarenowusedinsome_____60togetpeopleoutofburningbuilding.Escapebasketsslungfromthemdanglebesidethebuildingforpeopletoclimbinto._____61thebasketscannotreacheveryfloorofabuilding_____62theropesfromwhichtheyhangbecomeunstable_____63acertainlength. SofarMetrevelihasbuiltasmall-scalemodeloftheEagleto_____64hisidea.InthewakeofSeptember11hehasbeenabletosecureenoughfundingtostartbuildingalarger4-meterby4-meterprototype_____65hecallstheEaglet.
SoMany’Earths’ TheMilkyWay银河containsbillionsofEarth-sizedplanetsthatcouldsupportlifethat’sthefindingofanewstudy.ItdrawsondatethatcamefromNASA’stopplanet-huntingtelescope. AmechanicalfailurerecentlyputthatKeplerspacetelescopeoutofservice.Keplerhadplayedabigroleincreatingacensusofplanetsorbitingsome170000stars.Itsdatahavebeenhelpingastronomerspredicthowcommonplanetsareinourgalaxy.ThetelescopefocusedonhuntingplanetsthatmighthaveconditionssimilartothoseonEarth. TheauthorsofastudypublishedinTheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofsciencesconcludethatbetween14and30outofevery100starswithamassandtemperaturesimilartotheSunmayhostaplanetthatcouldsupportlifeasweknowit.SuchaplanetwouldhaveadiameteratleastaslargeasEarth’sbutnomorethantwicethatbig.Theplanetalsowouldhavetoorbitinastar’shabitablezone.That’swherethesurfacetemperaturewouldallowanywatertoexistasaliquid. Thenewestimateofhowmanyplanetsmightfittheseconditionscomesfromstudyingmorethan42000starsandidentifyingsuitableworldsorbitingthem.Thescientistsusedthosenumberstoextrapolate推算totherestofthestarsthatthetelescopecouldnotsee. Theestimateisroughtheauthorsadmit.IfappliedtothesolarsystemitwoulddefineashabitableazonestartingasclosetotheSunasVenusandrunningtoasfarawayasMars.NeitherplanetisEarthlikealthougheithermighthavebeeninthedistantpast.Usingtighterlimitstheresearchersestimatethatbetween4and8outofevery100SunlikestarscouldhostanEarth-sizedworld.Theseareonesthatwouldtake200to400daystocompleteayearlyorbit. Fouroutofevery100sunlikestarsdoesn’tsoundlikeabignumber.ItwouldmeanhoweverthattheMilkyWaycouldhostmorethanabillionEarth-sizedplanetswithachangeforlife. Thisisthefirstresearchfindingabouttheplanetswithachanceforlife.
RescuePlatform IntheaftermathoftheterroristattacksontheWorldTradeCentersecurityexpertsaretryingtodevelopnewwaysofrescuingpeoplefromburningskyscrapers.One_____51isaplatformcapableofflyingverticallyandhoveringintheair_____52ahelicopter.Theplatformwouldriseupanddownalongsideaskyscraperandpickuppeople_____53inhighstories. Theideaforverticaltakeoffplatformwashatched策划morethantenyearsagobyaRussianaerospaceengineerDavidMetreveliwhohassincemovedtoIsrael.Metreveli’sdesign_____54theEaglecallsfortwojetenginesthat_____55fourlargehorizontalpropellers.Thespinningofthepropellers_____56thenecessaryliftorupwardforcetoraisetheplatform.Themore_____57issuppliedtothepropellersthehighertheplatform_____58.Movingtheplatformsidewaysinvolves_____59differingamountsofpowertoeachpropeller. Helicoptersarenowusedinsome_____60togetpeopleoutofburningbuilding.Escapebasketsslungfromthemdanglebesidethebuildingforpeopletoclimbinto._____61thebasketscannotreacheveryfloorofabuilding_____62theropesfromwhichtheyhangbecomeunstable_____63acertainlength. SofarMetrevelihasbuiltasmall-scalemodeloftheEagleto_____64hisidea.InthewakeofSeptember11hehasbeenabletosecureenoughfundingtostartbuildingalarger4-meterby4-meterprototype_____65hecallstheEaglet.
ExploreJordanWadiRumisthenamegiventoavalleycutintothesandstoneandhardrockinsouthwestJordan._____46ThenameRummostlikelycomesfromanAramaicwordmeaning“high”or“elevated”TheareaaroundWadiRumisnowalsooneofJordan’smostimportanttouristdestinationsandattractsanincreasingnumberofforeigntouristsparticularlytrekkers越野者butalsoforcamelsafaris旅行orsimplyday-trippersfromAqabaorPetra.IncontrasttherearealmostnolocalorArabtouriststhroughPopularactivitiesinthedesertenvironmentincludecampingunderthestarsridingArabhorsesandrock-climbingamongstthemassiverockformations.JebalRumJebalmeansmountainis1574metresabovesealevel._____47.ButJordanisnotsimplyadesertenvironment——italsocontainstheareawhichisthelowestpointtothefaceoftheEarth——theincredibleDeadSeapopularwithtouristsforswimming._____48OncethewatersreachtheDeadSeatheyarelandlockedandhavenowheretogosotheyevaporateleavingbehindadenserichcocktail混合的ofsaltsandmineralsthatsupplyindustryagricultureinwaterspatreatmentsandwatertherapies.TheDeadSeaislocatedinthesyro-AfricanRifta4000-milefaultlineintheEarth’scrust.ThelowestpointofdrylandonEarthistheshorelineoftheDeadSeaat1300feetbelowsealevel.Becausethelakeisatthelowestpointthismeansthatwaterdoesnotdrainfromit._____49FiguresfortheDeadSea’ssalinity盐度todayrangefrom25%to35%.ButthegreatesttouristattractionistheincrediblecityofPetra._____50ItisavastuniquecitycarvedintothesheerrockfacebytheNabataeansanindustriousArabpeoplewhosettledheremorethan2000yearsagoturingitintoanimportantjunctionforthesilkspiceandothertraderoutesthatlinkedChinaIndiaandsouthernArabiawithEgyptSyriaGreeceandRome.Todayvisitorscanmarvelatthearchitectureandexplorelifeasitwasthousandsofyearsago. 47
SoMany’Earths’ TheMilkyWay银河containsbillionsofEarth-sizedplanetsthatcouldsupportlifethat’sthefindingofanewstudy.ItdrawsondatethatcamefromNASA’stopplanet-huntingtelescope. AmechanicalfailurerecentlyputthatKeplerspacetelescopeoutofservice.Keplerhadplayedabigroleincreatingacensusofplanetsorbitingsome170000stars.Itsdatahavebeenhelpingastronomerspredicthowcommonplanetsareinourgalaxy.ThetelescopefocusedonhuntingplanetsthatmighthaveconditionssimilartothoseonEarth. TheauthorsofastudypublishedinTheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofsciencesconcludethatbetween14and30outofevery100starswithamassandtemperaturesimilartotheSunmayhostaplanetthatcouldsupportlifeasweknowit.SuchaplanetwouldhaveadiameteratleastaslargeasEarth’sbutnomorethantwicethatbig.Theplanetalsowouldhavetoorbitinastar’shabitablezone.That’swherethesurfacetemperaturewouldallowanywatertoexistasaliquid. Thenewestimateofhowmanyplanetsmightfittheseconditionscomesfromstudyingmorethan42000starsandidentifyingsuitableworldsorbitingthem.Thescientistsusedthosenumberstoextrapolate推算totherestofthestarsthatthetelescopecouldnotsee. Theestimateisroughtheauthorsadmit.IfappliedtothesolarsystemitwoulddefineashabitableazonestartingasclosetotheSunasVenusandrunningtoasfarawayasMars.NeitherplanetisEarthlikealthougheithermighthavebeeninthedistantpast.Usingtighterlimitstheresearchersestimatethatbetween4and8outofevery100SunlikestarscouldhostanEarth-sizedworld.Theseareonesthatwouldtake200to400daystocompleteayearlyorbit. Fouroutofevery100sunlikestarsdoesn’tsoundlikeabignumber.ItwouldmeanhoweverthattheMilkyWaycouldhostmorethanabillionEarth-sizedplanetswithachangeforlife. Thenewfindingisbasedonathoroughstudyof170000starsintheMilkyWay.
RescuePlatform IntheaftermathoftheterroristattacksontheWorldTradeCentersecurityexpertsaretryingtodevelopnewwaysofrescuingpeoplefromburningskyscrapers.One_____51isaplatformcapableofflyingverticallyandhoveringintheair_____52ahelicopter.Theplatformwouldriseupanddownalongsideaskyscraperandpickuppeople_____53inhighstories. Theideaforverticaltakeoffplatformwashatched策划morethantenyearsagobyaRussianaerospaceengineerDavidMetreveliwhohassincemovedtoIsrael.Metreveli’sdesign_____54theEaglecallsfortwojetenginesthat_____55fourlargehorizontalpropellers.Thespinningofthepropellers_____56thenecessaryliftorupwardforcetoraisetheplatform.Themore_____57issuppliedtothepropellersthehighertheplatform_____58.Movingtheplatformsidewaysinvolves_____59differingamountsofpowertoeachpropeller. Helicoptersarenowusedinsome_____60togetpeopleoutofburningbuilding.Escapebasketsslungfromthemdanglebesidethebuildingforpeopletoclimbinto._____61thebasketscannotreacheveryfloorofabuilding_____62theropesfromwhichtheyhangbecomeunstable_____63acertainlength. SofarMetrevelihasbuiltasmall-scalemodeloftheEagleto_____64hisidea.InthewakeofSeptember11hehasbeenabletosecureenoughfundingtostartbuildingalarger4-meterby4-meterprototype_____65hecallstheEaglet.
SoMany’Earths’ TheMilkyWay银河containsbillionsofEarth-sizedplanetsthatcouldsupportlifethat’sthefindingofanewstudy.ItdrawsondatethatcamefromNASA’stopplanet-huntingtelescope. AmechanicalfailurerecentlyputthatKeplerspacetelescopeoutofservice.Keplerhadplayedabigroleincreatingacensusofplanetsorbitingsome170000stars.Itsdatahavebeenhelpingastronomerspredicthowcommonplanetsareinourgalaxy.ThetelescopefocusedonhuntingplanetsthatmighthaveconditionssimilartothoseonEarth. TheauthorsofastudypublishedinTheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofsciencesconcludethatbetween14and30outofevery100starswithamassandtemperaturesimilartotheSunmayhostaplanetthatcouldsupportlifeasweknowit.SuchaplanetwouldhaveadiameteratleastaslargeasEarth’sbutnomorethantwicethatbig.Theplanetalsowouldhavetoorbitinastar’shabitablezone.That’swherethesurfacetemperaturewouldallowanywatertoexistasaliquid. Thenewestimateofhowmanyplanetsmightfittheseconditionscomesfromstudyingmorethan42000starsandidentifyingsuitableworldsorbitingthem.Thescientistsusedthosenumberstoextrapolate推算totherestofthestarsthatthetelescopecouldnotsee. Theestimateisroughtheauthorsadmit.IfappliedtothesolarsystemitwoulddefineashabitableazonestartingasclosetotheSunasVenusandrunningtoasfarawayasMars.NeitherplanetisEarthlikealthougheithermighthavebeeninthedistantpast.Usingtighterlimitstheresearchersestimatethatbetween4and8outofevery100SunlikestarscouldhostanEarth-sizedworld.Theseareonesthatwouldtake200to400daystocompleteayearlyorbit. Fouroutofevery100sunlikestarsdoesn’tsoundlikeabignumber.ItwouldmeanhoweverthattheMilkyWaycouldhostmorethanabillionEarth-sizedplanetswithachangeforlife. TheKeplerspacetelescopehasbeeninservicefor15years.
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