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Save Energy at Home On the average, Americans waste as much energy as two-thirds of the world’s pop...
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AmericanSportsTheUnitedStatesisasports-lovingnation.SportsinAmericatakeavarietyofforms:organizedcompetitivestruggleswhichdrawhugecrowdstocheertheirfavoriteteamtovictory;athleticgamesplayedforrecreationanywheresufficientspaceisfound;andhuntingandfishing.Mostsportsareseasonalsothatwhatishappeninginsportsdependsuponthetimeofyear.Somesportsarecalledspectatorsportsasthenumberofspectatorsgreatlyexceedsthenumberplayinginthegame.BaseballisthemostpopularsportintheUS.Itisplayedthroughoutthespringandsummerandprofessionalbaseballteamsplaywellintothefall.AlthoughnoothergameisexactlylikebaseballperhapstheonemostnearlylikeitistheEnglishgameofcricket.Footballisthemostpopularsportinthefall.Thegameoriginatedasacollegesportmorethan75yearsago.Itisstillplayedbyalmosteverycollegeanduniversityinthecountryandthefootballstadiumsofsomeofthelargestuniversitiesseatasmanyas80000people.ThegameisnotthesameasEuropeanfootballorsoccer.InAmericanfootballthereare11playersoneachteamandtheyaredressedinpaddeduniformsandhelmetsbecausethegameisroughandinjuriesarelikelytooccur.BasketballisthewintersportinAmericanschoolsandcolleges.LikefootballbasketballoriginatedintheUSandisnotpopularinothercountries.ManyAmericanspreferittofootballbecauseitisplayedindoorsthroughoutthewinterandbecauseitisafastergame.Itisaverypopulargamewithhighschoolsandinmorethan20statesstate-widehighschoolmatchesareheldyearly.Otherspectatorsportsincludewrestlingboxingandhorseracing.Althoughhorse-racingfanscallthemselvessportsmentheaccuracyofthetermisquestionableasonlythejockeyswhoridethehorsesintheracescanbeconsideredathletes.Theso-calledsportsmenarethespectatorswhodonotassembleprimarilytoseethehorsesracebuttobetupontheoutcomeofeachrace.Gamblingistheattractionofhorseracing.BasketballinAmericanissopopularwithuniversitiesthatnationwideuniversitymatchesareheldyearly.
Duringthepasttenyearstherehavebeendramaticchangesintheinternationalsituation.
OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpoxLiveIt’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotalextinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievementof1980whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewildbydestroyingthekillervirusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit—oneintheUSandoneinRussia.IfsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanetwhatpointWasthereinkeepingthesereserves1realityofcourseitwasnaiveto2thateveryonewouldlet3ofsuchapotentpotentialweapon.Undoubtedlyseveralnationsstillhave4vials.5thelastofficialstocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia6noobviousgain.NowAmericanresearchershave7ananimalmodelofthehumandiseaseopeningthe8fortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Soonceagainthere’sagoodreasonto9thevirus—justin10thediseaseputsinareappearance.Howdowe11withthemistrustoftheUSandRussia12.Keepthevirus13internationalauspicesinawell-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobjectofcoursejustasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.Butitdoesn’t14theideaiswrong.Ifthevirus15usefulthenlet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity—notjustapartofit.smallpoxn.天花vialn.小瓶auspicesn.赞助支持capvt.结束覆盖potentadj.有效力的强有力的mistrustn.不信任怀疑
WritingLikefinefoodgoodwritingissomethingweapproachwithpleasureandenjoyfromthefirsttastetothelast.1Quitethecontraryjustasthecookhastoundergoanintensivetrainingmasteringtheskillsofhistradethewritermustsitathisdeskanddevotelonghourstoachievingastyleinhiswritingwhateveritspurpose-schoolworkmattersofbusinessorpurelysocialcommunication.2Therearestillsomeremoteplacesintheworldwhereyoumightfindsomeonetodoyourbusinessorsocialwritingforyouforafee.Thereareafewmangerswhoareluckyenoughtohavetheserviceofthatrarekindofsecretarywhocantakecareofallsortsofletterwritingwithnomorethanaquicknotetoworkfrom.3Wehavetowriteschoolpapersbusinesspapersorhomepapers.Weareconstantlycalledontoputwordstopaper.Itwouldbedifficulttocountthenumberofsuchwordsmessageslettersandreportsputtothemailsordeliveredbyhandbutthedailyfiguremustbeenormous.4Wewanttoarouseandholdtheinterestofreaders.Wewantwhateverwewritetobereadfromfirstwordtolastnotthrownintosomeletters-to-be-readfileorintoawastepaperbasket.5A.Butformostofusifthereisanywritingtobedonewehavetodoitourselves.B.Howeverthemanagersmaysometimescausethewritersalotoftrouble.C.Anygoodwriterslikegoodcooksdonotsuddenlyappearfull-blown成熟的.D.Whatismoreeveryonewhowritesexpectsoratleasthopesthathiswritingwillberead.E.Thisisthemasonwebendoureffortstowardlearningandpracticingtheskillsofinterestingeffectivewriting.F.Youmaybesurethatthegreatertheeffortthemoreeffectivethewritingandthemorerewardin
OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpoxLiveIt’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotalextinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievementof1980whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewildbydestroyingthekillervirusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit—oneintheUSandoneinRussia.IfsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanetwhatpointWasthereinkeepingthesereserves1realityofcourseitwasnaiveto2thateveryonewouldlet3ofsuchapotentpotentialweapon.Undoubtedlyseveralnationsstillhave4vials.5thelastofficialstocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia6noobviousgain.NowAmericanresearchershave7ananimalmodelofthehumandiseaseopeningthe8fortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Soonceagainthere’sagoodreasonto9thevirus—justin10thediseaseputsinareappearance.Howdowe11withthemistrustoftheUSandRussia12.Keepthevirus13internationalauspicesinawell-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobjectofcoursejustasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.Butitdoesn’t14theideaiswrong.Ifthevirus15usefulthenlet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity—notjustapartofit.smallpoxn.天花vialn.小瓶auspicesn.赞助支持capvt.结束覆盖potentadj.有效力的强有力的mistrustn.不信任怀疑
WritingLikefinefoodgoodwritingissomethingweapproachwithpleasureandenjoyfromthefirsttastetothelast.1Quitethecontraryjustasthecookhastoundergoanintensivetrainingmasteringtheskillsofhistradethewritermustsitathisdeskanddevotelonghourstoachievingastyleinhiswritingwhateveritspurpose-schoolworkmattersofbusinessorpurelysocialcommunication.2Therearestillsomeremoteplacesintheworldwhereyoumightfindsomeonetodoyourbusinessorsocialwritingforyouforafee.Thereareafewmangerswhoareluckyenoughtohavetheserviceofthatrarekindofsecretarywhocantakecareofallsortsofletterwritingwithnomorethanaquicknotetoworkfrom.3Wehavetowriteschoolpapersbusinesspapersorhomepapers.Weareconstantlycalledontoputwordstopaper.Itwouldbedifficulttocountthenumberofsuchwordsmessageslettersandreportsputtothemailsordeliveredbyhandbutthedailyfiguremustbeenormous.4Wewanttoarouseandholdtheinterestofreaders.Wewantwhateverwewritetobereadfromfirstwordtolastnotthrownintosomeletters-to-be-readfileorintoawastepaperbasket.5A.Butformostofusifthereisanywritingtobedonewehavetodoitourselves.B.Howeverthemanagersmaysometimescausethewritersalotoftrouble.C.Anygoodwriterslikegoodcooksdonotsuddenlyappearfull-blown成熟的.D.Whatismoreeveryonewhowritesexpectsoratleasthopesthathiswritingwillberead.E.Thisisthemasonwebendoureffortstowardlearningandpracticingtheskillsofinterestingeffectivewriting.F.Youmaybesurethatthegreatertheeffortthemoreeffectivethewritingandthemorerewardin
OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpoxLiveIt’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotalextinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievementof1980whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewildbydestroyingthekillervirusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit—oneintheUSandoneinRussia.IfsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanetwhatpointWasthereinkeepingthesereserves1realityofcourseitwasnaiveto2thateveryonewouldlet3ofsuchapotentpotentialweapon.Undoubtedlyseveralnationsstillhave4vials.5thelastofficialstocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia6noobviousgain.NowAmericanresearchershave7ananimalmodelofthehumandiseaseopeningthe8fortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Soonceagainthere’sagoodreasonto9thevirus—justin10thediseaseputsinareappearance.Howdowe11withthemistrustoftheUSandRussia12.Keepthevirus13internationalauspicesinawell-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobjectofcoursejustasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.Butitdoesn’t14theideaiswrong.Ifthevirus15usefulthenlet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity—notjustapartofit.smallpoxn.天花vialn.小瓶auspicesn.赞助支持capvt.结束覆盖potentadj.有效力的强有力的mistrustn.不信任怀疑
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AmericanSportsTheUnitedStatesisasports-lovingnation.SportsinAmericatakeavarietyofforms:organizedcompetitivestruggleswhichdrawhugecrowdstocheertheirfavoriteteamtovictory;athleticgamesplayedforrecreationanywheresufficientspaceisfound;andhuntingandfishing.Mostsportsareseasonalsothatwhatishappeninginsportsdependsuponthetimeofyear.Somesportsarecalledspectatorsportsasthenumberofspectatorsgreatlyexceedsthenumberplayinginthegame.BaseballisthemostpopularsportintheUS.Itisplayedthroughoutthespringandsummerandprofessionalbaseballteamsplaywellintothefall.AlthoughnoothergameisexactlylikebaseballperhapstheonemostnearlylikeitistheEnglishgameofcricket.Footballisthemostpopularsportinthefall.Thegameoriginatedasacollegesportmorethan75yearsago.Itisstillplayedbyalmosteverycollegeanduniversityinthecountryandthefootballstadiumsofsomeofthelargestuniversitiesseatasmanyas80000people.ThegameisnotthesameasEuropeanfootballorsoccer.InAmericanfootballthereare11playersoneachteamandtheyaredressedinpaddeduniformsandhelmetsbecausethegameisroughandinjuriesarelikelytooccur.BasketballisthewintersportinAmericanschoolsandcolleges.LikefootballbasketballoriginatedintheUSandisnotpopularinothercountries.ManyAmericanspreferittofootballbecauseitisplayedindoorsthroughoutthewinterandbecauseitisafastergame.Itisaverypopulargamewithhighschoolsandinmorethan20statesstate-widehighschoolmatchesareheldyearly.Otherspectatorsportsincludewrestlingboxingandhorseracing.Althoughhorse-racingfanscallthemselvessportsmentheaccuracyofthetermisquestionableasonlythejockeyswhoridethehorsesintheracescanbeconsideredathletes.Theso-calledsportsmenarethespectatorswhodonotassembleprimarilytoseethehorsesracebuttobetupontheoutcomeofeachrace.Gamblingistheattractionofhorseracing.Footballcanbeclassifiedasaspectatorsport.
Hurricanes龙卷风Didyouknowthatbefore1950hurricaneshadnonamesTheyweresimplygivennumbers.ThefirstnamesweresimplyAlphaBravoCharlieetc.butin1953femalesnamesweregivenbecauseoftheunpredictability不可预知factorofthestorms.In1979realizingthesexist性别歧视的natureofsuchnamesthelistswereexpandedtoincludebothmenandwomen.Hurricanesandtyphoons台风arethesamethings.IftheyformintheAtlanticwecallthesestrongstormshurricanesfromtheWestIndianwordhurricanemeaningbigwind.AndiftheyarePacificstormstheyarecalledtyphoonsfromtheChinesetaifunmeaninggreatwind.Tobeclassifiedasahurricanethestormmusthavemaximumwindsofatleast75mph.Thesestormsarebigmanyhundredsofmilesindiameter.Hurricanesgettheirpowerfromwatervaporasitgivesoutitsstored-upenergy.Allwatervaporgivesoutheatasitcondenses凝结fromagaseousstatetoaliquidstateoverfixedpointsontheequator赤道.Tomakeahurricaneyoumusthaveextremelywetwarmairthekindofairthatcanonlybefoundintropicalregion.Scientistshavedeterminedthattheheatgivenoutintheprocessofwatercondensationcanbeashighas95billionkilowattsperhour.Injustonedayalonethestormcanproducemoreenergythanmanyindustrializednationsneedinanentireyear!Theproblemisthatwedon’tknowhowtomakesuresuchgreatenergyworkforus.Predictingthepathofahurricaneisoneofthemostdifficulttasksforforecasters.Itmovesatatypicalspeedof15mph.Butnotalways.Somestormsmayraceattwicethisspeedthensuddenlystopandremaininthesamelocationforseveraldays.Itcanbemaddening发疯的ifyouliveinacoastalareathatmaybehit.Thebiggestadvanceinearlydetectioniscontinuouswatchfromweathersatellites.Withthesewecanseethestormsformandtrackthemfullyfrombirthtodeath.Whiletheycanstillkillpeopleanddestroypropertyhurricaneswillneversurpriseanynationagain.Usingweathersatellitescanensure______ofhurricanes.
SaltyRicePlantBoostsHarvestsBritishscientistsarebreedinganewgenerationofriceplantsthatwillbeabletogrowinsoilcontainingsaltwater.Theirworkmayenableabandonedfarmstobecomeproductiveoncemore.TimFlowersandTonyYeofromSussexUniversity’sSchoolofBiologicalScienceshavespentseveralyearsresearchinghowcropssuchasricecouldbemadetogrowinwaterthathasbecomesalty.Thepairhaverecentlybegunathree-yearprogrammefundedbytheBiotechnologyandBiologicalSciencesResearchCounciltoestablishwhichgenesenablesomeplantstosurvivesaltyconditions.Theaimistobreedthiscapabilityintocropsstartingwithrice.Itisestimatedthateachyearmorethan100hectares公顷ofagriculturallandarelostbecausesaltgetsintothesoilandstunts妨碍生长plants.Theproblemiscausedbyseveralfactors.Inthetropicsmangroves红树林thatcreateswamps沼泽andtraditionallyformedbarrierstoseawaterhavebeencutdown.IntheMediterraneanaseriesofdroughtshavecausedthewatertabletodropallowingseawatertoseep渗透in.InLatinAmericairrigationoftencausesproblemswhenwaterisevaporated蒸发bytheheatleavingsaltdepositsbehind.Excesssaltthenenterstheplantsandpreventsthemfunctioningnormally.Heavyconcentrationsofmineralsintheplantsstopthemdrawingupthewatertheyneedtosurvive.ToovercometheseproblemsFlowersandYeodecidedtobreedriceplantsthattakeinverylittlesaltandstorewhattheydoabsorbincellsthatdonotaffecttheplants’growth.Theyhavestartedtobreedthesecharacteristicsintoanewricecropbutitwilltakeabouteightharvestsbeforetheresultingseedsarereadytobeconsideredforcommercialuse.OncethecharacteristicsforsurvivingsaltysoilareknownFlowersandYeowilltrytobreedtheappropriategenesintoallmannersofcropsandplants.Landthathasbeenabandonedtonaturewillthenbeabletobloomagainprovidingmuchneededfoodinthepoorercountriesoftheworld.FlowersandYeohavestartedaprogramme______.
OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpoxLiveIt’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotalextinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievementof1980whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewildbydestroyingthekillervirusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit—oneintheUSandoneinRussia.IfsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanetwhatpointWasthereinkeepingthesereserves1realityofcourseitwasnaiveto2thateveryonewouldlet3ofsuchapotentpotentialweapon.Undoubtedlyseveralnationsstillhave4vials.5thelastofficialstocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia6noobviousgain.NowAmericanresearchershave7ananimalmodelofthehumandiseaseopeningthe8fortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Soonceagainthere’sagoodreasonto9thevirus—justin10thediseaseputsinareappearance.Howdowe11withthemistrustoftheUSandRussia12.Keepthevirus13internationalauspicesinawell-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobjectofcoursejustasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.Butitdoesn’t14theideaiswrong.Ifthevirus15usefulthenlet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity—notjustapartofit.smallpoxn.天花vialn.小瓶auspicesn.赞助支持capvt.结束覆盖potentadj.有效力的强有力的mistrustn.不信任怀疑
Common-coldSenseYoucan’tbeatitbutyoudon’thavetojoinit.Maybeitgotthenamecommoncoldbecauseit’smorecommoninwinter.Thefactisthoughbeingcolddoesn’thaveanythingtodowithgettingone.Coldsarecausedbythespreadofrhinovirusesandatleastsofarmedicalscienceisbetterattellingyouhowtoavoidgettingonethanhowtogetridofone.Childrenarethemostcommonwaycoldvirusesarespreadtoadultsbecausetheyhavemorecoldsthanadults—anaverageofabouteightperyear.WhydokidsseemsomuchmoreeasilytogetcoldsthantheirparentsSimple.Theyhaven’thadtheopportunitytobecomeimmunetomanycoldviruses.Therearemorethan150differentcoldvirusesandyouneverhavethesameonetwice.Beinginfectedbyonemakesyouimmunetoit--butonlyit.Coldsaleusuallyspreadbydirectcontactnotsneezingorcoughing.Fromanotherperson’shandtoyourhandandthentoyournoseoreyesisthemostcommonroute.Thehighestconcentrationofcoldvirusesanywhereisfoundunderthethumbnailsofaboyalthoughthevirusescansurviveforhoursonskinorothersmoothsurfaces.Hygieneisyourbestdefense.Washyourhandsfrequentlypreferablywithadisinfectantsoapespeciallywhenchildreninyourhouseholdhavecolds.Butevencarefulhygienewon’twardoffeverycold.SowhatworkswhenacoughingsneezingrunnynosestrikesTheoldprescriptionoftwoaspirinslotsofwaterandbedrestisagoodplacetostart.Butyou’llalsofindsomeofthefolkremedies..worthWing.Hotmixturesofsugarorhoneylemonandwaterhaverealbenefits.rhinovirusn.鼻病毒immuneadj.免疫的有免疫力disinfectantn.消毒剂杀菌剂prescriptionn.诀窍处方药方sneezevi.打喷嚏thumbnailn.拇指Whenyouarehavingacold______.
ImportanceofServicesTheUnitedStateshasmovedbeyondtheindustrialeconomystagetothepointwhereithasbecometheworld’sfirstserviceeconomy.Almostthreefourthsofthenon-farmlaborforceisemployedinserviceindustriesandovertwo-thirdsofthenation’sgrossnationalproductisaccountedforbyservices.Alsoservicejobstypicallyholdupbetterduringarecessionthandojobsinindustriesproducingtangiblegoods.Duringthe20-yearperiodof1966to1986about36millionnewjobswerecreatedintheUnitedStates—farmorethaninJapanandWesternEuropecombined.About90percentofthesejobswereinserviceindustries.Duringthissametimespansome22millionwomenjoinedthelaborforce—and97percentofthesewomenwenttoworkintheservicesector.Theseemploymenttrendsareexpectedtocontinueatleastuntiltheyear2000.Fortheperiod1986—2000theBureauofLaborStatisticspredictsthatover21millionnewjobswillbecreatedand93percentofthemwillbeinserviceindustries.Moreovermostofthisexplosivegrowthinservicesemploymentisnotinlow—payingjobscontrarytothebeliefsofmanyeconomistsbusinessandlaborleadersandpoliticians.ThesepeoplearguethatmanufacturingjobswhichhavebeentheeconomicfoundationofAmerica’smiddleclassarevanishing.Theyclaimthatfactoryworkersarebeingreplacedwithahostoflow-wageearners.Itistruethatmanufacturingjobshavedeclinedwithmanyofthemgoingtoforeigncountries.Itisalsotruethattherehasbeengrowthinsomelow-payingservicejobs.Yetcooksandcounterpeoplestillrepresentonly1percentoftheUSlaborforcetoday.Furthermoreformanyyearsthefastest-growingoccupationalcategoryhasbeenprofessionaltechnicalandrelatedwork.Thesejobspaywellabovetheaverageandmostareinserviceindustries.Aboutone-halfofconsumerexpendituresareforthepurchaseofservices.Projectionstotheyear2000indicatethatserviceswillattractallevenlargershareofconsumerspending.Adrawbackoftheserviceeconomyboomisthatthepricesofmostserviceshavebeengoingupataconsiderablyfasterratethanthepricesofmosttangibleproducts.YouareundoubtedlyawareofthisifyouhavehadyourcarorTVsetrepairedhadyourshoeshalf-soledorpaidamedicalbillinrecentyears.Whenwesaythatservicesaccountforclosetoone-halfofconsumerexpenditureswestillgrosslyunderstatetheeconomicimportanceofservices.Thesefiguresdonotincludethevastamountsspentforbusinessservices.Byallindicationsspendingforbusinessserviceshasincreasedevenmorerapidlythanspendingforconsumerservices.grossnationalproduct国民生产总值略作GNPtangiblegoods有形商品drawbackn.缺点;不利条件ThefirstparagraphintendstotellUSthat______.
AmericanSportsTheUnitedStatesisasports-lovingnation.SportsinAmericatakeavarietyofforms:organizedcompetitivestruggleswhichdrawhugecrowdstocheertheirfavoriteteamtovictory;athleticgamesplayedforrecreationanywheresufficientspaceisfound;andhuntingandfishing.Mostsportsareseasonalsothatwhatishappeninginsportsdependsuponthetimeofyear.Somesportsarecalledspectatorsportsasthenumberofspectatorsgreatlyexceedsthenumberplayinginthegame.BaseballisthemostpopularsportintheUS.Itisplayedthroughoutthespringandsummerandprofessionalbaseballteamsplaywellintothefall.AlthoughnoothergameisexactlylikebaseballperhapstheonemostnearlylikeitistheEnglishgameofcricket.Footballisthemostpopularsportinthefall.Thegameoriginatedasacollegesportmorethan75yearsago.Itisstillplayedbyalmosteverycollegeanduniversityinthecountryandthefootballstadiumsofsomeofthelargestuniversitiesseatasmanyas80000people.ThegameisnotthesameasEuropeanfootballorsoccer.InAmericanfootballthereare11playersoneachteamandtheyaredressedinpaddeduniformsandhelmetsbecausethegameisroughandinjuriesarelikelytooccur.BasketballisthewintersportinAmericanschoolsandcolleges.LikefootballbasketballoriginatedintheUSandisnotpopularinothercountries.ManyAmericanspreferittofootballbecauseitisplayedindoorsthroughoutthewinterandbecauseitisafastergame.Itisaverypopulargamewithhighschoolsandinmorethan20statesstate-widehighschoolmatchesareheldyearly.Otherspectatorsportsincludewrestlingboxingandhorseracing.Althoughhorse-racingfanscallthemselvessportsmentheaccuracyofthetermisquestionableasonlythejockeyswhoridethehorsesintheracescanbeconsideredathletes.Theso-calledsportsmenarethespectatorswhodonotassembleprimarilytoseethehorsesracebuttobetupontheoutcomeofeachrace.Gamblingistheattractionofhorseracing.Professionalbaseballteamscancontinuetoplayforalongperiodoftimeinthefallaftertheregularbaseballseasonsofspringandsummer.
Thesubstancecanbeaddedtogasolinetoacceleratethespeedofautomobiles.
Hurricanes龙卷风Didyouknowthatbefore1950hurricaneshadnonamesTheyweresimplygivennumbers.ThefirstnamesweresimplyAlphaBravoCharlieetc.butin1953femalesnamesweregivenbecauseoftheunpredictability不可预知factorofthestorms.In1979realizingthesexist性别歧视的natureofsuchnamesthelistswereexpandedtoincludebothmenandwomen.Hurricanesandtyphoons台风arethesamethings.IftheyformintheAtlanticwecallthesestrongstormshurricanesfromtheWestIndianwordhurricanemeaningbigwind.AndiftheyarePacificstormstheyarecalledtyphoonsfromtheChinesetaifunmeaninggreatwind.Tobeclassifiedasahurricanethestormmusthavemaximumwindsofatleast75mph.Thesestormsarebigmanyhundredsofmilesindiameter.Hurricanesgettheirpowerfromwatervaporasitgivesoutitsstored-upenergy.Allwatervaporgivesoutheatasitcondenses凝结fromagaseousstatetoaliquidstateoverfixedpointsontheequator赤道.Tomakeahurricaneyoumusthaveextremelywetwarmairthekindofairthatcanonlybefoundintropicalregion.Scientistshavedeterminedthattheheatgivenoutintheprocessofwatercondensationcanbeashighas95billionkilowattsperhour.Injustonedayalonethestormcanproducemoreenergythanmanyindustrializednationsneedinanentireyear!Theproblemisthatwedon’tknowhowtomakesuresuchgreatenergyworkforus.Predictingthepathofahurricaneisoneofthemostdifficulttasksforforecasters.Itmovesatatypicalspeedof15mph.Butnotalways.Somestormsmayraceattwicethisspeedthensuddenlystopandremaininthesamelocationforseveraldays.Itcanbemaddening发疯的ifyouliveinacoastalareathatmaybehit.Thebiggestadvanceinearlydetectioniscontinuouswatchfromweathersatellites.Withthesewecanseethestormsformandtrackthemfullyfrombirthtodeath.Whiletheycanstillkillpeopleanddestroypropertyhurricaneswillneversurpriseanynationagain.Scientistscannotaccuratelypredictthecourseofahurricanedueto______.
ImeanttogiveyouthisbooktodaybutIforgot.
Hishealthhaddeterioratedwhilehewasinprison.
SaltyRicePlantBoostsHarvestsBritishscientistsarebreedinganewgenerationofriceplantsthatwillbeabletogrowinsoilcontainingsaltwater.Theirworkmayenableabandonedfarmstobecomeproductiveoncemore.TimFlowersandTonyYeofromSussexUniversity’sSchoolofBiologicalScienceshavespentseveralyearsresearchinghowcropssuchasricecouldbemadetogrowinwaterthathasbecomesalty.Thepairhaverecentlybegunathree-yearprogrammefundedbytheBiotechnologyandBiologicalSciencesResearchCounciltoestablishwhichgenesenablesomeplantstosurvivesaltyconditions.Theaimistobreedthiscapabilityintocropsstartingwithrice.Itisestimatedthateachyearmorethan100hectares公顷ofagriculturallandarelostbecausesaltgetsintothesoilandstunts妨碍生长plants.Theproblemiscausedbyseveralfactors.Inthetropicsmangroves红树林thatcreateswamps沼泽andtraditionallyformedbarrierstoseawaterhavebeencutdown.IntheMediterraneanaseriesofdroughtshavecausedthewatertabletodropallowingseawatertoseep渗透in.InLatinAmericairrigationoftencausesproblemswhenwaterisevaporated蒸发bytheheatleavingsaltdepositsbehind.Excesssaltthenenterstheplantsandpreventsthemfunctioningnormally.Heavyconcentrationsofmineralsintheplantsstopthemdrawingupthewatertheyneedtosurvive.ToovercometheseproblemsFlowersandYeodecidedtobreedriceplantsthattakeinverylittlesaltandstorewhattheydoabsorbincellsthatdonotaffecttheplants’growth.Theyhavestartedtobreedthesecharacteristicsintoanewricecropbutitwilltakeabouteightharvestsbeforetheresultingseedsarereadytobeconsideredforcommercialuse.OncethecharacteristicsforsurvivingsaltysoilareknownFlowersandYeowilltrytobreedtheappropriategenesintoallmannersofcropsandplants.Landthathasbeenabandonedtonaturewillthenbeabletobloomagainprovidingmuchneededfoodinthepoorercountriesoftheworld.ThewordaffectinParagraph6couldbebestreplacedby______.
Theyarewordedabouttheircapacitytoinvestinthefuture.
WritingLikefinefoodgoodwritingissomethingweapproachwithpleasureandenjoyfromthefirsttastetothelast.1Quitethecontraryjustasthecookhastoundergoanintensivetrainingmasteringtheskillsofhistradethewritermustsitathisdeskanddevotelonghourstoachievingastyleinhiswritingwhateveritspurpose-schoolworkmattersofbusinessorpurelysocialcommunication.2Therearestillsomeremoteplacesintheworldwhereyoumightfindsomeonetodoyourbusinessorsocialwritingforyouforafee.Thereareafewmangerswhoareluckyenoughtohavetheserviceofthatrarekindofsecretarywhocantakecareofallsortsofletterwritingwithnomorethanaquicknotetoworkfrom.3Wehavetowriteschoolpapersbusinesspapersorhomepapers.Weareconstantlycalledontoputwordstopaper.Itwouldbedifficulttocountthenumberofsuchwordsmessageslettersandreportsputtothemailsordeliveredbyhandbutthedailyfiguremustbeenormous.4Wewanttoarouseandholdtheinterestofreaders.Wewantwhateverwewritetobereadfromfirstwordtolastnotthrownintosomeletters-to-be-readfileorintoawastepaperbasket.5A.Butformostofusifthereisanywritingtobedonewehavetodoitourselves.B.Howeverthemanagersmaysometimescausethewritersalotoftrouble.C.Anygoodwriterslikegoodcooksdonotsuddenlyappearfull-blown成熟的.D.Whatismoreeveryonewhowritesexpectsoratleasthopesthathiswritingwillberead.E.Thisisthemasonwebendoureffortstowardlearningandpracticingtheskillsofinterestingeffectivewriting.F.Youmaybesurethatthegreatertheeffortthemoreeffectivethewritingandthemorerewardin
OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpoxLiveIt’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotalextinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievementof1980whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewildbydestroyingthekillervirusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit—oneintheUSandoneinRussia.IfsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanetwhatpointWasthereinkeepingthesereserves1realityofcourseitwasnaiveto2thateveryonewouldlet3ofsuchapotentpotentialweapon.Undoubtedlyseveralnationsstillhave4vials.5thelastofficialstocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia6noobviousgain.NowAmericanresearchershave7ananimalmodelofthehumandiseaseopeningthe8fortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Soonceagainthere’sagoodreasonto9thevirus—justin10thediseaseputsinareappearance.Howdowe11withthemistrustoftheUSandRussia12.Keepthevirus13internationalauspicesinawell-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobjectofcoursejustasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.Butitdoesn’t14theideaiswrong.Ifthevirus15usefulthenlet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity—notjustapartofit.smallpoxn.天花vialn.小瓶auspicesn.赞助支持capvt.结束覆盖potentadj.有效力的强有力的mistrustn.不信任怀疑
Common-coldSenseYoucan’tbeatitbutyoudon’thavetojoinit.Maybeitgotthenamecommoncoldbecauseit’smorecommoninwinter.Thefactisthoughbeingcolddoesn’thaveanythingtodowithgettingone.Coldsarecausedbythespreadofrhinovirusesandatleastsofarmedicalscienceisbetterattellingyouhowtoavoidgettingonethanhowtogetridofone.Childrenarethemostcommonwaycoldvirusesarespreadtoadultsbecausetheyhavemorecoldsthanadults—anaverageofabouteightperyear.WhydokidsseemsomuchmoreeasilytogetcoldsthantheirparentsSimple.Theyhaven’thadtheopportunitytobecomeimmunetomanycoldviruses.Therearemorethan150differentcoldvirusesandyouneverhavethesameonetwice.Beinginfectedbyonemakesyouimmunetoit--butonlyit.Coldsaleusuallyspreadbydirectcontactnotsneezingorcoughing.Fromanotherperson’shandtoyourhandandthentoyournoseoreyesisthemostcommonroute.Thehighestconcentrationofcoldvirusesanywhereisfoundunderthethumbnailsofaboyalthoughthevirusescansurviveforhoursonskinorothersmoothsurfaces.Hygieneisyourbestdefense.Washyourhandsfrequentlypreferablywithadisinfectantsoapespeciallywhenchildreninyourhouseholdhavecolds.Butevencarefulhygienewon’twardoffeverycold.SowhatworkswhenacoughingsneezingrunnynosestrikesTheoldprescriptionoftwoaspirinslotsofwaterandbedrestisagoodplacetostart.Butyou’llalsofindsomeofthefolkremedies..worthWing.Hotmixturesofsugarorhoneylemonandwaterhaverealbenefits.rhinovirusn.鼻病毒immuneadj.免疫的有免疫力disinfectantn.消毒剂杀菌剂prescriptionn.诀窍处方药方sneezevi.打喷嚏thumbnailn.拇指Thebestwaytokeepyourselffromgettingcoldsis______.
Theyhadafarbetteryieldthananyotherfarmmilesawayaroundthisyear.
ImportanceofServicesTheUnitedStateshasmovedbeyondtheindustrialeconomystagetothepointwhereithasbecometheworld’sfirstserviceeconomy.Almostthreefourthsofthenon-farmlaborforceisemployedinserviceindustriesandovertwo-thirdsofthenation’sgrossnationalproductisaccountedforbyservices.Alsoservicejobstypicallyholdupbetterduringarecessionthandojobsinindustriesproducingtangiblegoods.Duringthe20-yearperiodof1966to1986about36millionnewjobswerecreatedintheUnitedStates—farmorethaninJapanandWesternEuropecombined.About90percentofthesejobswereinserviceindustries.Duringthissametimespansome22millionwomenjoinedthelaborforce—and97percentofthesewomenwenttoworkintheservicesector.Theseemploymenttrendsareexpectedtocontinueatleastuntiltheyear2000.Fortheperiod1986—2000theBureauofLaborStatisticspredictsthatover21millionnewjobswillbecreatedand93percentofthemwillbeinserviceindustries.Moreovermostofthisexplosivegrowthinservicesemploymentisnotinlow—payingjobscontrarytothebeliefsofmanyeconomistsbusinessandlaborleadersandpoliticians.ThesepeoplearguethatmanufacturingjobswhichhavebeentheeconomicfoundationofAmerica’smiddleclassarevanishing.Theyclaimthatfactoryworkersarebeingreplacedwithahostoflow-wageearners.Itistruethatmanufacturingjobshavedeclinedwithmanyofthemgoingtoforeigncountries.Itisalsotruethattherehasbeengrowthinsomelow-payingservicejobs.Yetcooksandcounterpeoplestillrepresentonly1percentoftheUSlaborforcetoday.Furthermoreformanyyearsthefastest-growingoccupationalcategoryhasbeenprofessionaltechnicalandrelatedwork.Thesejobspaywellabovetheaverageandmostareinserviceindustries.Aboutone-halfofconsumerexpendituresareforthepurchaseofservices.Projectionstotheyear2000indicatethatserviceswillattractallevenlargershareofconsumerspending.Adrawbackoftheserviceeconomyboomisthatthepricesofmostserviceshavebeengoingupataconsiderablyfasterratethanthepricesofmosttangibleproducts.YouareundoubtedlyawareofthisifyouhavehadyourcarorTVsetrepairedhadyourshoeshalf-soledorpaidamedicalbillinrecentyears.Whenwesaythatservicesaccountforclosetoone-halfofconsumerexpenditureswestillgrosslyunderstatetheeconomicimportanceofservices.Thesefiguresdonotincludethevastamountsspentforbusinessservices.Byallindicationsspendingforbusinessserviceshasincreasedevenmorerapidlythanspendingforconsumerservices.grossnationalproduct国民生产总值略作GNPtangiblegoods有形商品drawbackn.缺点;不利条件Whatdoesthewriterofthispassagedisapproveofregardingservicesnow
OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpoxLiveIt’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotalextinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievementof1980whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewildbydestroyingthekillervirusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit—oneintheUSandoneinRussia.IfsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanetwhatpointWasthereinkeepingthesereserves1realityofcourseitwasnaiveto2thateveryonewouldlet3ofsuchapotentpotentialweapon.Undoubtedlyseveralnationsstillhave4vials.5thelastofficialstocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia6noobviousgain.NowAmericanresearchershave7ananimalmodelofthehumandiseaseopeningthe8fortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Soonceagainthere’sagoodreasonto9thevirus—justin10thediseaseputsinareappearance.Howdowe11withthemistrustoftheUSandRussia12.Keepthevirus13internationalauspicesinawell-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobjectofcoursejustasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.Butitdoesn’t14theideaiswrong.Ifthevirus15usefulthenlet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity—notjustapartofit.smallpoxn.天花vialn.小瓶auspicesn.赞助支持capvt.结束覆盖potentadj.有效力的强有力的mistrustn.不信任怀疑
ImportanceofServicesTheUnitedStateshasmovedbeyondtheindustrialeconomystagetothepointwhereithasbecometheworld’sfirstserviceeconomy.Almostthreefourthsofthenon-farmlaborforceisemployedinserviceindustriesandovertwo-thirdsofthenation’sgrossnationalproductisaccountedforbyservices.Alsoservicejobstypicallyholdupbetterduringarecessionthandojobsinindustriesproducingtangiblegoods.Duringthe20-yearperiodof1966to1986about36millionnewjobswerecreatedintheUnitedStates—farmorethaninJapanandWesternEuropecombined.About90percentofthesejobswereinserviceindustries.Duringthissametimespansome22millionwomenjoinedthelaborforce—and97percentofthesewomenwenttoworkintheservicesector.Theseemploymenttrendsareexpectedtocontinueatleastuntiltheyear2000.Fortheperiod1986—2000theBureauofLaborStatisticspredictsthatover21millionnewjobswillbecreatedand93percentofthemwillbeinserviceindustries.Moreovermostofthisexplosivegrowthinservicesemploymentisnotinlow—payingjobscontrarytothebeliefsofmanyeconomistsbusinessandlaborleadersandpoliticians.ThesepeoplearguethatmanufacturingjobswhichhavebeentheeconomicfoundationofAmerica’smiddleclassarevanishing.Theyclaimthatfactoryworkersarebeingreplacedwithahostoflow-wageearners.Itistruethatmanufacturingjobshavedeclinedwithmanyofthemgoingtoforeigncountries.Itisalsotruethattherehasbeengrowthinsomelow-payingservicejobs.Yetcooksandcounterpeoplestillrepresentonly1percentoftheUSlaborforcetoday.Furthermoreformanyyearsthefastest-growingoccupationalcategoryhasbeenprofessionaltechnicalandrelatedwork.Thesejobspaywellabovetheaverageandmostareinserviceindustries.Aboutone-halfofconsumerexpendituresareforthepurchaseofservices.Projectionstotheyear2000indicatethatserviceswillattractallevenlargershareofconsumerspending.Adrawbackoftheserviceeconomyboomisthatthepricesofmostserviceshavebeengoingupataconsiderablyfasterratethanthepricesofmosttangibleproducts.YouareundoubtedlyawareofthisifyouhavehadyourcarorTVsetrepairedhadyourshoeshalf-soledorpaidamedicalbillinrecentyears.Whenwesaythatservicesaccountforclosetoone-halfofconsumerexpenditureswestillgrosslyunderstatetheeconomicimportanceofservices.Thesefiguresdonotincludethevastamountsspentforbusinessservices.Byallindicationsspendingforbusinessserviceshasincreasedevenmorerapidlythanspendingforconsumerservices.grossnationalproduct国民生产总值略作GNPtangiblegoods有形商品drawbackn.缺点;不利条件Manyeconomistsbusinessandlaborleadersandpoliticiansbelievethat______.
Heinvestedaconsiderableamountofmoneyintheproject.
Weshouldcontemplatedtheproblemfromallsides.
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