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Directions: Write an essay of around 200 words entitled "The Only-child Generation" based on the fo...
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Directions:Inthispartyouaretowriteanessayof160—200
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayont
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthef
Directions: Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwrit
Directions:Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwritea
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayoffthetop
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythetwopicturesabovecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefol
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
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TheU.S.spaceagencyNASAisplanningtolaunchasatellitethatscientistshopewillanswerfundamentalquestionsabouttheoriginanddestinyofouruniverse.41_________________. Theprevailingtheoryoftheuniverse’soriginthe"BigBang"theorysaysallmatterandenergywereoncecompressedintoatinypoint.Thedensityandresultingtemperatureweresoenormousthatabout13-to-15-billionyearsagobycurrentestimatesamightyexplosionflungthematterhurtlingoutwardinalldirections.42_________________.TheyalsoaskistheexpansionacceleratingWilltheuniversecollapseWhatisitsshapeScientistswillseekexplanationswithNASA’snewMicrowaveAnisotropyProbeabbreviatedasMAP.43_________________."MAPwilltaketheultimatebabypictureanimageoftheinfantuniversetakeninthefossillightthatisstillpresentfromtheBigBang"hesays."Thisglowthisradiationistheoldestlightintheuniverse.ImprintedonthisbackgroundphysicistsknewwouldbethesecretsoftheBigBangitself." Thisbackgroundradiationisthelightandheatthattheearlycosmicsoupofmatteremitted.Onceroilinghotithascooledovertheeonstojustafewdegreesaboveabsolutezero.Itwasoncethoughttobedistributedevenly.Butin1992ahighlysensitiveNASAsatellitenamedCOBEdetectednearlyimperceptiblevariationsintemperatureastinyas30-millionthsofadegree. 44_________________."Thesepatternsresultfromtinyconcentrationsthatwereintheveryearlyuniversethatweretheseedsthatgrewtobecomethestarsandthegalaxiesthatweseetoday"hesays."Thetinypatternsinthelightholdthekeysforunderstandingthehistorythecontenttheshapeandtheultimatefateofouruniverse." 45_________________.PrincetonUniversityscientistDavidSpergelsaysMAPwillgiveusamuchmoreaccuratemattercountthanwehavenow."Rightnowwewanttomeasuresomethinglikethematter-densityoftheuniverse"hesays."Todaywecanestimatethattoafactoroftwo.That’sprettygood.Whatwewanttodoisbeabletomeasureittoaboutthethree-percentlevelwhichiswhatMAPwillbecapableofdoing." Todoitsjobthe＄145millionMAPspacecraftwillsettleintoanorbit1.5millionkilometersfromtheEarth.ThisiswheretheEarth’sandSun’sgravitationalpullareequalandwellpasttherangeoftheEarth’sownobscuringmicrowaveradiation. WhiletheolderCOBEsatellitemeasuredjustasmallpartoftheskyChalrlesBennettsaysMAPwillscantheentireskyat1000timesbetterresolution."ThepatternsthatMAPmeasuresareextremelydifficulttomeasure"hesays"MAPwillbemeasuringmillionthsofadegreetemperatureaccuraciesandthat’shardtodo.That’slikemeasuringthedifferencebetweentwocupsofsandtotheaccuracyofasinglegrainofsand." [A]TheprincipalNASAscientistfortheNewMAPspacecraftCharlesBennettsaystheheatpatternsrepresentslightdifferencesinthedensityoftheyounguniversewheredenserregionsevolvedintothepresentwebofstructures. [B]NASAsaysthefirstresultsfromtheMAPmissionwillbereadyinabout18monthsafterlaunch. [C]ThespacecraftwillorbittheEarthseekinganswersfromanextremelyfaintglowofmicrowavesthathaveexistedsincethebeginningoftime. [D]Scientistsaretryingtolearnhowitclumpedtogethertoproducestarsclustersofstarscalledgalaxiesandclustersofgalaxies. [E]Astronomersarereportingevidencethatpointstoamassivestar-eatingblackholeatthecenterofourMilkyWaygalaxy. [F]Oneofthosekeysistheamountofmatteranditsdensity.Morematterwithahigherdensitymefinsmolegravitationalpullsuggestingaslowingoftheuniverse’sexpansionandperhapsevenitscollapse. [G]TheheadofNASA’sEvolutionoftheUniverseprogramAlanBunnersaysMAPwillmeasurewhatisthoughthremnantoftheBigBang--anafterglowofmicrowavesbathingtheuniversethatwasemittedbytheancientcosmicmatter. 42
Americansuffersfromanoverdoseofwork.1whotheyareorwhattheydotheyspend2timeatworkthanatanytimesinceWorldWarⅡ.In1950theUShadfewerworkinghoursthananyother3country.Todayit4everycountrybutJapanwhereindustrialemployeeslog2155hoursayearcompared51951intheUSand16036Westemployees.Between1969and1989employedAmerican7anaverageof138hourstotheiryearlyworkschedules.Thework-week8atabout40hoursbutpeopleareworkingmoreweekseachyear.9paidtimeoff—holidaysvacationssickleave—1015percentinthe1990s. 4
Whenyouaresmallallambitionsfallintoonegrandcategory:whenI’mgrownup.WhenI’mgrownupyousayI’llgoupinspace.I’mgoingtobeanauthor.I’llkillthemallandthenthey’llbesorry.I’llbemarriedinacathedralwithsixteenbridesmaidsinpinklace.I’llhaveapuppyofmyownandnoonewillbeabletotakehimaway. Noneofiteverhappensofcourse--ordarnlittlebutthefantasiesgiveyoutheideathatthereissomethingtogrowupfor.Indeedoneofthesaddestthingsaboutgildedadolescenceisthefeelingthatfromeighteenonit’salldownhill;IreadwithhorrorofanAmericanhippieweddingwheresomeonesaidtothegroomagedtwenty"youseemsokindagrownupsomehow"andtheladhadtogoroundseekingassurancethathewasn’t.Noreallyhewasn’t.Adeterminationtobebetteradultsthanthepresentincumbentsisfinebuttorefusetogrowupatallisjustplainunrealism. WhenmychildrenaregrownupI’lllearntoflyanairplane.IwillcareerroundtheskyknowingthatifIdo"gopop"therewillbenolittleonestosuffershockandmaladjustment;thateveniftheworstdoescometotheworstIwillatleastdodgethegeriatricwardandallthatlookforyourglassesinordertoseewhereyou’veleftyourteeth.WhenmychildrenaregrownupI’llhavefragilelovelythingsonlowtables;I’llhaveawhitecarpet;I’llgotothepicturesintheafternoons.WhenthechildrenaregrownupI’llactuallybeabletodoaday’sworkinaflayinsteadofspreadingoverthreeandgoawayforaweekendwithoutplanningasifforatriptotheMoon.WhenI’mgrownup--Imeanwhenthey’regrownup--I’llbefree. OfcourseIknowit’sgottogetworsebeforeitgetsbetter.Twelve-year-oldI’mtolddon’tgotobedatsevensoyoudon’tevengetyourevening.Oncethey’repasttenyouhavetostartworryingabouttheirfriendsinsteadofsimplyshootingtheintrudersoffthedoorstepandtosettledowntoasteadytenyearsofcriticismofeverythingyou’veeverthoughtordoneorwon.Boysitseemsmaybelessofatrialthangirlssincetheycan’tgetpregnantandtheydon’tborrowyourclothes--iftheydoborrowyourclothesofcourseyou’yegotevenmoretoworryabout. Theyoungdon’trespecttheirparentsanymore.Goodnesshowsad.Stilllikeeatingsnailsitmightbeallrightonceyou’vegotovertheidea;itmightletusoffhavingtobotherquitesomuchwiththemwhenthetimecomes.Butoneissimplynotgoingtobeabletodroneawayone’sdaystoothlessbythefirebroodingonthepast. Thewriterseemstothinkthatasanadultonemust
AsCorporationshave11stiffercompetitionandslowergrowthinproductivitytheywould12employeestoworklonger.Cost-cuttinglayoffsinthe1980s13theprofessionalandmanagerialranksleavingfewerpeopletogetthejobdone.Inlower-paidoccupations14wageshavebeenreducedworkershaveaddedhours15overtimeorextrajobsto16theirlivingstandard.TheGovernmentestimatesthatmorethansevenmillionpeopleholdasecondjob. Forthefirsttimelarge17ofpeoplesaytheywanttocut18onworkinghoursevenifitmeansearninglessmoney.Butmostemployersare19toletthemdoso.Thegovernmentwhichhassteppedbackfromitstraditional20asaregulatorofworktimeshouldtakestepstomakeshorterhourspossible. 16
AsCorporationshave11stiffercompetitionandslowergrowthinproductivitytheywould12employeestoworklonger.Cost-cuttinglayoffsinthe1980s13theprofessionalandmanagerialranksleavingfewerpeopletogetthejobdone.Inlower-paidoccupations14wageshavebeenreducedworkershaveaddedhours15overtimeorextrajobsto16theirlivingstandard.TheGovernmentestimatesthatmorethansevenmillionpeopleholdasecondjob. Forthefirsttimelarge17ofpeoplesaytheywanttocut18onworkinghoursevenifitmeansearninglessmoney.Butmostemployersare19toletthemdoso.Thegovernmentwhichhassteppedbackfromitstraditional20asaregulatorofworktimeshouldtakestepstomakeshorterhourspossible. 20
Americansuffersfromanoverdoseofwork.1whotheyareorwhattheydotheyspend2timeatworkthanatanytimesinceWorldWarⅡ.In1950theUShadfewerworkinghoursthananyother3country.Todayit4everycountrybutJapanwhereindustrialemployeeslog2155hoursayearcompared51951intheUSand16036Westemployees.Between1969and1989employedAmerican7anaverageof138hourstotheiryearlyworkschedules.Thework-week8atabout40hoursbutpeopleareworkingmoreweekseachyear.9paidtimeoff—holidaysvacationssickleave—1015percentinthe1990s. 6
Naturalismistheviewthatthe"natural"universetheuniverseofmatterandenergyisallthattherereallyis.ByrulingoutaspiritualpartofthehumanpersonwhichmightsurvivedeathandaGodwhomightresurrectthebodynaturalismalsorulesoutsurvivalafterdeath.Inadditionnaturalismdenieshumanfreedomonthegroundsthateveryeventmustbeexplainablebydeterministicnaturallaws.Itdeniesanyabsolutevaluesbecauseitcanfindnogroundsforsuchvaluesinaworldmadeuponlyofmatterandenergy.AndfinallynaturalismdeniesthattheuniversehasanymeaningorpurposebecausethereisnoGodtogiveitameaningorpurposeandnothingelsewhichcangiveitameaningorpurpose. AnyonewhoacceptsthefirstthreedenialsofGodspiritualbeingsandimmortalitymightbecalledanaturalistinthebroadsenseandanyonewhoaddstothesethedenialoffreedomvaluesandpurposemightbelabeledanaturalistinthestrictsenseorastrictnaturalist.Someopponentsofnaturalismwouldarguethatnaturalistsinthebroadsenseareatleastsomewhatinconsistentandthatnaturalisminthebroadsenseleadslogicallytostrictnaturalism.Manystrictnaturalistswouldagreewiththis. Thosewhorejectnaturalisminboththestrictandbroadsensedosoforavarietyofmasons.Theymayhavepositiveargumentsfortheexistenceof.someofwhatnaturalistsdenyortheymayhavewhatseemtobedecisiverefutationsofsomeoralloftheargumentsfornaturalism.Butinadditiontoparticularargumentsagainstnaturalisttenetsortheirgroundsofbeliefsomeopponentsofnaturalismbelievethatthereisageneralargumentwhichholdsagainstanyformofnaturalism.Theseopponentsholdthatnaturalismhasa"fatalflaw"ortoputitmorestronglythatnaturalismisself-destroying.Ifnaturalismistruethenhumanreasonmustbetheresultofnaturalforces. Thesenaturalforcesarenotonthenaturalisticviewrationalthemselvesnorcantheybetheresultofarationalcause.Sohumanreasonwouldbetheresultofnonrationalcauses.Thisitcanbearguedgivesusastrongreasontodistrusthumanreachespeciallyinitslesspracticalandmoretheoreticalexercises.Butthetheoryofnaturalismisitselfsuchanexerciseoftheoreticalreason.Ifnaturalismistruewewouldhavestrongreasonstodistrusttheoreticalreasoning.Ifwedistrusttheoreticalreasoningwedistrustparticularapplicationsofitsuchasthetheoryofnaturalism.Thusifnaturalismistruewehavestrongreasonstodistrustnaturalism. Naturalismbelievesthat
AsCorporationshave11stiffercompetitionandslowergrowthinproductivitytheywould12employeestoworklonger.Cost-cuttinglayoffsinthe1980s13theprofessionalandmanagerialranksleavingfewerpeopletogetthejobdone.Inlower-paidoccupations14wageshavebeenreducedworkershaveaddedhours15overtimeorextrajobsto16theirlivingstandard.TheGovernmentestimatesthatmorethansevenmillionpeopleholdasecondjob. Forthefirsttimelarge17ofpeoplesaytheywanttocut18onworkinghoursevenifitmeansearninglessmoney.Butmostemployersare19toletthemdoso.Thegovernmentwhichhassteppedbackfromitstraditional20asaregulatorofworktimeshouldtakestepstomakeshorterhourspossible. 14
ThediscoverylastweekofpossibleevidenceoflifeonMarshaselectrifieddebateoverwhethertheuniverseisabarrenvoidoranurserypregnantwithlife.Scientistswhohavecomestunninglyclosetorepeatinggenesisortheoriginoflifeinatesttubesaythebuildingblocksforlifeexisteverywhere.Thechallengeisputtingthemtogether.46Theoriginoflifeisarelativelyeasyconceptandthere’sawidevarietyofconditionsunderwhichitwilltakeplacesaidlateStanleyMilleraprofessorattheUniversityofCaliforniaandapioneerinthefield.PerhapstheremarkablethingisthateventhoughMarsisnotafavorableenvironmenttheoriginoflifetookplace.Astronomershavefoundthatthesamegasespresentinoursolarsystemarepresentthroughouttheuniverse.47EffortstomakemicroscopiclifefromthesebasicelementsonEarthsuggeststhechanceoflifearisingundersimilarcircumstancesisthesameeverywheresaychemistsbiologistsandotherexperts.Itseemsfairlylikelythatlifesimilartooursifthereiswateravailable’wouldevolveinotherenvironmentsinourgalaxyorouruniversesaidJamesFerrisaleadingresearcherandeditorofthejournalOriginsofLifeandEvolutionoftheBiosphere.Underlyingmuchoftheresearchisthequestion..WasthedevelopmentoflifeonEarthuniqueordidtheuniverse’schemicalelementsnaturallyevolveintolife48Theanswerappearstobethatatleastthechemicalreactionsthatsetthestageforearlylifewouldbesimilareverywherebutresultantlivingorganismswoulddifferbecauseofthegeneticmutationsinevolution.Ifyou’vegotthesamestartingmaterialsandthesameconditionsyou’regoingtogettheamecompoundsthat’sforsureMillersaid.Therealquestioniswhetherornottherearechanceelementsintheformationoflife.49Ina1953experimentMillermixedbasicgasesapproximatingtheEarth’searlyatmospherewithanelectricchargeinsideaglasschamberandproducedaminoacidsaprimitivebuildingblockoflife.Hethensuggestedthatlifewasanaturalevolution.Itseemedthatsciencewasonthevergeofconjuringupcreationsinthelaboratorybutthenext43yearsweretopresentunexpectedchallenges.50Makingtheaminoacidsmadeitseemliketherestofthestepswouldbeveryeasy;it’sturnedouttobemoredifficultthanIthoughtitwouldbeMillersaidinaninterview.
MachinesandforeigncompetitionwillreplacemillionsofAmericanjobs.Butworkwillbeplentifulforpeopletrainedintheoccupationsofthefuture.TheLaborDepartmentpredictsanetincreaseof25millionnewjobsintheUnitedStatesin1995withservice-industryjobsgrowingthreetimesasrapidlyasfactoryjobs."Workwillshiftitsemphasisfromthefatigueandmonotonyoftheproductionlineandthetypingpooltothemoreinterestingchallengeoftheelectronicservicecenterthedesignstudiotheresearchlaboratorytheeducationinstituteandthetrainingschool"predictsCanadianeconomistCalvert. Jobsinhigh-techfieldswillmultiplyfastestbutfromalowbase.Intermsofactualnumbersmoremundaneoccupationswillexperiencethebiggestsurge:custodianscashierssecretarieswaitersandclerks.Yetmuchofthedrudgeworkwillbetakenonbyrobots. Thenumberofrobotsperformingblue-collartaskswillincreasefrom3000in1981to40000in1990saysJohnE.TayloroftheHumanResourcesResearchOrganizationinAlexandriaVa.Robotsmightalsobefoundonwarzonesinspace-evenintheofficeperhapsmakingcoffeeopeningmailanddeliveringmessages. Oneunsolvedproblemwhattodowithworkersdisplacedbyhightechnologyandforeigncompetition.Aroundtheworld"thelikelihoodofgrowingpermanentunemploymentisbecomingmoreacceptedasarealityamongsocialplanners"notesDavidMacarovassociateprofessoroftheHebrewUniversityinJerusalem.Meantimeatthepercentageoftimepeoplespendonthejobislikelytocontinuetofall.RobertTheobaldauthorofAvoidingin1984fearsthatjoblessnesswillleadtoincreasingdepressionbitternessandunrest."ThedramaticconsequencesofsuchashiftontheWesternpsychewhichhasmadethejobthewaywevaluehumanbeingsarealmostincalculable"hecomments. BecauseoftheconstantlychangingdemandforjobskillsRonKutschnerassociatecommissioneroftheBureauofLaborStatisticsoffersthisadvicefortoday’shighschoolstudents:"Bepreparedwithabroadeducationlikethekindpre-collegestudentsget--basicmath.scienceandEnglish.Prepareyourselftohandleeachnewtechnologyasitcomesdowntheroad.Thengettechnologytrainingforyourfirstjob.Thatisthebeststeppingstonetothesecondandthirdjobs./ Accordingtothepassagejobsontheproductionslineareusually
Moreandmorepeoplearestartingtoworkfromhomere-assessingtheir"work-lifebalance"andcapitalisingonwhatindustrycalls"remoteworking".ArecentsurveyofBritishcompaniesshowedthateightoutoftenbusinesseshavenowagreednewworkingarrangementsfortheirpersonnel.Theobjectoftheexercisewastoimprovethework-lifeBalanceofemployeesandencouragegreaterlevelsofefficiency.During2003/2004some900000requeststoworkflexiblyweremadeunderanewGovernmentschemeand800000oftheapplicationsweregranted.FurthermoresevenoutoftenbusinessessaidthattheyalsowouldbepreparedtoconsiderflexibleworkingrequestsfromotherstaffwhodidnotqualifyundertheGovernmentscheme. OneofthenewtechnologicaldevelopmentsthatmakesremoteworkingpossibleistheAsymmetricalDigitalSubscriberLineADSLbroadbandthatcancarrybothvoiceanddataathigh-speed.Remoteworkerscanconnecttotheircompany’sVirtualPrivateNetworkeitherthroughDigitalSubscriberLineDSLinternetwhichispermanentlyconnectedorthroughaRemoteAccessServiceRASwhichinvolveshavingtodialineachtime."PeoplestartedthinkingaboutremoteworkingbackintheEightiesbutthetechnologywasnotavailabletoconsideritapossibility"saysMeyrickVeversCommercialDirectorofTelewestBroadbandoneofUK’scommunicationandmediagroups."HowevernowwiththeincreasedavailabilityanduseofDSLtohomeusersremoteworkingisdefinitelyontheincrease."OfcoursesecurityisveryimportantandITdirectorsareunderstandablycautious.Buttheyarenowbeginningtofeelmorecomfortableaboutallowingtheirstaffahigherlevelofaccessfromhome. TelewestBusiness’sexperienceinputtingtogetherproductsolutionsisbasedonthecompany’sfocusonunderstandingtheircustomers’needs.Becausecustomers’needsarediverseandTelewestBusiness’spossiblesolutionsarewide-rangingthecompanyinvitesbusinessesseekingfurtherinformationtovisittheirwebsiteorcalldirect.Callcentreworkersmobilestaffsuchassalesexecutivesandlocalauthoritysocialworkersorparentsathomeareamongthoseforwhomremoteworkingappearstobeincreasinglyattractive. "PeopleinindustryintheUKhavesomeofthelongestworkinghoursintheworld"saysVevers."Doingthosehourssolelyintheofficeismoredisruptivetothepersonallifeoftheindividualthanhavingtheflexibilitytoworkfromhome.""Remoteworkingisallaboutpersonalchoiceandgivingpeoplemoreflexibilitythatsuitstheirpersonallives.AtTelewestBusinessweaimtotryandhelpplayapartinenablingcompaniestogivetheiremployeesthatflexibility./ Accordingtothepassageremoteworking
Naturalismistheviewthatthe"natural"universetheuniverseofmatterandenergyisallthattherereallyis.ByrulingoutaspiritualpartofthehumanpersonwhichmightsurvivedeathandaGodwhomightresurrectthebodynaturalismalsorulesoutsurvivalafterdeath.Inadditionnaturalismdenieshumanfreedomonthegroundsthateveryeventmustbeexplainablebydeterministicnaturallaws.Itdeniesanyabsolutevaluesbecauseitcanfindnogroundsforsuchvaluesinaworldmadeuponlyofmatterandenergy.AndfinallynaturalismdeniesthattheuniversehasanymeaningorpurposebecausethereisnoGodtogiveitameaningorpurposeandnothingelsewhichcangiveitameaningorpurpose. AnyonewhoacceptsthefirstthreedenialsofGodspiritualbeingsandimmortalitymightbecalledanaturalistinthebroadsenseandanyonewhoaddstothesethedenialoffreedomvaluesandpurposemightbelabeledanaturalistinthestrictsenseorastrictnaturalist.Someopponentsofnaturalismwouldarguethatnaturalistsinthebroadsenseareatleastsomewhatinconsistentandthatnaturalisminthebroadsenseleadslogicallytostrictnaturalism.Manystrictnaturalistswouldagreewiththis. Thosewhorejectnaturalisminboththestrictandbroadsensedosoforavarietyofmasons.Theymayhavepositiveargumentsfortheexistenceof.someofwhatnaturalistsdenyortheymayhavewhatseemtobedecisiverefutationsofsomeoralloftheargumentsfornaturalism.Butinadditiontoparticularargumentsagainstnaturalisttenetsortheirgroundsofbeliefsomeopponentsofnaturalismbelievethatthereisageneralargumentwhichholdsagainstanyformofnaturalism.Theseopponentsholdthatnaturalismhasa"fatalflaw"ortoputitmorestronglythatnaturalismisself-destroying.Ifnaturalismistruethenhumanreasonmustbetheresultofnaturalforces. Thesenaturalforcesarenotonthenaturalisticviewrationalthemselvesnorcantheybetheresultofarationalcause.Sohumanreasonwouldbetheresultofnonrationalcauses.Thisitcanbearguedgivesusastrongreasontodistrusthumanreachespeciallyinitslesspracticalandmoretheoreticalexercises.Butthetheoryofnaturalismisitselfsuchanexerciseoftheoreticalreason.Ifnaturalismistruewewouldhavestrongreasonstodistrusttheoreticalreasoning.Ifwedistrusttheoreticalreasoningwedistrustparticularapplicationsofitsuchasthetheoryofnaturalism.Thusifnaturalismistruewehavestrongreasonstodistrustnaturalism. Thegeneralargumentagainstnaturalismfocusesonits
Weallknowthatscienceplaysanimportantroleinthesocietiesinwhichwelive.Manypeoplebelievehoweverthatourprogressdependsontwoaspectsofscience.Thefirstofwhichisthemachinesproductsandsystemsofappliedknowledgethatscientistsandtechnologistsdevelop.Throughtechnologyscienceimprovesthatstructureofsocietyandhelpsmantogainincreasingcontroloverhisenvironment.46Thesecondaspectistheapplicationbyallmembersofsocietyfromthegovernmentofficialtotheordinarycitizenofthespecialmethodsofthoughtandactionthatscientistsuseintheirwork. 47Humanbeingshavedistinguishedthemselvesfromotheranimalsandindoingsoensuredtheirsurvivalbytheabilitytoobserveandunderstandtheirenvironmentandtheneithertoadapttothatenvironmentortocontrolandadaptittotheirownneeds.Theprocessofcarefulobservationperceptionofapatterninthephenomenaobservedfollowedbyexploitationofthisknowledgehaslargelyinspiredtheareaofhumanactivityknownas"science".48Ithasalsoprovidedthebasesforthetraditionalmethodologyofscience:objectiveobservationanddescriptionofsomephenomenatheformulationofahypothesisorhypothesesabouttheeventsobservedandpossiblerelationshipsamongthemtheuseofthesetopredictfutureeventstheverificationofthehypothesesandonthisbasistheconstructionofatheoryofsomeareaofnaturalactivity. Whilethisprocessstillunderliesmostscientificactivitytheclassic"scientificmethod"hasbeencriticizedfromavarietyofperspectives.49Tobeginwithitisapparentthatthe"objectivity"ofscienceandscientistsstrictlycharacterizesonlythelowestorderofscientificactivity—observationandevenhereitisdoubtfulwhetheranyonecanbeatrulyimpartialobserverofevents.Whatsomeonechoosestoobserveandthewayoneobservesitmustafterallinpartbeareflectionofexperienceandofideasastowhatissignificant.Considerforexamplethedifferentwaysinwhichanartistandalaymanlookatapaintingandthedifferentreactionstheyhavetothesamework. Theconstructionofhypothesesandtheoriesreflectsthescientist’sinterpretationofwhatheorshehasobservedevenmoreclearlythanobservation.Atthisstageofthescientificmethodanelementofsubjectivityisinevitablypresent.Thiscanmosteasilybeseenintheextremecaseofscientistsoftrulycreativegenius.Galileoforinstancechallengedthescientistsandthechurchofhisdaywithhishypothesisthattheearthrevolvedaroundthesun.AtwentiethcenturyexampleisWatsonandClick’sdiscoveryofthemolecularstructureofDNA.50Clearlysciencemayinvolvenotonlycarefulobservationbutalsoawillingnesstobecreative;thismayentaillookingbeyondexistingparadigmsgoverningresearchinagivenareaofstudy. 48
Americansuffersfromanoverdoseofwork.1whotheyareorwhattheydotheyspend2timeatworkthanatanytimesinceWorldWarⅡ.In1950theUShadfewerworkinghoursthananyother3country.Todayit4everycountrybutJapanwhereindustrialemployeeslog2155hoursayearcompared51951intheUSand16036Westemployees.Between1969and1989employedAmerican7anaverageof138hourstotheiryearlyworkschedules.Thework-week8atabout40hoursbutpeopleareworkingmoreweekseachyear.9paidtimeoff—holidaysvacationssickleave—1015percentinthe1990s. 2
ThediscoverylastweekofpossibleevidenceoflifeonMarshaselectrifieddebateoverwhethertheuniverseisabarrenvoidoranurserypregnantwithlife.Scientistswhohavecomestunninglyclosetorepeatinggenesisortheoriginoflifeinatesttubesaythebuildingblocksforlifeexisteverywhere.Thechallengeisputtingthemtogether.46Theoriginoflifeisarelativelyeasyconceptandthere’sawidevarietyofconditionsunderwhichitwilltakeplacesaidlateStanleyMilleraprofessorattheUniversityofCaliforniaandapioneerinthefield.PerhapstheremarkablethingisthateventhoughMarsisnotafavorableenvironmenttheoriginoflifetookplace.Astronomershavefoundthatthesamegasespresentinoursolarsystemarepresentthroughouttheuniverse.47EffortstomakemicroscopiclifefromthesebasicelementsonEarthsuggeststhechanceoflifearisingundersimilarcircumstancesisthesameeverywheresaychemistsbiologistsandotherexperts.Itseemsfairlylikelythatlifesimilartooursifthereiswateravailable’wouldevolveinotherenvironmentsinourgalaxyorouruniversesaidJamesFerrisaleadingresearcherandeditorofthejournalOriginsofLifeandEvolutionoftheBiosphere.Underlyingmuchoftheresearchisthequestion..WasthedevelopmentoflifeonEarthuniqueordidtheuniverse’schemicalelementsnaturallyevolveintolife48Theanswerappearstobethatatleastthechemicalreactionsthatsetthestageforearlylifewouldbesimilareverywherebutresultantlivingorganismswoulddifferbecauseofthegeneticmutationsinevolution.Ifyou’vegotthesamestartingmaterialsandthesameconditionsyou’regoingtogettheamecompoundsthat’sforsureMillersaid.Therealquestioniswhetherornottherearechanceelementsintheformationoflife.49Ina1953experimentMillermixedbasicgasesapproximatingtheEarth’searlyatmospherewithanelectricchargeinsideaglasschamberandproducedaminoacidsaprimitivebuildingblockoflife.Hethensuggestedthatlifewasanaturalevolution.Itseemedthatsciencewasonthevergeofconjuringupcreationsinthelaboratorybutthenext43yearsweretopresentunexpectedchallenges.50Makingtheaminoacidsmadeitseemliketherestofthestepswouldbeveryeasy;it’sturnedouttobemoredifficultthanIthoughtitwouldbeMillersaidinaninterview.
TheU.S.spaceagencyNASAisplanningtolaunchasatellitethatscientistshopewillanswerfundamentalquestionsabouttheoriginanddestinyofouruniverse.41_________________. Theprevailingtheoryoftheuniverse’soriginthe"BigBang"theorysaysallmatterandenergywereoncecompressedintoatinypoint.Thedensityandresultingtemperatureweresoenormousthatabout13-to-15-billionyearsagobycurrentestimatesamightyexplosionflungthematterhurtlingoutwardinalldirections.42_________________.TheyalsoaskistheexpansionacceleratingWilltheuniversecollapseWhatisitsshapeScientistswillseekexplanationswithNASA’snewMicrowaveAnisotropyProbeabbreviatedasMAP.43_________________."MAPwilltaketheultimatebabypictureanimageoftheinfantuniversetakeninthefossillightthatisstillpresentfromtheBigBang"hesays."Thisglowthisradiationistheoldestlightintheuniverse.ImprintedonthisbackgroundphysicistsknewwouldbethesecretsoftheBigBangitself." Thisbackgroundradiationisthelightandheatthattheearlycosmicsoupofmatteremitted.Onceroilinghotithascooledovertheeonstojustafewdegreesaboveabsolutezero.Itwasoncethoughttobedistributedevenly.Butin1992ahighlysensitiveNASAsatellitenamedCOBEdetectednearlyimperceptiblevariationsintemperatureastinyas30-millionthsofadegree. 44_________________."Thesepatternsresultfromtinyconcentrationsthatwereintheveryearlyuniversethatweretheseedsthatgrewtobecomethestarsandthegalaxiesthatweseetoday"hesays."Thetinypatternsinthelightholdthekeysforunderstandingthehistorythecontenttheshapeandtheultimatefateofouruniverse." 45_________________.PrincetonUniversityscientistDavidSpergelsaysMAPwillgiveusamuchmoreaccuratemattercountthanwehavenow."Rightnowwewanttomeasuresomethinglikethematter-densityoftheuniverse"hesays."Todaywecanestimatethattoafactoroftwo.That’sprettygood.Whatwewanttodoisbeabletomeasureittoaboutthethree-percentlevelwhichiswhatMAPwillbecapableofdoing." Todoitsjobthe＄145millionMAPspacecraftwillsettleintoanorbit1.5millionkilometersfromtheEarth.ThisiswheretheEarth’sandSun’sgravitationalpullareequalandwellpasttherangeoftheEarth’sownobscuringmicrowaveradiation. WhiletheolderCOBEsatellitemeasuredjustasmallpartoftheskyChalrlesBennettsaysMAPwillscantheentireskyat1000timesbetterresolution."ThepatternsthatMAPmeasuresareextremelydifficulttomeasure"hesays"MAPwillbemeasuringmillionthsofadegreetemperatureaccuraciesandthat’shardtodo.That’slikemeasuringthedifferencebetweentwocupsofsandtotheaccuracyofasinglegrainofsand." [A]TheprincipalNASAscientistfortheNewMAPspacecraftCharlesBennettsaystheheatpatternsrepresentslightdifferencesinthedensityoftheyounguniversewheredenserregionsevolvedintothepresentwebofstructures. [B]NASAsaysthefirstresultsfromtheMAPmissionwillbereadyinabout18monthsafterlaunch. [C]ThespacecraftwillorbittheEarthseekinganswersfromanextremelyfaintglowofmicrowavesthathaveexistedsincethebeginningoftime. [D]Scientistsaretryingtolearnhowitclumpedtogethertoproducestarsclustersofstarscalledgalaxiesandclustersofgalaxies. [E]Astronomersarereportingevidencethatpointstoamassivestar-eatingblackholeatthecenterofourMilkyWaygalaxy. [F]Oneofthosekeysistheamountofmatteranditsdensity.Morematterwithahigherdensitymefinsmolegravitationalpullsuggestingaslowingoftheuniverse’sexpansionandperhapsevenitscollapse. [G]TheheadofNASA’sEvolutionoftheUniverseprogramAlanBunnersaysMAPwillmeasurewhatisthoughthremnantoftheBigBang--anafterglowofmicrowavesbathingtheuniversethatwasemittedbytheancientcosmicmatter. 44
MachinesandforeigncompetitionwillreplacemillionsofAmericanjobs.Butworkwillbeplentifulforpeopletrainedintheoccupationsofthefuture.TheLaborDepartmentpredictsanetincreaseof25millionnewjobsintheUnitedStatesin1995withservice-industryjobsgrowingthreetimesasrapidlyasfactoryjobs."Workwillshiftitsemphasisfromthefatigueandmonotonyoftheproductionlineandthetypingpooltothemoreinterestingchallengeoftheelectronicservicecenterthedesignstudiotheresearchlaboratorytheeducationinstituteandthetrainingschool"predictsCanadianeconomistCalvert. Jobsinhigh-techfieldswillmultiplyfastestbutfromalowbase.Intermsofactualnumbersmoremundaneoccupationswillexperiencethebiggestsurge:custodianscashierssecretarieswaitersandclerks.Yetmuchofthedrudgeworkwillbetakenonbyrobots. Thenumberofrobotsperformingblue-collartaskswillincreasefrom3000in1981to40000in1990saysJohnE.TayloroftheHumanResourcesResearchOrganizationinAlexandriaVa.Robotsmightalsobefoundonwarzonesinspace-evenintheofficeperhapsmakingcoffeeopeningmailanddeliveringmessages. Oneunsolvedproblemwhattodowithworkersdisplacedbyhightechnologyandforeigncompetition.Aroundtheworld"thelikelihoodofgrowingpermanentunemploymentisbecomingmoreacceptedasarealityamongsocialplanners"notesDavidMacarovassociateprofessoroftheHebrewUniversityinJerusalem.Meantimeatthepercentageoftimepeoplespendonthejobislikelytocontinuetofall.RobertTheobaldauthorofAvoidingin1984fearsthatjoblessnesswillleadtoincreasingdepressionbitternessandunrest."ThedramaticconsequencesofsuchashiftontheWesternpsychewhichhasmadethejobthewaywevaluehumanbeingsarealmostincalculable"hecomments. BecauseoftheconstantlychangingdemandforjobskillsRonKutschnerassociatecommissioneroftheBureauofLaborStatisticsoffersthisadvicefortoday’shighschoolstudents:"Bepreparedwithabroadeducationlikethekindpre-collegestudentsget--basicmath.scienceandEnglish.Prepareyourselftohandleeachnewtechnologyasitcomesdowntheroad.Thengettechnologytrainingforyourfirstjob.Thatisthebeststeppingstonetothesecondandthirdjobs./ Itisimpliedinthelastparagraphthatpeoplemusthaveabroadeducationandtechnologytraininginorderto
Weallknowthatscienceplaysanimportantroleinthesocietiesinwhichwelive.Manypeoplebelievehoweverthatourprogressdependsontwoaspectsofscience.Thefirstofwhichisthemachinesproductsandsystemsofappliedknowledgethatscientistsandtechnologistsdevelop.Throughtechnologyscienceimprovesthatstructureofsocietyandhelpsmantogainincreasingcontroloverhisenvironment.46Thesecondaspectistheapplicationbyallmembersofsocietyfromthegovernmentofficialtotheordinarycitizenofthespecialmethodsofthoughtandactionthatscientistsuseintheirwork. 47Humanbeingshavedistinguishedthemselvesfromotheranimalsandindoingsoensuredtheirsurvivalbytheabilitytoobserveandunderstandtheirenvironmentandtheneithertoadapttothatenvironmentortocontrolandadaptittotheirownneeds.Theprocessofcarefulobservationperceptionofapatterninthephenomenaobservedfollowedbyexploitationofthisknowledgehaslargelyinspiredtheareaofhumanactivityknownas"science".48Ithasalsoprovidedthebasesforthetraditionalmethodologyofscience:objectiveobservationanddescriptionofsomephenomenatheformulationofahypothesisorhypothesesabouttheeventsobservedandpossiblerelationshipsamongthemtheuseofthesetopredictfutureeventstheverificationofthehypothesesandonthisbasistheconstructionofatheoryofsomeareaofnaturalactivity. Whilethisprocessstillunderliesmostscientificactivitytheclassic"scientificmethod"hasbeencriticizedfromavarietyofperspectives.49Tobeginwithitisapparentthatthe"objectivity"ofscienceandscientistsstrictlycharacterizesonlythelowestorderofscientificactivity—observationandevenhereitisdoubtfulwhetheranyonecanbeatrulyimpartialobserverofevents.Whatsomeonechoosestoobserveandthewayoneobservesitmustafterallinpartbeareflectionofexperienceandofideasastowhatissignificant.Considerforexamplethedifferentwaysinwhichanartistandalaymanlookatapaintingandthedifferentreactionstheyhavetothesamework. Theconstructionofhypothesesandtheoriesreflectsthescientist’sinterpretationofwhatheorshehasobservedevenmoreclearlythanobservation.Atthisstageofthescientificmethodanelementofsubjectivityisinevitablypresent.Thiscanmosteasilybeseenintheextremecaseofscientistsoftrulycreativegenius.Galileoforinstancechallengedthescientistsandthechurchofhisdaywithhishypothesisthattheearthrevolvedaroundthesun.AtwentiethcenturyexampleisWatsonandClick’sdiscoveryofthemolecularstructureofDNA.50Clearlysciencemayinvolvenotonlycarefulobservationbutalsoawillingnesstobecreative;thismayentaillookingbeyondexistingparadigmsgoverningresearchinagivenareaofstudy. 46
Americansuffersfromanoverdoseofwork.1whotheyareorwhattheydotheyspend2timeatworkthanatanytimesinceWorldWarⅡ.In1950theUShadfewerworkinghoursthananyother3country.Todayit4everycountrybutJapanwhereindustrialemployeeslog2155hoursayearcompared51951intheUSand16036Westemployees.Between1969and1989employedAmerican7anaverageof138hourstotheiryearlyworkschedules.Thework-week8atabout40hoursbutpeopleareworkingmoreweekseachyear.9paidtimeoff—holidaysvacationssickleave—1015percentinthe1990s. 8
Whenyouaresmallallambitionsfallintoonegrandcategory:whenI’mgrownup.WhenI’mgrownupyousayI’llgoupinspace.I’mgoingtobeanauthor.I’llkillthemallandthenthey’llbesorry.I’llbemarriedinacathedralwithsixteenbridesmaidsinpinklace.I’llhaveapuppyofmyownandnoonewillbeabletotakehimaway. Noneofiteverhappensofcourse--ordarnlittlebutthefantasiesgiveyoutheideathatthereissomethingtogrowupfor.Indeedoneofthesaddestthingsaboutgildedadolescenceisthefeelingthatfromeighteenonit’salldownhill;IreadwithhorrorofanAmericanhippieweddingwheresomeonesaidtothegroomagedtwenty"youseemsokindagrownupsomehow"andtheladhadtogoroundseekingassurancethathewasn’t.Noreallyhewasn’t.Adeterminationtobebetteradultsthanthepresentincumbentsisfinebuttorefusetogrowupatallisjustplainunrealism. WhenmychildrenaregrownupI’lllearntoflyanairplane.IwillcareerroundtheskyknowingthatifIdo"gopop"therewillbenolittleonestosuffershockandmaladjustment;thateveniftheworstdoescometotheworstIwillatleastdodgethegeriatricwardandallthatlookforyourglassesinordertoseewhereyou’veleftyourteeth.WhenmychildrenaregrownupI’llhavefragilelovelythingsonlowtables;I’llhaveawhitecarpet;I’llgotothepicturesintheafternoons.WhenthechildrenaregrownupI’llactuallybeabletodoaday’sworkinaflayinsteadofspreadingoverthreeandgoawayforaweekendwithoutplanningasifforatriptotheMoon.WhenI’mgrownup--Imeanwhenthey’regrownup--I’llbefree. OfcourseIknowit’sgottogetworsebeforeitgetsbetter.Twelve-year-oldI’mtolddon’tgotobedatsevensoyoudon’tevengetyourevening.Oncethey’repasttenyouhavetostartworryingabouttheirfriendsinsteadofsimplyshootingtheintrudersoffthedoorstepandtosettledowntoasteadytenyearsofcriticismofeverythingyou’veeverthoughtordoneorwon.Boysitseemsmaybelessofatrialthangirlssincetheycan’tgetpregnantandtheydon’tborrowyourclothes--iftheydoborrowyourclothesofcourseyou’yegotevenmoretoworryabout. Theyoungdon’trespecttheirparentsanymore.Goodnesshowsad.Stilllikeeatingsnailsitmightbeallrightonceyou’vegotovertheidea;itmightletusoffhavingtobotherquitesomuchwiththemwhenthetimecomes.Butoneissimplynotgoingtobeabletodroneawayone’sdaystoothlessbythefirebroodingonthepast. Thewriterholdstheopinionthatfantasies
AsCorporationshave11stiffercompetitionandslowergrowthinproductivitytheywould12employeestoworklonger.Cost-cuttinglayoffsinthe1980s13theprofessionalandmanagerialranksleavingfewerpeopletogetthejobdone.Inlower-paidoccupations14wageshavebeenreducedworkershaveaddedhours15overtimeorextrajobsto16theirlivingstandard.TheGovernmentestimatesthatmorethansevenmillionpeopleholdasecondjob. Forthefirsttimelarge17ofpeoplesaytheywanttocut18onworkinghoursevenifitmeansearninglessmoney.Butmostemployersare19toletthemdoso.Thegovernmentwhichhassteppedbackfromitstraditional20asaregulatorofworktimeshouldtakestepstomakeshorterhourspossible. 12
Directions: Title:BeijingToHost2008OlympicGames Outline: 1.BeijingsubmittedapplicationstotheInternationalOlympicCommittee. 2.WhydoesBeijingwanttohost2008OlympicGames 3.Beijingshouldmakefurthereffort. Youshouldwriteabout160200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Moreandmorepeoplearestartingtoworkfromhomere-assessingtheir"work-lifebalance"andcapitalisingonwhatindustrycalls"remoteworking".ArecentsurveyofBritishcompaniesshowedthateightoutoftenbusinesseshavenowagreednewworkingarrangementsfortheirpersonnel.Theobjectoftheexercisewastoimprovethework-lifeBalanceofemployeesandencouragegreaterlevelsofefficiency.During2003/2004some900000requeststoworkflexiblyweremadeunderanewGovernmentschemeand800000oftheapplicationsweregranted.FurthermoresevenoutoftenbusinessessaidthattheyalsowouldbepreparedtoconsiderflexibleworkingrequestsfromotherstaffwhodidnotqualifyundertheGovernmentscheme. OneofthenewtechnologicaldevelopmentsthatmakesremoteworkingpossibleistheAsymmetricalDigitalSubscriberLineADSLbroadbandthatcancarrybothvoiceanddataathigh-speed.Remoteworkerscanconnecttotheircompany’sVirtualPrivateNetworkeitherthroughDigitalSubscriberLineDSLinternetwhichispermanentlyconnectedorthroughaRemoteAccessServiceRASwhichinvolveshavingtodialineachtime."PeoplestartedthinkingaboutremoteworkingbackintheEightiesbutthetechnologywasnotavailabletoconsideritapossibility"saysMeyrickVeversCommercialDirectorofTelewestBroadbandoneofUK’scommunicationandmediagroups."HowevernowwiththeincreasedavailabilityanduseofDSLtohomeusersremoteworkingisdefinitelyontheincrease."OfcoursesecurityisveryimportantandITdirectorsareunderstandablycautious.Buttheyarenowbeginningtofeelmorecomfortableaboutallowingtheirstaffahigherlevelofaccessfromhome. TelewestBusiness’sexperienceinputtingtogetherproductsolutionsisbasedonthecompany’sfocusonunderstandingtheircustomers’needs.Becausecustomers’needsarediverseandTelewestBusiness’spossiblesolutionsarewide-rangingthecompanyinvitesbusinessesseekingfurtherinformationtovisittheirwebsiteorcalldirect.Callcentreworkersmobilestaffsuchassalesexecutivesandlocalauthoritysocialworkersorparentsathomeareamongthoseforwhomremoteworkingappearstobeincreasinglyattractive. "PeopleinindustryintheUKhavesomeofthelongestworkinghoursintheworld"saysVevers."Doingthosehourssolelyintheofficeismoredisruptivetothepersonallifeoftheindividualthanhavingtheflexibilitytoworkfromhome.""Remoteworkingisallaboutpersonalchoiceandgivingpeoplemoreflexibilitythatsuitstheirpersonallives.AtTelewestBusinessweaimtotryandhelpplayapartinenablingcompaniestogivetheiremployeesthatflexibility./ TheexampleofTelewestismentionedtoshowthat
Naturalismistheviewthatthe"natural"universetheuniverseofmatterandenergyisallthattherereallyis.ByrulingoutaspiritualpartofthehumanpersonwhichmightsurvivedeathandaGodwhomightresurrectthebodynaturalismalsorulesoutsurvivalafterdeath.Inadditionnaturalismdenieshumanfreedomonthegroundsthateveryeventmustbeexplainablebydeterministicnaturallaws.Itdeniesanyabsolutevaluesbecauseitcanfindnogroundsforsuchvaluesinaworldmadeuponlyofmatterandenergy.AndfinallynaturalismdeniesthattheuniversehasanymeaningorpurposebecausethereisnoGodtogiveitameaningorpurposeandnothingelsewhichcangiveitameaningorpurpose. AnyonewhoacceptsthefirstthreedenialsofGodspiritualbeingsandimmortalitymightbecalledanaturalistinthebroadsenseandanyonewhoaddstothesethedenialoffreedomvaluesandpurposemightbelabeledanaturalistinthestrictsenseorastrictnaturalist.Someopponentsofnaturalismwouldarguethatnaturalistsinthebroadsenseareatleastsomewhatinconsistentandthatnaturalisminthebroadsenseleadslogicallytostrictnaturalism.Manystrictnaturalistswouldagreewiththis. Thosewhorejectnaturalisminboththestrictandbroadsensedosoforavarietyofmasons.Theymayhavepositiveargumentsfortheexistenceof.someofwhatnaturalistsdenyortheymayhavewhatseemtobedecisiverefutationsofsomeoralloftheargumentsfornaturalism.Butinadditiontoparticularargumentsagainstnaturalisttenetsortheirgroundsofbeliefsomeopponentsofnaturalismbelievethatthereisageneralargumentwhichholdsagainstanyformofnaturalism.Theseopponentsholdthatnaturalismhasa"fatalflaw"ortoputitmorestronglythatnaturalismisself-destroying.Ifnaturalismistruethenhumanreasonmustbetheresultofnaturalforces. Thesenaturalforcesarenotonthenaturalisticviewrationalthemselvesnorcantheybetheresultofarationalcause.Sohumanreasonwouldbetheresultofnonrationalcauses.Thisitcanbearguedgivesusastrongreasontodistrusthumanreachespeciallyinitslesspracticalandmoretheoreticalexercises.Butthetheoryofnaturalismisitselfsuchanexerciseoftheoreticalreason.Ifnaturalismistruewewouldhavestrongreasonstodistrusttheoreticalreasoning.Ifwedistrusttheoreticalreasoningwedistrustparticularapplicationsofitsuchasthetheoryofnaturalism.Thusifnaturalismistruewehavestrongreasonstodistrustnaturalism. Whichofthefollowingconcerningthosewhorejectnaturalismaretrue
Directions Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing．Inyouressayyoushould 1describethedrawingbriefly 2interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbythemandthen 3giveyourpointsofview． YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2．
AsCorporationshave11stiffercompetitionandslowergrowthinproductivitytheywould12employeestoworklonger.Cost-cuttinglayoffsinthe1980s13theprofessionalandmanagerialranksleavingfewerpeopletogetthejobdone.Inlower-paidoccupations14wageshavebeenreducedworkershaveaddedhours15overtimeorextrajobsto16theirlivingstandard.TheGovernmentestimatesthatmorethansevenmillionpeopleholdasecondjob. Forthefirsttimelarge17ofpeoplesaytheywanttocut18onworkinghoursevenifitmeansearninglessmoney.Butmostemployersare19toletthemdoso.Thegovernmentwhichhassteppedbackfromitstraditional20asaregulatorofworktimeshouldtakestepstomakeshorterhourspossible. 18
Weallknowthatscienceplaysanimportantroleinthesocietiesinwhichwelive.Manypeoplebelievehoweverthatourprogressdependsontwoaspectsofscience.Thefirstofwhichisthemachinesproductsandsystemsofappliedknowledgethatscientistsandtechnologistsdevelop.Throughtechnologyscienceimprovesthatstructureofsocietyandhelpsmantogainincreasingcontroloverhisenvironment.46Thesecondaspectistheapplicationbyallmembersofsocietyfromthegovernmentofficialtotheordinarycitizenofthespecialmethodsofthoughtandactionthatscientistsuseintheirwork. 47Humanbeingshavedistinguishedthemselvesfromotheranimalsandindoingsoensuredtheirsurvivalbytheabilitytoobserveandunderstandtheirenvironmentandtheneithertoadapttothatenvironmentortocontrolandadaptittotheirownneeds.Theprocessofcarefulobservationperceptionofapatterninthephenomenaobservedfollowedbyexploitationofthisknowledgehaslargelyinspiredtheareaofhumanactivityknownas"science".48Ithasalsoprovidedthebasesforthetraditionalmethodologyofscience:objectiveobservationanddescriptionofsomephenomenatheformulationofahypothesisorhypothesesabouttheeventsobservedandpossiblerelationshipsamongthemtheuseofthesetopredictfutureeventstheverificationofthehypothesesandonthisbasistheconstructionofatheoryofsomeareaofnaturalactivity. Whilethisprocessstillunderliesmostscientificactivitytheclassic"scientificmethod"hasbeencriticizedfromavarietyofperspectives.49Tobeginwithitisapparentthatthe"objectivity"ofscienceandscientistsstrictlycharacterizesonlythelowestorderofscientificactivity—observationandevenhereitisdoubtfulwhetheranyonecanbeatrulyimpartialobserverofevents.Whatsomeonechoosestoobserveandthewayoneobservesitmustafterallinpartbeareflectionofexperienceandofideasastowhatissignificant.Considerforexamplethedifferentwaysinwhichanartistandalaymanlookatapaintingandthedifferentreactionstheyhavetothesamework. Theconstructionofhypothesesandtheoriesreflectsthescientist’sinterpretationofwhatheorshehasobservedevenmoreclearlythanobservation.Atthisstageofthescientificmethodanelementofsubjectivityisinevitablypresent.Thiscanmosteasilybeseenintheextremecaseofscientistsoftrulycreativegenius.Galileoforinstancechallengedthescientistsandthechurchofhisdaywithhishypothesisthattheearthrevolvedaroundthesun.AtwentiethcenturyexampleisWatsonandClick’sdiscoveryofthemolecularstructureofDNA.50Clearlysciencemayinvolvenotonlycarefulobservationbutalsoawillingnesstobecreative;thismayentaillookingbeyondexistingparadigmsgoverningresearchinagivenareaofstudy. 50
Americansuffersfromanoverdoseofwork.1whotheyareorwhattheydotheyspend2timeatworkthanatanytimesinceWorldWarⅡ.In1950theUShadfewerworkinghoursthananyother3country.Todayit4everycountrybutJapanwhereindustrialemployeeslog2155hoursayearcompared51951intheUSand16036Westemployees.Between1969and1989employedAmerican7anaverageof138hourstotheiryearlyworkschedules.Thework-week8atabout40hoursbutpeopleareworkingmoreweekseachyear.9paidtimeoff—holidaysvacationssickleave—1015percentinthe1990s. 10
MySpaceandotherWebsiteshaveunleashedapotentnewphenomenonofsocialnetworkingincyberspace1atthesametimeagrowingbodyofevidenceissuggestingthattraditionalsocial2playasurprisinglypowerfulandunder-recognizedroleininfluencinghowpeoplebehave. ThelatestresearchcomesfromDr.NicholasA.ChristakisattheHarvardMedicalSchoolandDr.JamesH.FowlerattheUniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiego.The3reportedlastsummerthatobesityappearedto4fromonepersontoanother5socialnetworksalmostlikeavirusorafad.Inafollow-uptothatprovocativeresearchtheteamhasproduced6findingsaboutanothermajorhealth7:smoking.InastudypublishedlastweekintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinetheteamfoundthataperson’sdecisionto8thehabitisstronglyaffectedby9otherpeopleintheirsocialnetworkquit—evenpeopletheydonotknow.Andsurprisinglyentirenetworksofsmokersappeartoquitvirtually10 For11oftheirstudiesthey12ofdetailedrecordskeptbetween1971and2003about5124peoplewhoparticipatedinthelandmarkFraminghamHeartStudy.BecausemanyofthesubjectshadtiestotheBostonsuburbofFraminghamMass.manyoftheparticipantswere13somehow—throughspousesneighborsfriendsco-workers—enablingtheresearcherstostudyanetworkthat1412067people. Takentogetherthesestudiesare15agrowingrecognitionthatmanybehaviorsare16bysocialnetworksin17thathavenotbeenfullyunderstood.And18maybepossibletheresearcherssaytoharnessthepowerofthesenetworksformany19suchasencouragingsafesexgettingmorepeopletoexerciseoreven20crime. 2
MachinesandforeigncompetitionwillreplacemillionsofAmericanjobs.Butworkwillbeplentifulforpeopletrainedintheoccupationsofthefuture.TheLaborDepartmentpredictsanetincreaseof25millionnewjobsintheUnitedStatesin1995withservice-industryjobsgrowingthreetimesasrapidlyasfactoryjobs."Workwillshiftitsemphasisfromthefatigueandmonotonyoftheproductionlineandthetypingpooltothemoreinterestingchallengeoftheelectronicservicecenterthedesignstudiotheresearchlaboratorytheeducationinstituteandthetrainingschool"predictsCanadianeconomistCalvert. Jobsinhigh-techfieldswillmultiplyfastestbutfromalowbase.Intermsofactualnumbersmoremundaneoccupationswillexperiencethebiggestsurge:custodianscashierssecretarieswaitersandclerks.Yetmuchofthedrudgeworkwillbetakenonbyrobots. Thenumberofrobotsperformingblue-collartaskswillincreasefrom3000in1981to40000in1990saysJohnE.TayloroftheHumanResourcesResearchOrganizationinAlexandriaVa.Robotsmightalsobefoundonwarzonesinspace-evenintheofficeperhapsmakingcoffeeopeningmailanddeliveringmessages. Oneunsolvedproblemwhattodowithworkersdisplacedbyhightechnologyandforeigncompetition.Aroundtheworld"thelikelihoodofgrowingpermanentunemploymentisbecomingmoreacceptedasarealityamongsocialplanners"notesDavidMacarovassociateprofessoroftheHebrewUniversityinJerusalem.Meantimeatthepercentageoftimepeoplespendonthejobislikelytocontinuetofall.RobertTheobaldauthorofAvoidingin1984fearsthatjoblessnesswillleadtoincreasingdepressionbitternessandunrest."ThedramaticconsequencesofsuchashiftontheWesternpsychewhichhasmadethejobthewaywevaluehumanbeingsarealmostincalculable"hecomments. BecauseoftheconstantlychangingdemandforjobskillsRonKutschnerassociatecommissioneroftheBureauofLaborStatisticsoffersthisadvicefortoday’shighschoolstudents:"Bepreparedwithabroadeducationlikethekindpre-collegestudentsget--basicmath.scienceandEnglish.Prepareyourselftohandleeachnewtechnologyasitcomesdowntheroad.Thengettechnologytrainingforyourfirstjob.Thatisthebeststeppingstonetothesecondandthirdjobs./ Whatwillhappenwhenmoreandmoreworkersarereplacedbymachinesandforeigncompetition
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