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Directions: Title: Beijing To Host 2008 Olympic Games Outline: 1. Beijing submitted applications to...
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WithAirbus’sgiantA380airlinerabouttotaketotheskiesyoumightthinkplanescouldnotgetmuchbiggerandyouwouldberight.Foragivendesignitturns1therecomesapointwherethewingsbecometooheavytogenerate2lifttocarrytheirownweight.3anewwayofdesigningandmakingmaterialscould4thatproblem.Twoengineers5UniversityCollegeLondonhavedevisedaninnovativewaytocustomiseandcontrolthe6ofamaterialthroughoutitsthreedimensionalstructure. Inthe7ofawingthiswouldmakepossibleamaterialthatisdensestrongandload-bearingatoneendclosetothefuselage8theextremitiescouldbemadelessdenselighterandmore9.Itislikemakingbespokematerials10youcancustomisethephysicalpropertiesofeverycubicmillimetreofastructure. Thenewtechniquecombinesexistingtechnologiesinan11way.Itstartsbyusingfinite-element-analysissoftwareofthetypecommonlyusedbyengineers12avirtualprototypeoftheobject.Thesoftwaremodelsthestressesandstrainsthattheobjectwillneedto13throughoutitsstructure.Usingthisinformationitisthen14tocalculatethepreciseforcesactingonmillionsofsmallersubsectionsofthestructure.15ofthesesubsectionsis16treatedasaseparateobjectwithitsownsetofforcesactingonit--andeachsubsection17foradifferentmicrostructuretoabsorbthoselocalforces. Designingsomanymicrostructuresmanually18beahugetasksotheresearchersapplyanoptimisationprogramcalledageneticalgorithm19.Thisusesaprocessofrandomisationandtrial-and-errortosearchthevastnumberofpossiblemicrostructurestofindthemost20designforeachsubsection. 2
WilliamAppletonauthorofarecentbookentitledFathersandDaughtersbelievesthatitisawoman’srelationshipwithherfather1decideshowsuccessfulshewillbeinher2life.AccordingtoAppletontherearethreeimportantstepsagirlmust3inherrelationshipwithDaddy. The4isthe"littlegirl"stageinwhichthedaughterlovesandidolizesherfather5hewereagodorherowithout6Andherfatherloveshisdaughter7blindlyseeingherasan"oasisofsmiles"inahardcoldworld.Thencomesthesecondstage.Itstartsduringadolescenceand8formanyyears.HerethelittlegirlbeginstorebelagainstDaddyand9hisauthority.Hereactswithangerand10 Andthefinalstagecomes11awomanreachestheageofaboutthirty.Atthistimethedaughterseesherfathernot-asahero12asafoolbutlearnstoaccepthim13heisforbetterorworse.AndDaddyforgiveshertoofornotbeingthe14littlegirlhehadoncehopedfor. Butnotalldaughtersgothroughallthreestagesanditisherethatthekeytoawoman’s career15.Thosegirlswhonevergetpastthefirst"oasisofsmiles"stage16alltheirlivesseekouttheirfathers’loveandapprovalwillnever17inthebusinessworld.Theywillremainatthesecretarial18alltheirlives. Itisonlythosewomenwhogettothefinalstagethosewho19andacceptDaddy’sfaultswhocanevenhopetobe20enoughandindependentenoughtobecomeacandidatefortop-management. 6
PlatoaskedWhatismanandStAugustineaskedWhoamIAnewbreedofcriminalshasanovelanswer:Iamyou!Althoughimpostorshaveexistedforagesthegrowingfrequencyandcostofidentitytheftisworrisome.Around10mAmericansarevictimsannuallyanditistheleadingconsumer-fraudcomplaintoverthepastfiveyears.Thecosttobusinesseswasalmost＄50billionandtoconsumers＄5billionin2002themostrecentyearthatAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissioncollectedfigures.Aftertworecentbigprivacydisasterspeopleandpoliticiansarecallingforaction.InFebruaryChoicePointalargedata-collectionagencybegansendingoutletterswarning145000AmericansthatithadwronglyprovidedfraudsterswiththeirpersonaldetailsincludingSocialSecuritynumbers.Around750peoplehavealreadyspottedfraudulentactivity.AndonFebruary25thBankofAmericarevealedthatitlostdatatapesthatcontainpersonalinformationonover1mgovernmentemployeesincludingsomeSenators.Althoughaccidentandnotillegalityissuspectedallmusttakeprecautionsagainstidentitytheft.Facedwithsuchincidentsstateandnationallawmakersarecallingfornewregulationsincludingovercompaniesthatcollectandsellpersonalinformation.Asanindustrythefirms—suchasChoicePointAcxiomLexisNexisandWestlaw—arelargelyunregulated.Theyhavealsogrownenormous.ForexampleChoicePointwasfoundedin1997andhasacquirednearly60firmstoamassdatabaseswith19billionrecordsonpeople.Itisusedbyinsurancefirmslandlordsandevenpoliceagencies.Californiaistheonlystatewithalawrequiringcompaniestonotifyindividualswhentheirpersonalinformationhasbeencompromised—whichmadeChoicePointrevealthefraudalbeitfivemonthsafteritwasnoticedandafteritstoptwobossesexercisedstockoptions.Legislationtomaketherequirementafederallawisunderconsideration.Moreoverlawmakerssaytheywillproposethatrulesgoverningcreditbureausandmedicalcompaniesareextendedtodata-collectionfirms.Andalongsidelegislationthereisalwayslitigation.AlreadyChoicePointhasbeensuedforfailingtosafeguardindividuals’data.YetthelegalremedieswouldstillbefarlooserthaninEuropewhereidentitytheftisalsoamenacethoughlessfrequentandcostly.TheEuropeanDataProtectionDirectiveimplementedin1998givespeopletherighttoaccesstheftinformationchangeinaccuraciesanddenypermissionforittobeshared.Moreoveritplacesthecostofmistakesonthecompaniesthatcollectthedatanotonindividuals.WhenthelawwasputinforceAmericanpolicymakersgroanedthatitwasbadforbusiness.Butnowtheyseemtobereconsideringit.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat
InrecentyearsAmericansocietyhasbecomeincreasinglydependentonitsuniversitiestofindsolutionstoitsmajorproblems.Itistheuniversitiesthathavebeenchargedwiththeprincipalresponsibilityfordevelopingtheexpertisetoplacemenonthemoon;fordealingwithoururbanproblemsandwithourdeterioratingenvironment;fordevelopingthemeanstofeedtheworld’srapidlyincreasingpopulation.Theeffortinvolvedinmeetingthesedemandspresentsitsownproblems.Inadditionthisconcentrationonthecreationofnewknowledgesignificantlyimpingesontheuniversities’effortstoperformtheirotherprincipalfunctionsthetransmissionandinterpretationofknowledge--theimpartingoftheheritageofthepastandthepreparingofthenextgenerationtocarryitforward. Withregardtothisperhapstheirmosttraditionallysanctionedtaskcollegesanduniversitiestodayfindthemselvesinaseriousbindgenerally.OntheonehandthereistheAmericancommitmententeredintoespeciallysinceWorldWarIItoprovidehighereducationforallyoungpeoplewhocanprofitfromit.Theresultofthecommitmenthasbeenadramaticriseinenrollmentsinouruniversitiescoupledwitharadicalshiftfromtheprivatetothepublicsectorofhighereducation.Ontheotherhandthereareseriousandcontinuinglimitationsontheresourcesavailableforhighereducation. Whilehighereducationhasbecomeagreat"growthindustry"itisalsosimultaneouslyatremendousdrainontheresourcesofthenation.Withthevastincreaseinenrollmentandtheshiftinprioritiesawayfromeducationinstateandfederalbudgetsthereisinmostofourpublicinstitutionsasignificantdecreaseinpercapitaoutlayfortheirstudents.Onecrucialaspectofthisdrainonresourcesliesinthepersistentshortageoftrainedfacultywhichhasledinturntoadecliningstandardofcompetenceininstruction. Intensifyingthesedifficultiesisasindicatedabovetheconcernwithresearchwithitscompetingclaimsonresourcesandtheattentionofthefaculty.Inadditionthereisastrongtendencyfortheinstitutions’organizationandfunctioningtoconformtothedemandsofresearchratherthornthoseofteaching. Accordingtotheauthoristhemostimportantfunctionofinstitutionsofhighereducation.
WilliamAppletonauthorofarecentbookentitledFathersandDaughtersbelievesthatitisawoman’srelationshipwithherfather1decideshowsuccessfulshewillbeinher2life.AccordingtoAppletontherearethreeimportantstepsagirlmust3inherrelationshipwithDaddy. The4isthe"littlegirl"stageinwhichthedaughterlovesandidolizesherfather5hewereagodorherowithout6Andherfatherloveshisdaughter7blindlyseeingherasan"oasisofsmiles"inahardcoldworld.Thencomesthesecondstage.Itstartsduringadolescenceand8formanyyears.HerethelittlegirlbeginstorebelagainstDaddyand9hisauthority.Hereactswithangerand10 Andthefinalstagecomes11awomanreachestheageofaboutthirty.Atthistimethedaughterseesherfathernot-asahero12asafoolbutlearnstoaccepthim13heisforbetterorworse.AndDaddyforgiveshertoofornotbeingthe14littlegirlhehadoncehopedfor. Butnotalldaughtersgothroughallthreestagesanditisherethatthekeytoawoman’s career15.Thosegirlswhonevergetpastthefirst"oasisofsmiles"stage16alltheirlivesseekouttheirfathers’loveandapprovalwillnever17inthebusinessworld.Theywillremainatthesecretarial18alltheirlives. Itisonlythosewomenwhogettothefinalstagethosewho19andacceptDaddy’sfaultswhocanevenhopetobe20enoughandindependentenoughtobecomeacandidatefortop-management. 4
PlatoaskedWhatismanandStAugustineaskedWhoamIAnewbreedofcriminalshasanovelanswer:Iamyou!Althoughimpostorshaveexistedforagesthegrowingfrequencyandcostofidentitytheftisworrisome.Around10mAmericansarevictimsannuallyanditistheleadingconsumer-fraudcomplaintoverthepastfiveyears.Thecosttobusinesseswasalmost＄50billionandtoconsumers＄5billionin2002themostrecentyearthatAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissioncollectedfigures.Aftertworecentbigprivacydisasterspeopleandpoliticiansarecallingforaction.InFebruaryChoicePointalargedata-collectionagencybegansendingoutletterswarning145000AmericansthatithadwronglyprovidedfraudsterswiththeirpersonaldetailsincludingSocialSecuritynumbers.Around750peoplehavealreadyspottedfraudulentactivity.AndonFebruary25thBankofAmericarevealedthatitlostdatatapesthatcontainpersonalinformationonover1mgovernmentemployeesincludingsomeSenators.Althoughaccidentandnotillegalityissuspectedallmusttakeprecautionsagainstidentitytheft.Facedwithsuchincidentsstateandnationallawmakersarecallingfornewregulationsincludingovercompaniesthatcollectandsellpersonalinformation.Asanindustrythefirms—suchasChoicePointAcxiomLexisNexisandWestlaw—arelargelyunregulated.Theyhavealsogrownenormous.ForexampleChoicePointwasfoundedin1997andhasacquirednearly60firmstoamassdatabaseswith19billionrecordsonpeople.Itisusedbyinsurancefirmslandlordsandevenpoliceagencies.Californiaistheonlystatewithalawrequiringcompaniestonotifyindividualswhentheirpersonalinformationhasbeencompromised—whichmadeChoicePointrevealthefraudalbeitfivemonthsafteritwasnoticedandafteritstoptwobossesexercisedstockoptions.Legislationtomaketherequirementafederallawisunderconsideration.Moreoverlawmakerssaytheywillproposethatrulesgoverningcreditbureausandmedicalcompaniesareextendedtodata-collectionfirms.Andalongsidelegislationthereisalwayslitigation.AlreadyChoicePointhasbeensuedforfailingtosafeguardindividuals’data.YetthelegalremedieswouldstillbefarlooserthaninEuropewhereidentitytheftisalsoamenacethoughlessfrequentandcostly.TheEuropeanDataProtectionDirectiveimplementedin1998givespeopletherighttoaccesstheftinformationchangeinaccuraciesanddenypermissionforittobeshared.Moreoveritplacesthecostofmistakesonthecompaniesthatcollectthedatanotonindividuals.WhenthelawwasputinforceAmericanpolicymakersgroanedthatitwasbadforbusiness.Butnowtheyseemtobereconsideringit.TherealreasonforChoicePoint’sfastexpansionisthat
WilliamAppletonauthorofarecentbookentitledFathersandDaughtersbelievesthatitisawoman’srelationshipwithherfather1decideshowsuccessfulshewillbeinher2life.AccordingtoAppletontherearethreeimportantstepsagirlmust3inherrelationshipwithDaddy. The4isthe"littlegirl"stageinwhichthedaughterlovesandidolizesherfather5hewereagodorherowithout6Andherfatherloveshisdaughter7blindlyseeingherasan"oasisofsmiles"inahardcoldworld.Thencomesthesecondstage.Itstartsduringadolescenceand8formanyyears.HerethelittlegirlbeginstorebelagainstDaddyand9hisauthority.Hereactswithangerand10 Andthefinalstagecomes11awomanreachestheageofaboutthirty.Atthistimethedaughterseesherfathernot-asahero12asafoolbutlearnstoaccepthim13heisforbetterorworse.AndDaddyforgiveshertoofornotbeingthe14littlegirlhehadoncehopedfor. Butnotalldaughtersgothroughallthreestagesanditisherethatthekeytoawoman’s career15.Thosegirlswhonevergetpastthefirst"oasisofsmiles"stage16alltheirlivesseekouttheirfathers’loveandapprovalwillnever17inthebusinessworld.Theywillremainatthesecretarial18alltheirlives. Itisonlythosewomenwhogettothefinalstagethosewho19andacceptDaddy’sfaultswhocanevenhopetobe20enoughandindependentenoughtobecomeacandidatefortop-management. 10
IstheliterarycriticlikethepoetrespondingcreativelyintuitivelysubjectivelytothewrittenwordasthepoetrespondstohumanexperienceOristhecriticmorelikeascientistfollowingaseriesofdemonstrableverifiablestepsusinganobjectivemethodofanalysisForthewomanwhoisapractitioneroffeministliterarycriticismthesubjectivityversusobjectivityorcritic-as-artist-or-scientistdebatehasspecialsignificance;forherthequestionisnotonlyacademicbutpoliticalaswellandherdefinitionwillprovokespecialriskswhicheversideoftheissueitfavors.Ifshedefinesfeministcriticismasobjectiveandscientific--avalidverifiableintellectualmethodthatanyonewhethermanorwomancanperform--thedefinitionnotonlymakesthecritic-as-artistapproachimpossiblebutmayalsohinderaccomplishmentoftheutilitarianpoliticalobjectivesofthosewhoseektochangetheacademicestablishmentanditsthinkingespeciallyaboutsexroles.Ifshedefinesfeministcriticismascreativeandintuitiveprivilegedasartthenherworkbecomesvulnerabletotheprejudicesofstereotypicideasaboutthewaysinwhichwomenthinkandwillbedismissedbymuchoftheacademicestablishment.Becauseoftheseprejudiceswomenwhouseanintuitiveapproachintheircriticismmayfindthemselveschargedwithinabilitytobeanalyticaltobeobjectiveortothinkcritically.Whereasmenmaybefreetoclaimtheroleofcritic-as-artistwomenrundifferentprofessionalriskswhentheychooseintuitionandprivateexperienceascriticalmethodanddefense.Thesequestionsarepoliticalinthesensethatthedebateoverthemwillinevitablybelessanexplorationofabstractmattersinaspiritofdisinterestedinquirythananacademicpowerstruggleinwhichthecareersandprofessionalfortunesofmanywomenscholarsonlynowenteringtheacademicprofessioninsubstantialnumberswillbeatstakeandwiththemthechancesforadistinctivecontributiontohumanisticunderstandingacontributionthatmightbeanimportantinfluenceagainstsexisminoursociety.Aslongastheacademicestablishmentcontinuestoregardobjectiveanalysisasmasculineandanintuitiveapproachasfemininethetheoreticianmuststeeradelicatephilosophicalcoursebetweenthetwo.Ifshewishestoconstructatheoryoffeministcriticismshewouldbewelladvisedtoplaceitwithintheframeworkofageneraltheoryofthecriticalprocessthatisneitherpurelyobjectivenorpurelyintuitive.Hertheoryisthenmorelikelytobecomparedandcontrastedwithothertheoriesofcriticismwithsomedegreeofdispassionatedistance.418wordsAccordingtotheauthorthedebatehasspecialsignificanceforthewomanwhoisatheoreticianoffeministliterarycriticismbecause
Platoasked"Whatisman"andStAugustineasked"WhoamI"Anewbreedofcriminalshasanovelanswer:"Iamyou!"Althoughimpostorshaveexistedforagesthegrowingfrequencyandcostofidentitytheftisworrisome.Around10mAmericansarevictimsannuallyanditistheleadingconsumer-fraudcomplaintoverthepastfiveyears.Thecosttobusinesseswasalmost＄50billionandtoconsumers＄5billionin2002themostrecentyearthatAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissioncollectedfigures. Aftertworecentbigprivacydisasterspeopleandpoliticiansarecallingforaction.InFebruaryChoicePointalargedata-collectionagencybegansendingoutletterswarning145000AmericansthatithadwronglyprovidedfraudsterswiththeirpersonaldetailsincludingSocialSecuritynumbers.Around750peoplehavealreadyspottedfraudulentactivity.AndonFebruary25thBankofAmericarevealedthatitlostdatatapesthatcontainpersonalinformationonover1mgovernmentemployeesincludingsomeSenators.Althoughaccidentandnotillegalityissuspectedallmusttakeprecautionsagainstidentitytheft. Facedwithsuchincidentsstateandnationallawmakersarecallingfornewregulationsincludingovercompaniesthatcollectandsellpersonalinformation.Asanindustrythefirms—suchasChoicePointAcxiomLexisNexisandWestlaw—arelargelyunregulated.Theyhavealsogrownenormous.ForexampleChoicePointwasfoundedin1997andhasacquirednearly60firmstoamassdatabaseswith19billionrecordsonpeople.Itisusedbyinsurancefirmslandlordsandevenpoliceagencies. Californiaistheonlystatewithalawrequiringcompaniestonotifyindividualswhentheirpersonalinformationhasbeencompromised—whichmadeChoicePointrevealthefraudalbeitfivemonthsafteritwasnoticedandafteritstoptwobossesexercisedstockoptions.Legislationtomaketherequirementafederallawisunderconsideration.Moreoverlawmakerssaytheywillproposethatrulesgoverningcreditbureausandmedicalcompaniesareextendedtodata-collectionfirms.Andalongsidelegislationthereisalwayslitigation.AlreadyChoicePointhasbeensuedforfailingtosafeguardindividuals’data. YetthelegalremedieswouldstillbefarlooserthaninEuropewhereidentitytheftisalsoamenacethoughlessfrequentandcostly.TheEuropeanDataProtectionDirectiveimplementedin1998givespeopletherighttoaccesstheftinformationchangeinaccuraciesanddenypermissionforittobeshared.Moreoveritplacesthecostofmistakesonthecompaniesthatcollectthedatanotonindividuals.WhenthelawwasputinforceAmericanpolicymakersgroanedthatitwasbadforbusiness.Butnowtheyseemtobereconsideringit. PlatoandStAugustinearementionedinthetextto
Inthespanof18monthsIsaacNewtoninventedcalculusconstructedatheoryofopticsexplainedhowgravityworksanddiscoveredhislawsofmotion.Asaresult1665andtheearlymonthsof1666aretermedhisannusmirabilis.46Itwasasustainedsprintofintellectualachievementthatnoonethoughtcouldeverbeequaled.Butinaspanofafewyearsjustbefore1900itallbegantounravel.Onephenomenonafteranotherwasdiscoveredwhichcouldnotbeexplainedbythelawsofclassicalphysics.47ThetheoriesofNewtonandofJamesClerkMaxwellwhofollowedhiminthemid-19thcenturybycraftingamorecomprehensiveaccountofelectromagnetismwereintrouble.Thenin1905ayoungpatentclerknamedAlbertEinsteinfoundthewayforward.Infiveremarkablepapersheshowedthatatomsarerealitwasstillcontroversialatthetimepresentedhisspecialtheoryofrelativityandputquantumtheoryonitsfeet.ItwasadifferentachievementfromNewton’syearbutEinstein’sannusmirabiliswasnolessremarkable.HedidnotlikeNewtonhavetoinvententirelynewformsofmathematics.Howeverhehadtorevisenotionsofspaceandtimefundamentally.48AndunlikeNewtonwhodidnotpublishhisresultsfornearly20yearssoobsessedwashewithsecrecyandworkingoutthedetailsEinsteinreleasedhispapersoneafteranotherasafusilladeofideas.ForEinsteinitwasjustabeginning-hewouldgoontocreatethegeneraltheoryofrelativityandtopioneerquantummechanics.WhileNewtoncameupwithonesystemforexplainingtheworldEinsteinthuscameupwithtwo.Unfortunatelyhisdiscoveries-relativityandquantumtheory-contradictoneanother.Bothcannotbetrueeverywherealthoughbothareremarkablyaccurateintheirrespectivedomainsoftheverylargeandtheverysmall.Einsteinwouldspendthelastyearsofhislifeattemptingtoreconcilethetwotheoriesandfailing.49ButthennooneelsehassucceededinfixingtheproblemseitherandEinsteinwasperhapstheonewhosawthemmostclearly.WhenEinsteinwasawardedaNobelprizein1921itwasforthefirstofhispapersof1905whichprovedtheexistenceofphotons-particlesoflight.50UpuntilthatpapercompletedonMarch17thandpublishedinAnnalenderPhysikasweretheother1905paperslighthadbeensupposedtobeawavesincethisexplainstheinterferencepatternscreatedwhenitpassesthroughagrating.Einsteinhoweverbeganfromadifferentpremisebyconsideringtheso-calledblack-bodyexperiment.
WilliamAppletonauthorofarecentbookentitledFathersandDaughtersbelievesthatitisawoman’srelationshipwithherfather1decideshowsuccessfulshewillbeinher2life.AccordingtoAppletontherearethreeimportantstepsagirlmust3inherrelationshipwithDaddy. The4isthe"littlegirl"stageinwhichthedaughterlovesandidolizesherfather5hewereagodorherowithout6Andherfatherloveshisdaughter7blindlyseeingherasan"oasisofsmiles"inahardcoldworld.Thencomesthesecondstage.Itstartsduringadolescenceand8formanyyears.HerethelittlegirlbeginstorebelagainstDaddyand9hisauthority.Hereactswithangerand10 Andthefinalstagecomes11awomanreachestheageofaboutthirty.Atthistimethedaughterseesherfathernot-asahero12asafoolbutlearnstoaccepthim13heisforbetterorworse.AndDaddyforgiveshertoofornotbeingthe14littlegirlhehadoncehopedfor. Butnotalldaughtersgothroughallthreestagesanditisherethatthekeytoawoman’s career15.Thosegirlswhonevergetpastthefirst"oasisofsmiles"stage16alltheirlivesseekouttheirfathers’loveandapprovalwillnever17inthebusinessworld.Theywillremainatthesecretarial18alltheirlives. Itisonlythosewomenwhogettothefinalstagethosewho19andacceptDaddy’sfaultswhocanevenhopetobe20enoughandindependentenoughtobecomeacandidatefortop-management. 14
WilliamAppletonauthorofarecentbookentitledFathersandDaughtersbelievesthatitisawoman’srelationshipwithherfather1decideshowsuccessfulshewillbeinher2life.AccordingtoAppletontherearethreeimportantstepsagirlmust3inherrelationshipwithDaddy. The4isthe"littlegirl"stageinwhichthedaughterlovesandidolizesherfather5hewereagodorherowithout6Andherfatherloveshisdaughter7blindlyseeingherasan"oasisofsmiles"inahardcoldworld.Thencomesthesecondstage.Itstartsduringadolescenceand8formanyyears.HerethelittlegirlbeginstorebelagainstDaddyand9hisauthority.Hereactswithangerand10 Andthefinalstagecomes11awomanreachestheageofaboutthirty.Atthistimethedaughterseesherfathernot-asahero12asafoolbutlearnstoaccepthim13heisforbetterorworse.AndDaddyforgiveshertoofornotbeingthe14littlegirlhehadoncehopedfor. Butnotalldaughtersgothroughallthreestagesanditisherethatthekeytoawoman’s career15.Thosegirlswhonevergetpastthefirst"oasisofsmiles"stage16alltheirlivesseekouttheirfathers’loveandapprovalwillnever17inthebusinessworld.Theywillremainatthesecretarial18alltheirlives. Itisonlythosewomenwhogettothefinalstagethosewho19andacceptDaddy’sfaultswhocanevenhopetobe20enoughandindependentenoughtobecomeacandidatefortop-management. 8
41__________.Buttrafficexpertssaybuildingmoreroadsisaquick-fixsolutionthatwillnotalleviatethetrafficprobleminthelongrun.Soaringlandcostsincreasingconcernoversocialandenvironmentaldisruptionscausedbyroadbuildingandthelikelihoodthatmoreroadscanonlyleadtomorecarsandtrafficarepowerfulfactorsbearingdownona1950s-styleconstructionprogram.42__________.Proponentsofthisadvancedtechnologysayelectronicdetectionsystemsclosed-circuittelevisionradiocommunicationrampmeteringvariablemessagesingingandothersmart-highwaytechnologycannowbeusedatareasonablecosttoimprovecommunicationbetweendriversandthepeoplewhomonitortraffic.PathfinderaSantaMonicaCalifornia-basedsmart-highwayprojectinwhicha14-milestretchoftheSantaMonicaFreewaymakingupwhatiscalledasmartcorridorisbeinginstrumentedwithburiedloopsinthepavement.Closedcircuittelevisioncamerassurveytheflowoftrafficwhilecommunicationslinkedtoproperlyequippedautomobilesadvisemotoristsoftheleastcongestedroutesordetours.43__________.ElectronicsonthehighwayaddressesjustoneaspectoftheProblem:howtoregulatetrafficmoreefficientlyexplainsMichaelRennetseniorresearcherattheWorldwatchInstitute.Itdoesn’tdealwiththecentralproblemoftoomanycarsforroadsthatcan’tbebuiltfastenough.Itsendspeoplethewrongmessage:Theystartthinking’Yesthereusedtobeatrafficcongestionproblembutthat’sbeensolvednowbecausewehaveanadvancedhigh-techsysteminplace.’Larsonagreesandadds44__________.Othertrafficproblem-solvingoptionsbeingstudiedandexperimentedwithincludecarpoolingrapidmass-transitsystemsstaggeredorflexibleworkhoursandroadpricingasystemwherebymotoristspayacertainamountforthetimetheyuseahighway.45__________.[A]Smarthighwaysarejustoneofthetoolsthatwewillusetodealwithourtrafficproblems.It’snotthesolutionitselfjustpartofthepackage.Therearedifferentstrategies.[B]Itseemsthatweneedanewmajorthrusttodealwiththetrafficproblemsofthenext20years.Therehastobeabigchange.[C]It’stakingadvantageofthetechnologyyouuseinyoureverydaylivesandputtingittoworkonhighways.[D]Trafficstatisticspaintagloomypicture.TohelpsolvetheirtrafficwoessomerapidlygrowingU.S.citieshavesimplybuiltmoreroads.[E]Thegoalofsmart-highwaytechnologyistomaketrafficsystemsworkatoptimumefficiencybytreatingtheroadandthevehiclestravelingonthemasanintegraltransportationsystem.[F]Smarthighwaysthatwillallowadrivertoprogramadestinationonadashboardcomputerthensitbackandenjoytheride.[G]Notalltrafficexpertshoweverlooktosmart-highwaytechnologyastheultimatesolutiontotrafficgridlock.Somesaythehigh-techapproachislimitedandcanonlyoffertemporarysolutionstoaseriousproblem.
Directions:Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawings.Inyouressayyoushould: 1describethedrawingbriefly; 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3supportyourviewwithexamples. YoushoudwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
WilliamAppletonauthorofarecentbookentitledFathersandDaughtersbelievesthatitisawoman’srelationshipwithherfather1decideshowsuccessfulshewillbeinher2life.AccordingtoAppletontherearethreeimportantstepsagirlmust3inherrelationshipwithDaddy. The4isthe"littlegirl"stageinwhichthedaughterlovesandidolizesherfather5hewereagodorherowithout6Andherfatherloveshisdaughter7blindlyseeingherasan"oasisofsmiles"inahardcoldworld.Thencomesthesecondstage.Itstartsduringadolescenceand8formanyyears.HerethelittlegirlbeginstorebelagainstDaddyand9hisauthority.Hereactswithangerand10 Andthefinalstagecomes11awomanreachestheageofaboutthirty.Atthistimethedaughterseesherfathernot-asahero12asafoolbutlearnstoaccepthim13heisforbetterorworse.AndDaddyforgiveshertoofornotbeingthe14littlegirlhehadoncehopedfor. Butnotalldaughtersgothroughallthreestagesanditisherethatthekeytoawoman’s career15.Thosegirlswhonevergetpastthefirst"oasisofsmiles"stage16alltheirlivesseekouttheirfathers’loveandapprovalwillnever17inthebusinessworld.Theywillremainatthesecretarial18alltheirlives. Itisonlythosewomenwhogettothefinalstagethosewho19andacceptDaddy’sfaultswhocanevenhopetobe20enoughandindependentenoughtobecomeacandidatefortop-management. 2
Inthespanof18monthsIsaacNewtoninventedcalculusconstructedatheoryofopticsexplainedhowgravityworksanddiscoveredhislawsofmotion.Asaresult1665andtheearlymonthsof1666aretermedhisannusmirabilis.46Itwasasustainedsprintofintellectualachievementthatnoonethoughtcouldeverbeequaled.Butinaspanofafewyearsjustbefore1900itallbegantounravel.Onephenomenonafteranotherwasdiscoveredwhichcouldnotbeexplainedbythelawsofclassicalphysics.47ThetheoriesofNewtonandofJamesClerkMaxwellwhofollowedhiminthemid-19thcenturybycraftingamorecomprehensiveaccountofelectromagnetismwereintrouble.Thenin1905ayoungpatentclerknamedAlbertEinsteinfoundthewayforward.Infiveremarkablepapersheshowedthatatomsarerealitwasstillcontroversialatthetimepresentedhisspecialtheoryofrelativityandputquantumtheoryonitsfeet.ItwasadifferentachievementfromNewton’syearbutEinstein’sannusmirabiliswasnolessremarkable.HedidnotlikeNewtonhavetoinvententirelynewformsofmathematics.Howeverhehadtorevisenotionsofspaceandtimefundamentally.48AndunlikeNewtonwhodidnotpublishhisresultsfornearly20yearssoobsessedwashewithsecrecyandworkingoutthedetailsEinsteinreleasedhispapersoneafteranotherasafusilladeofideas.ForEinsteinitwasjustabeginning-hewouldgoontocreatethegeneraltheoryofrelativityandtopioneerquantummechanics.WhileNewtoncameupwithonesystemforexplainingtheworldEinsteinthuscameupwithtwo.Unfortunatelyhisdiscoveries-relativityandquantumtheory-contradictoneanother.Bothcannotbetrueeverywherealthoughbothareremarkablyaccurateintheirrespectivedomainsoftheverylargeandtheverysmall.Einsteinwouldspendthelastyearsofhislifeattemptingtoreconcilethetwotheoriesandfailing.49ButthennooneelsehassucceededinfixingtheproblemseitherandEinsteinwasperhapstheonewhosawthemmostclearly.WhenEinsteinwasawardedaNobelprizein1921itwasforthefirstofhispapersof1905whichprovedtheexistenceofphotons-particlesoflight.50UpuntilthatpapercompletedonMarch17thandpublishedinAnnalenderPhysikasweretheother1905paperslighthadbeensupposedtobeawavesincethisexplainstheinterferencepatternscreatedwhenitpassesthroughagrating.Einsteinhoweverbeganfromadifferentpremisebyconsideringtheso-calledblack-bodyexperiment.
Directions: A.Studythegraphbelowcarefullyandwriteanessayofabout200words. B.Youressayshouldcovertheinformationprovidedandmeettherequirementsbelow: 1interpretthegraph; 2givethepossiblecausesforthechange; 3yourcomments.
InrecentyearsAmericansocietyhasbecomeincreasinglydependentonitsuniversitiestofindsolutionstoitsmajorproblems.Itistheuniversitiesthathavebeenchargedwiththeprincipalresponsibilityfordevelopingtheexpertisetoplacemenonthemoon;fordealingwithoururbanproblemsandwithourdeterioratingenvironment;fordevelopingthemeanstofeedtheworld’srapidlyincreasingpopulation.Theeffortinvolvedinmeetingthesedemandspresentsitsownproblems.Inadditionthisconcentrationonthecreationofnewknowledgesignificantlyimpingesontheuniversities’effortstoperformtheirotherprincipalfunctionsthetransmissionandinterpretationofknowledge--theimpartingoftheheritageofthepastandthepreparingofthenextgenerationtocarryitforward. Withregardtothisperhapstheirmosttraditionallysanctionedtaskcollegesanduniversitiestodayfindthemselvesinaseriousbindgenerally.OntheonehandthereistheAmericancommitmententeredintoespeciallysinceWorldWarIItoprovidehighereducationforallyoungpeoplewhocanprofitfromit.Theresultofthecommitmenthasbeenadramaticriseinenrollmentsinouruniversitiescoupledwitharadicalshiftfromtheprivatetothepublicsectorofhighereducation.Ontheotherhandthereareseriousandcontinuinglimitationsontheresourcesavailableforhighereducation. Whilehighereducationhasbecomeagreat"growthindustry"itisalsosimultaneouslyatremendousdrainontheresourcesofthenation.Withthevastincreaseinenrollmentandtheshiftinprioritiesawayfromeducationinstateandfederalbudgetsthereisinmostofourpublicinstitutionsasignificantdecreaseinpercapitaoutlayfortheirstudents.Onecrucialaspectofthisdrainonresourcesliesinthepersistentshortageoftrainedfacultywhichhasledinturntoadecliningstandardofcompetenceininstruction. Intensifyingthesedifficultiesisasindicatedabovetheconcernwithresearchwithitscompetingclaimsonresourcesandtheattentionofthefaculty.Inadditionthereisastrongtendencyfortheinstitutions’organizationandfunctioningtoconformtothedemandsofresearchratherthornthoseofteaching. Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrue
Inthespanof18monthsIsaacNewtoninventedcalculusconstructedatheoryofopticsexplainedhowgravityworksanddiscoveredhislawsofmotion.Asaresult1665andtheearlymonthsof1666aretermedhisannusmirabilis.46Itwasasustainedsprintofintellectualachievementthatnoonethoughtcouldeverbeequaled.Butinaspanofafewyearsjustbefore1900itallbegantounravel.Onephenomenonafteranotherwasdiscoveredwhichcouldnotbeexplainedbythelawsofclassicalphysics.47ThetheoriesofNewtonandofJamesClerkMaxwellwhofollowedhiminthemid-19thcenturybycraftingamorecomprehensiveaccountofelectromagnetismwereintrouble.Thenin1905ayoungpatentclerknamedAlbertEinsteinfoundthewayforward.Infiveremarkablepapersheshowedthatatomsarerealitwasstillcontroversialatthetimepresentedhisspecialtheoryofrelativityandputquantumtheoryonitsfeet.ItwasadifferentachievementfromNewton’syearbutEinstein’sannusmirabiliswasnolessremarkable.HedidnotlikeNewtonhavetoinvententirelynewformsofmathematics.Howeverhehadtorevisenotionsofspaceandtimefundamentally.48AndunlikeNewtonwhodidnotpublishhisresultsfornearly20yearssoobsessedwashewithsecrecyandworkingoutthedetailsEinsteinreleasedhispapersoneafteranotherasafusilladeofideas.ForEinsteinitwasjustabeginning-hewouldgoontocreatethegeneraltheoryofrelativityandtopioneerquantummechanics.WhileNewtoncameupwithonesystemforexplainingtheworldEinsteinthuscameupwithtwo.Unfortunatelyhisdiscoveries-relativityandquantumtheory-contradictoneanother.Bothcannotbetrueeverywherealthoughbothareremarkablyaccurateintheirrespectivedomainsoftheverylargeandtheverysmall.Einsteinwouldspendthelastyearsofhislifeattemptingtoreconcilethetwotheoriesandfailing.49ButthennooneelsehassucceededinfixingtheproblemseitherandEinsteinwasperhapstheonewhosawthemmostclearly.WhenEinsteinwasawardedaNobelprizein1921itwasforthefirstofhispapersof1905whichprovedtheexistenceofphotons-particlesoflight.50UpuntilthatpapercompletedonMarch17thandpublishedinAnnalenderPhysikasweretheother1905paperslighthadbeensupposedtobeawavesincethisexplainstheinterferencepatternscreatedwhenitpassesthroughagrating.Einsteinhoweverbeganfromadifferentpremisebyconsideringtheso-calledblack-bodyexperiment.
Dogsareconstantlylearningfromthereactionofhumanownerspickingupfacialcuesandanticipatingtheirowner’sbehavioranewresearchsuggests.ThefindingspublishedonlineinthejournalLearningandBehaviorshowthatdogsessentiallyarealwaysintrainingandhelpexplainhowmanyownersunknowinglyteachandrewardtheirdog’sbadbehavior.ResearchconductedattheUniversityofFloridafocusedontheroleofeyecontactandfacialcuesininfluencingcaninebehavior.Earlierstudieshavesuggestedthatdogsseemtoknowwhentheyarebeingwatchedandevenwaittoperformforbiddenbehaviorlikedigginginthegardenwhentheyknowtheirownersaren’tlooking.Inthisstudyresearchersstudiedhowhumancuestriggeredbeggingbehavioramong35petdogs18shelterdogsand8wolvesraisedincaptivity.Firsttheanimalsweretaughtthatthehumanstrangershelpingwiththeexperimentwerereliablesourcesoftastytreats.ThetestersstoodclosetogetherandcalledtotheanimalandbothofferedrewardsofSpamcubesorBeggin’Stripstreats.Afterfourrewardstheexperimentbegan.Twotestersstoodagainstafenceorwallabout20feetapartandwithfoodintheirpockets.Thedogwasheldabout20feetawayequidistantfrombothtesters.Inoneconditiononetesterfacedthedogwhiletheotherturnedherback.Inanotheratesterheldabooknearherfacewhiletheothertesterheldthebookinfrontofherfaceasifshewerereading.Inathirdconditiononetesterheldabucketneartheshoulderwhiletheotherputthebucketoverherheadblockinghereyes.Thenbothtesterscalledouttothedogs.Alltheanimals—petdogsshelterdogsandwolves—ignoredthepersonwhosebackwasturnedandsoughtfoodfromthepersonwhowaslookingatthem.Thequestionwasaredogsandwolvesresponsivetoahuman’sattentionalstatesaidMoniqueUdellanassistantprofessorofpsychologyatFlaglerCollegeFla.Butwhenthetestersheldbooksitwasonlythedomesticdogswhoavoidedthepersonwhoappearedtobereadingthebook.Inahousewherethey’reusedtopeoplereadingbookstheyaresensitivetothosetypesofcuessaidDr.Udell.Interestinglyinthebucketexperimenttheanimalsforthemostpartwereequallylikelytoseekfoodfromthepersonwiththebucketoverherheadasthepersonholdingthebucket.Theexperimentshowsthatdogsaretunedintowhetherhumansarepayingattention.Dogsdon’thavetoreadourminds.DogsreadourbehaviorsaidDr.Udell.Petownersoftengetfrustratedwithbaddogbehaviorwithoutrealizingthattheythemselveshavereinforcediteitherbygivingthedogatreatwhentheybegskippingabathwhentheyprotestorlettingthemsleeponthebedorcouch.Theexperimentshowsthatdomesticanimals
InrecentyearsAmericansocietyhasbecomeincreasinglydependentonitsuniversitiestofindsolutionstoitsmajorproblems.Itistheuniversitiesthathavebeenchargedwiththeprincipalresponsibilityfordevelopingtheexpertisetoplacemenonthemoon;fordealingwithoururbanproblemsandwithourdeterioratingenvironment;fordevelopingthemeanstofeedtheworld’srapidlyincreasingpopulation.Theeffortinvolvedinmeetingthesedemandspresentsitsownproblems.Inadditionthisconcentrationonthecreationofnewknowledgesignificantlyimpingesontheuniversities’effortstoperformtheirotherprincipalfunctionsthetransmissionandinterpretationofknowledge--theimpartingoftheheritageofthepastandthepreparingofthenextgenerationtocarryitforward. Withregardtothisperhapstheirmosttraditionallysanctionedtaskcollegesanduniversitiestodayfindthemselvesinaseriousbindgenerally.OntheonehandthereistheAmericancommitmententeredintoespeciallysinceWorldWarIItoprovidehighereducationforallyoungpeoplewhocanprofitfromit.Theresultofthecommitmenthasbeenadramaticriseinenrollmentsinouruniversitiescoupledwitharadicalshiftfromtheprivatetothepublicsectorofhighereducation.Ontheotherhandthereareseriousandcontinuinglimitationsontheresourcesavailableforhighereducation. Whilehighereducationhasbecomeagreat"growthindustry"itisalsosimultaneouslyatremendousdrainontheresourcesofthenation.Withthevastincreaseinenrollmentandtheshiftinprioritiesawayfromeducationinstateandfederalbudgetsthereisinmostofourpublicinstitutionsasignificantdecreaseinpercapitaoutlayfortheirstudents.Onecrucialaspectofthisdrainonresourcesliesinthepersistentshortageoftrainedfacultywhichhasledinturntoadecliningstandardofcompetenceininstruction. Intensifyingthesedifficultiesisasindicatedabovetheconcernwithresearchwithitscompetingclaimsonresourcesandtheattentionofthefaculty.Inadditionthereisastrongtendencyfortheinstitutions’organizationandfunctioningtoconformtothedemandsofresearchratherthornthoseofteaching. ThephraseimpingeoninParagraph1mostprobablymeans
41__________.Buttrafficexpertssaybuildingmoreroadsisaquick-fixsolutionthatwillnotalleviatethetrafficprobleminthelongrun.Soaringlandcostsincreasingconcernoversocialandenvironmentaldisruptionscausedbyroadbuildingandthelikelihoodthatmoreroadscanonlyleadtomorecarsandtrafficarepowerfulfactorsbearingdownona1950s-styleconstructionprogram.42__________.Proponentsofthisadvancedtechnologysayelectronicdetectionsystemsclosed-circuittelevisionradiocommunicationrampmeteringvariablemessagesingingandothersmart-highwaytechnologycannowbeusedatareasonablecosttoimprovecommunicationbetweendriversandthepeoplewhomonitortraffic.PathfinderaSantaMonicaCalifornia-basedsmart-highwayprojectinwhicha14-milestretchoftheSantaMonicaFreewaymakingupwhatiscalledasmartcorridorisbeinginstrumentedwithburiedloopsinthepavement.Closedcircuittelevisioncamerassurveytheflowoftrafficwhilecommunicationslinkedtoproperlyequippedautomobilesadvisemotoristsoftheleastcongestedroutesordetours.43__________.ElectronicsonthehighwayaddressesjustoneaspectoftheProblem:howtoregulatetrafficmoreefficientlyexplainsMichaelRennetseniorresearcherattheWorldwatchInstitute.Itdoesn’tdealwiththecentralproblemoftoomanycarsforroadsthatcan’tbebuiltfastenough.Itsendspeoplethewrongmessage:Theystartthinking’Yesthereusedtobeatrafficcongestionproblembutthat’sbeensolvednowbecausewehaveanadvancedhigh-techsysteminplace.’Larsonagreesandadds44__________.Othertrafficproblem-solvingoptionsbeingstudiedandexperimentedwithincludecarpoolingrapidmass-transitsystemsstaggeredorflexibleworkhoursandroadpricingasystemwherebymotoristspayacertainamountforthetimetheyuseahighway.45__________.[A]Smarthighwaysarejustoneofthetoolsthatwewillusetodealwithourtrafficproblems.It’snotthesolutionitselfjustpartofthepackage.Therearedifferentstrategies.[B]Itseemsthatweneedanewmajorthrusttodealwiththetrafficproblemsofthenext20years.Therehastobeabigchange.[C]It’stakingadvantageofthetechnologyyouuseinyoureverydaylivesandputtingittoworkonhighways.[D]Trafficstatisticspaintagloomypicture.TohelpsolvetheirtrafficwoessomerapidlygrowingU.S.citieshavesimplybuiltmoreroads.[E]Thegoalofsmart-highwaytechnologyistomaketrafficsystemsworkatoptimumefficiencybytreatingtheroadandthevehiclestravelingonthemasanintegraltransportationsystem.[F]Smarthighwaysthatwillallowadrivertoprogramadestinationonadashboardcomputerthensitbackandenjoytheride.[G]Notalltrafficexpertshoweverlooktosmart-highwaytechnologyastheultimatesolutiontotrafficgridlock.Somesaythehigh-techapproachislimitedandcanonlyoffertemporarysolutionstoaseriousproblem.
SirRichardFriendisatoughmantotrackdown.PhonecallstohistwolabsatCambridgeUniversitygounansweredandsodoe-mails.Intheendareporterhastoleaveanoteinhiscampuspigeonhole.TheelusiveFriendistheunlikelyinstigatorofwhatmaybearevolutioninelectronics:plastics.46AlthoughmostelectronicdevicesmakeuseofsiliconchipsFriendseesafutureinwhichmobilephonesTVswatchescomputersandotherdevicesincorporateinexpensiveplasticchips.47Friend’svisionisbasedonhisowndiscoveriesbackinthe’80sand’90sthatplasticscanbeusedtomaketransistorsthebasicelementofchipsandlight-emittingdiodesLEDswhichglowwhenelectricitypassesthroughthem.Hisworkhasalreadyyieldedanewgenerationoflighterthinnerbrightercheaperandmoreflexibleelectronicscreensforeverythingfromlightweightmobilephonestodisposabletalkingelectronicgreetingcards.48Nowhe’sworkingondevicesthatmightbringustalkingcerealboxesoradvertisingpostersthatlightupandspeakasyouwalkby.Thematerialsmightevenbespray-paintedontowallsthatchangecolorwiththeweatherorgointopillboxesthattellyouwhentotakeyourmedication.Itsoundsfarfetchedbutthebasictechnologyisalreadyathand.E-bookswithflexiblescreensthatcanberolledupandput.intoyourpocketshouldstartappearinginthenextfewyears.49Andplasticchipswhichcanbelaidontoalmostanysurfacecouldbeprinted—justasinkisprintedontopaper—ontoanynumberofflexiblesurfaces.GeneralElectricisworkingwiththeDepartmentofEnergy—tocreatelargeflexiblesheetsthatcouldilluminatearoom.Ifyouthinkeverythingisdigitalnowjustwait.50Productsinyourfridgetaggedwithachipwouldautomaticallychangecoloraftertheirsell-bydatesaysPeterHarropchairmanofmarket-researchfirmIDTechEx.ForhisCambridgestudentsSirRichardhasonewordofadvice:plastics.
SirRichardFriendisatoughmantotrackdown.PhonecallstohistwolabsatCambridgeUniversitygounansweredandsodoe-mails.Intheendareporterhastoleaveanoteinhiscampuspigeonhole.TheelusiveFriendistheunlikelyinstigatorofwhatmaybearevolutioninelectronics:plastics.46AlthoughmostelectronicdevicesmakeuseofsiliconchipsFriendseesafutureinwhichmobilephonesTVswatchescomputersandotherdevicesincorporateinexpensiveplasticchips.47Friend’svisionisbasedonhisowndiscoveriesbackinthe’80sand’90sthatplasticscanbeusedtomaketransistorsthebasicelementofchipsandlight-emittingdiodesLEDswhichglowwhenelectricitypassesthroughthem.Hisworkhasalreadyyieldedanewgenerationoflighterthinnerbrightercheaperandmoreflexibleelectronicscreensforeverythingfromlightweightmobilephonestodisposabletalkingelectronicgreetingcards.48Nowhe’sworkingondevicesthatmightbringustalkingcerealboxesoradvertisingpostersthatlightupandspeakasyouwalkby.Thematerialsmightevenbespray-paintedontowallsthatchangecolorwiththeweatherorgointopillboxesthattellyouwhentotakeyourmedication.Itsoundsfarfetchedbutthebasictechnologyisalreadyathand.E-bookswithflexiblescreensthatcanberolledupandput.intoyourpocketshouldstartappearinginthenextfewyears.49Andplasticchipswhichcanbelaidontoalmostanysurfacecouldbeprinted—justasinkisprintedontopaper—ontoanynumberofflexiblesurfaces.GeneralElectricisworkingwiththeDepartmentofEnergy—tocreatelargeflexiblesheetsthatcouldilluminatearoom.Ifyouthinkeverythingisdigitalnowjustwait.50Productsinyourfridgetaggedwithachipwouldautomaticallychangecoloraftertheirsell-bydatesaysPeterHarropchairmanofmarket-researchfirmIDTechEx.ForhisCambridgestudentsSirRichardhasonewordofadvice:plastics.
WilliamAppletonauthorofarecentbookentitledFathersandDaughtersbelievesthatitisawoman’srelationshipwithherfather1decideshowsuccessfulshewillbeinher2life.AccordingtoAppletontherearethreeimportantstepsagirlmust3inherrelationshipwithDaddy. The4isthe"littlegirl"stageinwhichthedaughterlovesandidolizesherfather5hewereagodorherowithout6Andherfatherloveshisdaughter7blindlyseeingherasan"oasisofsmiles"inahardcoldworld.Thencomesthesecondstage.Itstartsduringadolescenceand8formanyyears.HerethelittlegirlbeginstorebelagainstDaddyand9hisauthority.Hereactswithangerand10 Andthefinalstagecomes11awomanreachestheageofaboutthirty.Atthistimethedaughterseesherfathernot-asahero12asafoolbutlearnstoaccepthim13heisforbetterorworse.AndDaddyforgiveshertoofornotbeingthe14littlegirlhehadoncehopedfor. Butnotalldaughtersgothroughallthreestagesanditisherethatthekeytoawoman’s career15.Thosegirlswhonevergetpastthefirst"oasisofsmiles"stage16alltheirlivesseekouttheirfathers’loveandapprovalwillnever17inthebusinessworld.Theywillremainatthesecretarial18alltheirlives. Itisonlythosewomenwhogettothefinalstagethosewho19andacceptDaddy’sfaultswhocanevenhopetobe20enoughandindependentenoughtobecomeacandidatefortop-management. 16
IstheliterarycriticlikethepoetrespondingcreativelyintuitivelysubjectivelytothewrittenwordasthepoetrespondstohumanexperienceOristhecriticmorelikeascientistfollowingaseriesofdemonstrableverifiablestepsusinganobjectivemethodofanalysisForthewomanwhoisapractitioneroffeministliterarycriticismthesubjectivityversusobjectivityorcritic-as-artist-or-scientistdebatehasspecialsignificance;forherthequestionisnotonlyacademicbutpoliticalaswellandherdefinitionwillprovokespecialriskswhicheversideoftheissueitfavors.Ifshedefinesfeministcriticismasobjectiveandscientific--avalidverifiableintellectualmethodthatanyonewhethermanorwomancanperform--thedefinitionnotonlymakesthecritic-as-artistapproachimpossiblebutmayalsohinderaccomplishmentoftheutilitarianpoliticalobjectivesofthosewhoseektochangetheacademicestablishmentanditsthinkingespeciallyaboutsexroles.Ifshedefinesfeministcriticismascreativeandintuitiveprivilegedasartthenherworkbecomesvulnerabletotheprejudicesofstereotypicideasaboutthewaysinwhichwomenthinkandwillbedismissedbymuchoftheacademicestablishment.Becauseoftheseprejudiceswomenwhouseanintuitiveapproachintheircriticismmayfindthemselveschargedwithinabilitytobeanalyticaltobeobjectiveortothinkcritically.Whereasmenmaybefreetoclaimtheroleofcritic-as-artistwomenrundifferentprofessionalriskswhentheychooseintuitionandprivateexperienceascriticalmethodanddefense.Thesequestionsarepoliticalinthesensethatthedebateoverthemwillinevitablybelessanexplorationofabstractmattersinaspiritofdisinterestedinquirythananacademicpowerstruggleinwhichthecareersandprofessionalfortunesofmanywomenscholarsonlynowenteringtheacademicprofessioninsubstantialnumberswillbeatstakeandwiththemthechancesforadistinctivecontributiontohumanisticunderstandingacontributionthatmightbeanimportantinfluenceagainstsexisminoursociety.Aslongastheacademicestablishmentcontinuestoregardobjectiveanalysisasmasculineandanintuitiveapproachasfemininethetheoreticianmuststeeradelicatephilosophicalcoursebetweenthetwo.Ifshewishestoconstructatheoryoffeministcriticismshewouldbewelladvisedtoplaceitwithintheframeworkofageneraltheoryofthecriticalprocessthatisneitherpurelyobjectivenorpurelyintuitive.Hertheoryisthenmorelikelytobecomparedandcontrastedwithothertheoriesofcriticismwithsomedegreeofdispassionatedistance.418wordsItcanbeinferredthattheauthorwoulddefineaspoliticalLine1Para.3thequestionsthat
WilliamAppletonauthorofarecentbookentitledFathersandDaughtersbelievesthatitisawoman’srelationshipwithherfather1decideshowsuccessfulshewillbeinher2life.AccordingtoAppletontherearethreeimportantstepsagirlmust3inherrelationshipwithDaddy. The4isthe"littlegirl"stageinwhichthedaughterlovesandidolizesherfather5hewereagodorherowithout6Andherfatherloveshisdaughter7blindlyseeingherasan"oasisofsmiles"inahardcoldworld.Thencomesthesecondstage.Itstartsduringadolescenceand8formanyyears.HerethelittlegirlbeginstorebelagainstDaddyand9hisauthority.Hereactswithangerand10 Andthefinalstagecomes11awomanreachestheageofaboutthirty.Atthistimethedaughterseesherfathernot-asahero12asafoolbutlearnstoaccepthim13heisforbetterorworse.AndDaddyforgiveshertoofornotbeingthe14littlegirlhehadoncehopedfor. Butnotalldaughtersgothroughallthreestagesanditisherethatthekeytoawoman’s career15.Thosegirlswhonevergetpastthefirst"oasisofsmiles"stage16alltheirlivesseekouttheirfathers’loveandapprovalwillnever17inthebusinessworld.Theywillremainatthesecretarial18alltheirlives. Itisonlythosewomenwhogettothefinalstagethosewho19andacceptDaddy’sfaultswhocanevenhopetobe20enoughandindependentenoughtobecomeacandidatefortop-management. 20
WilliamAppletonauthorofarecentbookentitledFathersandDaughtersbelievesthatitisawoman’srelationshipwithherfather1decideshowsuccessfulshewillbeinher2life.AccordingtoAppletontherearethreeimportantstepsagirlmust3inherrelationshipwithDaddy. The4isthe"littlegirl"stageinwhichthedaughterlovesandidolizesherfather5hewereagodorherowithout6Andherfatherloveshisdaughter7blindlyseeingherasan"oasisofsmiles"inahardcoldworld.Thencomesthesecondstage.Itstartsduringadolescenceand8formanyyears.HerethelittlegirlbeginstorebelagainstDaddyand9hisauthority.Hereactswithangerand10 Andthefinalstagecomes11awomanreachestheageofaboutthirty.Atthistimethedaughterseesherfathernot-asahero12asafoolbutlearnstoaccepthim13heisforbetterorworse.AndDaddyforgiveshertoofornotbeingthe14littlegirlhehadoncehopedfor. Butnotalldaughtersgothroughallthreestagesanditisherethatthekeytoawoman’s career15.Thosegirlswhonevergetpastthefirst"oasisofsmiles"stage16alltheirlivesseekouttheirfathers’loveandapprovalwillnever17inthebusinessworld.Theywillremainatthesecretarial18alltheirlives. Itisonlythosewomenwhogettothefinalstagethosewho19andacceptDaddy’sfaultswhocanevenhopetobe20enoughandindependentenoughtobecomeacandidatefortop-management. 18
Dogsareconstantlylearningfromthereactionofhumanownerspickingupfacialcuesandanticipatingtheirowner’sbehavioranewresearchsuggests.ThefindingspublishedonlineinthejournalLearningandBehaviorshowthatdogsessentiallyarealwaysintrainingandhelpexplainhowmanyownersunknowinglyteachandrewardtheirdog’sbadbehavior.ResearchconductedattheUniversityofFloridafocusedontheroleofeyecontactandfacialcuesininfluencingcaninebehavior.Earlierstudieshavesuggestedthatdogsseemtoknowwhentheyarebeingwatchedandevenwaittoperformforbiddenbehaviorlikedigginginthegardenwhentheyknowtheirownersaren’tlooking.Inthisstudyresearchersstudiedhowhumancuestriggeredbeggingbehavioramong35petdogs18shelterdogsand8wolvesraisedincaptivity.Firsttheanimalsweretaughtthatthehumanstrangershelpingwiththeexperimentwerereliablesourcesoftastytreats.ThetestersstoodclosetogetherandcalledtotheanimalandbothofferedrewardsofSpamcubesorBeggin’Stripstreats.Afterfourrewardstheexperimentbegan.Twotestersstoodagainstafenceorwallabout20feetapartandwithfoodintheirpockets.Thedogwasheldabout20feetawayequidistantfrombothtesters.Inoneconditiononetesterfacedthedogwhiletheotherturnedherback.Inanotheratesterheldabooknearherfacewhiletheothertesterheldthebookinfrontofherfaceasifshewerereading.Inathirdconditiononetesterheldabucketneartheshoulderwhiletheotherputthebucketoverherheadblockinghereyes.Thenbothtesterscalledouttothedogs.Alltheanimals—petdogsshelterdogsandwolves—ignoredthepersonwhosebackwasturnedandsoughtfoodfromthepersonwhowaslookingatthem.Thequestionwasaredogsandwolvesresponsivetoahuman’sattentionalstatesaidMoniqueUdellanassistantprofessorofpsychologyatFlaglerCollegeFla.Butwhenthetestersheldbooksitwasonlythedomesticdogswhoavoidedthepersonwhoappearedtobereadingthebook.Inahousewherethey’reusedtopeoplereadingbookstheyaresensitivetothosetypesofcuessaidDr.Udell.Interestinglyinthebucketexperimenttheanimalsforthemostpartwereequallylikelytoseekfoodfromthepersonwiththebucketoverherheadasthepersonholdingthebucket.Theexperimentshowsthatdogsaretunedintowhetherhumansarepayingattention.Dogsdon’thavetoreadourminds.DogsreadourbehaviorsaidDr.Udell.Petownersoftengetfrustratedwithbaddogbehaviorwithoutrealizingthattheythemselveshavereinforcediteitherbygivingthedogatreatwhentheybegskippingabathwhentheyprotestorlettingthemsleeponthebedorcouch.Theexpressionaretunedintoprobablymeans
WilliamAppletonauthorofarecentbookentitledFathersandDaughtersbelievesthatitisawoman’srelationshipwithherfather1decideshowsuccessfulshewillbeinher2life.AccordingtoAppletontherearethreeimportantstepsagirlmust3inherrelationshipwithDaddy. The4isthe"littlegirl"stageinwhichthedaughterlovesandidolizesherfather5hewereagodorherowithout6Andherfatherloveshisdaughter7blindlyseeingherasan"oasisofsmiles"inahardcoldworld.Thencomesthesecondstage.Itstartsduringadolescenceand8formanyyears.HerethelittlegirlbeginstorebelagainstDaddyand9hisauthority.Hereactswithangerand10 Andthefinalstagecomes11awomanreachestheageofaboutthirty.Atthistimethedaughterseesherfathernot-asahero12asafoolbutlearnstoaccepthim13heisforbetterorworse.AndDaddyforgiveshertoofornotbeingthe14littlegirlhehadoncehopedfor. Butnotalldaughtersgothroughallthreestagesanditisherethatthekeytoawoman’s career15.Thosegirlswhonevergetpastthefirst"oasisofsmiles"stage16alltheirlivesseekouttheirfathers’loveandapprovalwillnever17inthebusinessworld.Theywillremainatthesecretarial18alltheirlives. Itisonlythosewomenwhogettothefinalstagethosewho19andacceptDaddy’sfaultswhocanevenhopetobe20enoughandindependentenoughtobecomeacandidatefortop-management. 12
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