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What is the E-mail The e-mail, which is also called email, stands for “electronic mail”. You c...
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高中英语《宁夏育才中学学益校区2015-2016学年高一12月月考考试试题及答案》真题及答案
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ThelateststudybytheUniversityofFloridahasfoundthateatingfromsmallerlessbeautifulandevenpaperplateswillhelppreventovereating.Eatingwithaforkinsteadofaspooncanhelpyouloseweighttheresearcherssay.Muchtotheirsurprisetheyfindthatputtingmirrorsinthediningroomwillalsohelpreduceweight.Theresearchersasked185collegestudentstochooseachocolatecakeorafruitsaladandevaluatedthetastE.Thosewhoateinaroomwithamirrorscoredthetasteofjunkfoodmuchlowerthanthoseinaroomwithoutamirror.ButthetasteoffruitsaladremainedthesameinanycasE.LeadscientistDr.AtaJamisaysthataglanceinthemirrortellspeoplemorethanjustabouttheirphysicalappearancE.Itenablesthemtoviewthemselvesobjectively客观地andhelpsthemtojudgethemselvesandtheirbehaviorinthesamewaythattheyjudgeotherpeoplE.Themirrorswerefoundtopushpeopletocompareandmatchtheirownbehaviorwithacceptedsocialstandards.Theresearchersbelieveitprovesthatpeopledon’twanttolookinthemirrorwhentheyfeeltheyarefollowingthesocialstandards.WhentheylookinthemirrorwithmouthsfullofjunkfoodfeelingsofdiscomfortandfailurecanbeincreaseD.ThereforethepresenceofthemirrorlowersthetasteofunhealthyfooD.HoweverresearcherssaythisisonlythecaseifpeopleselectthefoodtheyareeatingbecausetheyareresponsibleforthatchoicE.Theresearcherssuggestthatmirrorsbeplacedindiningroomsandothereatingspacessothatpeoplewillstarteatingmorehealthily.32.Researchersareamazedtofindthat______.A.paperplatesmakefoodlooknicerB.peopleusingaforkwilleatmoreC.mirrorscanhelppeopleloseweightD.peoplewilleatmoreinfrontofamirror33.Whatcanbeinferredfromthestudy?A.Someteenagersgotinvolvedinit.B.Peoplewererequiredtoeatwithaspoon.C.PeoplepreferredachocolatecaketoafruitsalaD.D.ThemirrormaynotaffectthetasteofhealthyfooD.34.AccordingtoDr.AtaJamithemirror______.A.makespeoplejudgeotherscorrectlyB.makespeoplewelljudgethemselvesC.isanecessarypartofpeople’sdailylifeD.canonlyshowtheappearanceofaperson35.Howdoesthemirroraffectthetasteofjunkfood?A.Bymakingpeoplehungry.B.Byshowingthesocialstandards.C.ByattractingpeopletohealthyfooD.D.Bycausingafeelingofdiscomfort.
Astudynowlendssupporttotheideathatmeal-timedistractions分散注意canmaskthecluesthatwereallyhaveeatenquiteenough.Moreoveritfindsthecaloricconsequenceofnotpayingattentiontowhatwe’reeatingdoesn’tnecessarilyendwhenamealisover.RoseCooperfromEnglandandhercolleaguesgathered22menandanequalnumberofwomenforanexperiment.Eachpersonatealonecontinuouslyreceivingninesmallsharesoffooditems.Theserangedfromcheesetwistsandpotatochipstocarrotscherrytomatoesandsandwichesorsausagerolls.Becausethegoalwastotestthepotentialimpactsofdistractiononfullnesstheresearchersrandomlyassignedhalfoftheparticipantstoeatinfrontofacomputer—andtogainasmanywinsaspossibleatthecardgamE.Everyoneelsewastoldtofocusonthesensoryqualitiesoftheirmeal.Accordingtotheirinstructionstheparticipantsateallofthefoodgiventothem.YetpeoplewhoplayedacomputergameduringlunchfoundtheirmeallessfillingthanthemindfuleatershaD.Gameplayersalsoswallowdowntwiceasmanycookiesalmostanhourlaterwhentheywereallowedallthedesserttheywantedinthenameofatastetest.TheBritishscientistspresenttheirfindingsintheFebruaryAmericanJournalofClinicalNutrition.Therealquestioniswhydistractedeatingshouldimpactsnacking.Itappearsthescientistssaythatmemoryplayssometrickyroleinhowweregisterwhatweeatandthedegreetowhichitsatisfies.InterestinglyeightyearsagoBrittaBarkelingofHuddingeUniversityinStockholmandhercolleaguesreportedsomewhatrelatedfindings.Their18overweightsubjectshadnochoiceotherthantogetridofeverythingbutlunchononeday—becausetheywereblindfoldeD.Comparedtoadaywhentheycouldviewwhattheywerediningonthesepeopleconsumedonlythreequartersasmanycalories.Yetevenhoursafterwardtheyreportedbeingnolessfullthanonthedaytheyhadbeenabletoseetheirplates.Ofcoursedininginthedarkisn’tpractical.Andsometimeswhatweeatdoesn’treallyinviteourabsoluteattention.Butthereiscertainlyagrowingmountainofdataindicatingthatmindlesseatingisawasteofresourcesarisktoourwaistlines—andacostlythreattohealth.67.RoseCooperandhercolleaguesdidtheexperimentinorderto_______.A.showthatallthepeopleenjoysnacksB.provethatplayingcomputergamesisharmfulwhilediningC.findpossibleeffectsofdistractiononfullnessD.testtheimpactsofeatingsnacksondifferentpeople68.Whichisthemosteffectivewaytoconcentrateonyourfoodwhendining?A.ViewingyourfooD.B.Blindfoldingyoureyes.C.Playingcomputergames.D.Eatingbyoneself.69.Thereasonwhydistractedeatinginfluencessnackingmaybethat________.A.youeatlessinthatcaseB.youarecheatedbyyourmemoryC.youhaveconsumedmorecaloriesD.youdigestwhatyou’veeatenfaster70.Wecanconcludefromthepassagethat________.A.distractedeatingmaydamageyourhealthB.eatingsnackswillmakeyoufeelfullC.BrittabecamefamousbecauseoftheexperimentD.playingismoreimportantthanwhatweeat
Peoplewhosmokecouldlosearoundonethirdoftheireverydaymemoryresearcherssay.AstudybyateamattheUniversityofNorthumbriahasshownthatsmokerslosemoreoftheirmemorywhencomparedtonon-smokers.Andtheresearchalsofoundthatthosewhokickedthehabitsawtheirabilitytorecollectinformationrestoredtoalmostthesamelevelasnon-smokers.Thestudyinvolvedmorethanseventy18-to25-year-oldvolunteersandincludedatouroftheuniversity’scampus.Thosewhotookpartwereaskedtorecall回忆回想smalldetailssuchasmusicactslistedtoplayatthestudents’unionandtaskscompletedatvariouspoints---knownasareal-worldmemorytest.Smokersperformedbadlyrememberingjust59percentoftasks.Butthosewhohadgivenupsmokingremembered74percentandthosewhohadneversmokedrecalled81percentoftasks.Dr.TomHeffernanwholeadsNorthumbriaUniversity’sCollaborationforDrugandAlcoholResearchGroupsaidthefindingswouldbeusefulinanti-smokingcampaigns.HesaidGiventhatthereareupto10millionsmokersintheUKandasmanyas45millioninAmericait’simportanttounderstandtheeffectsthatsmokinghasoneverydaycognitivefunction.Thisisthefirsttimethatastudyhassetouttoexaminewhethergivingupsmokinghasaneffectonmemory.Wealreadyknowthatgivingupsmokinghashugehealthbenefitstothebodybutthisstudyalsoshowshowstoppingsmokingcanbringaseriesofbenefitstocognitivefunction.Theresearchwillnowinvestigatetheeffectsofsecond-handsmokingonmemorywhileDr.Heffernanwilllookintothird-handsmokingsuchastoxins毒素leftoncurtainsandfurniturE.45.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheEffectsThatSmokingHasonHealthB.NewResearchonThird-HandSmokingC.SmokersHaveMuchWorseEverydayMemoryD.Anti-SmokingCampaignsAreActiveAroundtheWorld46.Theunderlinedwordskickedthehabitinthesecondparagraphcanbereplacedby___________.A.givingupsmokingB.smokedattimesC.smokedregularlyD.hatedsmoking47.Whatwasthereal-worldmemorytestlike?A.Itneededyoungvolunteerstocompletesometasks.B.Itwasaboutmakingatouroftheuniversity’scampus.C.Itneededvolunteerstoactatthestudents’union.D.Itinvolvedatourandaprocessofrecallingsomedetails.48.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat___________.A.AmericahastwiceasmanysmokersastheUKB.theresearchfindingswillhelpanti-smokingcampaignsC.theeffectsofsecond-handsmokingonmemoryhavebeenfoundbythestudyD.thosewhohavestoppedsmokinghaveasgoodamemoryasnon-smokers
Babygirlsmaketheirwaytodollsassoonastheycancrawlwhileboyswillheadforthetoycarsastudyhasshown.Thefindingsthefirsttoshowconsistentdifferencesinveryyoungbabiessuggestthereisabiologicalbasistotheirpreferences.PsychologistsDrBrendaToddfromCityUniversityLondoncarriedoutanexperimentinvolving90babiesagedninemonthsto36months.Theywereallowedtochoosefromseventoys.Somewereboys'toys-acaradiggeraballandablueteddy.Therestweregirls’toys:apinkteddyadollandacookingset.TheywereplacedameterawayfromthetoysandcouldpickwhichevertoytheylikeD.TheirchoiceandtheamountoftimetheyspentplayingwitheachtoywererecordeD.Oftheyoungestchildrennineto14monthsgirlsspentmuchlongerplayingwiththedollthanboysandboysspentmuchmoretimewiththecarandballthanthegirlsdiD.Amongthetwo-andthree-year-oldsgirlsspent50percentofthetimeplayingwiththedollwhileonlytwoboysbrieflytouchedit.Theboysspentalmost90percentoftheirtimeplayingwithcarswhichthegirlsbarelytoucheD.Therewasnolinkbetweentheparents’viewonwhichtoysweremoreappropriateforboysorgirlsandthechildren’schoicE.DrBrendaToddsaid:Childrenofthisagearealreadyexposedtomuchsocialization.Boysmaybegiven‘toysthatgo’whilegirlsgettoystheycancareforwhichmayhelpshapetheirpreferencE.Butthesefindingsagreewiththeformerideathatchildrenshownaturalinterestsinparticularkindsoftoys.Therecouldbeabiologicalbasisfortheirchoices.Malesthroughevolutionhavebeenadaptedtoprefermovingobjectsprobablythroughhuntinginstincts本能whilegirlspreferwarmercolorssuchaspinkthecolorofanewbornbaby.4.Babyboysandgirlshavedifferenttoypreferencesprobablybecause.A.babyboysaremuchmoreactiveB.babygirlslikebrightcolorsmoreC.parentshaveaneffectontheirviewsD.theremaybeabiologicaldifference5.Bothbabyboysandbabygirlsliketoplaywithaccordingtothestudy.A.aballB.ateddyC.acarD.adoll6.WhatcanweinferfromParagraph3?A.Nine-month-oldbabyboysdon’tplaywithdollsatall.B.Two-year-oldbabygirlssometimesplaywithcarsandballs.C.Parentsshouldteachtheirbabiestoshareeachother’stoys.D.Theolderthebabiesarethemoreobvioustheirpreferenceis.7.WhatconclusiondidDr.BrendaTodddrawfromtheresultsofthestudy?A.Adultsbringaboutbabies’preferenceonpurposE.B.Babies’preferenceisn’taffectedbysocialsurroundings.C.Babyboyspreferringtomovingtoyswillbegoodathunting.D.Babygirlspreferringwarmercolorswillbewarm-hearteD.
Coralreefs珊瑚礁arenotjustbeautifultolookatbutalsoveryuseful.Theyshelternearly25％ofoceanlifeandprovidefoodforbillionsofpeople.Howeverlikemanyotherspeciesthisamazingecosystem生态系统isindangerofdyingout!Therearetwomainreasonsforthedestruction破坏—therisingcarbondioxidelevelscausedbyglobalwarmingaswellashumaninfluenceslikebottomoperation.Whilenotmuchcanbedoneabouttheformerthelosscausedbythelattercanbereduced.Bottomoperationinvolvesdroppingnetstotheoceanbedandthendraggingthemupwhenfilledwithfish.Thisactiondamagedtheoceanfloorcausingthecoralbranchestoseparatefromthereefs.Whilethatisverydiscouragingthegoodnewsisthatifthesebranchesarefoundquicklytheycanbesaved.Atpresentthatworkisbeingperformedbyvolunteerdivers.Butthemethodhasonlylimitedsuccessbecausetheycannotstaylongunderwaternorreachdepthsofover200meterswheresomeofthedeep-seacoralgrows.HoweverthisisnotthecaseforCoralbots—therobotsthatcanconstantlyseekoutbrokenbranches.Ateamof‘coralbots’eachworkingtosimpleruleswillpiecetogether’damagedbitsofcoralallowingthemtoregrow重生.Theyareprogrammedtobeabletotellthedifferencesbetweenotherthingsandthecoral.Therobotsworktogetheringroupssimilartobees.Ifonecoralbotisdamagedthentheotherswillstillbeabletocompletethetask.DrLea-AnneHenrysaidTheprojectofusingcoralbotsoffersusthepossibilitytorestore修复thefunctionofreefs.Itisinthefinalstageoftesting.OncereadytheresearchershopetobuildhundredsofthemandusethemeffectivelyinthewatersoffScotlandandthenhopefullyintheoceansacrosstheworld.28.Whichofthefollowingisacauseofthedangerthatcoralreefsarefacing________.A.Theappearanceofnewcreatures.B.Theseriouslypollutedseawater.C.Theactivitiesofvolunteerdivers.D.Humanactivitieslikebottomoperation.29.Comparedwithvolunteerdiverscoralbots________.A.canstaylongerunderwaterB.mustworkasbeesdoC.candistinguishwhatiscoralD.canneverbedamaged30.Whatdoestheunderlinedwordtheminthelastparagraphreferto________.A.Coralbots.B.Brokenbranches.C.Workingbees.D.Bitsofcoral.31.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat_________.A.bottomoperationhasaffectedmostunderwatercreaturesB.brokenbranchesofcoralcanregrowifsavedintimeC.hundredsofthecoralbotshaveworkedwellintheoceansD.withthecoralbotsalldamagedcoralreefscanberestored
Thenumberofpeoplehidingtheiridentitywhilesurfingthewebhasriseninthepastyear.ResearchshowsthatthelevelofencryptedinternetactivityhasrisendramaticallyacrosstheworldsuggestingthatmillionsofpeoplehavebeguntousesoftwarethathideswhotheyarewhileaccessingtheweB.AccordingtoSandvinethetechnologynetworkingcompanyhiddeninternettrafficinpeakhoursinEuropehasbeenupto6.1percentofallwebactivitiescomparedwithabout1.5percentayearearlier.InNorthAmericaencryptedtrafficwentupto3.8percentfrom2.3percentayearearlierwhileinLatinAmericaitjumpedtoalmost10.4percentfrom1.8percent.Expertssaidthatthechangesinonlinebehaviorweretheresultofexposure曝光aboutwidespreadinternetspyingbyintelligenceagenciessuchasthatexposedbyEdwardSnowdentheUSNationalSecurityAgencywhistleblower.ItwillbeinterestingtoseehowthesetrendsdevelopsaidErnestoVanderSarthepen-nameusedbytheeditor-in-chiefofTorrentfreak.comthewebsitethatfirstreportedthefigures.Inanycaseit’sclearthatinternetservicesandtheirusersarebecomingmoreawareoftheirprivacyonlinewhichisgenerallyagooddevelopment.LastweekSirTimBerners-LeetheBritishinventorofthewebdefendedtherightofagenciestospyontheinternetforlawenforcement强制实施.HesaidWehavetofigureouthowtobalancethatagainstrights.6.ThewordencryptedinParagraphTwohastheclosestmeaningwith______.A.falseB.hiddenC.cheatingD.changed7.Whichareahasseenthelargestriseinencryptedinternetactivity?A.EuropE.B.NorthAmericA.C.LatinAmericA.D.EasternAsiA.8.Whydomorepeoplehidetheiridentitywhilesurfingtheweb?A.Tocheatothers.B.Tohavemorefun.C.Tofollowthefashion.D.Topreventtheirprivacybeingspiedon.9.What’sSirTimBerners-Lee’sopiniononsomeagencies’spyingontheinternet?A.It’sillegal.B.It’stotallyright.C.It’sagainsthumanrights.D.It’sacceptabletosomedegreE.
Ourcharacterbasicallyismadeupofourhabits.Sowathoughtreapanaction;sowanactionreapahabit;sowahabitreapacharacter;sowacharacterreapadestinyasthesayinggoes.Habitsarepowerfulfactorsinourlives.Becausetheyareconsistentoftenunconsciouspatterns;theyconstantlydailyexpressourcharacterandproduceeffectivenessorineffectiveness.AsHoraceMannagreateducatoroncesaidAhabitislikeacablE.Weweaveastrand线ofiteverydayandsoonitcannotbebroken.Ipersonallydonotagreewiththelastpartofhisexpression.IknowhabitscanbelearnedandunlearneD.AndIalsoknowitisn’taquickfix.Itinvolvesaprocessandtremendous巨大的devotion.SomeofuswhowatchedthelunarvoyageofApollo11wereshockedastheysawthefirstmenwalkonthemoonandreturntotheearth.Buttogettherethoseastronautshadtobreakoutofthetremendouspullofgravityoftheearth.Moreenergywasspentinthefirstfewminutesoflift-offinthefirstfewmilesoftravelthanwasusedoverthenextseveraldaystotravelhalfamillionmiles.Habitstoohavetremendouspull.Howevermostpeopledon’trealizeoradmitit.Gettingridofbadhabitsreallyrequiresgreatwillpowerandsomechangesinourlives.Lift-offtakestremendouseffortbutoncewebreakoutofthepullofgravitywecanenjoyunprecedented空前的freedom.Likeanynaturalforcethepullofgravitycanworkwithusoragainstus.Thepullofsomeofourhabitsmaycurrentlybekeepingusfromgoingwhereverwewanttogo.Butitisalsothepullofgravitythatkeepsourworldtogetherandkeepstheplanetsintheirorbitsandouruniverseinorder.Itispowerfulforceandifweuseiteffectivelywecancreatecohesiveness凝聚力toestablisheffectivenessinourlives.29.Whydidtheauthorquotethesayinginthefirstparagraph?A.Toshowtheauthorwasawiseman.B.Tosupporttheauthor’sopinionaboutthehabit.C.Becauseagreateducatoraskedtheauthortodoit.D.Becausetheauthorlikedtheoldsayingverymuch.30.Whydoestheauthorsayhabitshavepowerfuleffectsonourlives?A.Becausehabitscanconstantlyaffectourcharacter.B.BecausehabitscanbelearnedandunlearneD.C.Becauseyoucanreapacharacterbysowingahabit.D.BecauseahabitislikeacableandusefultoourlifE.31.Whatdoesthewritermeanbyreferringtogravitypull?A.Riddingbadhabitsneedsgreatwillpower.B.Breakingthegravitypullmeansenjoyingfreedom.C.Toprovethatthehabitscanworkwithusoragainstus.D.Thegravitypullisveryimportantinourlives.32.Whichcanbethebesttitleforthispassage?A.FormingagoodcharacterisimportantB.TheimportanceofthepullofgravityC.ExcellenceisnotanactbutahabitD.Thepowerfulfactorsofhabits
SomethinginchocolatecouldbeusedtostopcoughsandleadtomoreeffectivemedicinessayUKresearchers.Theirstudyfoundthattheobrominefoundincocoawasnearlyathirdmoreeffectiveinstoppingcoughsthancodeinewhichwasconsideredthebestcoughmedicineatpresent.TheImperialCollegeLondonresearcherswhopublishedtheirresultsonlinesaidthediscoverycouldleadtomoreeffectivecoughtreatment.Whilecoughingisnotnecessarilyharmful有害的itcanhaveamajoreffectonthequalityoflifeandthisdiscoverycouldbeahugestepforwardintreatingthisproblemsaidProfessorPeterBarnes.Tenhealthyvolunteers志愿者weregiventheobrominecodeineorplaceboapillthatcontainsnomedicineduringtheexperiment.Neitherthevolunteersnortheresearchersknewwhoreceivedwhichpill.Theresearchersthenmeasuredlevelsofcapsaicinwhichisusedinresearchtocausecoughingandasasignofhowwellthemedicinearestoppingcoughs.Theteamfoundthatwhenthevolunteersweregiventheobrominethecapsaicinneedtoproduceacoughwasaroundathirdhigherthanintheplacebogroup.Whentheyweregivencodeinetheyneedonlyslightlyhigherleversofcapsaicintocauseacoughcomparedwiththeplacebo.Theresearcherssaidthattheobromineworkedbykeepingdownaverveactivity神经活动whichcausecoughing.Theyalsofoundthatunlikesomestandardcoughtreatmentstheobrominecausednosideeffectssuchassleepiness.48.AccordingtoProfessorBarnestheobromine______.A.cannotbeaseffectiveascodeineB.canbeharmfultopeople’shealthC.cannotbeseparatedfromchocolateD.canbeamoreeffectivecureforcoughs49.Whatwasusedintheexperimenttocausecoughing?A.TheobrominE.B.CodeinE.C.Capsaicin.D.Placebo.50.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Codeine:A.NewMedicineB.ChocolateMayCureCoughsC.CoughTreatment:A.HardCaseD.TheobromineCanCauseCoughs
ItiswidelyacknowledgedthatcitieswithsomekindoffunctioningecosystemsmakeforbetterplacesforhumanstolivE.MoreplantsandanimalsincitiesmakeforhappierhealthierpeoplE.AstudyconductedongreenspacesinSheffieldEnglandforinstancerevealedthatthegreaterthebiodiversity生物多样性thegreaterthepsychologicalwell-being健康ofthecity’scitizens.InParisresearchersfoundthatgettingcitizenstotakepartinday-longactivitiesinvolvingurbanwildlifeopenedtheireyestothenaturalworldforatimeatleast.FewcitieshavebeenassociatedwithurbanecologyforaslongasBerlin.SloweconomicrecoveryaftertheSecondWorldWarmeantthatreconstructionwouldtakealongtimE.Thisprovidedlocalecologistswiththeidealconditionstodevelopanambitiousecologicalresearchprograminthebombed-outwastelandsofWestBerlinsaidJensLachmundasociologistattheUniversityofMaastrichtintheNetherlands.ThepioneeringworkinBerlinhadseveralconsequencesespeciallytheformationofsignificantnaturalspaceswithinthecitysuchastheS.üdgel?ndeNaturePark.BerlinhasindeedbenefittedalotfrombeingacasestudyinurbanecologysaidLachmunD.TherecentresearchconductedbyMarkGoddardabiologistattheUniversityofLeedsandhiscolleaguesconfirmedtheimportanceofnaturalspaceswithinanurbansetting.GoddardandhisteamconductedastrikingglobalanalysisofbirdandplantdiversityquantifyingtheinfluenceofurbanizationonlevelsofbiodiversityaroundtheworlD.Functioningurbanecosystemswillbeextremelyimportanttohumanhealthandwell-beingsaidGoddarD.Citiestakeupjust3%ofthelandsurfaceareayetaccordingtothemostrecentfigurefromtheUnitedNationssome3.6billionpeoplejustover50%oftheglobalpopulationnowliveinurbanareas.By2050thisfigureisexpectedtoriseto6.3billion.WithoutanimalsandplantstokeepuscompanyitisadarkfuturE.28.ThefindingsinParagraph2arementionedtoexplainthelinkbetween________.A.citizensandtheirwell-beingB.greenspacesandurbanwildlifeC.urbanecologyandcitizens’well-beingD.functioningecosystemsandthenaturalworld29.WhatwouldbeGoddard’sattitudetowardsBerlin’swork?A.Cautious.B.NegativE.C.Uncaring.D.Admiring.30.Theauthorusesfiguresinthelastparagraphtoshow________.A.thenegativeeffectofoverpopulationB.theimportanceofurbanecosystemsC.theseriousproblemsofcitylifeD.therapidgrowthofurbanareas31.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Shouldmorepeopleliveinurbanareas?B.ShouldBerlinhavemorenaturalspaces?C.Shouldcitiesbeforanimalsandplantstoo?D.Shouldtheglobalpopulationbecontrollednow?
ThefindingsrecentlypublishedbytheresearchersfromArizonaStateUniversityASUsuggestthatangrymenappeartogaininfluenceinagroupbutangrywomenloseinfluence.Thestudyfoundthatwhenmenexpressedtheiropinionwithangerparticipantsratedthemasmorebelievable.Butwhenwomenexpressedangertheywereviewedasmoreemotionalandthuslessconvincing.Inotherwordsamancouldbenefitfromusingangerinpowerandpersuasion.A.womanhowevercouldbeignoredorhurtbyhergroupifsheexpressedanger.Thestudywasbasedontheresponsesof210students.Theywereshownevidenceandphotographsonlinefromarealmurdertrial.A.manhadsupposedlymurderedhiswife.Thestudentswereaskedtodecideifthemanwasguiltyornot.Beforemakingtheirdecisionthestudentsdiscussedthecaseonlinewithfivejurors陪审员.Butthesewerenotrealjurors;theywerecomputersgeneratingresponsesandcommentsbacktothestudents.Someofthefakejurorshadmaleidentities.Othershadfemaleidentities.Somemalejurorswereangryaboutthejudgement.Whenthishappenedthestudentsreactedbydoubtingtheirowndecisionsaboutthecase.Confidenceintheirresponsesonthejudgementdroppedsignificantly.Butwhenfemalejurorsseemedangrythestudentparticipantsbecamesignificantlymoreconfidentintheiroriginaljudgments.Thestudycouldhavewiderimportance.Theresultshaveeffectsforanywomanwhoistryingtoexertinfluenceonadecisionintheirworkplaceandeverydaylives.Thisincludesgoverningbodiestaskforcesandcommittees.Inapoliticaldebateafemalecandidatemighthavelessinfluenceifsheshowsanger.Anexampleisthe2016Democraticpresidentialrace.ThismightexplainwhyBernieSandersisabletofreelyexpresshispassionandconvictionwhileHillaryClintonclearlyregulatesheremotionsmorecarefully.29.Accordingtothestudywhenwomenexpressangertheyarethoughtofas__________.A.believableB.significantC.emotionalD.confident30.InthestudybytheresearchersfromASU__________.A.therewere210studentsexpressingtheiremotionsB.thejurorswereshownevidenceandphotographsonlineC.femalejurorsdoubtedtheirowndecisionsaboutthecaseD.thejurorswereactuallycomputerswithhumanidentities31.Thepurposeoftheexampleinthelastparagraphisto__________.A.remindthewomentocontroltheiremotionsinpoliticaldebatesB.showtheimportanceofthestudyextendstomanyotherfieldsC.provethefindingsareofgreathelpinourdailylifeD.explainwhytheresearcherscarryoutthestudy
SincethestartofthedeadlyAIDSepidemicinthe1980sscientistshavebeenworkingtowardsacurE.NowtheymaybeclosetofindingonE.Researchershavedevelopedamethodtocuttheviral病毒DNAfromaperson’sinfectedcells.ItiscalledCRISPR/Cas9anditmeansthepersoncouldbevirus-freE.DNAisasubstancethatcarriesgeneticinformationinthecellsofanimalsandplants.Thisgene-editingtookplaceinascientificlabbuthasnotbeentestedonhumansyet.It’sabigstepsaidKamelKhaliliPh.D.HeisleadresearcherandchairattheDepartmentofNeuroscienceatTempleUniversityinPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniA.Heandhisteammadethediscovery.ButmoretestshavetobedonetoknowifitwillbeacureforthemillionsofpatientsinfectedwiththeHIVviruswhichcausesAIDS.AntiretroviraldrugshavebeendoingagoodjobofkeepingtheAIDSvirusfromreproducing.SuchagoodjobthatlevelsofHIVarejustaboutundetectableininfectedpeoplewhotakethemedicinE.Butevenwiththedrugsthevirusstaysinthebody’sT-cellswhichareT-lymphocytes.AIDSdamagestheimmunesystemhurtingthebody’sabilitytofightoffdiseasE.SothedrugsarekindofaBand-AidsolutionKhaliliexplaineD.Theykeepthevirusfromgrowing.Buttheydonotremovethememoryofthevirusfromthecells.AndthemomentantiretroviraldrugsarestoppedtheHIVcomesbacktolifeandbeginsmakingmoreHIVwhichistheAIDSvirus.KhaliliandhisteamofscientistsappeartohavefoundawaytocutthisviralDNAfrominfectedpeople’scells.IntheirlabtheytookcellsfrompeopleinfectedwiththeHIVvirus.Theyremovedthepartofthecellthatwasholdingthevirus.Hesaidtheyhadinsomecasesnear90percentofthevirusreplication复制orproductiondroppedinthepatientsamplesaftertreatmentinthelaboratory.Khaliliandhisteamhavenotactuallycuredanypatientsyet.Howeverhebelievesthisgene-editingtechnologycouldpossiblycureAIDS.RemovaloftheviruscanleadtothecurE.Hesaidit’sanexcitingtimeandthereasonisthetechnologiesareavailableandthemethodsareinplaceandourknowledgehasincreaseD.AndhopefullytherewillbefundingtotakeustowardthisexcitingmomentfordevelopingthecurestrategybygettingridofviralDNAusingeditingtechniques.62.ThenewlyfoundwayisintendedtocureAIDSby_______.A.doingdamagetotheimmunesystemB.removingviralDNAfrominfectedcellsC.doingresearchintoantiretroviraldrugsD.takingcellsfromthoseinfectedwiththeHIVvirus63.Whatcanweknowaboutantiretroviraldrugsfromthepassage?A.TheyarelikelytomakemoreAIDSvirus.B.TheycanhelpbodytofightagainstdiseasE.C.TheyareunabletocurepeopleoftheirHIVvirus.D.ViruswilldisappearfromT-cellsbecauseofthem.64.KamelKhalili’swordsinthelasttwoparagraphsindicatethat_______.A.hisnewmethodisboundtobeaperfectcureforAIDSB.antiretroviraldrugswillbedroppedinthenearfutureC.theirdiscoveryhasmadegreatcontributionstohumanbeingsD.theywillsucceedcuringAIDSiftheyaren’tlackinginmoney
ThevalleyknownasSleepyHollowhidesfromtheworldinthehighhillsofNewYorkstatE.Therearemanystoriestoldaboutthequietvalley.Butthestorythatpeoplebelievemostisaboutamanwhoridesahorseatnight.ThestorysaysthemandiedmanyyearsagoduringtheAmericanRevolutionaryWar.Hisheadwasshotoff.EverynightherisesfromhisburialplacejumpsonhishorseandridesthroughthevalleylookingforhislostheaD.NearSleepyHollowisavillagecalledTarryTown.ItwassettledmanyyearsagobypeoplefromHollanD.Thevillagehadasmallschool.AndoneteachernamedIchabodCranE.IchabodCranewasagoodnameforhimbecausehelookedlikeatallbirdacranE.HewastallandthinlikeacranE.Hisshouldersweresmalljoinedtwolongarms.Hisheadwassmalltooandflatontop.HehadbigearslargeglassygreeneyesandalongnosE.Ichaboddidnotmakemuchmoneyasateacher.Andalthoughhewastallandthinheatelikeafatman.Tohelphimpayforhisfoodheearnedextramoneyteachingyoungpeopletosing.EverySundayafterchurchIchabodtaughtsinging.AmongtheladiesIchabodtaughtwasoneKatrinaVanTassel.ShewastheonlydaughterofarichDutchfarmer.ShewasagirlinbloommuchlikearoundredrosyapplE.IchabodhadasoftandfoolishheartfortheladiesandsoonfoundhimselfinterestedinMissVanTassel.Ichabod'seyesopenedwidewhenhesawtherichesofKatrina'sfarm:themilesofappletreesandwheatfieldsandhundredsoffatfarmanimals.HesawhimselfasmasteroftheVanTasselfarmwithKatrinaashiswifE.ButthereweremanyproblemsblockingtheroadtoKatrina'sheart.OnewasastrongyoungmannamedBromVanBrunt.Bromwasaherotoalltheyoungladies.Hisshoulderswerebig.HisbackwaswidE.Andhishairwasshortandcurly.HealwayswonthehorseracesinTarryTownandearnedmanyprizes.BromwasneverseenwithoutahorsE.SuchwastheenemyIchabodhadtodefeatforKatrina'sheart.59.Thefirstparagraphservesas_______.A.exampleB.explanationC.introductionD.comment60.HowcouldIchahodaffordhisfood?A.HehadahighsalaryB.HisparentsandfriendshelpedhimC.HesavedalotD.Heearnedextramoneyteachingyoungpeopletosing.61.Accordingtothestorywhichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A.IchahodwasthemasteroftheVanTasselfarm.B.IchahodwasKatrina’shusbanD.C.IchahodtriedtowinKatrina’sheart.D.BromVanBrunttreatedIchahodashisenemy.62.Whatwillprobablyhappennextaccordingtothestory?A.Ichahodlostheartandwasreducedtoadrunkard酒鬼.B.IchahodtriedeverymeansandfinallywonKatrina’sheart.C.Ichahodfinallywonalotofwomen’sloveandgaveupKatrinA.D.BromVanBruntwonKatrina’sheartandhereaftermarriedKatrinA.
TheiPhonetheiPadandtheiPoD.EachofApple'sproductssoundscoolandhasbecomeafashion.Applehascleverlytakenadvantageofthepoweroftheletteriandmanyotherbrandsarefollowingsuit.TheBBC'siPlayerwhichallowsWebuserstowatchTVprogramsontheInternetadoptedthetitlein2008.A.lovelybearpopularintheUSandUKthatplaysmusicandvideoiscallediTeddy.A.slimmed-downversionofLondon'sIndependentnewspapercameoutlastweekunderthenamei.Ingeneralsingle-letterprefixeshavebeenpopularsincethe1990swhentermssuchase-mailande-commercefirstcameintousE.MostiproductsareaimedatyoungpeopleandconsideringthemajorreadersofIndependent’siitisnosurprisethatthey'vechosenthisfashionablenamE.Butit'shardtoseewhat'ssospecialabouttheletteri.Whynotuseaborcinstead?AccordingtoTonyThorneheadoftheLanguageCenteratKing'sCollegeLondoniworksbecauseitsmeaninghasbecomeambiguous.WhenAppleusesinooneknowswhetheritmeansInternetinformationindividualorinteractiveMr.ThornetoldBBCMagazinesEvenwhenApplecreatedtheiPaditseemsitdidn'thaveonecleardefinition.HoweverthankstoApplethetermisnowassociatedwithportability轻便addsThornE.ClearlytheletterialsoagreeswiththeideathattheWesternWorldiscenteredontheindividual.Eachpersonbelievestheyhavetheirownneedsandtheylovepersonalizedproductsforthisreason.AlongwithGoogleandTwitterreadersofBBCMagazinesvotediasoneofthetop20wordsthathavecometodefinethelastdecadE.Butashistoryshowsfashionscomeandgo.Fromthe1900sto1990sproductswith2000intheirnamesbecamefashionableastheyearwasassociatedwithallthingsadvancedandmodern.HoweverasweenteredthenewcenturythetrendinevitablydisappeareD.12.PeopleusetheiPlayerto_________.A.listentomusicB.makeacallC.readnewspapersD.watchTVprogramsonline13.FromthepassageweknowthattheIndependent’siisaimedat_________.A.oldreadersB.youngreadersC.fashionablewomenD.engineers14.Nowadaystheitermoftenremindspeopleoftheproductswhichare_________.A.portableB.advancedC.recyclableD.environmentallyfriendly15.Theauthorofthepassagewouldprobablyagreethat__________.A.iproductsareoftenofhighqualityB.alliproductshavesomethingtodowithInternetC.thepopularityofiproductsmaynotlastlongD.theiTeddyisalivebear
HowtheWorldWideWebStartedTimBerners-Leeisthemanwhowrotethesoftware软件programmethatledtothefoundationoftheWorldWideWeB.Britainplayedanimportantpartindevelopingthefirstgenerationofcomputers.TheparentsofTimBerners-Leebothworkedononeoftheearliestcommercial商业的computersandtalkedabouttheirworkathomE.Asachildhewouldbuildmodelsofcomputersfrompackingmaterial.AftergraduatingfromOxfordUniversityhewentontotherealthing.Inthe1980sscientistswerealreadycommunicatingusingaprimitiveversion版本ofe-mail.WhileworkingatalaboratoryinSwitzerland.TimBerners-Leewroteaprogrammewhichlethimstorethesemessages.Thisgavehimanotheridea:writeaprogrammethatwillletacademics学术界人士fromacrosstheworldshareinformationonasingleplacE.In1990hewrotetheHTTP服务程序所用的协议andHTML超文本链接标示语言programmeswhichformthebasisoftheWorldWideWeb.ThenextyearhisprogrammeswereplacedontotheInternet.Everyonewaswelcometousethemandimprovethemiftheycould.Programmersusedthiscodes密码toworkwithdifferentoperatingsystems.Newthingslikewebbrowsers浏览器andsearchenginesweredevelopeD.Between1991and1994thenumberofwebpagesrosefrom10to100000.In1994TimBerners-LeeformedthenewlyformedWorldWideWebconsortium协会orW3C.Morethan200leadingcompaniesandlaboratoriesarerepresented代表byW3C.TogethertheymakesurethateveryonecanshareequallyontheweB.‘TheWebcanhelppeopletounderstandthewaythatothersliveandloveandarehuman.IthelpsusunderstandthehumanityofpeoplE.Hesays.33.Scientistsbegantocommunicateusinge-mail_____.A.in1980B.afterthe1980sC.before1990D.inthe1960s34.Hemadeuphismindtowriteaprogrammethatwouldletpeoplefromacrosstheworldshareinformationonasingleplacewhen______.A.hewasachildB.hestudiedinOxfordUniversityC.heformedW3CD.heworkedatalabinSwitzerland35.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.Thenumberofwebpagesroseveryrapidlyinthe1990s.B.Tim’sprogrammeswereplacedontotheInternetin1990.C.TheWorldWideWebwillhaveaneffectonthesocialdevelopment.D.TimBerners-LeemadeagreatcontributiontothecomputersciencE.
Peoplewhosmokecouldlosearoundonethirdoftheireverydaymemoryresearcherssay.AstudybyateamattheUniversityofNorthumbriahasshownthatsmokerslosemoreoftheirmemorywhencomparedtonon-smokers.Andtheresearchalsofoundthatthosewhokickedthehabitsawtheirabilitytorecollectinformationrestoredtoalmostthesamelevelasnon-smokers.Thestudyinvolvedmorethanseventy18-to25-year-oldvolunteersandincludedatouroftheuniversity’scampus.Thosewhotookpartwereaskedtorecall回忆回想smalldetailssuchasmusicactslistedtoplayatthestudents’unionandtaskscompletedatvariouspoints---knownasareal-worldmemorytest.Smokersperformedbadlyrememberingjust59percentoftasks.Butthosewhohadgivenupsmokingremembered74percentandthosewhohadneversmokedrecalled81percentoftasks.Dr.TomHeffernanwholeadsNorthumbriaUniversity’sCollaborationforDrugandAlcoholResearchGroupsaidthefindingswouldbeusefulinanti-smokingcampaigns.HesaidGiventhatthereareupto10millionsmokersintheUKandasmanyas45millioninAmericait’simportanttounderstandtheeffectsthatsmokinghasoneverydaycognitivefunction.Thisisthefirsttimethatastudyhassetouttoexaminewhethergivingupsmokinghasaneffectonmemory.Wealreadyknowthatgivingupsmokinghashugehealthbenefitstothebodybutthisstudyalsoshowshowstoppingsmokingcanbringaseriesofbenefitstocognitivefunction.Theresearchwillnowinvestigatetheeffectsofsecond-handsmokingonmemorywhileDr.Heffernanwilllookintothird-handsmokingsuchastoxins毒素leftoncurtainsandfurniturE.45.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheEffectsThatSmokingHasonHealthB.NewResearchonThird-HandSmokingC.SmokersHaveMuchWorseEverydayMemoryD.Anti-SmokingCampaignsAreActiveAroundtheWorld46.Theunderlinedwordskickedthehabitinthesecondparagraphcanbereplacedby___________.A.givingupsmokingB.smokedattimesC.smokedregularlyD.hatedsmoking47.Whatwasthereal-worldmemorytestlike?A.Itneededyoungvolunteerstocompletesometasks.B.Itwasaboutmakingatouroftheuniversity’scampus.C.Itneededvolunteerstoactatthestudents’union.D.Itinvolvedatourandaprocessofrecallingsomedetails.48.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat___________.A.AmericahastwiceasmanysmokersastheUKB.theresearchfindingswillhelpanti-smokingcampaignsC.theeffectsofsecond-handsmokingonmemoryhavebeenfoundbythestudyD.thosewhohavestoppedsmokinghaveasgoodamemoryasnon-smokers
Haveyoueverwonderedwhybirdssing?Maybeyouthoughtthattheywerejusthappy.Afterallyouprobablysingorwhistlewhenyouarehappy.Somescientistsbelievethatbirdsdosingsomeofthetimejustbecausetheyarehappy.Howevertheysingmostofthetimeforaverydifferentreason.Theirsingingisactuallyawarningtootherbirdstostayoutoftheirterritory.Doyouknowwhataterritoryis?A.territoryisanareathatananimalusuallythemaleclaims声称asitsown.Onlyheandhisfamilyarewelcomethere.Nootherfamiliesofthesamespecies物种arewelcome.Youryardandhouseareyourterritorywhereonlyyourfamilyandfriendsarewelcome.Ifastrangershouldenteryourterritoryandthreatenyouyoumightshout.Probablythiswouldbeenoughtofrightenhimaway.Ifsoyouhaveactuallyscaredthestrangerawaywithouthavingtofighthim.Abirddoesthesamething.Butheexpectsanoutsideralmostanytimeespeciallyatnesting筑巢season.Soheisscreamingallthetimewhetherhecanseeanoutsiderornot.Thisscreamingiswhatwecallabird’ssonganditisusuallyenoughtokeepanoutsideraway.Birdssingloudestinthespringwhentheyaretryingtoattractamateandwarnothersnottoentertheterritoryoftheirs.Youcanseethatbirdshavealanguagealltheirown.Mostofithassomethingtodowithattractingmatesandsettingupterritories.21.Somescientistsbelievethatmostofthetimebirds’singingisactually.A.awayofwarningB.anexpressionofhappinessC.anexpressionofangerD.awayofgreeting22.Whatisabird’sterritory?A.Aplacewherefamiliesofotherspeciesarenotaccepted.B.Anareawhichabirdconsiderstobeitsown.C.Anareaforwhichbirdsfightagainsteachother.D.AplacewhereabirdmayshoutatthetopofitsVoice.23.Whydobirdskeeponsingingatnestingseason?A.BecausetheywanttoinvitemorefriendsB.Becausetheywanttofindoutsidersaround.C.Becausetheirsinginghelpsfrightenoutsidersaway.D.Becausetheirsinginghelpsgetridoftheirfears.24.Howdoesthewriterexplainbirds’singing?A.Bycomparingbirdswithhumanbeings.B.Byreportingexperimentresults.C.Bydescribingbirds’dailylife.D.Bytellingabird'sstory.
Occasionalself-medicationhasalwaysbeenpartofnormalliving.ThemakingandsellingofdrugshavealonghistoryandarecloselylinkedlikemedicalpracticeitselfwiththebeliefinmagiC.OnlyduringthelasthundredyearsorsohasthedevelopmentofscientifictechniquesmadeitpossibleforsomeofthecausesofsymptomstobeunderstoodsothatmoreaccuratediagnosishasbecomepossiblE.Thedoctorisnowabletofollowupthecorrectdiagnosis诊断ofmanyillnesseswithspecifictreatmentoftheircauses.Inmanyotherillnessesofwhichthecausesremainunknownitisstilllimitedliketheunqualifiedprescriber出具处方者tothetreatmentofsymptoms.Thedoctoristrainedtodecidewhentotreatsymptomsonlyandwhentoattackthecause:thisistheessentialdifferencebetweenmedicalprescribingandself-medication.Theadvanceoftechnologyhasbroughtaboutmuchprogressinsomefieldsofmedicineincludingthedevelopmentofscientificdrugtherapy治疗法.Inmanycountriespublichealthorganizationisimprovingandpeople'snutritionalstandardshaverisen.Parallelwithsuchbeneficialtrendshavetwoharmfuleffects.Oneistheuseofhigh-pressureadvertisingbythepharmaceutical制药industrywhichhastendedtoinfluencebothpatientsanddoctorsandhasledtotheoveruseofdrugsgenerally.Theotheristheemergenceofthesedentary需要久坐的societywithitsfaultywaysoflife:lackofexerciseover-eatingunsuitableeatingnotenoughsleeptoomuchsmokinganddrinking.Peoplewithdisordersarisingfromfaultyhabitssuchastheseaswellasfromunhappyhumanrelationshipsoftenresorttoself-medicationandsoaddthetakingofpharmaceuticalstothelist.Advertisersgotogreatlengthstocatchthismarket.Cleveradvertisingaimedatchronic慢性的suffererswhowilltryanythingbecausedoctorshavenotbeenabletocurethemcaninducesuchfaithinapreparationparticularlyifsteeplypricedthatitwillproduce—bysuggestion—averyrealeffectinsomepeoplE.AdvertisementsarealsoaimedatpeoplesufferingfrommildcomplaintssuchassimplecoldsandcoughswhichclearupbythemselveswithinashorttimE.Thesearethemainreasonswhylaxativesindigestionremediespainkillerstonicsvitaminandirontabletsandmanyotherpreparationsarefoundinquantityinmanyhouseholds.Itisdoubtfulwhethertakingthesethingseverimprovesaperson'shealth;itmayevenmakeitworsE.Worsebecausethepreparationmaycontainunsuitableingredients;worsebecausethetakermaybecomedependentonthem;worsebecausetheymightbetakeninexcess;worsebecausetheymaycausepoisoningandworseofallbecausesymptomsofsomeseriousunderlyingcausemaybemaskedandthereforemedicalhelpmaynotbesought.24.Thefirstparagraphisintendedto________.A.suggestthatself-medicationhasalonghistoryB.definewhatdiagnosismeansexactlyC.praisedoctorsfortheirexpertiseD.tellthesymptomsfromthecauses25.Advertisementsareaimedatpeoplesufferingfrommildcomplaintsbecause________.A.theyoftenwatchadsonTVB.theyaremorelikelytobuythedrugsadvertisedC.theygenerallyleadasedentarylifeD.theydon'ttaketosportsandeasilycatchcolds26.Paragraphs2and3explain________.A.thosegoodthingsarenotwithoutsideeffectsB.whycleveradvertisingissopowerfulC.whyinmoderntimesself-medicationisstillpractisedD.whypeopledevelopfaultywaysoflife27.Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe________.A.MedicalPracticeB.CleverAdvertisinC.Self-MedicationD.Self-Treatment
Plasticbagshaven’talwaysbeenPublicEnemyNo.1.Introducedin1982theysoonoccupiedthegrocerybagmarker.By199680percentofallbagsweremadefromlightweightplastics.Customerslovedthem.Theybecamethinnerlighterandabletocontainmorematerialsconveniently.ThatrestrictingthedistributionofplasticbagswillhavesignificantenvironmentalbenefitsandreducecostismostlyuntruE.Banningplasticbagswon’tbagsarefoundtobeatinypartofalllittersobanningthemhasverylittleimpactontheamountoflittergenerateD.There’snoevidencethatbanningplasticbagshasreducedlitterremovalcostsanditwon’tdomuchinthewayofreducingtrashcollectioncostseither.Intheseatheimpactmaybeevensmaller.Plasticbagshavenotcausedagiantlandfill废弃物填埋场.Sureplasticsintheoceanshaveincreasedoverthepastfourdecades.Yettheideathatthishasresultedinabiglandfillatiscontradictedbytheevidencewhichshowsthatmostplasticsintheoceansarewidelydispersed分散andintheformoftinypieces.Surveyssuggestthatmostpeoplereusetheirlightweightplasticbagsmainlyfortrashdisposalandonaverageeachoneisused1.6timesBycontrastpaperbagsaretypicallyusedonlyoncE.Thethickerplasticbagsnowbeingpromotedasreusablearetypicallyusedabout3.1times.ItisunwisetointroducerestrictionsonthedistributionofplasticbagswhichislikelytoresultinanincreaseintheoverallenvironmentalimpactofthebagsweusetoshopnottomentionthatreusablebagsarekindofdisgustingfromthepublichealthperspectivE.Puttingfoodintobagsthathavepreviouslybeenusedtocarryperishable易腐烂的itemsmaycauseahealthrisk.29.Thereasonwhyplasticbagsarepopularwithcustomersisthat.A.theyareeasytocarryB.theyaretheonlychoicE.C.theyarecheapandaffordableD.theyareavailableingroceries.30.Whydoestheauthorsaybanningplasticbagsmakesnodifferencetothequantityoflitter?A.Becauseplasticbagstakeupasmallpartofthewholelitter.B.Becausebanningplasticbagshasincreasedlitterremovalcosts.C.Becausethebanningplasticbagswon’tnecessarilymakelitterdisappear.D.Becausethebanningofplasticbagshasn’tanyenvironmentalbenefits.31.TheunderlinedpartinParagraph3impliesthat.A.mostoftheplasticscanbewellrecycledatseaB.whetherplasticsgatheratseaiscontroversialC.actuallyplasticsdon’tlendtolargelandfillsatseaD.noevidenceshowsthatplasticsharmtheseA.32.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheuseofplasticbags?A.TolerantB.DoubtfulC.CriticalD.Supportive
Thereareanumberofchildren'sbooksthataredesignedtohelpchildrenlearnthedifferenceamongmanywonderfulcolorsthatareintheworldandallofthesebooksaredesignedtomakeiteasyforchildren.PinkaliciousItisastoryaboutagirlwhoeatsmanypinkcupcakesoneevening.Thenextmorningshewakesupandfindsthatshehasnotonlypinkhairbutpinkskin!Thisfunstorynotonlyhelpschildrentolearnaboutmanydifferentshades色度andcolorsthatareintheworldandintheirfoodsbutitalsohelpsthemtounderstandthatwhilesweetsareagreatpleasuretheyhavetoeathealthyfoodregularlyinordertostayhealthy.OneFishTwoFishRedFishBlueFishThebookisaseriesofvignettes小片段toldthroughDr.Seussrhymesmakingthemfunforparentstoreadandfunforchildrentohear.Asitisrelatedtocolorsthebookshowssomeoftheclassiccolorsincludingofcourseredandblue!OncechildrenlearnaboutredandbluetheycanthenlearnhowtomakepurplE.MousePaintInthistalethreemicelearnalotaboutcolorsandhowmuchfunyoucanhavewiththem.Theydon'tsettleforjustpaintingwiththecolorshoweverbutinsistondippingtheirtoes脚趾intothecolorsandcreatingnewcombinationsfromthemshowingchildrenwhathappenswhentheymixredandblueoryellowandredtogether.HowDoDinosaursLearnTheirColors?Thisseeminglysimplistictaleshowsushowdinosaurslearnallaboutthedifferentcolorsintheworldthroughtheitemsaroundthem.Simplethingsteachthedinosaursinthebookwhateachcoloris.Forinstanceapurpletowelthathasbeenleftonthefloorshowsbothchildrenandthedinosaurswhatthecolorpurpleis.21.Thechildren'sbooksmentionedinthepassagearedesignedto________.A.makechildreninterestedinreadingB.improvechildren'sreadingabilityC.deepentheunderstandingofcolorsD.attractchildren'sattentiontobooks22.What'stheinspirationofthebookPinkalicious?A.Howtomakeyourskinpink?B.Propereatingcanmakeyouhealthy.C.Eatingtoomanycupcakesisbadforyourhealth.D.Pinkcupcakesaregirls'favoritefooD.23.Whichbookisveryfunforitsrhymeswhenheard?A.Pinkalicious.B.OneFishTwoFishRedFishBlueFish.C.HowDoDinosaursLearnTheirColors?D.MousePaint.
Long-timeexposure暴露toairpollutioncanleadtophysicalchangesinthebrainandcausetroubleinlearningandmemoryandevenanxiety.ThisissuggestedbytheresultsofnewresearchonmicE.Whileotherstudieshaveshowntheharmfuleffectsofpollutedairinthelungsandheartthisisthefirsttoshowthenegativeeffectonthebrain.TheteamofLauraFonkenRandyNelsonfromtheOhioStateUniversitytheUSAhasspreadtothebrainapreviouslineofresearchwhichfoundthatfineparticulate微粒matterfloatingintheairmainlybecauseofairpollutioncausedbyhumanscausesswellinginmuchofthebodyandmayberelatedtohighbloodpressureproblemsandsomeotherdiseases.IntheresearchFonkenandhiscolleaguesexposedmicetopollutedairforsixhourseachdayfivedaysaweekoveraperiodof10monthsalmosthalftheaveragelifelengthofmicE.Pollutedaircontainsfineparticlescreatedbycarsfactoriesandnaturaldust.Fineparticlesofthiskindaretinyabout2.5micrometersindiameter直径oraboutone-thirtieththewidthofahumanhair.Theseparticlescangodeepintolungsandotherorgans.Theconcentrationofthisparticulatematerialtowhichtheyexposedmiceisequaltotheconcentrationatwhichpeoplecanbeexposedinsomepollutedurbanareas.Afteraperiodof10monthstheresearchersgottheanimalstohaveaseriesofbehavioraltests.Boththebehaviorofmiceandtheresultsofneurological神经的testsdonetothemshowthatthosewithinthepollutedairhadmoreproblemsinlearningandmemoryandhigherlevelsofanxiety.Theresultssuggestthatlong-timeexposuretopollutedaircanhavemeasurablenegativeeffectsonthehumanbrainandcancauseavarietyofmentalhealthproblems.Thiscouldhaveimportantconsequencesforthoselivingandworkinginpollutedurbanareas.28.Theresultsofnewresearchonmicefirstsuggestthatpollutedairmainlydoesharmto.A.normalorgansB.lungsandheartC.mentalhealthD.bloodpressure29.Whatharmfuleffectofpollutedairismentionedinotherstudies?A.Theharmfuleffectonlearning.B.Theharmfuleffectonalltheorgans.C.Theharmfuleffectonlungsandheart.D.Theharmfuleffectonimprovingmemory.30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.Long-timeExposuretoAirPollutionB.EvidenceandConcernofAirPollutionC.MeasurableEffectonHumanBrainD.MentalProblemsCausedbyAirPollution.
Silenceisunnaturaltoman.Hebeginslifewithacryandendsitinstillness.InbetweenhedoesallhecantomakeanoiseintheworldandhefearssilencemorethananythingelsE.EvenhisconversationisanattempttopreventafearfulsilencE.Ifheisintroducedtoanotherpersonandanumberofpausesoccurintheconversationheregardshimselfasafailureaworthlesspersonandisfullofenvyoftheemptiest-headedchatterbox喋喋不休唠叨的人.Heknowsthatninety-ninepercentofhumanconversationmeansnomorethanthebuzzingofaflybutheisanxioustojoininthebuzzandtoprovethatheisamanandnotawaxworkfigure.TheaimofconversationisnotforthemostparttocommunicateideasitistokeepupthebuzzingsounD.Thereareitmustbeadmitteddifferentqualitiesofbuzzthereisevenabuzzthatisasannoyingasthecontinuousnoisemadebyamosquito.Butatadinnerpartyonewouldratherbeamosquitothanaquietperson.MostbuzzingfortunatelyispleasanttotheearandsomeofitispleasanteventotheminD.Hewouldbeafoolishmanifhewaiteduntilhehadawisethoughttotakepartinthebuzzingwithhisneighbors.Thosewhohatetopickuptheweatherasaconversationalopeningseemtomenottoknowthereasonwhyhumanbeingswishtotalk.Veryfewhumanbeingsjoininaconversationinthehopeoflearninganythingnew.Someofthemarecontentiftheyaremerelyallowedtogoonmakinganoiseintootherpeople’searsthoughtheyhavenothingtotellthemexceptthattheyhaveseentwoorthreenewplaysorthattheyhadfoodinaSwisshotel.Attheendofaneveningduringwhichtheyhavesaidnothingmeaningfulforalongtimetheyjustprovethemselvestobesuccessfulconversationists.16.Accordingtotheauthorpeoplemakeconversationto_____.A.exchangeideasB.provetheirvalueC.achievesuccessinlifeD.overcometheirfearofsilence17.BythebuzzingofaflyParA.1theauthormeans_____.A.thenoiseofaninsectB.alowwhisperingsoundC.meaninglesstalksD.thevoiceofachatterbox18.Accordingtothepassagepeopleusuallytalktotheirneighbors_____.A.aboutwhatevertheyhavepreparedB.aboutwhatevertheywanttoC.inthehopeoflearningsomethingnewD.inthehopeofgettingonwell
Forcenturiestheonlyformofwrittencorrespondence通信wastheletter.Letterswereandaresentbysomeformofpostalservicethehistoryofwhichgoesbackalongway.IndeedtheEgyptiansbegansendinglettersfromabout2000BCasdidtheChineseathousandyearslater.Ofcoursemodernpostalservicesnowaremuchmoredevelopedandfasterdependingastheydooncarsandplanesfordelivery.Yettheyarestilltooslowforsomepeopletosendurgentdocuments紧急文件andletters.Theinventionofthefax传真machineincreasedthespeedofdeliveringdocumentsevenmorE.WhenyousendafaxyouaresendingacopyofapieceofcorrespondencetosomeonebytelephoneservicE.Itwasnotuntiltheearly1980sthatsuchaservicewasdevelopedenoughforbusinessestobeabletofaxdocumentstoeachother.ThefaxserviceisstillverymuchinusewhencopiesofdocumentsrequiretobesentbutasawayoffastcorrespondenceithasbeenlargelytakentheplaceofbyemailEmailisusedtodescribemessagessentformonecomputerusertoanother.Thereareadvantagesanddisadvantageswithemails.Ifyousendsomeoneanemailthenhewillreceiveitextremelyquickly.NormalpostalservicesareratherslowasfarasspeedofdeliveryisconcerneD.Howeverifyouwritesomethingbyemailwhichyoumightlaterregretandsenditimmediatelythereisnochanceforsecondthoughts.Atleastifyouarepostingaletteryouhavetoaddressandseal封theenvelopeandtakeittothepostbox.ThereisplentyoftimetochangeyourminD.Themessageisthinkbeforeyouemail!25.Wecanlearnfromthetextthat________________.A.thepostalservicehasovertheyearsbecomeslowerB.emailislesspopularthanthefaxserviceC.thepostalservicehasovertheyearsbecomefasterD.thefaxservicehasahistoryaslongasthepostalservicedoes26.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat________________.A.thefaxmachinewasinventedafterthe1980sB.lettershavebeenusedinChinaforabout1000yearsC.thefaxservicehadbeenfullydevelopedbythe1980sD.lettershavebeenusedinEgyptforabout2000years27.Inthelastparagraphthewritermentionsthinkbeforeyouemailtoshowthat_________________.A.you’dbetternotsendyouremailinahurryB.youmayregretifyoudon’tsealyourenvelopeC.youmayregretbeforeyousendsomethingbyemailD.youneedplentyoftimetosendanemail28.Thetextmainlydealswith________________.A.theinventionoffaxmachinesB.theadvantageoffaxmachinesC.theadvantageofemailsD.theprogressincorrespondence
Manypeoplethinkofthebrainasamystery.Theydon'tknowmuchaboutintelligenceandhowitworks.Whentheydothinkaboutwhatintelligenceismanypeoplebelievethatapersonisbornsmartaverageordumb—andstaysthatwayinthewholelifE.Butnewresearchshowsthatthebrainismorelikeamuscle—itchangesandgetsstrongerwhenyouuseit.Andscientistshavebeenabletoshowjusthowthebraingrowsandgetsstrongerwhenyoulearn.Everyoneknowsthatwhenyouliftweightsyourmusclesgetbiggerandyougetstronger.A.personwhocan'tlift20poundswhenhe/shestartsexercisingcangetstrongenoughtolift100poundsafterworkingoutforalongtimE.That'sbecausethemusclesbecomelargerandstrongerwithexercisE.Andwhenyoustopexercisingthemusclesshrinkandyougetweaker.That'swhypeoplesayUseitorloseit！Butmostpeopledon'tknowthatwhentheypracticeandlearnnewthingspartsoftheirbrainchangeandgetlargeralotlikemusclesdowhentheyexercisE.Insidethecortex皮层ofthebrainarebillionsoftinynervecellscalledneurons.Thenervecellshavebranchesconnectingthemtoothercellsinacomplicatednetwork.Communicationbetweenthesebraincellsiswhatallowsustothinkandsolveproblems.Whenyoulearnnewthingsthesetinyconnectionsinthebrainactuallymultiplyandgetstronger.Themoreyouchallengeyourmindtolearnthemoreyourbraincellsgrow.Thenthingsthatyouoncefoundveryhardorevenimpossibletodo—likespeakingaforeignlanguageordoingalgebra代数—seemtobecomeeasyafterlearningthemforaperiodoftimE.Theresultisastrongersmarterbrain.Scientistsstartedthinkingthatthehumanbraincoulddevelopandchangewhentheystudiedanimals'brains.Theyfoundoutthatanimalsthatlivedinachallengingenvironmentweremoreperspicacious—theywerebetteratsolvingproblemsandlearningnewthings.25.Accordingtothefirstparagraph________.A.thefunctionofourbrainislikethatofthemuscleB.untilnowit'simpossibletoexplainthebrain'smysteryC.manypeoplebelieveone'sintelligenceisnaturallydeterminedD.one'sbraingrowsstrongerastheageincreases26.Trainingmusclesiscomparedto________.A.usingthebrainB.connectingthingsinyourbrainC.liftingweightsD.doingresearchaboutthebrain27.WhatisParagraph3mainlyabout?_________A.Thecomplexstructureofthebrain.B.Howchangesinthemusclesaffectthebrain.C.Theimportanceofthebrain.D.Howthebrainbecomesstrongerbylearningnewthings.28.Whatdoestheunderlinedwordperspicaciousinthelastparagraphprobablymean?_______A.Strong.B.Smart.C.Popular.D.ActivE.
WearenotwhowethinkwearE.TheAmericanself-imageisspreadwiththegoldenglowofopportunity.WethinkoftheUnitedStatesasalandofunlimitedpossibilitynotsomuchaclasslesssocietybutasaplacewhereclassismutable—aplacewherebrainsenergyandambitionarewhatcountnotthecircumstancesofone’sbirth.TheEconomicMobilityProjectanambitiousresearchledbyPewCharitableTrustslookedattheeconomicfortunesofalargegroupoffamiliesovertimecomparingtheincomeofparentsinthelate1960swiththeincomeoftheirchildreninthelate1990sandearly2000s.Hereisthefinding:TheragstorichesstoryismuchmorecommoninHollywoodthanonMainStreet.Only6percentofchildrenborntoparentswithfamilyincomeattheverybottommovetothetop.Thatisrightjust6percentofchildrenborntoparentswhorankedinthebottomofthestudysampleintermsofincomewereabletobootstraptheirwayintothetop.Meanwhileanincredible42percentofchildrenbornintothatlowestarestillstuckatthebottomhavingbeenunabletoclimbasinglerungoftheincomeladder.ItisnotedthateveninBritain—anationwethinkofasburdenedwithahidebound守旧的classsystem—childrenwhoarebornpoorhaveabetterchanceofmovingup.WhenthestudieswerereleasedmostreportersfocusedonthefindingthatAfrican-Americansborntomiddle-classoruppermiddle-classfamiliesareearningslightlylessininflation-adjusteddollarsthandidtheirparents.Oneofthestudiesindicatesinfactthatmostofthefinancialgainswhitefamilieshavemadeinthepastthreedecadescanbeattributedto归功于theentryofwhitewomenintothelaborforcE.ThisismuchlesstrueforAfrican-Americans.Thepicturethatemergesfromallthequintilescorrelationsandpercentagesisofanationinwhichoverallthecurrentgenerationofadultsisbetteroffthanthepreviousoneasoneofthestudiesnotes.Themedianincomeofthefamiliesinthesamplegroupwas$55600inthelate1960s;theirchildren’smedianfamilyincomewasmeasuredat$71900.Howeverthisrisingtidehasnotliftedallboatsequally.Therichhaveseenfargreaterincomegainsthanhavethepoor.EvenmoretroublingisthatournationofAmericaasthelandofopportunitygetslittlesupportfromthedatA.Americansmovefairlyeasilyupanddownthemiddlerungsoftheladderbutthereisstickinessattheends—fouroutoftenchildrenwhoarebornpoorwillremainpoorandfouroutoftenwhoarebornrichwillstayrich.32.WhatdidtheEconomicMobilityProjectfindinitsresearch?A.Childrenfromlow-incomefamiliesareunabletobootstraptheirwaytothetop.B.Hollywoodactorsandactressesareupwardlymobilefromragstoriches.C.Theragstorichesstoryismorefictionthanreality.D.Theragstorichesstoryisonlytrueforasmallminorityofwhites.33.Itcanbeinferredfromtheundertone潜台词ofthewriterthatAmericaasaclasslesssocietyshould________.A.perfectitsself-imageasalandofopportunityB.haveahigherlevelofupwardmobilitythanBritainC.enableAfrican-Americanstohaveexclusiveaccesstowell-paidemploymentD.encouragethecurrentgenerationtoworkashardasthepreviousgeneration34.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A.TheUSisalandwherebrainsenergyandambitionarewhatcountB.Inequalitypersistsbetweenwhitesandblacksinfinancialgains.C.Middle-classfamiliesearnslightlylesswithinflationconsidereD.D.Childreninlowest-incomefamiliesmanagetoclimbasinglerungoftheladder.35.Whatmightbethebesttitleforthispassage?A.SocialUpwardMobility.B.IncredibleIncomeGains.C.InequalityinWealth.D.AmericaNotLandofOpportunity.
JamesBrownisadoctorfromWashingtonD.C.Heisnow50yearsolD.Heisexplainingthereasonswhyhetookayear-longbreakfromhisjoB.Iwasquiteburnedoutafterpracticingmedicinefor26years.Ineededarecharge恢复精力.Sohetookagapyear间隔年fromJuly2011toJune2012toexplorethingslikeancientbuildingsantiquerestorationarchaeologyandtraditionalEasternmedicineinlocationsincludingAlaskaNepalandRomE.Takingarestfromworkisanwonderfulwayforadultstogointoanewcareer事业orrefreshanoldonesaidHollyBullpresidentoftheCenterforInterimProgramsinPrincetonN.J.whichsetsupgap-yearprograms.Thegroupworksmainlywithcollege-agestudentsbutithasalsoservedolderadultssinceitwasformed28yearsago.Inrecentyearsmid-careerbreakshavebeengainingmoreinterestshesaiD.A.reportonadultgapyearspublishedthisyearbyamarketresearchcompanyalsodescribedthepotential潜在的Americanmarketforgapyearsasasleepinggiant.Agapyearisachallengefortheolderindividualtostepoutofacomfortzoneandtakearisk.Ienjoyedthatsidemost.saidDr.BrownwhokeptadailyblogabouthisexperiencE.HistimestudyingEasternmedicinereassured再次确保thereasonsIwentintohealthcaresaidDr.Brownwhoreturnedtopracticemedicineathisoldjobalthoughheworksfewerdays.IusethoseexperiencestoprovidemypatientswithmorecareheaddeD.AndIlistenbetterthanIdidbeforE.GeorgeGarritanchairmanoftheDepartmentofLeadershipandHumanCapitalManagementatNewYorkUniversitycertainlyagreeswithDr.Brown.Hesaidagap-yearexperiencecouldbeworthwhileforemployeesandcompanies.Foremployeesinvesting投资inthemselvesandimprovingskillsetsisamovethatwillbenefitthroughouttheircareer.Headdedthatreturningemployeesfeelrefreshedandhavegivenmorethoughttotheircareer.Forcompaniesofferingunpaidleavesmakesgoodsenseforattractingandkeepingtalentedemployees.12.Dr.Browntookagapyearbecausehe______.A.gaveuphisoldjobB.felttiredafter26years’workC.wantedtotravelverymuchD.becameinterestedinhistoricalresearch13.AfterthegapyearDr.Brown______.A.becamemoreconsiderateinhisjoB.B.regrettedtakingagapyearC.waseagertoexploreancientbuildingsD.improvedhisspeakingability14.What’sGeorgeGarritan’sattitudetowardthegapyear?A.PositivE.B.Doubtful.C.UninteresteD.D.Uncertain.15.What’sthepassagemainlyabout?A.Howanadultplansamid-careergapyear.B.Whyagapyearisworthwhileforadults.C.Whetheragapyearispopularwithadults.D.Whyagapyearischallengingforindividuals.
FortheMarineMammalCenter海洋哺乳动物中心Thursdaywasanimportantday:rescuedsealionNo.10000calledMilestoneand10.001ZodiacGirlhadbeennursedbacktohealthandsentbacktothewildwheretheybelong.Sinceitopeneditsdoors36yearsagothecenterhasbecomefamousfornursingsickmarineanimalsbacktohealth-butitsbiggestcontributionperhapshasbeenitsroleincollectingandstoringthousandsoftissue生物组织fromtheanimalsitrescuesalong600milesofCaliforniacoast.Thecenterhaspublishedlotsofscientificpapersandhelpeddevelopunderstandingofeffectsofdiseaseandtheeffectofclimate气候changedonmarineanimals.CaliforniasealionssharecommoncharacteristicswithStellersealionswhichareanendangeredspecies.Thecenter’sresearcherssaycollectingandstoringscientificinformationfrommanyofthethousandsofsealionscanhelptosaveStellers.Wearelearningaboutmarinemammalhealththroughallthesepatients.Before1975therewasneveranythingbeenregularlyrecordedindetailsoitwasn’tpossibletogetanimaltissuesaidJimOswaldthecenter’sspokesman.Thoughthesealionsdidn’tliketobesentbackhomeinthePacificOceantheirtimespentatthecenterprovidedscientistswiththeinformationbeingusedtocontrolandpreventsomecommondiseases.Thetwoanimalshadleptospirosiswhichcouldbefataltothem.DogsandhumanscanalsogetthediseasE.WhatmadethescientistsfeelstrangeisthathundredofCaliforniasealionssufferedfromthediseaseeveryfourorfiveyears.Whilenoanswertothemysteryhasbeenfoundthecenter’sdatacollectionishelpingresearchersmovecloser.32.ThursdaywasspecialfortheMarineMammalCentermainlybecause______.A.itgotevidenceaboutanewdiseaseB.itwasthedatewhenitwasfounded36yearsagoC.itcelebratedsavingmorethantenthousandsealionsD.ithelpedMilestoneandZodiacGirloutoftrouble33.ThemostimportantroleoftheMarineMammalCenterliesin___________.A.collectinginformationaboutmarinelifeB.nursingsickmarineanimalsbacktohealthC.publishingscientificpapersaboutanimalsD.helpingpeopleunderstandtheeffectofclimatechange34.TheunderlinedwordfatalinParagraph6means____.A.rareB.funnyC.usefulD.deadly35.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothetext?A.Sealionssufferfromleptospirosiseveryfourorfiveyears.B.BothCaliforniasealionsandStellerseasareendangeredspecies.C.CaliforniasealionssharealotincommonwithStellers.D.Dogsandhumansmayalsosufferfromleptospirosis.
Putanicecube立方体冰块fromyourfridgeintoaglassofwater.Youhaveapieceofstring线10centimeterslong.Theproblemistotakeoutthatpieceoficewiththehelpofthestring.Butyoumustnottouchtheicewithyourfingers.Youmayaskyourfriendstotrytodothatwhenyouarehavingdinnertogether.Thereisasaltcellar盐瓶onthetablE.Youmustusesaltwhenyoucarryoutthisexperiment.FirstyouputthestringacrossthepieceoficE.ThenputsomesaltontheicE.Saltmakesicemelt融化.Theiceroundthestringwillbegintomelt.Butwhenitmeltsitwillloseheat.Thecoldicecubewillmakethesaltwaterfreezeagain.Afteraminuteortwoyoumayraisethepieceofstringandwithityouwillraiseyourpieceofice!Thisexperimentcanbeveryusefultoyou.IfforexamplethereisicenearthedoorofyourhouseyoumustuseverymuchsalttomeltalltheicE.Ifyoudon’tputenoughsaltthewaterwillfreezeagain.26.Wemustuse_______whenwecarryoutthisexperiment.A.fridgeB.somefoodC.atableD.somesalt27.Howlongwillittaketocarryoutthisexperiment?A.Morethanthreeminutes.B.Fiveminutesorso.C.Onlyoneminuteortwo.D.Abouttenminutes.28.Whatisthetaskofthisexperiment?A.Puttheicecubeintotheglassofwaterwiththehelpofthestring.B.Takeouttheicecubeintheglassofwaterwiththehelpofthestring.C.Takeouttheicecubeintheglassofwaterwithyourfingers.D.Putsomesaltontheicecubeandthenputthestringacrossit.29.Howmanythingsatleastareusedinthisexperiment?A.ThreE.B.Four.C.Six.D.Seven.30.Wecanlearnsomethingabout_______fromthepassagE.A.PhysicsB.biologyC.chemistryD.maths
SanFranciscoisagreatcity.Itislivelyandfriendlyandhasmanythingstodo.Belowyou’llfindsomeideasaboutactivitiesandprogramsinSanFranciscoforthesummer.TheSanFranciscoSchool:SummerProgramTherearecampsforpre-kindergarten学前班throughmiddleschoolatTheSanFranciscoSchool.WithprogramslikeFearlessWritingMakingA.GreenWorld:Re-MakingClothingandsomuchmorecheckwhichprogramsareforwhichages.Thisisagreatplaceforchildrentohavefuninthesummer.Registration登记startsinthespring.SanFranciscoArtInstituteCommunityEducationChildrentoeldersarewelcometosignupforallsortsofartclassesallyearroundsuchasAdultContinuingEducationPre-CollegeprogramsandaYoungArtistprogram.Checkwebsiteforschedulesclasstypesagegroupsandmoreorcall415-749-4500.SanFranciscoUniversityHighSchool:SummerProgramThisisagreatprogrampreparingkidsforcollegE.Academicclassesinthemorningandsocialclassessuchasdramasportsmusicintheafternoon.TherearealsootheractivitiessuchasafielddayaneveningpartyatalentshowandmuchmorE.30-35sixthgradechildrenareselectedeachsummersoyouhavetofilloutanapplicationform.SeemoreaboutitonitswebsitE.RudolfSteinerCollegeSummerProgramsRudolfSteinerhassummerprogramsforteacherswhowanttotakecoursessuchasteachinggradecourses1-8HighSchoolTeacherEducationprogramworkingwithPre-SchoolchildrenLanguagesArtsandmorE.RegistrationisatthebeginningoftheApril.24.WhatcanwelearnaboutSummerProgramsintheSanFranciscoSchool?A.Itusuallybeginsinthespring.B.Itdoesn’tofferacademicclasses.C.Itisforchildrenfrompre-kindergarten.D.Ithasprogramsaboutenvironmentalprotection.25.TheadvantageofprogramsofSanFranciscoArtInstituteCommunityEducationisthat____.A.itisfreeforchildrenB.childrenofdifferentagescantakepartC.schedulescanbefoundonitswebsiteD.childrencanattendartclassesatanyseason26.WhichofthefollowingisbestforJimifhewantstogotocollegenextyear?A.TheSummerProgramintheSanFranciscoSchool.B.SanFranciscoArtInstituteCommunityEducation.C.TheSummerProgramsinRudolfSteinerCollegE.D.TheSummerPrograminSanFranciscoUniversityHighSchool.27.Inwritingthispassagetheauthoraimsto_____.A.attractpeopletotravelinSanFranciscoB.introduceeducationalprogramsinSanFranciscoC.showthebeautifulsceneryofSanFranciscoD.introducesomegoodschoolsinSanFrancisco
Holdingacellphoneagainstyourearorstoringitinyourpocketmaybedangeroustoyourhealth.ThisexplainsawarningthatcellphonemanufacturersincludeinthesmallprintthatisoftenignoredwhenanewphoneispurchaseD.Appleforexampledoesn’twantiPhonestocomeclosertoyouthan1.5centimeters;ResearchInMotionBlackBerry’smanufacturerrecommends2.5centimeters.IfhealthissuesarisefromcellphoneusethepossibleeffectsarehugE.Voicecalls-Americanschatoncellphones2.26trillion万亿minutesannually-earn$109billionforthewirelesscarriers.DevraDavisanexpertwhohasworkedfortheUniversityofPittsburghhaspublishedabookaboutcellphoneradiationDisconnect.ThebooksurveysscientificresearchandconcludesthequestionisnotsettleD.BraincancerisaconcernthatMs.Davisexamines.OveralltherehasnotbeenanincreaseinitsincidencesincecellphonesarriveD.Buttheaveragemasksanincreaseinbraincancerinthe20-to-29agegroupandadropfortheolderpopulation.Mostcancershavemultiplecausesshesaysbutshepointstolaboratoryresearchthatsuggestslow-energyradiationcoulddamagecellsthatcouldpossiblyleadtocancer.Childrenaremorevulnerable易受伤的toradiationthanadultsMs.Davisandotherscientistspointout.Radiationthatpenetratesonlyfivecentimetersintothebrainofanadultwillreachmuchdeeperintothebrainsofchildrenbecausetheirskullsarethinnerandtheirbrainscontainmoreabsorptivefluid易吸收的液体.Nostudieshaveyetbeencompletedoncellphoneradiationandchildrenshesays.HenryLaiaresearchprofessorinthebioengineeringdepartmentattheUniversityofWashingtonbeganlaboratoryradiationstudiesin1980andfoundthatratsexposedtoradiationhaddamagedDNAintheirbrains.Ms.Davisrecommendsusingwiredheadsetsorthephone’sspeaker.Childrenshouldtextratherthancallshesaidandpregnantwomenshouldkeepphonesawayfromtheabdomen腹部.6.AccordingtoMsDavisbraincancerincrease____.A.amongchildrenB.amongoldpeopleC.inthetwentiesD.amongpregnantwomen7.Whydochildreneasilybeaffectedbyradiation?A.Becausetheyhaven’tgrownup.D.Becausetheirskullsarethinnerandtheirbrainsareeasilyhurt.C.Becausetheyusecellphonesmoreoftenthanadults.B.Becausetheyaretooyoungtoprotectthemselves.8.Whatcanweconcludefromthelastparagraph?A.Pregnantwomenshouldkeepcellphonesaway.B.Peopleshouldusecellphonesinthecorrectway.D.Whenyouuseacellphoneuseawiredheadsetorthephone’sspeaker.C.Ifyouareachildyou’dbettertextthanmakephonecalls.9.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.Becarefulwhenusingcellphones.B.Low-energyradiationcoulddamagecellsthatcouldleadtocancer.C.RatsexposedtoradiationhavedamagedDNAintheirbrains.D.Don’tholdyourcellphoneagainstyourear.
Sharkshavelivedintheoceansforover450millionyears.Therearenowabout360speciesofsharkswhosesizebehaviorandothercharacteristicsdifferwidely.Sharksrangeinsizefromthe0.1meterlongdwarf-dogsharktothe18-metrelongwhaleshark—theworld’sbiggestfish.Thewhalesharkliketwootherlargesharkspecies—thebaskingsharkandthemegamouthshark—areharmlesstopeoplebecausetheyfeedonplantsandsmallaquaticanimals.Sharkshaveextremelysensitivesenseorgans.Somesharkscandetectthescent气味ofdecayingfishorbloodevenwhenitisdiluted稀释toonlyonepartpermillionpartsofseawater.Theycanprobablyhearunderwatersoundsthatoriginateasfaras3kilometersawayandcantellthedirectionfromwhichunderwatersoundsarecoming.Sharksarekeypredators肉食动物intheworld’soceanshelpingcontrolthenumbersofmanyotheroceanpredators.Withoutsharkstheoceanswouldbeovercrowdedwithdeadanddyingfish.Everyyearwecatchandkillover100millionsharksmostlyforfoodandfortheirfins.Driedsharkfinsareusedtomakesharkfinsoupwhichmakesaprofitforthesellers.Othersharksarekilledforsportandoutoffear.Sharksarevulnerabletooverfishingbecauseittakesmostspecies10to15yearstobeginreproducingandtheyproduceonlyafewoffspring.Influencedbymoviesandpopularnovelsmostpeopleseesharksaspeople-eatingmonsters.Thisisfarfromthetruth.Everyyearafewtypesofsharksinjureabout100peopleworldwideandkillabout25.Mostattacksarebygreatwhitesharkswhichoftenfeedonsealionsandothermarinemammals.Theysometimesmistakehumanswimmersfortheirnormalpreyespeciallyiftheyarewearingblackwetsuits.Ifyouareatypicalocean-goeryourchancesofbeingkilledbyanunprovoked无缘无故的attackbyasharkareabout1in100million.Youaremorelikelytobekilledbyapigthanbyashark.Sharkshelpsavehumanlives.Inadditiontoprovidingpeoplewithfoodtheyarehelpinguslearnhowtofightcancerbacteriaandviruses.Sharksareveryhealthyandhaveagingprocessessimilartoours.TheirhighlyeffectiveimmunesystemallowswoundstohealquicklywithoutbecominginfectedandtheirbloodisbeingstudiedinconnectionwithAIDSresearch.Sharksareamongthefewanimalsintheworldthatalmostnevergetcancerandeyecataracts.Understandingwhycanhelpusimprovehumanhealth.Chemicalsextractedfromsharkcartilage软骨havekilledcanceroustumorsinlaboratoryanimalsandthesechemicalsmaysomedayhelpprolongourlifE.Sharksareneededintheworld’soceanecosystems.Althoughtheydon’tneedusweneedthem.Wearemuchmoredangeroustosharksthantheyaretous.Foreverysharkthatbitesapersonwekillonemillionsharks.18.Whichstatementbestexpressesthemainideaofthearticle?A.Therearemanydifferentspeciesofsharksbutonlyafewofthemaredangeroustohumans.B.Sharksareimportanttotheoceanecosystemandtheyareavaluableresourceforhumans.C.Althoughsomesharksaredangeroustohumanstheycanhelpsavehumanlives.D.Sharksalwayseatsmallfishesandtheyareanessentialpartoftheworld’soceans.19.WhichquestionisNOTansweredinthearticle?A.Howlongdoesasharklive?B.Howmanypeoplearekilledbysharkseachyear?C.Whyaresharksimportantinmedicalresearch?D.Whatdohumanskillsharksfor?20.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat______________.A.Movieshavegivenpeoplethewrongimpressionofsharks.B.Mostsharksaredangeroustohumans.C.Sharkswillattackanyonewhoiswearingblack.D.Itisverylikelythatocean-goerswillbekilledbyashark.
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