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设，B是3阶非零矩阵且满足BA=0． (Ⅰ) 求矩阵B； (Ⅱ) 如果矩阵B的第1列是(1，2，-3)T，求(B-E)6．
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设A是二阶矩阵α为非零向量但不是A的特征向量且满足A2α+Aα-2α=0．证明A可对角化．
设E为三阶单位矩阵 1求方程组AX=0的一个基础解系 2求满足AB=E的所有矩阵
设A为n阶方阵满足A2=A且A≠E则
A为可逆矩阵
A为零矩阵
A为对称矩阵
A为奇异矩阵
Ⅰ设AB均为n阶非零矩阵且A2+A=0B2+B=0证明λ=-1必是矩阵A与B的特征值Ⅱ若AB=BA=
设AB均为n阶非零矩阵且满足A2+A=0B2+B=0证明-1是AB的特征值
设B是3阶非零矩阵且满足BA=0．Ⅰ求矩阵BⅡ如果矩阵B的第1列是12-3T求B-E6．
设B是3阶非零矩阵且满足BA=0．Ⅰ求矩阵BⅡ如果矩阵B的第1列是12-3T求B-E6．
设A是2阶矩阵求满足A2=0的所有矩阵A
设B是3阶非零矩阵满足BA=0则矩阵B=______．
设AB均为n阶非零矩阵且满足A2+A=0B2+B=0证明若AB=BA=0ξ1ξ2分别是AB的对应于特
设A是二阶矩阵α为非零向量但不是A的特征向量且满足A2α+Aα-2α=0．证明ⅠαAα线性无关ⅡA可
设A是3阶实对称矩阵其主对角线元素都是0并且α=12-1T满足Aα=2α．Ⅰ求矩阵AⅡ求正交矩阵P使
设B是3阶非零矩阵满足BA=0则矩阵B=______.
1设A曰均为n阶非零矩阵且A2+A=B2+B=0证明λ=-1必是矩阵A与B的特征值2若AB=BA=0
已知A和B都是n阶非零矩阵且A2+2A=0B2+2B=01证明λ=-2必是矩阵A和B的特征值2如果A
设AB及A*都是nn≥3阶非零矩阵且ATB=0则rB等于
1
2
3
设AB是n阶矩阵且B可逆并满足关系A2+BA+A+2B=0则A+B可逆且A+B-1=______．
设A是二阶矩阵α为非零向量但不是A的特征向量且满足A2α+Aα-6α=0．1.证明αAα线性无关
设A是三阶实对称矩阵满足A2-A-2E=0已知Aα+α=0其中α=-111T且行列式|A|=-4．Ⅰ
设A是二阶矩阵α为非零向量但不是A的特征向量且满足A2α+Aα-2α=0．αAα线性无关
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Fewscientificfieldsareasfullofriskasthatofresearchintohumanintelligence.Thetwoquestionsthat1overandoveragainare"isitaresultofnatureornurture"and"doesracemakeadifference" Making2commentsaboutthesecondquestioncanbea3moveasJamesWatsonaco-discovererofDNAstructurerecentlyfound.Hesuggestedthathewas"4abouttheprospectofAfrica"5"alloursocialpoliciesarebasedonthefactthattheirintelligenceisthesameasourswhitepeople6allthetestingsaysnotreally".Such7byDr.Watsonarenotmerely8theyarescientificallyweird.Iftheterm9hasanyusefulscientificmeaningthenAfricathecontinentwheremodernhumanitybeganismostraciallydiverse.Theresulting10amongthepublicforcedDr.Watsontoleavehislaboratory. 11thestudyofthefirstquestion12betweenintelligenceandgenetics—hassomewiserpractitioners.OneofthemTerrieMoffittofKing’sCollegehasjust13aprojectjudgingtherelativeimportanceofnatureandnurture.Dr.Moffitt’steam14theeffectonintelligenceofbreastfeedingbutinageneticcontext.Previousstudieshaveshownthatbreastfedchildrenaremoreintelligent15aboutsixIQpointsthanthosegivenbabyformulas. Theteamhowever16theinvolvementofagenecalledFADS2whichcomesintwovarietiesknownasCandG.Theresearchers17ifthesetwovarietiesinteracteddifferentlywithbreastmilk.18ondatafromtwogroupsofpeopletheyfoundthattheintelligenceincreaseassociatedwithbreastfeedingonlyhappenedtopeoplehaving19atleastonecopyoftheCvariety.Theeffectdidnot.20onthesocialclassesorIQsoftheparents. 15
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SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
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Intheearlydaysoftheinternettheideathatitrepresentedanentirelynewandseparaterealmdistinctfromtherealworldwasseizeduponbybothadvocatesandcriticsofthenewtechnology.Advocateslikedtheideathatthevirtualworldwasaplacelessdatasphereliberatedfromconstraintsandrestrictionsoftherealworldandanopportunityforafreshstart.ForinstanceJohnPerryBarlowaninternetactivistissuedtheDeclarationoftheIndependenceofCyberspaceinFebruary1996.HethunderedGovernmentsoftheindustrialworldIcomefromcyberspacethenewhomeofmind.Cyberspacedoesnotliewithinyourborders.Wearecreatingaworldthatallmayenterwithoutprivilegeorprejudiceaccordedbyraceeconomicpowermilitaryforceorstationofbirth.WhereMr.Barlowandothercyber-Utopiansfoundtheseparationbetweentherealandvirtualworldsexcitinghowevercriticsregardeditasacauseforconcern.Theyworriedthatpeoplewerespendingtoomuchtimeonlinecommunicatingwithpeopletheyhadneverevenmetinpersoninchatroomsvirtualgameworldsandmorerecentlyonsocial-networkingsitessuchasMySpaceandFacebook.AstudycarriedoutbytheStanfordInstitutefortheQuantitativeStudyofSocietyin2000forexamplefoundthatheavyinternetusersspentlesstimetalkingtofriendsandfamilyandwarnedthattheinternetcouldbetheultimateisolatingtechnology.Bothgroupswerewrongofcourse.Theinternethasnotturnedouttobeathingapart.Unpleasantaspectsoftherealworldsuchastaxescensorshipcrimeandfraudarenowfeaturesofthevirtualworldtoo.Garnerswhomakerealmoneysellingswordsgoldandotheritemsinvirtualgameworldsmaynowfindthatthetaxmanwantstoknowaboutit.DesignersofvirtualobjectsinSecondLifeanonlinevirtualworldareresortingtoreal-worldlawsuitsinordertoprotecttheirintellectualproperty.Atthesametimehoweversomeofthemostexcitingusesoftheinternetrelyoncouplingitwiththerealworld.Socialnetworkingallowspeopletostayintouchwiththeirfriendsonlineandplansocialactivitiesintherealworld.Thedistinctionbetweenonlineandofflinechatterceasestomatter.OrconsiderGoogleEarthwhichputssatelliteimagesofthewholeworldonyourdesktopandallowsuserstolinkonlinedatawithspecificphysicallocations.Alltheseapproachestreattheinternetasanextensionoranattachmenttothephysicalworldnotaseparatespace.Ratherthanseeingtherealandvirtualrealmsasdistinctandconflictinginshortitmakessensetoseethemascomplementaryandconnected.TheresultingfusionisnotwhattheUtopiansorthecriticsforesawbutitsuitstherestofusjustfine.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat______.
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Allbigideasstartlifeonthefringesofdebate.Veryoftenittakesashockingeventtomovethemintothemainstream.Unti1lastyearclimatechangewasmainlytheinterestofscientistsandgreenlobbyists.ButsinceHurricaneKatrinasomethingseemstohavechangedparticularlyinAmerica.Nobodyknowswhetherthehurricanereallyhadanythingtodowiththeearthwarming.Butforthefirsttimelessgreenvotersandbigbusinesshadaclearerideaaboutthe"extremeweatherevents"whoseincreasingfrequencyscientistshadbeentalkingabout. Thereareplentyofanecdotalsignsofchange:Britain’spro-businessConservativeshaveturnedgreen;A1GoreisbackinfashioninAmerica;hybridcarsnolongergetstaredat.41______. Sofarthepoliticalrowsaboutglobalwarminghavecentredontwopolluterssmoggyfactoriesanddirtycars.42______. Insomewaystheairlinesareanoddtargetforgreens.Theyproduceonlyaround3%oftheworld’sman-madecarbonemissions.43______.Byshippinghordesofordinarypeoplearoundtheglobefornotverymuchmoneytheyhaveimprovedthelivesofmillions. 44______.Airtransportwillsoonbecentralnotmarginaltotheemissionsissue. WhatifanythingshouldbedoneAsusualtherearedangersonbothsides.Excessiveregulationwouldunnecessarilyrestrictindividualchoiceandrestrainanindustrythatmakesbothrichandpoorcountriesbetteroff.Ontheotherhandairlinesnolessthananyotherindustrymustpayforpollution. 45______.Andalthoughotherformsoftransportcannoteasilyreplaceflyingdemandformanyflightsissensitivetoprice.Aquarterofflyingisbusiness-related;manyofthosejourneysareessentialbutothersarescarcelymoreimportantthanatelephonecallorvideo-conference. Howeveraddressingindividuals’conscienceswon’tgothatfar.Airpollutionisacollectiveproblemwhichinthiscaserequiresachangeinpolicy.Asitstandsthemarketisinfavourofairtravel;theaimshouldbetomakeitmorebalanced.Twoapproachesareonoffer.Somethinkthebestwaytolimitemissionsistotaxthem;othersargueforasystemthatsetsacaponpollutionandletpolluterstradetherighttoemit. [A]Butthereisnosignofgovernmentsembracingthatidea.Giventhatitistheworld’sfirstseriousattempttocutemissionsinternationallythatisnotsurprising.Theworldcanlearnfromitsimperfectionsanddesignabetterschemeforairlines. [B]Nowanewfrontisbeingopenedup—intheskies.NextmonththeEuropeanParliamentwillvoteonwhethertoextenditsemissions-tradingsystemtoairlines.IfitdecidesinfavourthewholeindustrywillfeeltheimpactforitwillaffectnotjustEuropeanairlinesbutallthosethatflyintoandoutoftheEU.ButwhateverhappensintheEUitseemsthattheairlinesareboundtofacedemandsthattheyshouldpayfortheiremissions. [C]Slowlybusinessmenandpoliticiansarecomingtoagreewithscientists.Ifthisgenerationdoesnottackleclimatechangeitsdescendantswillnotthinkmuchofit.Thatmeansraisingcostsforallsourcesofpollution.Eventhoseinexpensiveweekendbreakswillbecancelled. [D]Asthedebategrowssomeflyersmayreconsidertheirways.Putfranklyairtravelmakesamockeryofmanypeople’sattemptstoliveagreenlife.Somebodywhowantstoreducehis"carbonfootprint"canbicycletoworkneverbuyspraysandturnoffhisair-conditioner—andstillblowawayallthisvirtueonacoupleoflongflights. [E]Companiesarebeginningtotakeactionsandencouraginggovernmentstodothesame.Europealreadyhasanemissions-tradingsystemETSforitsfivedirtiestindustries.InAmericaalthoughtheBushadministrationstillresistsfederallegislationmoreandmorestatesdonot. [F]Yetinotherwaysairlinesareafinetarget.Theypaynotaxonfuelforinternationalflightsandthereforeescapethe"polluterpays"principle.TheiremissionsareespeciallydamagingtooAndtheindustry’senergyconsumptionhasbeengrowingfasterthanthatofotherpollutingindustries. [G]Surfacetransportbycontrastproduces22%.Europe’smerchantshipsspewoutaroundathirdmorecarbonthanaircraftdoandnobodyisgoingafterthem.Andunlikecars—potentsymbolsofindividualismandsomewouldsayindividualselfishness—airlinesarepublictransportjamminginasmanypeopleastheycanintoeachplane. 45
TheiPodrevolutionizedthewayweconsumemusic.TheiPhonemadeuscrazyforapps.AndnowtheiPadisgettingreadytorockourlovelives—oratleasthelpimproveoursearchforsomeonetocommunicatewith.InlateMaySkout.comwillbecomethefirstdatingsitetolaunchaniPadapplication.Thefreeappwillbesimilartotheversionthat’salreadyavailabletophoneusers:memberscanentersearchcriteriasuchasagerangegenderandphysicalpreferencesandaHotMapwillshowinrealtimethelocationsofactiveSkoutuserswhofitthosecriteria.Theideaistohelpmembersmeetupandseeifmagichappens.ThecoolthingabouttheiPadadaptationsaysCEOChristianWiklundisthatitsscreenislargeenoughtolettheuserviewthemapwhilesimultaneouslychattingandsearchingthroughanothermember’sphotos.DavidEvanseditorofonlinedatingpost.comsayswecanexpecttoseemoreinnovativetechnologyinafewmonthsaftercompaniesgetacquaintedwiththecapabilitiesoftheiPad.WhatI’mlookingforaredatingsitesthatareoptimizedfortheiPadwithfeaturesnativetothesleekcomputingdeviceliketouchscreenmotionssuchaspinchtwistzoomandshakehesays.It’stheiPadthat’sgoingtoenabledeveloperstocreateentirelynewwaystobrowsediscoverandconnectwithsingles.SteveOdomCEOandfounderofdatingsiteGelatowhichlaunchedlastyearandincludesalivefeedofmembers’social-mediaprofilesisredesigninghisentirewebsitebasedontheiPad’sappearance.ProfilepicturesplayakeyroleinonlinedatingOdomsaysandtheiPadgivessitesanopportunitytoplayupthepresentationoftheirclientele.It’sbigit’sbeautifulandit’sperfectfordatingsitessaysOdomwhoplanstounveiltheredesigninJune.Evanspredictsthatonlinedatingsiteswillbegintodisplaytheircontentlikeamagazinelettingusersflipthroughpagesofprofilesandenlargephotoswhilesimultaneouslytextingwithoneormoreothers.Hesaysthere’salsobeentalkofaddingafacial-codingandeye-trackingfunctionthatwoulduseawebcamontheiPadtorefinesuggestedmatchesbasedonamember’sresponsestocertainprofiles.Ifyougrimacetheprofilewillfadeaway;ifyousmileorifyourpupilsdilatesimilarprofileswillbesuggested.InotherwordssomedaytherecouldbeaniPadappforloveatfirstsight.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetext
AFrenchmanthepsychologistAlfredBinetpublishedthefirststandardizedtestofhumanintelligencein1905.46ButitwasanAmericanLewisTermanapsychologyprofessoratStanfordwhothoughttodividea_testtaker’s"mentalage"asrevealedbythatscorebyhisorherbiologicalagetoderiveanumberthathecalled"IQ".Itwouldbehardtothinkofapop-scientificcoinagethathashadagreaterimpactonthewaypeoplethinkaboutthemselvesandothers. 47Nocountry:embracedtheIQmorethoroughlythantheU.S.wheremillionsofpeoplehavetheirIQmeasuredannuallymanywithadirectdescendantofBinet’soriginaltestalthoughnotnecessarilyforthepurposeBinetintended.Hedevelopedhistestasawayofidentifyingpublicschoolstudentswhoneededextrahelpinlearningandthatisstilloneofitsleadinguses. ButthebroaderandmorecontroversialuseofIQtestinghasitsrootsinatheoryofintelligence—partsciencepartsociology—thatdevelopedinthelate19thcenturybeforeBinet’sworkandentirelyseparatefromit.48ChampionedfirstbyCharlesDarwin’scousinFrancisGaltonitheldthatintelligencewasthemostvaluablehumanattributeandthatifpeoplewhohadalotofitcouldbeidentifiedandputinleadershippositionsallofsocietywouldbenefit. TermanbelievedIQtestsshouldbeusedtoconductagreatsortingoutofthepopulationsothatyoungpeoplewouldbeassignedonthebasisoftheirscorestoparticularlevelsintheschoolsystemwhichwouldleadtocorrespondingsocioeconomicdestinationsinadultlife.ThebeginningoftheIQ-testingmovementoverlappedwiththeeugenicsmovement—hugelypopularinAmericaandEuropeamongthe"bettersort". In1958aBritishsociologistnamedMichaelYoungcoinedtheword"meritocracy"todenoteasocietythatorganizesitselfaccordingtoIQ-testscores.TermanandmanyotherearlyadvocatesofIQtestinghadinmindthecreationofanAmericanmeritocracythoughtheworddidn’texistthen.49TheybelievedIQtestscouldbethemeanstocreateforthefirsttimeeverasocietyinwhichadvantagewouldgotothepeoplewhodeserveditratherthantothosewhohadbeenbornintoit. InordertobelievethisthoughyouhavetobelievethatmeritandascoreonanIQtestarethesamething.50LongbeforeIQwasinventedAmericaprideditselfonbeingacountrywithoutaclasssysteminwhichpeopleoftalentandindustrywouldriseandberewarded.TheadventofintelligencetestsdidnotdramaticallyaffectthedegreeofsocialmobilityintheU.S.—atleastnotenoughforanychangetoshowupinthesocial-sciencedata. 49
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
FORthepasttwoyearsinSiliconValleythecentreofAmerica’stechnologyindustryconference-goershaveentertainedthemselvesplayingaguessinggame:howmanytimeswillaspeakermentionthephraselongtailItisusuallyahighnumberthankstotheinfluenceofthelongtailtheorywhichwasfirstdevelopedbyChrisAndersontheeditorofWiredmagazineinanarticlein2004.Thoughtechnologistsandbloggerschuckleathoweverybusinesspresentationnowhastohaveitslong-tailsectionmostareenviousofMrAndersonwhosebrainwavequicklybecamethemostfashionablebusinessideaaround.Whetherablockbusterfilmabestsellingnovelorachart-toppingrapsongpopularcultureidolizesthehit.Companiesdevotethemselvestocreatingthembecausethecostofdistributionandthelimitsofshelfspaceinphysicalshopsmeanthatprofitabilitydependsonahighvolumeofsales.Butaroundthebeginningofthiscenturyagroupofinternetcompaniesrealizedthatwithendlessshelvesandanationaloreveninternationalaudienceonlinetheycouldofferahugerangeofproducts—andmakemoneyatthesametime.ThenichetheobscureandthespecialistMrAndersonargueswillgaingroundattheexpenseofthehit.Asevidencehepointstoadropinthenumberofcompaniesthattraditionallycalculatetheirrevenue/salesratioaccordingtothe80/20rule—wherethetopfifthofproductscontributefour-fifthsofrevenues.EcastaSanFranciscodigitaljukeboxcompanyfoundthat98%ofits10000albumssoldatleastonetrackeverythreemonths.ExpressedinthelanguageofstatisticstheexperiencesofEcastandothercompaniessuchasAmazonanonlinebooksellersuggestthatproductsdowninthelongtailofastatisticaldistributionaddedtogethercanbehighlyprofitable.Theinternethelpspeoplefindtheirwaytorelativelyobscurematerialwithrecommendationsandreviewsbyotherpeopleandforthosewillingtohavetheirartistictastespredictedbyapieceofsoftwarecomputerprogramswhichanalyzepastselections.Long-tailenthusiastsarguethatthewholeofculturewillbenefitnotjustcommercialenterprises.Televisionfilmandmusicaresuchbewitchingmediaintheirownrightthatmanypeoplearequitehappytowatchandlistentowhatthemainstreamprovides.Butifindividualshavetheopportunitytopickbettermoreideallysuitedentertainmentfromafarwiderselectiontheywilltakeitaccordingtothetheoryofthelongtail.Someanalystsreckonthatentirepopulationsmightbecomehappierandwiseroncetheyhaveaccesstothousandsofdocumentariesindependentfilmsandsub-genresofeverykindofmusicinsteadofbeingsubjectedtowhatMrAndersoncallsthetyrannyoflowest-common-denominatorfare.Thatmightbetakingthingsabitfar.Butthelongtailiscertainlyoneoftheinternet’sbettergiftstohumanity.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext
WhetheryouthinkthehumanstorybeginsinagardeninMesopotamiaknownasEdenorinpresent-dayeastAfricaitisclearthathumanbeingsdidnotstartlifeasanurbancreature.Man’shabitatattheoutsetwasdominatedbytheneedtofindfoodandhuntingandgatheringwereruralpursuits.Notuntilaround11000yearsagodidhestartbuildinganythingthatmightbecalledavillage.Ittookanother6000yearsforcitiesofmorethan100000peopletodevelop.Intermsofhumanhistorythismayseemawelcomedevelopment.Itwouldbequestionabletosaythatnothingofconsequencehasevercomeoutofthecountryside.Thewheelwaspresumablyaruralinvention.Evencity-dwellersneedbreadaswellascircuses.AndifDr.JohnsonandShelleywererighttosaythatpoetsarethetruelegislatorsofmankindthenallthosehillsandlakesandotherruraldelightsmustbegivencreditforinspiringthem.Buttheruralcontributiontohumanprogressseemsslightcomparedwiththeurbanone.Cities’developmentissynonymouswithhumandevelopment.Thefirstvillagescamewiththeemergenceofagricultureandthedomesticationofanimals:peoplenolongerhadtowanderbutcouldinsteaddrawtogetherinsettlementsallowingsometodevelopparticularskills.Afterawhilethefarmerscouldproducesurplusesandthevariousproductscouldbeexchanged.Livingtogethermeantsecurity.Butpeoplealsodrewtogetherforthepracticaladvantagesofbeinginaparticularplace:byariverorspringonadefensiblehillorpeninsulanexttoanestuarythemouthofariverorothersourceoffood.Alsoimportantarguehistorianswasasettlement’scapacitytodrawpeopletoitasameeting-placeoftenforsacredorspiritualpurposes.Gravesgrovesevencavesmightbecomeplacesforceremoniesandrituals.Mandidnotlivebybreadalone.Butbreadinthebroadestsensewasimportant.Peoplecametocitiesnotjusttoworshipbuttotradeandthegoodstheyboughtandsoldwerenotjustfarmproductsbutthemanufacturesofurbancraftsmenandskilledworkers.Thecitybecameacentreofexchangebothofgoodsandofideasandsoitalsobecameacentreoflearningandinnovation.Citiesweremuchmorethanallofthisofcourseandtheywerenotallthesame.Astheydevelopedsomeweremostnotablefortheirreligiousroleasthehubofanempireascentresofadministrationpoliticaldevelopmentlearningorcommerce.Someflourishedsomediedtheirlongevitydependingonfactorsasvariedasconquestplaguemisgovernmentoreconomiccollapse.Inthesecondparagraphtheauthormainlyintendstotellusthat______.
WhetheryouthinkthehumanstorybeginsinagardeninMesopotamiaknownasEdenorinpresent-dayeastAfricaitisclearthathumanbeingsdidnotstartlifeasanurbancreature.Man’shabitatattheoutsetwasdominatedbytheneedtofindfoodandhuntingandgatheringwereruralpursuits.Notuntilaround11000yearsagodidhestartbuildinganythingthatmightbecalledavillage.Ittookanother6000yearsforcitiesofmorethan100000peopletodevelop.Intermsofhumanhistorythismayseemawelcomedevelopment.Itwouldbequestionabletosaythatnothingofconsequencehasevercomeoutofthecountryside.Thewheelwaspresumablyaruralinvention.Evencity-dwellersneedbreadaswellascircuses.AndifDr.JohnsonandShelleywererighttosaythatpoetsarethetruelegislatorsofmankindthenallthosehillsandlakesandotherruraldelightsmustbegivencreditforinspiringthem.Buttheruralcontributiontohumanprogressseemsslightcomparedwiththeurbanone.Cities’developmentissynonymouswithhumandevelopment.Thefirstvillagescamewiththeemergenceofagricultureandthedomesticationofanimals:peoplenolongerhadtowanderbutcouldinsteaddrawtogetherinsettlementsallowingsometodevelopparticularskills.Afterawhilethefarmerscouldproducesurplusesandthevariousproductscouldbeexchanged.Livingtogethermeantsecurity.Butpeoplealsodrewtogetherforthepracticaladvantagesofbeinginaparticularplace:byariverorspringonadefensiblehillorpeninsulanexttoanestuarythemouthofariverorothersourceoffood.Alsoimportantarguehistorianswasasettlement’scapacitytodrawpeopletoitasameeting-placeoftenforsacredorspiritualpurposes.Gravesgrovesevencavesmightbecomeplacesforceremoniesandrituals.Mandidnotlivebybreadalone.Butbreadinthebroadestsensewasimportant.Peoplecametocitiesnotjusttoworshipbuttotradeandthegoodstheyboughtandsoldwerenotjustfarmproductsbutthemanufacturesofurbancraftsmenandskilledworkers.Thecitybecameacentreofexchangebothofgoodsandofideasandsoitalsobecameacentreoflearningandinnovation.Citiesweremuchmorethanallofthisofcourseandtheywerenotallthesame.Astheydevelopedsomeweremostnotablefortheirreligiousroleasthehubofanempireascentresofadministrationpoliticaldevelopmentlearningorcommerce.Someflourishedsomediedtheirlongevitydependingonfactorsasvariedasconquestplaguemisgovernmentoreconomiccollapse.BysayingMandidnotlivebybreadaloneLine6Paragraph4theauthormeans______.
Allbigideasstartlifeonthefringesofdebate.Veryoftenittakesashockingeventtomovethemintothemainstream.Unti1lastyearclimatechangewasmainlytheinterestofscientistsandgreenlobbyists.ButsinceHurricaneKatrinasomethingseemstohavechangedparticularlyinAmerica.Nobodyknowswhetherthehurricanereallyhadanythingtodowiththeearthwarming.Butforthefirsttimelessgreenvotersandbigbusinesshadaclearerideaaboutthe"extremeweatherevents"whoseincreasingfrequencyscientistshadbeentalkingabout. Thereareplentyofanecdotalsignsofchange:Britain’spro-businessConservativeshaveturnedgreen;A1GoreisbackinfashioninAmerica;hybridcarsnolongergetstaredat.41______. Sofarthepoliticalrowsaboutglobalwarminghavecentredontwopolluterssmoggyfactoriesanddirtycars.42______. Insomewaystheairlinesareanoddtargetforgreens.Theyproduceonlyaround3%oftheworld’sman-madecarbonemissions.43______.Byshippinghordesofordinarypeoplearoundtheglobefornotverymuchmoneytheyhaveimprovedthelivesofmillions. 44______.Airtransportwillsoonbecentralnotmarginaltotheemissionsissue. WhatifanythingshouldbedoneAsusualtherearedangersonbothsides.Excessiveregulationwouldunnecessarilyrestrictindividualchoiceandrestrainanindustrythatmakesbothrichandpoorcountriesbetteroff.Ontheotherhandairlinesnolessthananyotherindustrymustpayforpollution. 45______.Andalthoughotherformsoftransportcannoteasilyreplaceflyingdemandformanyflightsissensitivetoprice.Aquarterofflyingisbusiness-related;manyofthosejourneysareessentialbutothersarescarcelymoreimportantthanatelephonecallorvideo-conference. Howeveraddressingindividuals’conscienceswon’tgothatfar.Airpollutionisacollectiveproblemwhichinthiscaserequiresachangeinpolicy.Asitstandsthemarketisinfavourofairtravel;theaimshouldbetomakeitmorebalanced.Twoapproachesareonoffer.Somethinkthebestwaytolimitemissionsistotaxthem;othersargueforasystemthatsetsacaponpollutionandletpolluterstradetherighttoemit. [A]Butthereisnosignofgovernmentsembracingthatidea.Giventhatitistheworld’sfirstseriousattempttocutemissionsinternationallythatisnotsurprising.Theworldcanlearnfromitsimperfectionsanddesignabetterschemeforairlines. [B]Nowanewfrontisbeingopenedup—intheskies.NextmonththeEuropeanParliamentwillvoteonwhethertoextenditsemissions-tradingsystemtoairlines.IfitdecidesinfavourthewholeindustrywillfeeltheimpactforitwillaffectnotjustEuropeanairlinesbutallthosethatflyintoandoutoftheEU.ButwhateverhappensintheEUitseemsthattheairlinesareboundtofacedemandsthattheyshouldpayfortheiremissions. [C]Slowlybusinessmenandpoliticiansarecomingtoagreewithscientists.Ifthisgenerationdoesnottackleclimatechangeitsdescendantswillnotthinkmuchofit.Thatmeansraisingcostsforallsourcesofpollution.Eventhoseinexpensiveweekendbreakswillbecancelled. [D]Asthedebategrowssomeflyersmayreconsidertheirways.Putfranklyairtravelmakesamockeryofmanypeople’sattemptstoliveagreenlife.Somebodywhowantstoreducehis"carbonfootprint"canbicycletoworkneverbuyspraysandturnoffhisair-conditioner—andstillblowawayallthisvirtueonacoupleoflongflights. [E]Companiesarebeginningtotakeactionsandencouraginggovernmentstodothesame.Europealreadyhasanemissions-tradingsystemETSforitsfivedirtiestindustries.InAmericaalthoughtheBushadministrationstillresistsfederallegislationmoreandmorestatesdonot. [F]Yetinotherwaysairlinesareafinetarget.Theypaynotaxonfuelforinternationalflightsandthereforeescapethe"polluterpays"principle.TheiremissionsareespeciallydamagingtooAndtheindustry’senergyconsumptionhasbeengrowingfasterthanthatofotherpollutingindustries. [G]Surfacetransportbycontrastproduces22%.Europe’smerchantshipsspewoutaroundathirdmorecarbonthanaircraftdoandnobodyisgoingafterthem.Andunlikecars—potentsymbolsofindividualismandsomewouldsayindividualselfishness—airlinesarepublictransportjamminginasmanypeopleastheycanintoeachplane. 41
Fewscientificfieldsareasfullofriskasthatofresearchintohumanintelligence.Thetwoquestionsthat1overandoveragainare"isitaresultofnatureornurture"and"doesracemakeadifference" Making2commentsaboutthesecondquestioncanbea3moveasJamesWatsonaco-discovererofDNAstructurerecentlyfound.Hesuggestedthathewas"4abouttheprospectofAfrica"5"alloursocialpoliciesarebasedonthefactthattheirintelligenceisthesameasourswhitepeople6allthetestingsaysnotreally".Such7byDr.Watsonarenotmerely8theyarescientificallyweird.Iftheterm9hasanyusefulscientificmeaningthenAfricathecontinentwheremodernhumanitybeganismostraciallydiverse.Theresulting10amongthepublicforcedDr.Watsontoleavehislaboratory. 11thestudyofthefirstquestion12betweenintelligenceandgenetics—hassomewiserpractitioners.OneofthemTerrieMoffittofKing’sCollegehasjust13aprojectjudgingtherelativeimportanceofnatureandnurture.Dr.Moffitt’steam14theeffectonintelligenceofbreastfeedingbutinageneticcontext.Previousstudieshaveshownthatbreastfedchildrenaremoreintelligent15aboutsixIQpointsthanthosegivenbabyformulas. Theteamhowever16theinvolvementofagenecalledFADS2whichcomesintwovarietiesknownasCandG.Theresearchers17ifthesetwovarietiesinteracteddifferentlywithbreastmilk.18ondatafromtwogroupsofpeopletheyfoundthattheintelligenceincreaseassociatedwithbreastfeedingonlyhappenedtopeoplehaving19atleastonecopyoftheCvariety.Theeffectdidnot.20onthesocialclassesorIQsoftheparents. 19
Fewscientificfieldsareasfullofriskasthatofresearchintohumanintelligence.Thetwoquestionsthat1overandoveragainare"isitaresultofnatureornurture"and"doesracemakeadifference" Making2commentsaboutthesecondquestioncanbea3moveasJamesWatsonaco-discovererofDNAstructurerecentlyfound.Hesuggestedthathewas"4abouttheprospectofAfrica"5"alloursocialpoliciesarebasedonthefactthattheirintelligenceisthesameasourswhitepeople6allthetestingsaysnotreally".Such7byDr.Watsonarenotmerely8theyarescientificallyweird.Iftheterm9hasanyusefulscientificmeaningthenAfricathecontinentwheremodernhumanitybeganismostraciallydiverse.Theresulting10amongthepublicforcedDr.Watsontoleavehislaboratory. 11thestudyofthefirstquestion12betweenintelligenceandgenetics—hassomewiserpractitioners.OneofthemTerrieMoffittofKing’sCollegehasjust13aprojectjudgingtherelativeimportanceofnatureandnurture.Dr.Moffitt’steam14theeffectonintelligenceofbreastfeedingbutinageneticcontext.Previousstudieshaveshownthatbreastfedchildrenaremoreintelligent15aboutsixIQpointsthanthosegivenbabyformulas. Theteamhowever16theinvolvementofagenecalledFADS2whichcomesintwovarietiesknownasCandG.Theresearchers17ifthesetwovarietiesinteracteddifferentlywithbreastmilk.18ondatafromtwogroupsofpeopletheyfoundthattheintelligenceincreaseassociatedwithbreastfeedingonlyhappenedtopeoplehaving19atleastonecopyoftheCvariety.Theeffectdidnot.20onthesocialclassesorIQsoftheparents. 17
FORthepasttwoyearsinSiliconValleythecentreofAmerica’stechnologyindustryconference-goershaveentertainedthemselvesplayingaguessinggame:howmanytimeswillaspeakermentionthephraselongtailItisusuallyahighnumberthankstotheinfluenceofthelongtailtheorywhichwasfirstdevelopedbyChrisAndersontheeditorofWiredmagazineinanarticlein2004.Thoughtechnologistsandbloggerschuckleathoweverybusinesspresentationnowhastohaveitslong-tailsectionmostareenviousofMrAndersonwhosebrainwavequicklybecamethemostfashionablebusinessideaaround.Whetherablockbusterfilmabestsellingnovelorachart-toppingrapsongpopularcultureidolizesthehit.Companiesdevotethemselvestocreatingthembecausethecostofdistributionandthelimitsofshelfspaceinphysicalshopsmeanthatprofitabilitydependsonahighvolumeofsales.Butaroundthebeginningofthiscenturyagroupofinternetcompaniesrealizedthatwithendlessshelvesandanationaloreveninternationalaudienceonlinetheycouldofferahugerangeofproducts—andmakemoneyatthesametime.ThenichetheobscureandthespecialistMrAndersonargueswillgaingroundattheexpenseofthehit.Asevidencehepointstoadropinthenumberofcompaniesthattraditionallycalculatetheirrevenue/salesratioaccordingtothe80/20rule—wherethetopfifthofproductscontributefour-fifthsofrevenues.EcastaSanFranciscodigitaljukeboxcompanyfoundthat98%ofits10000albumssoldatleastonetrackeverythreemonths.ExpressedinthelanguageofstatisticstheexperiencesofEcastandothercompaniessuchasAmazonanonlinebooksellersuggestthatproductsdowninthelongtailofastatisticaldistributionaddedtogethercanbehighlyprofitable.Theinternethelpspeoplefindtheirwaytorelativelyobscurematerialwithrecommendationsandreviewsbyotherpeopleandforthosewillingtohavetheirartistictastespredictedbyapieceofsoftwarecomputerprogramswhichanalyzepastselections.Long-tailenthusiastsarguethatthewholeofculturewillbenefitnotjustcommercialenterprises.Televisionfilmandmusicaresuchbewitchingmediaintheirownrightthatmanypeoplearequitehappytowatchandlistentowhatthemainstreamprovides.Butifindividualshavetheopportunitytopickbettermoreideallysuitedentertainmentfromafarwiderselectiontheywilltakeitaccordingtothetheoryofthelongtail.Someanalystsreckonthatentirepopulationsmightbecomehappierandwiseroncetheyhaveaccesstothousandsofdocumentariesindependentfilmsandsub-genresofeverykindofmusicinsteadofbeingsubjectedtowhatMrAndersoncallsthetyrannyoflowest-common-denominatorfare.Thatmightbetakingthingsabitfar.Butthelongtailiscertainlyoneoftheinternet’sbettergiftstohumanity.Accordingtothefirstparagraphtheauthorbelievesthat______.
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
TheiPodrevolutionizedthewayweconsumemusic.TheiPhonemadeuscrazyforapps.AndnowtheiPadisgettingreadytorockourlovelives—oratleasthelpimproveoursearchforsomeonetocommunicatewith.InlateMaySkout.comwillbecomethefirstdatingsitetolaunchaniPadapplication.Thefreeappwillbesimilartotheversionthat’salreadyavailabletophoneusers:memberscanentersearchcriteriasuchasagerangegenderandphysicalpreferencesandaHotMapwillshowinrealtimethelocationsofactiveSkoutuserswhofitthosecriteria.Theideaistohelpmembersmeetupandseeifmagichappens.ThecoolthingabouttheiPadadaptationsaysCEOChristianWiklundisthatitsscreenislargeenoughtolettheuserviewthemapwhilesimultaneouslychattingandsearchingthroughanothermember’sphotos.DavidEvanseditorofonlinedatingpost.comsayswecanexpecttoseemoreinnovativetechnologyinafewmonthsaftercompaniesgetacquaintedwiththecapabilitiesoftheiPad.WhatI’mlookingforaredatingsitesthatareoptimizedfortheiPadwithfeaturesnativetothesleekcomputingdeviceliketouchscreenmotionssuchaspinchtwistzoomandshakehesays.It’stheiPadthat’sgoingtoenabledeveloperstocreateentirelynewwaystobrowsediscoverandconnectwithsingles.SteveOdomCEOandfounderofdatingsiteGelatowhichlaunchedlastyearandincludesalivefeedofmembers’social-mediaprofilesisredesigninghisentirewebsitebasedontheiPad’sappearance.ProfilepicturesplayakeyroleinonlinedatingOdomsaysandtheiPadgivessitesanopportunitytoplayupthepresentationoftheirclientele.It’sbigit’sbeautifulandit’sperfectfordatingsitessaysOdomwhoplanstounveiltheredesigninJune.Evanspredictsthatonlinedatingsiteswillbegintodisplaytheircontentlikeamagazinelettingusersflipthroughpagesofprofilesandenlargephotoswhilesimultaneouslytextingwithoneormoreothers.Hesaysthere’salsobeentalkofaddingafacial-codingandeye-trackingfunctionthatwoulduseawebcamontheiPadtorefinesuggestedmatchesbasedonamember’sresponsestocertainprofiles.Ifyougrimacetheprofilewillfadeaway;ifyousmileorifyourpupilsdilatesimilarprofileswillbesuggested.InotherwordssomedaytherecouldbeaniPadappforloveatfirstsight.TheclientsofthedatingsiteGelato______.
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Fewscientificfieldsareasfullofriskasthatofresearchintohumanintelligence.Thetwoquestionsthat1overandoveragainare"isitaresultofnatureornurture"and"doesracemakeadifference" Making2commentsaboutthesecondquestioncanbea3moveasJamesWatsonaco-discovererofDNAstructurerecentlyfound.Hesuggestedthathewas"4abouttheprospectofAfrica"5"alloursocialpoliciesarebasedonthefactthattheirintelligenceisthesameasourswhitepeople6allthetestingsaysnotreally".Such7byDr.Watsonarenotmerely8theyarescientificallyweird.Iftheterm9hasanyusefulscientificmeaningthenAfricathecontinentwheremodernhumanitybeganismostraciallydiverse.Theresulting10amongthepublicforcedDr.Watsontoleavehislaboratory. 11thestudyofthefirstquestion12betweenintelligenceandgenetics—hassomewiserpractitioners.OneofthemTerrieMoffittofKing’sCollegehasjust13aprojectjudgingtherelativeimportanceofnatureandnurture.Dr.Moffitt’steam14theeffectonintelligenceofbreastfeedingbutinageneticcontext.Previousstudieshaveshownthatbreastfedchildrenaremoreintelligent15aboutsixIQpointsthanthosegivenbabyformulas. Theteamhowever16theinvolvementofagenecalledFADS2whichcomesintwovarietiesknownasCandG.Theresearchers17ifthesetwovarietiesinteracteddifferentlywithbreastmilk.18ondatafromtwogroupsofpeopletheyfoundthattheintelligenceincreaseassociatedwithbreastfeedingonlyhappenedtopeoplehaving19atleastonecopyoftheCvariety.Theeffectdidnot.20onthesocialclassesorIQsoftheparents. 13
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