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? 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A项：如果该句提供的是错误信息，清选择B项；如果该句的信息文章中没有提及，请选择C项...
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{{*HTML*}}阅读下面的短文文章中有5处空白文章后面有6组文字请根据文章的内容选择5组文字将其分别放回文章原有位置以恢复文章原貌 ?????????? ???????{{B}}Reinventingthe Table{{/B}}??Anearthscientisthasrejiggedtheperiodictableto makechemistrysimplertoteachtostudents.??{{U}}?46 ?{{/U}}ButBruceRailsbackfromtheUniversityofGeorgiasaysheisthe firsttocreateatablethatbreakswithtraditionandshowstheionsofeach elementratherthanjusttheelementsthemselves.??Igottired ofbreakingmyarmstryingtoexplaintheperiodictabletoearthstudentshe sayscriss-crossinghishandsintheairandpointingtodifferentbitsofa traditionaltable.{{U}}?47?{{/U}}Buthehasaddedcontourlinesto chargedensityhelpingtoexplainwhichionsreactwithwhich.?? ?Geochemistsjustwantanintuitivesenseofwhat’sgoingonwiththe elementssaysAlbertGalyfromtheUniversityofCambridge.{{U}}?48 ?{{/U}}.??{{U}}?49?{{/U}}Heexplainsthatsulphur forexampleshowsupinthreedifferentspots--oneforsulphidewhichis foundinmineralsoneforsulphitrandoneforsulphatewhichisfoundinsea saltforinstance.??Hehasalsoincludedsymbolstoshowwhich ionsarenutrientsandwhicharecommoninsoilorwater.{{U}}?50 ?{{/U}}.A?Therehavebeenmanyattemptstoredesigntheperiodic tablesinceDmitriMendeleevdrewitupin1871.B?Railsbackhasstill orderedtheelementsaccordinglothenumberOfprotonstheyhave.C?I imaginethiswouldbegoodforundergraduates.D?Railsbackhaslisted someelementsmorethanonce.E?Andthesizeofelement’ssymbol reflectshowmuchofitisfoundintheEarth’scrust.F?The traditionalperiodictablewaswelldrawn.{{*HTML*}}
Thepolicemancautionedusabouttheicyroadsaftertheheavysnowfalllastnight.
{{*HTML*}}阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出了4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 ??????? ??????{{B}}OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpox Live{{/B}}??It’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotal extinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievement of1980whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewildbydestroyingthekiller virusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit--oneintheUSandone inRussia.Ifsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanetwhatpointwastherein keepingthesereserves???{{U}}?51?{{/U}}realityof courseitwasnaiveto{{U}}?52?{{/U}}thateveryonewouldlet{{U}} ?53?{{/U}}ofsuchapotentpotentialweapon.Undoubtedlyseveral nationsstillhave{{U}}?54?{{/U}}vials.{{U}}?55?{{/U}}the lastofficialstocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia{{U}} ?56?{{/U}}noobviousgain.??NowAmericanresearchers have{{U}}?57?{{/U}}ananimalmodelofthehumandiseaseopening the{{U}}?58?{{/U}}fortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Soonce againthere’sagoodreasonto{{U}}?59?{{/U}}thevirus--justin{{U}} ?60?{{/U}}thediseaseputsinareappearance.??Howdo we{{U}}?61?{{/U}}withthemistrustoftheUSandRussia?{{U}}?62 ?{{/U}}.Keepthevirus{{U}}?63?{{/U}}internationalauspicesina well-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobjectof coursejustasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.But itdoesn’t{{U}}?64?{{/U}}theideaiswrongffthevirus{{U}}?65 ?{{/U}}usefulthenlet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity--notjusta partofit.
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Somethingsweknowaboutlanguage Manythingsaboutlanguageareamysteryandmanywillalwaysremainso.Butsomethingswedoknow. Firstweknowthatallhumanbeingshavealanguageofsomesort.Thereisnoraceofmenanywhereonearthsobackwardthatithasnolanguagenosetofspeechsoundsbywhichthepeoplecommunicatewithonemother.Furthermoreinhistoricaltimestherehasneverbeenaraceofmenwithoutalanguage. Secondthereisnosuchthingasaprimitivelanguage.Therearemanypeoplewhoseculturesareundevelopedwhoareaswesayuncivilizedbutthelanguagestheyspeakarenotprimitive.Inallknown1anguageswecanseecomplexitiesthatmusthavebeentensofthousandsofyearsindeveloping. Thishasnotalwaysbeenwellunderstood;indeedthedirectcontraryhasoftenbeenstated.PopularideasofthelanguageoftheAmericanIndianswillillustrate.ManypeoplehavesupposedthattheIndianscommunicatedinaveryprimitivesystemofnoises.Studyhasprovedthistobenonsense.ThereareorwerehundredsofAmericanIndianlanguagesandallofthemturnouttobeverycomplicatedandveryold.TheyarecertainlydifferentfromthelanguagesthatmostofusarefamiliarwithbuttheyarenomoreprimitivefivethanEnglishandGreek. Athirdthingweknowaboutlanguageisthatalllanguagesareperfectlyadequate.Thatiseachoneisaperfectmeansofexpressingthecultureofthepeoplewhospeakthelanguage. Finallyweknowthatlanguagechanges.Itisnaturalandnormalforlanguagetochange;theonlylanguageswhichdonotchangearethedeadones.Thisiseasytounderstandifwelookbackwardintime.Changegoesoninallaspectsoflanguage.Grammaticalfeatureschangeasdospeechsoundsandchangesinvocabularyaresometimesveryextensiveandmayoccurveryrapidly.Vocabularyistheleaststablepartofanylanguage. race/n.种族 primitive/adj.原始的 uncivilized/adj.不开化的落后的 complexity/n.复杂性复杂现象 nonsense/n.胡说没有根据的话 vocabulary/n.词汇 TheauthorhasusedAmericanIndianlanguagesasanexampletoshowthattheyare______.
DefectiveGenesandHumanHealth Eachofuscarriesabouthalfadozendefective有缺点的genes.Weremainblissfully快乐地unawareofthisfactunlessweoroneofourcloserelativesareamongstthemanymillionswhosufferfromageneticdisease.Aboutoneintenpeoplehasorwilldevelopatsomelaterstageaninherited遗传的geneticdisorderandapproximately2800specificconditionsareknowntobecausedbydefectsmutationsinjustoneofthepatient’’sgenes.Somesinglegenedisordersarequitecommon-—cystic胞状的fibrosis纤维化isfoundinoneoutofevery2500babiesbornintheWesternWorld—andintotaldiseasesthatcanbetracedtosinglegenedefectsaccountforabout5%ofalladmissionstochildren’’shospitals. Mostofusdonotsufferanyharmfuleffectsfromourdefectivegenesbecausewecarrytwocopiesofnearlyallgenesonederivedfromourmotherandtheotherfromourfather.Theonlyexceptionstothisrulearethegenesfoundonthemalesexchromosomes染色体MaleshaveoneXandoneYchromosometheformerfromthemotherandthelatterfromthefathersoeachcellhasonlyonecopyofthegenesonthesechromosomes.Inthemajorityofcasesonenormalgeneissufficienttoavoidallthesymptomsofdisease.Ifthepotentiallyharmfulgeneisrecessive后退的thenitsnormalcounterpart配对的willcarryoutallthetasksassignedtoboth.Onlyifweinheritfromourparentstwocopiesofthesamerecessivegenewilladiseasedevelop. Ontheotherhandifthegeneisdominant显性的italonecanproducethediseaseevenifitscounterpartisnormal.Clearlyonlythechildrenofaparentwiththediseasecanbeaffectedandthenaverageonlyhalfthechildrenwillbeaffected.Huntington’’schorea舞蹈病aseverediseaseofthenervoussystemwhichbecomesapparentonlyinadulthoodisanexampleofadominantgeneticdisease. FinallytherearetheXchromosome-linkedgeneticdiseases.Asmaleshaveonlyonecopyofthegenesfromthischromosometherearenoothersavailabletofulfillthedefectivegene’’sfunction.ExamplesofsuchdiseasesareDuchennemusculardystrophy营养不良andperhapsmostwellknownofallhemophilia血友病. QueenVictoriawasacarrierofthedefectivegeneresponsibleforhemophiliaandthroughheritwastransmittedtotheroyalfamiliesofRussiaSpainandPrussia.MinorcutsandbruiseswhichwoulddolittleharmtomostpeoplecanprovefataltohemophiliacswholacktheproteinsFactorsVIIIandIV凝血因子VIII和IVinvolvedintheclotting血凝结ofbloodwhicharecodedforbythedefectivegenes.Sadlybeforetheseproteinsweremadeavailablethroughgeneticengineeringhemophiliacsweretreatedwithproteinsisolatedfromhumanblood.Someofthisbloodwascontaminated污损withtheAIDSvirusandhasresultedintragic悲惨的consequencesformanyhemophiliacs.Useofgeneticallyengineeredproteinsintherapeuticapplicationsratherthanbloodproductswillavoidtheseproblemsinthefuture. Notalldefectivegenesnecessarilyproducedetrimental有害的effectssincetheenvironmentinwhichthegeneoperatesisalsoofimportance.Aclassicexampleofageneticdiseasehavingabeneficialeffectonsurvivalisillustratedbytherelationshipbetweensickle-cell镶形血球anemia贫血症andmalaria疟病.Onlyindividualshavingtwocopiesofthesickle-cellgeneandonenormalgeneareunaffectedandmoreimportantlyareabletoresistinfection传染bymalarialparasites寄生虫.Theclearadvantageinthiscaseofhavingonedefectivegeneexplainswhythisgeneiscommoninpopulationsinthoseareasoftheworldwheremalariaisendemic特有的. WhichofthefollowingstatementsongenesanddiseasesisNOTTRUE?
DefectiveGenesandHumanHealth Eachofuscarriesabouthalfadozendefective有缺点的genes.Weremainblissfully快乐地unawareofthisfactunlessweoroneofourcloserelativesareamongstthemanymillionswhosufferfromageneticdisease.Aboutoneintenpeoplehasorwilldevelopatsomelaterstageaninherited遗传的geneticdisorderandapproximately2800specificconditionsareknowntobecausedbydefectsmutationsinjustoneofthepatient’’sgenes.Somesinglegenedisordersarequitecommon-—cystic胞状的fibrosis纤维化isfoundinoneoutofevery2500babiesbornintheWesternWorld—andintotaldiseasesthatcanbetracedtosinglegenedefectsaccountforabout5%ofalladmissionstochildren’’shospitals. Mostofusdonotsufferanyharmfuleffectsfromourdefectivegenesbecausewecarrytwocopiesofnearlyallgenesonederivedfromourmotherandtheotherfromourfather.Theonlyexceptionstothisrulearethegenesfoundonthemalesexchromosomes染色体MaleshaveoneXandoneYchromosometheformerfromthemotherandthelatterfromthefathersoeachcellhasonlyonecopyofthegenesonthesechromosomes.Inthemajorityofcasesonenormalgeneissufficienttoavoidallthesymptomsofdisease.Ifthepotentiallyharmfulgeneisrecessive后退的thenitsnormalcounterpart配对的willcarryoutallthetasksassignedtoboth.Onlyifweinheritfromourparentstwocopiesofthesamerecessivegenewilladiseasedevelop. Ontheotherhandifthegeneisdominant显性的italonecanproducethediseaseevenifitscounterpartisnormal.Clearlyonlythechildrenofaparentwiththediseasecanbeaffectedandthenaverageonlyhalfthechildrenwillbeaffected.Huntington’’schorea舞蹈病aseverediseaseofthenervoussystemwhichbecomesapparentonlyinadulthoodisanexampleofadominantgeneticdisease. FinallytherearetheXchromosome-linkedgeneticdiseases.Asmaleshaveonlyonecopyofthegenesfromthischromosometherearenoothersavailabletofulfillthedefectivegene’’sfunction.ExamplesofsuchdiseasesareDuchennemusculardystrophy营养不良andperhapsmostwellknownofallhemophilia血友病. QueenVictoriawasacarrierofthedefectivegeneresponsibleforhemophiliaandthroughheritwastransmittedtotheroyalfamiliesofRussiaSpainandPrussia.MinorcutsandbruiseswhichwoulddolittleharmtomostpeoplecanprovefataltohemophiliacswholacktheproteinsFactorsVIIIandIV凝血因子VIII和IVinvolvedintheclotting血凝结ofbloodwhicharecodedforbythedefectivegenes.Sadlybeforetheseproteinsweremadeavailablethroughgeneticengineeringhemophiliacsweretreatedwithproteinsisolatedfromhumanblood.Someofthisbloodwascontaminated污损withtheAIDSvirusandhasresultedintragic悲惨的consequencesformanyhemophiliacs.Useofgeneticallyengineeredproteinsintherapeuticapplicationsratherthanbloodproductswillavoidtheseproblemsinthefuture. Notalldefectivegenesnecessarilyproducedetrimental有害的effectssincetheenvironmentinwhichthegeneoperatesisalsoofimportance.Aclassicexampleofageneticdiseasehavingabeneficialeffectonsurvivalisillustratedbytherelationshipbetweensickle-cell镶形血球anemia贫血症andmalaria疟病.Onlyindividualshavingtwocopiesofthesickle-cellgeneandonenormalgeneareunaffectedandmoreimportantlyareabletoresistinfection传染bymalarialparasites寄生虫.Theclearadvantageinthiscaseofhavingonedefectivegeneexplainswhythisgeneiscommoninpopulationsinthoseareasoftheworldwheremalariaisendemic特有的. thediseasepara.7refersto______.
{{*HTML*}}阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出了4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 ??????? ??????{{B}}OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpox Live{{/B}}??It’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotal extinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievement of1980whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewildbydestroyingthekiller virusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit--oneintheUSandone inRussia.Ifsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanetwhatpointwastherein keepingthesereserves???{{U}}?51?{{/U}}realityof courseitwasnaiveto{{U}}?52?{{/U}}thateveryonewouldlet{{U}} ?53?{{/U}}ofsuchapotentpotentialweapon.Undoubtedlyseveral nationsstillhave{{U}}?54?{{/U}}vials.{{U}}?55?{{/U}}the lastofficialstocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia{{U}} ?56?{{/U}}noobviousgain.??NowAmericanresearchers have{{U}}?57?{{/U}}ananimalmodelofthehumandiseaseopening the{{U}}?58?{{/U}}fortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Soonce againthere’sagoodreasonto{{U}}?59?{{/U}}thevirus--justin{{U}} ?60?{{/U}}thediseaseputsinareappearance.??Howdo we{{U}}?61?{{/U}}withthemistrustoftheUSandRussia?{{U}}?62 ?{{/U}}.Keepthevirus{{U}}?63?{{/U}}internationalauspicesina well-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobjectof coursejustasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.But itdoesn’t{{U}}?64?{{/U}}theideaiswrongffthevirus{{U}}?65 ?{{/U}}usefulthenlet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity--notjusta partofit.
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第三篇{{/B}} ??????? ?????????{{B}}EgyptFelledby Famine{{/B}}??EvenancientEgypt’smightypyramidbuilderswere powerlessinthefaceofthefaminethathelpedbringdowntheircivilisation around2180BC.NowevidencegleanedfrommuddepositedbytheRiverNile suggeststhatashiftinclimatethousandsofkilometrestothesouthwas ultimatelytoblame--andthesameorworsecouldhappentoday.? ?TheancientEgyptiansdependedontheNile’sannualfloodstoirrigate theircrops.ButanychangeinclimatethatpushedtheAfricanmonsoons southwardsoutofEthiopiawouldhavediminishedthesefloods.? ?DwindlingrainsintheEthiopianhighlandswouldhavemeantfewerplants tostablisethesoil.Whenraindidfallitwouldhavewashedlargemountsof soilintotheBlueNileandintoEgyptalongwithsedimentfromtheWhite Nile.??TheBlueNilemudhasadifferentisotopesignaturefrom thatoftheWhiteNile.Sobyanalysingisotopedifferencesinmuddepositedin theNileDeltaMichaelKromofLeedsUniversityworkedoutwhatproportionof sedimentcamefromeachbranchofthefiver.??Kromreasonsthat duringperiodsofdroughttheamountoftheBlueNilemudintheriverwouldbe relativelyhigh.Hefoundthatoneoftheseperiodsfrom450Oto4200years agoimmediatelypredatesthefalloftheEgypt’sOldKingdom.?? TheweakenedwaterswouldhavebeencatastrophicfortheEgyptians.Changes thataffectfoodsupplydon’thavetobeverylargetohavearippleeffectin societiessaysBillRyanoftheLamontDohertyEarthObservatoryinNew York.??Similareventstodaycouldbeevenmoredevastating saysteammemberDanielStanleyageoarchaeologistfromtheSmithsonian InstitutionsinWashingtonD.C..Anythinghumansdotoshifttheclimate beltswouldhaveanevenworseeffectalongtheNilesystemtodaybecausethe populationshaveincreaseddramatically.AccordingtoKromEgypt’sOldKingdomfell
{{*HTML*}}阅读下面的短文文章中有5处空白文章后面有6组文字请根据文章的内容选择5组文字将其分别放回文章原有位置以恢复文章原貌 ?????????? ???????{{B}}Reinventingthe Table{{/B}}??Anearthscientisthasrejiggedtheperiodictableto makechemistrysimplertoteachtostudents.??{{U}}?46 ?{{/U}}ButBruceRailsbackfromtheUniversityofGeorgiasaysheisthe firsttocreateatablethatbreakswithtraditionandshowstheionsofeach elementratherthanjusttheelementsthemselves.??Igottired ofbreakingmyarmstryingtoexplaintheperiodictabletoearthstudentshe sayscriss-crossinghishandsintheairandpointingtodifferentbitsofa traditionaltable.{{U}}?47?{{/U}}Buthehasaddedcontourlinesto chargedensityhelpingtoexplainwhichionsreactwithwhich.?? ?Geochemistsjustwantanintuitivesenseofwhat’sgoingonwiththe elementssaysAlbertGalyfromtheUniversityofCambridge.{{U}}?48 ?{{/U}}.??{{U}}?49?{{/U}}Heexplainsthatsulphur forexampleshowsupinthreedifferentspots--oneforsulphidewhichis foundinmineralsoneforsulphitrandoneforsulphatewhichisfoundinsea saltforinstance.??Hehasalsoincludedsymbolstoshowwhich ionsarenutrientsandwhicharecommoninsoilorwater.{{U}}?50 ?{{/U}}.A?Therehavebeenmanyattemptstoredesigntheperiodic tablesinceDmitriMendeleevdrewitupin1871.B?Railsbackhasstill orderedtheelementsaccordinglothenumberOfprotonstheyhave.C?I imaginethiswouldbegoodforundergraduates.D?Railsbackhaslisted someelementsmorethanonce.E?Andthesizeofelement’ssymbol reflectshowmuchofitisfoundintheEarth’scrust.F?The traditionalperiodictablewaswelldrawn.
{{*HTML*}}阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出了4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 ??????? ??????{{B}}OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpox Live{{/B}}??It’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotal extinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievement of1980whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewildbydestroyingthekiller virusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit--oneintheUSandone inRussia.Ifsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanetwhatpointwastherein keepingthesereserves???{{U}}?51?{{/U}}realityof courseitwasnaiveto{{U}}?52?{{/U}}thateveryonewouldlet{{U}} ?53?{{/U}}ofsuchapotentpotentialweapon.Undoubtedlyseveral nationsstillhave{{U}}?54?{{/U}}vials.{{U}}?55?{{/U}}the lastofficialstocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia{{U}} ?56?{{/U}}noobviousgain.??NowAmericanresearchers have{{U}}?57?{{/U}}ananimalmodelofthehumandiseaseopening the{{U}}?58?{{/U}}fortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Soonce againthere’sagoodreasonto{{U}}?59?{{/U}}thevirus--justin{{U}} ?60?{{/U}}thediseaseputsinareappearance.??Howdo we{{U}}?61?{{/U}}withthemistrustoftheUSandRussia?{{U}}?62 ?{{/U}}.Keepthevirus{{U}}?63?{{/U}}internationalauspicesina well-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobjectof coursejustasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.But itdoesn’t{{U}}?64?{{/U}}theideaiswrongffthevirus{{U}}?65 ?{{/U}}usefulthenlet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity--notjusta partofit.
MostAdultsinU.S.HaveLowRiskofHeartDisease Morethan80percentofUSadultshavealessthan10percentriskofdevelopingheartdiseaseinthenext10yearsaccordingtoareportintheJournaloftheAmericanCollegeofCardiology.Just3percenthaveariskthatexceeds20percent. IhopethatthesenumberswillgivephysiciansresearchershealthpolicyanalystsandothersabetterideaofhowcoronaryheartdiseaseisdistributedintheUSpopulationleadauthorDr.EarlS.FordfromtheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventioninAtlantasaidinastatement. Thefindingsarebasedonanalysisofdatafrom13769subjectsbetween20and79yearsofagewhoparticipatedintheThirdNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurveyfrom1988to1994. Overall82percentofadultshadariskoflessthan10percent15percenthadariskthatfellbetween10to20percentand3percenthadariskabove20percent. Theproportionofsubjectsinthehighestriskgroupincreasedwithadvancingageandmenweremorelikelythanwomentobeinthisgroup.Bycontrastraceorethnicityhadlittleeffectonriskdistributions. Althoughthereportsuggeststhatmostadultshavealow10-yearriskofheartdiseasealargeproportionhaveahighorimmediateriskDr.DanielS.BermanfromCedars-SinaiMedicalCenterinLosAngelesandDr.NathanD.WongfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatIrvinenoteinarelatededitorial. Aggressivetreatmentmeasuresandpublichealthstrategiesareneededtoshifttheoverallpopulationriskdownwardtheyadd. Elderlypeoplehaveahigherriskofheartdiseasethanyoungerpeople.
MostAdultsinU.S.HaveLowRiskofHeartDisease Morethan80percentofUSadultshavealessthan10percentriskofdevelopingheartdiseaseinthenext10yearsaccordingtoareportintheJournaloftheAmericanCollegeofCardiology.Just3percenthaveariskthatexceeds20percent. IhopethatthesenumberswillgivephysiciansresearchershealthpolicyanalystsandothersabetterideaofhowcoronaryheartdiseaseisdistributedintheUSpopulationleadauthorDr.EarlS.FordfromtheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventioninAtlantasaidinastatement. Thefindingsarebasedonanalysisofdatafrom13769subjectsbetween20and79yearsofagewhoparticipatedintheThirdNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurveyfrom1988to1994. Overall82percentofadultshadariskoflessthan10percent15percenthadariskthatfellbetween10to20percentand3percenthadariskabove20percent. Theproportionofsubjectsinthehighestriskgroupincreasedwithadvancingageandmenweremorelikelythanwomentobeinthisgroup.Bycontrastraceorethnicityhadlittleeffectonriskdistributions. Althoughthereportsuggeststhatmostadultshavealow10-yearriskofheartdiseasealargeproportionhaveahighorimmediateriskDr.DanielS.BermanfromCedars-SinaiMedicalCenterinLosAngelesandDr.NathanD.WongfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatIrvinenoteinarelatededitorial. Aggressivetreatmentmeasuresandpublichealthstrategiesareneededtoshifttheoverallpopulationriskdownwardtheyadd. Only3percentofUSadultshaveamorethan10percent10-yearriskofheartdisease.
DefectiveGenesandHumanHealth Eachofuscarriesabouthalfadozendefective有缺点的genes.Weremainblissfully快乐地unawareofthisfactunlessweoroneofourcloserelativesareamongstthemanymillionswhosufferfromageneticdisease.Aboutoneintenpeoplehasorwilldevelopatsomelaterstageaninherited遗传的geneticdisorderandapproximately2800specificconditionsareknowntobecausedbydefectsmutationsinjustoneofthepatient’’sgenes.Somesinglegenedisordersarequitecommon-—cystic胞状的fibrosis纤维化isfoundinoneoutofevery2500babiesbornintheWesternWorld—andintotaldiseasesthatcanbetracedtosinglegenedefectsaccountforabout5%ofalladmissionstochildren’’shospitals. Mostofusdonotsufferanyharmfuleffectsfromourdefectivegenesbecausewecarrytwocopiesofnearlyallgenesonederivedfromourmotherandtheotherfromourfather.Theonlyexceptionstothisrulearethegenesfoundonthemalesexchromosomes染色体MaleshaveoneXandoneYchromosometheformerfromthemotherandthelatterfromthefathersoeachcellhasonlyonecopyofthegenesonthesechromosomes.Inthemajorityofcasesonenormalgeneissufficienttoavoidallthesymptomsofdisease.Ifthepotentiallyharmfulgeneisrecessive后退的thenitsnormalcounterpart配对的willcarryoutallthetasksassignedtoboth.Onlyifweinheritfromourparentstwocopiesofthesamerecessivegenewilladiseasedevelop. Ontheotherhandifthegeneisdominant显性的italonecanproducethediseaseevenifitscounterpartisnormal.Clearlyonlythechildrenofaparentwiththediseasecanbeaffectedandthenaverageonlyhalfthechildrenwillbeaffected.Huntington’’schorea舞蹈病aseverediseaseofthenervoussystemwhichbecomesapparentonlyinadulthoodisanexampleofadominantgeneticdisease. FinallytherearetheXchromosome-linkedgeneticdiseases.Asmaleshaveonlyonecopyofthegenesfromthischromosometherearenoothersavailabletofulfillthedefectivegene’’sfunction.ExamplesofsuchdiseasesareDuchennemusculardystrophy营养不良andperhapsmostwellknownofallhemophilia血友病. QueenVictoriawasacarrierofthedefectivegeneresponsibleforhemophiliaandthroughheritwastransmittedtotheroyalfamiliesofRussiaSpainandPrussia.MinorcutsandbruiseswhichwoulddolittleharmtomostpeoplecanprovefataltohemophiliacswholacktheproteinsFactorsVIIIandIV凝血因子VIII和IVinvolvedintheclotting血凝结ofbloodwhicharecodedforbythedefectivegenes.Sadlybeforetheseproteinsweremadeavailablethroughgeneticengineeringhemophiliacsweretreatedwithproteinsisolatedfromhumanblood.Someofthisbloodwascontaminated污损withtheAIDSvirusandhasresultedintragic悲惨的consequencesformanyhemophiliacs.Useofgeneticallyengineeredproteinsintherapeuticapplicationsratherthanbloodproductswillavoidtheseproblemsinthefuture. Notalldefectivegenesnecessarilyproducedetrimental有害的effectssincetheenvironmentinwhichthegeneoperatesisalsoofimportance.Aclassicexampleofageneticdiseasehavingabeneficialeffectonsurvivalisillustratedbytherelationshipbetweensickle-cell镶形血球anemia贫血症andmalaria疟病.Onlyindividualshavingtwocopiesofthesickle-cellgeneandonenormalgeneareunaffectedandmoreimportantlyareabletoresistinfection传染bymalarialparasites寄生虫.Theclearadvantageinthiscaseofhavingonedefectivegeneexplainswhythisgeneiscommoninpopulationsinthoseareasoftheworldwheremalariaisendemic特有的. Wecaninferfrompara.4that______.
{{*HTML*}}阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出了4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 ??????? ??????{{B}}OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpox Live{{/B}}??It’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotal extinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievement of1980whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewildbydestroyingthekiller virusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit--oneintheUSandone inRussia.Ifsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanetwhatpointwastherein keepingthesereserves???{{U}}?51?{{/U}}realityof courseitwasnaiveto{{U}}?52?{{/U}}thateveryonewouldlet{{U}} ?53?{{/U}}ofsuchapotentpotentialweapon.Undoubtedlyseveral nationsstillhave{{U}}?54?{{/U}}vials.{{U}}?55?{{/U}}the lastofficialstocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia{{U}} ?56?{{/U}}noobviousgain.??NowAmericanresearchers have{{U}}?57?{{/U}}ananimalmodelofthehumandiseaseopening the{{U}}?58?{{/U}}fortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Soonce againthere’sagoodreasonto{{U}}?59?{{/U}}thevirus--justin{{U}} ?60?{{/U}}thediseaseputsinareappearance.??Howdo we{{U}}?61?{{/U}}withthemistrustoftheUSandRussia?{{U}}?62 ?{{/U}}.Keepthevirus{{U}}?63?{{/U}}internationalauspicesina well-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobjectof coursejustasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.But itdoesn’t{{U}}?64?{{/U}}theideaiswrongffthevirus{{U}}?65 ?{{/U}}usefulthenlet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity--notjusta partofit.
{{*HTML*}}阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出了4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 ??????? ??????{{B}}OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpox Live{{/B}}??It’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotal extinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievement of1980whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewildbydestroyingthekiller virusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit--oneintheUSandone inRussia.Ifsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanetwhatpointwastherein keepingthesereserves???{{U}}?51?{{/U}}realityof courseitwasnaiveto{{U}}?52?{{/U}}thateveryonewouldlet{{U}} ?53?{{/U}}ofsuchapotentpotentialweapon.Undoubtedlyseveral nationsstillhave{{U}}?54?{{/U}}vials.{{U}}?55?{{/U}}the lastofficialstocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia{{U}} ?56?{{/U}}noobviousgain.??NowAmericanresearchers have{{U}}?57?{{/U}}ananimalmodelofthehumandiseaseopening the{{U}}?58?{{/U}}fortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Soonce againthere’sagoodreasonto{{U}}?59?{{/U}}thevirus--justin{{U}} ?60?{{/U}}thediseaseputsinareappearance.??Howdo we{{U}}?61?{{/U}}withthemistrustoftheUSandRussia?{{U}}?62 ?{{/U}}.Keepthevirus{{U}}?63?{{/U}}internationalauspicesina well-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobjectof coursejustasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.But itdoesn’t{{U}}?64?{{/U}}theideaiswrongffthevirus{{U}}?65 ?{{/U}}usefulthenlet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity--notjusta partofit.
{{*HTML*}}阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出了4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 ??????? ??????{{B}}OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpox Live{{/B}}??It’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotal extinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievement of1980whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewildbydestroyingthekiller virusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit--oneintheUSandone inRussia.Ifsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanetwhatpointwastherein keepingthesereserves???{{U}}?51?{{/U}}realityof courseitwasnaiveto{{U}}?52?{{/U}}thateveryonewouldlet{{U}} ?53?{{/U}}ofsuchapotentpotentialweapon.Undoubtedlyseveral nationsstillhave{{U}}?54?{{/U}}vials.{{U}}?55?{{/U}}the lastofficialstocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia{{U}} ?56?{{/U}}noobviousgain.??NowAmericanresearchers have{{U}}?57?{{/U}}ananimalmodelofthehumandiseaseopening the{{U}}?58?{{/U}}fortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Soonce againthere’sagoodreasonto{{U}}?59?{{/U}}thevirus--justin{{U}} ?60?{{/U}}thediseaseputsinareappearance.??Howdo we{{U}}?61?{{/U}}withthemistrustoftheUSandRussia?{{U}}?62 ?{{/U}}.Keepthevirus{{U}}?63?{{/U}}internationalauspicesina well-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobjectof coursejustasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.But itdoesn’t{{U}}?64?{{/U}}theideaiswrongffthevirus{{U}}?65 ?{{/U}}usefulthenlet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity--notjusta partofit.
InTom’’seyestherestaurantatthecornerofthestreetisaverysmartone.
MostAdultsinU.S.HaveLowRiskofHeartDisease Morethan80percentofUSadultshavealessthan10percentriskofdevelopingheartdiseaseinthenext10yearsaccordingtoareportintheJournaloftheAmericanCollegeofCardiology.Just3percenthaveariskthatexceeds20percent. IhopethatthesenumberswillgivephysiciansresearchershealthpolicyanalystsandothersabetterideaofhowcoronaryheartdiseaseisdistributedintheUSpopulationleadauthorDr.EarlS.FordfromtheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventioninAtlantasaidinastatement. Thefindingsarebasedonanalysisofdatafrom13769subjectsbetween20and79yearsofagewhoparticipatedintheThirdNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurveyfrom1988to1994. Overall82percentofadultshadariskoflessthan10percent15percenthadariskthatfellbetween10to20percentand3percenthadariskabove20percent. Theproportionofsubjectsinthehighestriskgroupincreasedwithadvancingageandmenweremorelikelythanwomentobeinthisgroup.Bycontrastraceorethnicityhadlittleeffectonriskdistributions. Althoughthereportsuggeststhatmostadultshavealow10-yearriskofheartdiseasealargeproportionhaveahighorimmediateriskDr.DanielS.BermanfromCedars-SinaiMedicalCenterinLosAngelesandDr.NathanD.WongfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatIrvinenoteinarelatededitorial. Aggressivetreatmentmeasuresandpublichealthstrategiesareneededtoshifttheoverallpopulationriskdownwardtheyadd. Therewasagreaterproportionofmenthanwomeninthesurvey.
LargeareasofAlaskanlandremaindesolateduetoharshclimate.
Somethingsweknowaboutlanguage Manythingsaboutlanguageareamysteryandmanywillalwaysremainso.Butsomethingswedoknow. Firstweknowthatallhumanbeingshavealanguageofsomesort.Thereisnoraceofmenanywhereonearthsobackwardthatithasnolanguagenosetofspeechsoundsbywhichthepeoplecommunicatewithonemother.Furthermoreinhistoricaltimestherehasneverbeenaraceofmenwithoutalanguage. Secondthereisnosuchthingasaprimitivelanguage.Therearemanypeoplewhoseculturesareundevelopedwhoareaswesayuncivilizedbutthelanguagestheyspeakarenotprimitive.Inallknown1anguageswecanseecomplexitiesthatmusthavebeentensofthousandsofyearsindeveloping. Thishasnotalwaysbeenwellunderstood;indeedthedirectcontraryhasoftenbeenstated.PopularideasofthelanguageoftheAmericanIndianswillillustrate.ManypeoplehavesupposedthattheIndianscommunicatedinaveryprimitivesystemofnoises.Studyhasprovedthistobenonsense.ThereareorwerehundredsofAmericanIndianlanguagesandallofthemturnouttobeverycomplicatedandveryold.TheyarecertainlydifferentfromthelanguagesthatmostofusarefamiliarwithbuttheyarenomoreprimitivefivethanEnglishandGreek. Athirdthingweknowaboutlanguageisthatalllanguagesareperfectlyadequate.Thatiseachoneisaperfectmeansofexpressingthecultureofthepeoplewhospeakthelanguage. Finallyweknowthatlanguagechanges.Itisnaturalandnormalforlanguagetochange;theonlylanguageswhichdonotchangearethedeadones.Thisiseasytounderstandifwelookbackwardintime.Changegoesoninallaspectsoflanguage.Grammaticalfeatureschangeasdospeechsoundsandchangesinvocabularyaresometimesveryextensiveandmayoccurveryrapidly.Vocabularyistheleaststablepartofanylanguage. race/n.种族 primitive/adj.原始的 uncivilized/adj.不开化的落后的 complexity/n.复杂性复杂现象 nonsense/n.胡说没有根据的话 vocabulary/n.词汇 Accordingtotheauthorlanguagechangesaremostlikelytooccurin______.
Youwillfindthatthecommunityhasexperiencedgreatchangessinceyoucameherelast.
AIDS AIDSisAcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome.Thehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus人类免疫缺损病毒calledHIVisbelievedtocauseAIDS.Thereisnocure.Peoplewhogetthediseasewilldie.AIDSitselfdoesnotkill.Howeveritattacksanddestroysthebody’’sdefensesystemthatfightsagainstinfection.Whenthishappensapersonhaslittleabilitytofightoffmanyotherdiseasesincludingpneumonia肺炎cancerandtuberculosis结核病. AnewstudysaysthenumberofwomenintheUnitedStateswithAIDShasincreasedsharply.ThestudysaysAIDSisincreasingfasteramongwomenthanamongmen.EighteenpercentofAIDSpatientsarewomen.Thisisalmost3timestherate10yearsago.MostwomengettheAIDSvirusfromhavingsexualrelationswithmen.Pregnantwomenwiththediseasecanpassittotheirbabies.TheeffectofAIDSinAmericaisgreatestinlargecities.AIDSistheleadingcauseofdeathamongallpeoplein79cities.Itistheleadingcauseofdeathamongwomenin15cities.TheseincludeNewYorkCityandMiamiFlorida. DoctorsintheUnitedStatesfirstnotedAIDS14yearsagoinhomosexual同性恋的meninNewYorkandCalifornia.IntheUnitedStatesAIDSspreadfirstamonghomosexualmen.Thenitappearedinpeoplewhosharedneedlestoputillegaldrugsintotheirblood.Italsoappearedinpeoplewhohadreceivedinfectedbloodproductsathospitals.TheAIDSvirusisspreadthroughtheexchangeofinfectedbloodorbodyfluidsreleasedduringsexualactivity.Itisalsospreadbyhavingsexualrelationswithsomeonewhohasthevirus.Anditisspreadbysharingdrugneedlesthathaveinfectedbloodonthem. AIDShasaffectedseveralfamousAmericanathletes.TwoyearsagoformertennisplayerArthurAshediedofthedisease.AtaboutthesametimeformerbasketballplayerMagicJohnsonannouncedthathehastheAIDSvirus.ThemostrecentathletetobeaffectedisGregoryLouganis.LouganiswonanumberofgoldmedalsinOlympicdivingcompetition.HeannouncedontelevisionthathehasAIDS.PresidentClintonmetwithLouganisandpraisedhimfordiscussinghissickness.Mr.Clintonsaiditisimportanttoeducatethepublic. ActivistshavesucceededineducatingAmericansaboutAIDSandthepeoplewhohaveit.TheyalsohavebeenurgingthefederalgovernmenttoincreaseeffortstofindacureforAIDS.ScientistsfirstidentifiedthevirusthatisbelievedtocauseAIDSin1983.Manyofthemthenthoughttheycouldproduceananti-AIDSvaccine痘苗.Suchamedicinecouldbegiventopeopletoprotectagainstthedisease.HoweverscientistsatAmericangovernmentagenciesuniversitiesanddrugcompanieshavefailedtoproduceananti-AIDSvaccine.Buttheyarecontinuingefforttofindbettertreatmentsforacure. WhyaresomemuseumsclosedinayearlyeventcalledDaywithoutArt?
{{*HTML*}}阅读下面的短文文章中有5处空白文章后面有6组文字请根据文章的内容选择5组文字将其分别放回文章原有位置以恢复文章原貌 ?????????? ???????{{B}}Reinventingthe Table{{/B}}??Anearthscientisthasrejiggedtheperiodictableto makechemistrysimplertoteachtostudents.??{{U}}?46 ?{{/U}}ButBruceRailsbackfromtheUniversityofGeorgiasaysheisthe firsttocreateatablethatbreakswithtraditionandshowstheionsofeach elementratherthanjusttheelementsthemselves.??Igottired ofbreakingmyarmstryingtoexplaintheperiodictabletoearthstudentshe sayscriss-crossinghishandsintheairandpointingtodifferentbitsofa traditionaltable.{{U}}?47?{{/U}}Buthehasaddedcontourlinesto chargedensityhelpingtoexplainwhichionsreactwithwhich.?? ?Geochemistsjustwantanintuitivesenseofwhat’sgoingonwiththe elementssaysAlbertGalyfromtheUniversityofCambridge.{{U}}?48 ?{{/U}}.??{{U}}?49?{{/U}}Heexplainsthatsulphur forexampleshowsupinthreedifferentspots--oneforsulphidewhichis foundinmineralsoneforsulphitrandoneforsulphatewhichisfoundinsea saltforinstance.??Hehasalsoincludedsymbolstoshowwhich ionsarenutrientsandwhicharecommoninsoilorwater.{{U}}?50 ?{{/U}}.A?Therehavebeenmanyattemptstoredesigntheperiodic tablesinceDmitriMendeleevdrewitupin1871.B?Railsbackhasstill orderedtheelementsaccordinglothenumberOfprotonstheyhave.C?I imaginethiswouldbegoodforundergraduates.D?Railsbackhaslisted someelementsmorethanonce.E?Andthesizeofelement’ssymbol reflectshowmuchofitisfoundintheEarth’scrust.F?The traditionalperiodictablewaswelldrawn.
AIDS AIDSisAcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome.Thehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus人类免疫缺损病毒calledHIVisbelievedtocauseAIDS.Thereisnocure.Peoplewhogetthediseasewilldie.AIDSitselfdoesnotkill.Howeveritattacksanddestroysthebody’’sdefensesystemthatfightsagainstinfection.Whenthishappensapersonhaslittleabilitytofightoffmanyotherdiseasesincludingpneumonia肺炎cancerandtuberculosis结核病. AnewstudysaysthenumberofwomenintheUnitedStateswithAIDShasincreasedsharply.ThestudysaysAIDSisincreasingfasteramongwomenthanamongmen.EighteenpercentofAIDSpatientsarewomen.Thisisalmost3timestherate10yearsago.MostwomengettheAIDSvirusfromhavingsexualrelationswithmen.Pregnantwomenwiththediseasecanpassittotheirbabies.TheeffectofAIDSinAmericaisgreatestinlargecities.AIDSistheleadingcauseofdeathamongallpeoplein79cities.Itistheleadingcauseofdeathamongwomenin15cities.TheseincludeNewYorkCityandMiamiFlorida. DoctorsintheUnitedStatesfirstnotedAIDS14yearsagoinhomosexual同性恋的meninNewYorkandCalifornia.IntheUnitedStatesAIDSspreadfirstamonghomosexualmen.Thenitappearedinpeoplewhosharedneedlestoputillegaldrugsintotheirblood.Italsoappearedinpeoplewhohadreceivedinfectedbloodproductsathospitals.TheAIDSvirusisspreadthroughtheexchangeofinfectedbloodorbodyfluidsreleasedduringsexualactivity.Itisalsospreadbyhavingsexualrelationswithsomeonewhohasthevirus.Anditisspreadbysharingdrugneedlesthathaveinfectedbloodonthem. AIDShasaffectedseveralfamousAmericanathletes.TwoyearsagoformertennisplayerArthurAshediedofthedisease.AtaboutthesametimeformerbasketballplayerMagicJohnsonannouncedthathehastheAIDSvirus.ThemostrecentathletetobeaffectedisGregoryLouganis.LouganiswonanumberofgoldmedalsinOlympicdivingcompetition.HeannouncedontelevisionthathehasAIDS.PresidentClintonmetwithLouganisandpraisedhimfordiscussinghissickness.Mr.Clintonsaiditisimportanttoeducatethepublic. ActivistshavesucceededineducatingAmericansaboutAIDSandthepeoplewhohaveit.TheyalsohavebeenurgingthefederalgovernmenttoincreaseeffortstofindacureforAIDS.ScientistsfirstidentifiedthevirusthatisbelievedtocauseAIDSin1983.Manyofthemthenthoughttheycouldproduceananti-AIDSvaccine痘苗.Suchamedicinecouldbegiventopeopletoprotectagainstthedisease.HoweverscientistsatAmericangovernmentagenciesuniversitiesanddrugcompanieshavefailedtoproduceananti-AIDSvaccine.Buttheyarecontinuingefforttofindbettertreatmentsforacure. Whatisnotlikelytohappen?
Eachleaderhadaseriouslookashesignedthepeacetreaty.
Someinsectsrelyonthetinyhairsscatteredovertheirbodiestosensesoundwaves.
{{*HTML*}}阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出了4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 ??????? ??????{{B}}OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpox Live{{/B}}??It’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotal extinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievement of1980whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewildbydestroyingthekiller virusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit--oneintheUSandone inRussia.Ifsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanetwhatpointwastherein keepingthesereserves???{{U}}?51?{{/U}}realityof courseitwasnaiveto{{U}}?52?{{/U}}thateveryonewouldlet{{U}} ?53?{{/U}}ofsuchapotentpotentialweapon.Undoubtedlyseveral nationsstillhave{{U}}?54?{{/U}}vials.{{U}}?55?{{/U}}the lastofficialstocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia{{U}} ?56?{{/U}}noobviousgain.??NowAmericanresearchers have{{U}}?57?{{/U}}ananimalmodelofthehumandiseaseopening the{{U}}?58?{{/U}}fortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Soonce againthere’sagoodreasonto{{U}}?59?{{/U}}thevirus--justin{{U}} ?60?{{/U}}thediseaseputsinareappearance.??Howdo we{{U}}?61?{{/U}}withthemistrustoftheUSandRussia?{{U}}?62 ?{{/U}}.Keepthevirus{{U}}?63?{{/U}}internationalauspicesina well-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobjectof coursejustasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.But itdoesn’t{{U}}?64?{{/U}}theideaiswrongffthevirus{{U}}?65 ?{{/U}}usefulthenlet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity--notjusta partofit.
Somethingsweknowaboutlanguage Manythingsaboutlanguageareamysteryandmanywillalwaysremainso.Butsomethingswedoknow. Firstweknowthatallhumanbeingshavealanguageofsomesort.Thereisnoraceofmenanywhereonearthsobackwardthatithasnolanguagenosetofspeechsoundsbywhichthepeoplecommunicatewithonemother.Furthermoreinhistoricaltimestherehasneverbeenaraceofmenwithoutalanguage. Secondthereisnosuchthingasaprimitivelanguage.Therearemanypeoplewhoseculturesareundevelopedwhoareaswesayuncivilizedbutthelanguagestheyspeakarenotprimitive.Inallknown1anguageswecanseecomplexitiesthatmusthavebeentensofthousandsofyearsindeveloping. Thishasnotalwaysbeenwellunderstood;indeedthedirectcontraryhasoftenbeenstated.PopularideasofthelanguageoftheAmericanIndianswillillustrate.ManypeoplehavesupposedthattheIndianscommunicatedinaveryprimitivesystemofnoises.Studyhasprovedthistobenonsense.ThereareorwerehundredsofAmericanIndianlanguagesandallofthemturnouttobeverycomplicatedandveryold.TheyarecertainlydifferentfromthelanguagesthatmostofusarefamiliarwithbuttheyarenomoreprimitivefivethanEnglishandGreek. Athirdthingweknowaboutlanguageisthatalllanguagesareperfectlyadequate.Thatiseachoneisaperfectmeansofexpressingthecultureofthepeoplewhospeakthelanguage. Finallyweknowthatlanguagechanges.Itisnaturalandnormalforlanguagetochange;theonlylanguageswhichdonotchangearethedeadones.Thisiseasytounderstandifwelookbackwardintime.Changegoesoninallaspectsoflanguage.Grammaticalfeatureschangeasdospeechsoundsandchangesinvocabularyaresometimesveryextensiveandmayoccurveryrapidly.Vocabularyistheleaststablepartofanylanguage. race/n.种族 primitive/adj.原始的 uncivilized/adj.不开化的落后的 complexity/n.复杂性复杂现象 nonsense/n.胡说没有根据的话 vocabulary/n.词汇 Inthesecondparagraphtheauthorthinksthat______.
Ittookmeawholehourtosolvetheproblem.
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