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The child was （ ） for getting his shoes and socks wet.
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83.Heisgettingolderandolderperhapsintohissecondpla
childish
child
boy
Childhood
25分Manycoupleswhoalreadyhaveonehealthyhappychildar
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Sometimeschildrendonotdowhattheirparentstellthemto
Childhoodisahappytimeright?Notnecessarily.Consider
Comparedtoadultschildrenseemtobemovingconstantly.S
Sometimeschildrendonotdowhattheirparentstellthemto
Comparedtoadultschildrenseemtobemovingconstantly.S
testifytorehearsaldemolishelusiveevokecapitalinsea
Whenmyfriendputouttheideaofhomeschoolingtoherparen
Thechildwasforgettinghisshoesandsockswet
stopped
blamed
accused
complained
Sometimeschildrendonotdowhattheirparentstellthemto
Almosteverychildisscaredofsomethingfrommonstersint
Thechildwas______forgettinghisshoesandsockswet.
stopped
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accused
complained
ThoughsheisdisabledJanetriesherbesttodomanydailyth
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for example
like
Becauseoftheone-childpolicymanychildrenhaveproblem
get on with
getting along with
to communicate with
talk with
Itiseasyasaparenttogetintothehabitofcallingyourchi
Almosteverychildisscaredofsomethingfrommonstersint
.A.WhenachildshouldlearntoreadB.Whyitisfuntoteacha
Colin__________offthecamelwhenachildrantowardshim.
had got
would get
was about to get
had been getting
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DuringtheOlympicGamespeoplefromallovertheworldcometogetherinpeaceandfriendship.ThefirstOlympicGamesthatwehave21ofwereinGreecein776B.C.Thegameslastedoneday.Theonly22inthefirstthirteenOlympicGameswasarace.Menranthelengthofthestadium.In1896thegameswere23againinAthensGreece.TheGreeks24anewstadiumforthecompetition.31125fromthirteencountries26inmanyevents.The27becamenationalheroes.After1896thegameswereheldeveryfouryearsduringthesummerindifferentcitiesaroundthe28.In1908inLondonEnglandthefirstgold29weregiventowinningathletes.TheOlympicWinterGames30in1924inChamonixFrance.Athletescompetedin31eventssuchasskiingiceskatingandicehockey.TodaytheWinterGamestakeplace32fouryears.Until recentlyOlympiccompetitorscouldnotbe33athletes.AlloftheathletesintheOlympicGameswereamateurs.Today34manyoftheOlympicathletesareprofessionalswhoplaytheirsports35moneyduringtheyear.Somepeopledisagreewiththisidea. 29
A.Whydidn’tyougotothepartylastnightB.Thatwasn’tallthatterrible. C.What’sthetemperatureD.Iwillgowithyou. E.Whatapity.F.That’snotcold. G.Idon’tlikewinter.H.Youaresolucky. PatAlexPcomesbytoseeLiHongL.Theytalkaboutthepartylastnightandabouttheweather. P:HiLiHong. L:HiPat.56 P:Becauseitwassocoldandrainy. L:57!Itwasareallygoodparty.Heywhydon’twegoforawalkthisafternoonPat P:GoforawalkButit’ssocoldout. L:Coldout58 P:About13℃. L:13℃59.Justwaituntilwinter. P:Why L:Well...itsnowsalotandsometimesit’sverycold.Lastwinteritwas7℃belowzeroforthreeweeks.Anditwaswindytoo. P:Thatsoundsterrible! L:60Thesunwasoutalmosteveryday. 57
PassageOne 1.Needed:Fulltimesecretarypositionavailable Applicantsshouldhaveatleast2yearsexperienceandbeabletotype60wordsaminute.Nocomputerskillsrequired.ApplyinpersonatUnitedBusinessLtd.17BrowningStreet. 2.Areyoulookingforapart-timejob Werequire3part-timeshopassistantstoworkduringtheevening.Noexperiencerequiredapplicantsshouldbetween18and26.Call366-76564formoreinformation. 3.Computertrainedsecretaries: DoyouhaveexperienceworkingwithcomputerWouldyoulikeafulltimepositionworkinginanexcitingnewcompanyIfyouranswerisyesgiveusacallat887-50928. 4.TeacherNeeded: Tommy’sKindergartenneeds2teachers/trainerstohelpwithclassesfrom9a.m.To3p.m.Applicantsshouldhaveappropriatelicenses.FormoreinformationvisitTommy’sKindergarteninLeicesterSquareNo.56. 5.PartTimeworkavailable: Wearelookingforretiredadultswhowouldliketoworkpart-timeattheweekend.Responsibilitiesincludeansweringthetelephoneandgivingcustomer’sinformation.Formoreinformationcontactusbycalling302-68567. 6.Universitypositionsopen: TheUniversityofCumberlandislookingfor4teachingassistantstohelpwithhomeworkcorrection.Applicantsshouldhaveadegreeinoneofthefollowing:ReligionEconomicsorHistory.PleasecontacttheUniversityofCumberlandformoreinformation. Thisisa
A.Saturday B.stay C.daylight D.sway
Canadaisthesecondlargestcountryintheworldinareaalthoughits21isonlysome25millionmost22ina200-milestrip23thesouthernborder.Over25percentofthe24numberliveinthethreemaincities.Thenorthernareasofthecountryarealmostuninhabited25forisolatedsettlements. Canadais26arichcountryanditsnational27percapitaisthefifthhighestintheworldbutitseconomyinrecentyearshasbeenrather28becauseofthevariednatureofwhatitdoes. OverthelastthreeyearstheCanadianeconomyhasbeenhard29byfailingoilpricesandbyrisingUSinterest30.Thishas31toasteepfallinindustrialproduction-byasmuchasafifthsince1981.Some32nowthinkCanadaisonthe33torecoverythoughmorecautionsspiritssaythatno34canbeexpecteduntilthereisa35tolowerinterestratesintheUSA. 22
PassageOne 1.Needed:Fulltimesecretarypositionavailable Applicantsshouldhaveatleast2yearsexperienceandbeabletotype60wordsaminute.Nocomputerskillsrequired.ApplyinpersonatUnitedBusinessLtd.17BrowningStreet. 2.Areyoulookingforapart-timejob Werequire3part-timeshopassistantstoworkduringtheevening.Noexperiencerequiredapplicantsshouldbetween18and26.Call366-76564formoreinformation. 3.Computertrainedsecretaries: DoyouhaveexperienceworkingwithcomputerWouldyoulikeafulltimepositionworkinginanexcitingnewcompanyIfyouranswerisyesgiveusacallat887-50928. 4.TeacherNeeded: Tommy’sKindergartenneeds2teachers/trainerstohelpwithclassesfrom9a.m.To3p.m.Applicantsshouldhaveappropriatelicenses.FormoreinformationvisitTommy’sKindergarteninLeicesterSquareNo.56. 5.PartTimeworkavailable: Wearelookingforretiredadultswhowouldliketoworkpart-timeattheweekend.Responsibilitiesincludeansweringthetelephoneandgivingcustomer’sinformation.Formoreinformationcontactusbycalling302-68567. 6.Universitypositionsopen: TheUniversityofCumberlandislookingfor4teachingassistantstohelpwithhomeworkcorrection.Applicantsshouldhaveadegreeinoneofthefollowing:ReligionEconomicsorHistory.PleasecontacttheUniversityofCumberlandformoreinformation. JackAnderson.JackgraduatedfromtheUniversityofTrentwithadegreeinEconomicstwoyearsagoHewouldlikeanacademicposition.Whichpositionisbestforhim
That'sthebestspeech
A.cough B.though C.laugh D.enough
Canadaisthesecondlargestcountryintheworldinareaalthoughits21isonlysome25millionmost22ina200-milestrip23thesouthernborder.Over25percentofthe24numberliveinthethreemaincities.Thenorthernareasofthecountryarealmostuninhabited25forisolatedsettlements. Canadais26arichcountryanditsnational27percapitaisthefifthhighestintheworldbutitseconomyinrecentyearshasbeenrather28becauseofthevariednatureofwhatitdoes. OverthelastthreeyearstheCanadianeconomyhasbeenhard29byfailingoilpricesandbyrisingUSinterest30.Thishas31toasteepfallinindustrialproduction-byasmuchasafifthsince1981.Some32nowthinkCanadaisonthe33torecoverythoughmorecautionsspiritssaythatno34canbeexpecteduntilthereisa35tolowerinterestratesintheUSA. 26
Itthevillagewherewespentourholidayslastsummer.
DuringtheOlympicGamespeoplefromallovertheworldcometogetherinpeaceandfriendship.ThefirstOlympicGamesthatwehave21ofwereinGreecein776B.C.Thegameslastedoneday.Theonly22inthefirstthirteenOlympicGameswasarace.Menranthelengthofthestadium.In1896thegameswere23againinAthensGreece.TheGreeks24anewstadiumforthecompetition.31125fromthirteencountries26inmanyevents.The27becamenationalheroes.After1896thegameswereheldeveryfouryearsduringthesummerindifferentcitiesaroundthe28.In1908inLondonEnglandthefirstgold29weregiventowinningathletes.TheOlympicWinterGames30in1924inChamonixFrance.Athletescompetedin31eventssuchasskiingiceskatingandicehockey.TodaytheWinterGamestakeplace32fouryears.Until recentlyOlympiccompetitorscouldnotbe33athletes.AlloftheathletesintheOlympicGameswereamateurs.Today34manyoftheOlympicathletesareprofessionalswhoplaytheirsports35moneyduringtheyear.Somepeopledisagreewiththisidea. 33
PassageThree NursingatBethIsraelHospitalthebestpatientcarepossible.IfwearetosolvethenursingshortagehospitaladministrationanddoctorseverywherewoulddowelltofollowBethIsrael’sexample. AtBethIsraeleachpatientisassignedtoaprimarynursewhovisitsatlengthwiththepatientandconstructsafull-scalehealthaccountthatcoverseverythingfromhismedicalhistorytohisemotionalstate.Thenshewritesacareplancenteredonthepatient’sillnessbutwhichalsoincludeseverythingelsethatisnecessary. Theprimarynursestayswiththepatientthroughhishospitalizationkeepingtrackwithhisprogressandseekingfurtheradvicefromhisdoctor.IfapatientatBethlaraelisnotrespondingtotreatmentitisnotuncommonforhisnursetoproposeanotherapproachtohisdoctor.WhatthedoctoratBethIsraelhasintheprimarynurseisatruecolleague. NursingatBethIsraelalsoinvolvesadecentralizednursingadministration;Everyflooreveryunitisaself-containedorganization.Therearenurse-managersinsteadofheadnurse;inadditiontotheirmedicaldutiestheydoalltheirownhiringanddismissingemployeeadvisingandtheymakesalaryrecommendations.Eachunit’snursesdecideamongthemselveswhowillworkwhatshiftsandwhen. BethIsrael’snurse-in-chiefranksasanequalwithothervicepresidentsofthehospital.ShealsoisamemberoftheMedicalExecutiveCommitteewhichinmosthospitalsincludesonlydoctors. Aprimarynursecanproposeadifferentapproachoftreatmentwhen
PassageTwo WhentheTVviewerturnsonhissetwhatsortofprogramsdoeshehavetochoosefromYoumightthinktherewouldbemoreprogramsdevotedtoentertainmentthantoanythingelsebutthat’snotthecase.Inmostcountriesfewerthan20%ofbroadcastinghoursaredevotedtoentertainment.U.S.figuresarehigh-34.8%andthefunlovigCanadiansareevenhigherwith44%.ExceptCanadaandItalyallcountriesgivemorebroadcastingtimetoeducationthantoeitherinformationnewsdocumentariesandsoonorentertainmentprograms.Ofcoursefeweducationalbroadcaststakeplaceduringpeakviewingtimes.InJapanthoughmorethan60%ofbroadcastingtimeistakenupwitheducationofonekindofanother-justanotherexampleofthebusinesslikeJapanesephilosophy.IntheU.K.thefigureis56.4%.TheItalianshavefewereducationalprogramsthananyoneelse.Theydon’tgoinforentertainmenteither.Onlyabouttenpercentofviewingtimeisdevotedtodramasandserialsquizshowsmusicsportsetc.YouwillfindmorenewsinformationprogramsonItalianTVthananythingelse.That’sunderstandableinacountryexperiencingsocialandpoliticalchanges.ItaliansrelyonTVtotellthemwhat’sgoingon-andeventsarehappeningalmosttoofasttofollow.ThepercentageoftimetheU.S.devotedtonewsanddocumentaryprogramsismuchsmaller.AftereducationmostTVtimeisgiventoentertainment.Manyoftheseprogramsareshownaroundtheworld IntheUnitedStates
IlearnedhowtoabicyclewhenIwassixyearsold.
PassageThree NursingatBethIsraelHospitalthebestpatientcarepossible.IfwearetosolvethenursingshortagehospitaladministrationanddoctorseverywherewoulddowelltofollowBethIsrael’sexample. AtBethIsraeleachpatientisassignedtoaprimarynursewhovisitsatlengthwiththepatientandconstructsafull-scalehealthaccountthatcoverseverythingfromhismedicalhistorytohisemotionalstate.Thenshewritesacareplancenteredonthepatient’sillnessbutwhichalsoincludeseverythingelsethatisnecessary. Theprimarynursestayswiththepatientthroughhishospitalizationkeepingtrackwithhisprogressandseekingfurtheradvicefromhisdoctor.IfapatientatBethlaraelisnotrespondingtotreatmentitisnotuncommonforhisnursetoproposeanotherapproachtohisdoctor.WhatthedoctoratBethIsraelhasintheprimarynurseisatruecolleague. NursingatBethIsraelalsoinvolvesadecentralizednursingadministration;Everyflooreveryunitisaself-containedorganization.Therearenurse-managersinsteadofheadnurse;inadditiontotheirmedicaldutiestheydoalltheirownhiringanddismissingemployeeadvisingandtheymakesalaryrecommendations.Eachunit’snursesdecideamongthemselveswhowillworkwhatshiftsandwhen. BethIsrael’snurse-in-chiefranksasanequalwithothervicepresidentsofthehospital.ShealsoisamemberoftheMedicalExecutiveCommitteewhichinmosthospitalsincludesonlydoctors. Themaindifferencebetweenanurse-managerandaheadnurseisthattheformer
Canadaisthesecondlargestcountryintheworldinareaalthoughits21isonlysome25millionmost22ina200-milestrip23thesouthernborder.Over25percentofthe24numberliveinthethreemaincities.Thenorthernareasofthecountryarealmostuninhabited25forisolatedsettlements. Canadais26arichcountryanditsnational27percapitaisthefifthhighestintheworldbutitseconomyinrecentyearshasbeenrather28becauseofthevariednatureofwhatitdoes. OverthelastthreeyearstheCanadianeconomyhasbeenhard29byfailingoilpricesandbyrisingUSinterest30.Thishas31toasteepfallinindustrialproduction-byasmuchasafifthsince1981.Some32nowthinkCanadaisonthe33torecoverythoughmorecautionsspiritssaythatno34canbeexpecteduntilthereisa35tolowerinterestratesintheUSA. 24
PassageTwo WhentheTVviewerturnsonhissetwhatsortofprogramsdoeshehavetochoosefromYoumightthinktherewouldbemoreprogramsdevotedtoentertainmentthantoanythingelsebutthat’snotthecase.Inmostcountriesfewerthan20%ofbroadcastinghoursaredevotedtoentertainment.U.S.figuresarehigh-34.8%andthefunlovigCanadiansareevenhigherwith44%.ExceptCanadaandItalyallcountriesgivemorebroadcastingtimetoeducationthantoeitherinformationnewsdocumentariesandsoonorentertainmentprograms.Ofcoursefeweducationalbroadcaststakeplaceduringpeakviewingtimes.InJapanthoughmorethan60%ofbroadcastingtimeistakenupwitheducationofonekindofanother-justanotherexampleofthebusinesslikeJapanesephilosophy.IntheU.K.thefigureis56.4%.TheItalianshavefewereducationalprogramsthananyoneelse.Theydon’tgoinforentertainmenteither.Onlyabouttenpercentofviewingtimeisdevotedtodramasandserialsquizshowsmusicsportsetc.YouwillfindmorenewsinformationprogramsonItalianTVthananythingelse.That’sunderstandableinacountryexperiencingsocialandpoliticalchanges.ItaliansrelyonTVtotellthemwhat’sgoingon-andeventsarehappeningalmosttoofasttofollow.ThepercentageoftimetheU.S.devotedtonewsanddocumentaryprogramsismuchsmaller.AftereducationmostTVtimeisgiventoentertainment.Manyoftheseprogramsareshownaroundtheworld MorenewsinformationprogramsarebroadcastonItalianTVthananywhereelsebecausetheItalians
PassageFour Forsometimepastithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabiesandothercreatureslearntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto"rewards";andthereisnoreasontodoubtthatthisistrue.Butitusedalsotobewidelybelievedthateffectiverewardsatleastintheearlystageshadtobedirectlyrelatedtosuchbasicphysiological"drives"asthirstorhunger.[notherwordsababywouldlearnifhegotfoodordrinkorsomesortofphysicalcomfortnototherwise. Itisnowclearthatthisisnotso.Babieswilllearntobehaveinwaysthatproduceresultsintheworldwithnorewardexceptthesuccessfuloutcome. Papousekbeganhisstudiesbyusingmilkinthenormalwayto"reward"thebabiesandsoteachthemtocarryoutsomesimplemovementssuchasturningtheheadtoonesideortheother.Thenhenoticedthatababywhohadhadenoughtodrinkwouldrefusethemilkbutwouldstillgoonmakingthelearnedresponsewithclearsignsofpleasure.Sohebegantostudythechildren’sresponsesinsituationswherenomilkwasprovided.Hequicklyfoundthatchildrenasyoungasfourmonthswouldlearntoturntheirheadstorightorleftifthemovement"switchedon"adisplayoflights-andindeedthattheywerecapableoflearningquitecomplexturnstobringaboutthisresult.Forinstancetwoleftortworightoreventomakeasmanyasthreeturnstooneside. Papousek’slightdisplaywasplaceddirectlyinfrontofthebabiesandhemadetheinterestingobservationthatsometimestheywouldnotturnbacktowatchthelightscloselyalthoughtheywould"smileandbubble"whenthedisplaycameon.Papousekconcludedthatitwasnotprimarilythesightofthelightswhichpleasedthemitwasthesuccesstheywereachievinginsolvingtheprobleminmasteringtheskillandthatthereexistsafundamentalhumanurgetomakesenseoftheworldandbringitunderintentionalcontrol. Thebabieswouldsmileandbubbleatthelightsbecause
DuringtheOlympicGamespeoplefromallovertheworldcometogetherinpeaceandfriendship.ThefirstOlympicGamesthatwehave21ofwereinGreecein776B.C.Thegameslastedoneday.Theonly22inthefirstthirteenOlympicGameswasarace.Menranthelengthofthestadium.In1896thegameswere23againinAthensGreece.TheGreeks24anewstadiumforthecompetition.31125fromthirteencountries26inmanyevents.The27becamenationalheroes.After1896thegameswereheldeveryfouryearsduringthesummerindifferentcitiesaroundthe28.In1908inLondonEnglandthefirstgold29weregiventowinningathletes.TheOlympicWinterGames30in1924inChamonixFrance.Athletescompetedin31eventssuchasskiingiceskatingandicehockey.TodaytheWinterGamestakeplace32fouryears.Until recentlyOlympiccompetitorscouldnotbe33athletes.AlloftheathletesintheOlympicGameswereamateurs.Today34manyoftheOlympicathletesareprofessionalswhoplaytheirsports35moneyduringtheyear.Somepeopledisagreewiththisidea. 31
A.Whydidn’tyougotothepartylastnightB.Thatwasn’tallthatterrible. C.What’sthetemperatureD.Iwillgowithyou. E.Whatapity.F.That’snotcold. G.Idon’tlikewinter.H.Youaresolucky. PatAlexPcomesbytoseeLiHongL.Theytalkaboutthepartylastnightandabouttheweather. P:HiLiHong. L:HiPat.56 P:Becauseitwassocoldandrainy. L:57!Itwasareallygoodparty.Heywhydon’twegoforawalkthisafternoonPat P:GoforawalkButit’ssocoldout. L:Coldout58 P:About13℃. L:13℃59.Justwaituntilwinter. P:Why L:Well...itsnowsalotandsometimesit’sverycold.Lastwinteritwas7℃belowzeroforthreeweeks.Anditwaswindytoo. P:Thatsoundsterrible! L:60Thesunwasoutalmosteveryday. 59
IknewhimbetterIdiscoveredthatmyimpressionhadbeenright.
PassageFour Forsometimepastithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabiesandothercreatureslearntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto"rewards";andthereisnoreasontodoubtthatthisistrue.Butitusedalsotobewidelybelievedthateffectiverewardsatleastintheearlystageshadtobedirectlyrelatedtosuchbasicphysiological"drives"asthirstorhunger.[notherwordsababywouldlearnifhegotfoodordrinkorsomesortofphysicalcomfortnototherwise. Itisnowclearthatthisisnotso.Babieswilllearntobehaveinwaysthatproduceresultsintheworldwithnorewardexceptthesuccessfuloutcome. Papousekbeganhisstudiesbyusingmilkinthenormalwayto"reward"thebabiesandsoteachthemtocarryoutsomesimplemovementssuchasturningtheheadtoonesideortheother.Thenhenoticedthatababywhohadhadenoughtodrinkwouldrefusethemilkbutwouldstillgoonmakingthelearnedresponsewithclearsignsofpleasure.Sohebegantostudythechildren’sresponsesinsituationswherenomilkwasprovided.Hequicklyfoundthatchildrenasyoungasfourmonthswouldlearntoturntheirheadstorightorleftifthemovement"switchedon"adisplayoflights-andindeedthattheywerecapableoflearningquitecomplexturnstobringaboutthisresult.Forinstancetwoleftortworightoreventomakeasmanyasthreeturnstooneside. Papousek’slightdisplaywasplaceddirectlyinfrontofthebabiesandhemadetheinterestingobservationthatsometimestheywouldnotturnbacktowatchthelightscloselyalthoughtheywould"smileandbubble"whenthedisplaycameon.Papousekconcludedthatitwasnotprimarilythesightofthelightswhichpleasedthemitwasthesuccesstheywereachievinginsolvingtheprobleminmasteringtheskillandthatthereexistsafundamentalhumanurgetomakesenseoftheworldandbringitunderintentionalcontrol. InPapusek'sexperimentbabiesmakelearnedmovementsoftheheadinorderto
IsawMaryinthelibraryyesterdayYouhersheisstillinhospital.
提高听力OnDevelopingListeningAbility
PassageFive Auctions拍卖arepublicsalesofgoodsconductedbyanofficiallyapprovedauctioneer.Heasksthecrowdassembledintheauctionroomtomakeoffersor"bids"forthevariousitemsonsale.Heencouragesbuyerstobidhigherfiguresandfinallynamesthehighestbidderasthebuyerofgoods.Thisiscalled"knockingdown"thegoodsforthebiddingendswhentheauctioneerbangsasmallhammeronatableatwhichhestandsThisisoftensetonaraisedplatformcalledarostrum. TheancientRomansprobablyinventedsalesbyauctionandtheEnglishwordcomesfromtheLatinauctionmeaning"increase".TheRomansusuallysoldinthiswaythespoilstakeninwar;thesesaleswerecalled"subusta"meaning"underthespear"aspearbeingstuckinthegroundasasignalforacrowdtogatherintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiesgoodswereoftensoldbythecandle’ashortcandlewaslitbytheauctioneer;andbidscouldbemadewhileitstayedalight. Anauctionisusuallyadvertisedbeforehandwithfullparticularsofthearticlestobesoldandwhereandwhentheycanbeviewedbypossiblebuyers.Iftheadvertisementcannotgivefulldetailscataloguesareprintedandeachgroupofgoodstobesoldtogethercalleda"lot"isusuallygivenanumber.Theauctioneerneednotbeginwithlot1andcontinueinnumericalorder;hemaywaituntilheregistersthefactthatcertaindealersareintheroomandthenproducethelotstheyarelikelytobeinterestedin.Theauctioneer’sservicesarepaidforintheformofapercentageofthepricethegoodsaresoldfor.Theauctioneerthereforehasadirectinterestinpushingupthebiddingashighaspossible. Practicalyallgoodswhosequalitiesvaryaresoldbyauction.Amongthesearecoffeehiderskinswoolteacocoafursspicesfruitandvegetablesandwines.Auctionsalesarealsousualforlandandpropertyantiquefurniturepicturesrarebooksoldchinaandsimilarworksofart.Theauction-roomsatChristie’sandSotheby’sinLondonandNewYorkareworldfamous. Theendofthebiddingiscalledknockingdownbecause
DuringtheOlympicGamespeoplefromallovertheworldcometogetherinpeaceandfriendship.ThefirstOlympicGamesthatwehave21ofwereinGreecein776B.C.Thegameslastedoneday.Theonly22inthefirstthirteenOlympicGameswasarace.Menranthelengthofthestadium.In1896thegameswere23againinAthensGreece.TheGreeks24anewstadiumforthecompetition.31125fromthirteencountries26inmanyevents.The27becamenationalheroes.After1896thegameswereheldeveryfouryearsduringthesummerindifferentcitiesaroundthe28.In1908inLondonEnglandthefirstgold29weregiventowinningathletes.TheOlympicWinterGames30in1924inChamonixFrance.Athletescompetedin31eventssuchasskiingiceskatingandicehockey.TodaytheWinterGamestakeplace32fouryears.Until recentlyOlympiccompetitorscouldnotbe33athletes.AlloftheathletesintheOlympicGameswereamateurs.Today34manyoftheOlympicathletesareprofessionalswhoplaytheirsports35moneyduringtheyear.Somepeopledisagreewiththisidea. 35
Hetoldhernothingupsether.
PassageFive Auctions拍卖arepublicsalesofgoodsconductedbyanofficiallyapprovedauctioneer.Heasksthecrowdassembledintheauctionroomtomakeoffersor"bids"forthevariousitemsonsale.Heencouragesbuyerstobidhigherfiguresandfinallynamesthehighestbidderasthebuyerofgoods.Thisiscalled"knockingdown"thegoodsforthebiddingendswhentheauctioneerbangsasmallhammeronatableatwhichhestandsThisisoftensetonaraisedplatformcalledarostrum. TheancientRomansprobablyinventedsalesbyauctionandtheEnglishwordcomesfromtheLatinauctionmeaning"increase".TheRomansusuallysoldinthiswaythespoilstakeninwar;thesesaleswerecalled"subusta"meaning"underthespear"aspearbeingstuckinthegroundasasignalforacrowdtogatherintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiesgoodswereoftensoldbythecandle’ashortcandlewaslitbytheauctioneer;andbidscouldbemadewhileitstayedalight. Anauctionisusuallyadvertisedbeforehandwithfullparticularsofthearticlestobesoldandwhereandwhentheycanbeviewedbypossiblebuyers.Iftheadvertisementcannotgivefulldetailscataloguesareprintedandeachgroupofgoodstobesoldtogethercalleda"lot"isusuallygivenanumber.Theauctioneerneednotbeginwithlot1andcontinueinnumericalorder;hemaywaituntilheregistersthefactthatcertaindealersareintheroomandthenproducethelotstheyarelikelytobeinterestedin.Theauctioneer’sservicesarepaidforintheformofapercentageofthepricethegoodsaresoldfor.Theauctioneerthereforehasadirectinterestinpushingupthebiddingashighaspossible. Practicalyallgoodswhosequalitiesvaryaresoldbyauction.Amongthesearecoffeehiderskinswoolteacocoafursspicesfruitandvegetablesandwines.Auctionsalesarealsousualforlandandpropertyantiquefurniturepicturesrarebooksoldchinaandsimilarworksofart.Theauction-roomsatChristie’sandSotheby’sinLondonandNewYorkareworldfamous. Acandleusedtoburnatauctionsales
Ithinkhehardlymakesspellingmistakes
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