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{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} {{B}}Mind-reading Machine{{/B}}? ?A team of research...
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RobotsMayAllowSurgeryinSpace SmallrobotsdesignedbyUniversityofNebraskaresearchersmayallowdoctorsonEarthtohelpperformsurgeryonpatientsinspace. Thetinywheeledrobots51areabout3inchestallandaswideasalipstickcasecanbeslippedintosmallincisions切口andcomputer-controlledbysurgeonsindifferentlocations.Somerobotsareequipped52camerasandlightsandcansendimagesbacktosurgeonsandothershavesurgicaltoolsattachedthatcanbe53remotely. Wethinkthisisgoingto54opensurgeryDrDmitryOleynikovsaidatanewsconference.Oleynikovisa55incomputer-assistedsurgeryattheUniversityofNebraskaMedicalCenterinOmaha. OfficialshopethatNASAwillteach56tousetherobotssoonenoughsothatsurgeriescouldonedaybeperformedinspace. Onearththesurgeonscouldcontroltherobotsthemselves57otherlocations.Forexampletherobotscouldenablesurgeonsinotherplacesto58oninjuredsoldiersonthefrontline.Researchersplantpseekfederalregulatory59earlynestyear.TestsonanimalshavebeensuccessfulandtestsonhumansinEnglandwillbeginverysoon. Thecamera-carryingrobotscanprovide60ofaffectedareasandtheoneswithsurgicaltoolswillbeabletomaneuver操控insidethebodyinwayssurgeons’handscan’t.Theviewsfromthecamera-carryingrobotsare61thanthenakedeyebecausethey62backcolorimagesthataremagnified放大.Becauseseveralrobotscanbeinsertedthroughoneincisiontheycouldreducetheamountand63ofcutsneededforsurgerywhichwoulddecreaserecoverytime.Thisisparticularly64tothosepatientswhohavebeendebilitated使虚弱bylongillness. EventuallyOleynikovsaidthetinyrobotsmayenablesurgeonstoworkwithoutever65theirhandsinpatients’bodies.That’sthegoalOleynikovsaid.It’sgettingeasierandeasier.Wecandoevenmorewiththesedevices.
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第一篇MotoringTechnology 1.2millionroaddeathsworldwideoccureachyearplusafurther50millioninjuries.Toreducecarcrashratemuchresearchnowisfocusedonsafetyandnewfuels-thoughsomeelectricvehicleandbiofuelresearchaimsatgoingfaster. Travellingatspeedhasalwaysbeendangerous.Oneadvancedareaofresearchinmotoringsafetyistheuseofdigitalin-carassistants.Theycanensureyoudon’tmissimportantroadsignsorfallasleep.Mostcrashesresultfromhumanandnotmechanicalfaults. Somesafetydevelopmentsaimtoimproveyourvision.Radarcanspotobstaclesinfogwhileothertechnologyseesthroughbigvehiclesblockingyourview. Andimprovementstoseatbeltspedal脚踏controlsandtyresaremakingdrivingsmootherandsafer.Thecolourofacarhasbeenfoundtobelinkedwithsafetyashavelesssurprisinglysizeandshape. Butwhateverisinthefueltankyoudon’twantathiefinthedrivingseatandtherehavebeenmanyinnovations创新.Satellitetrackingandremotecommunicationscanalsocomeintoplayifyoucrashautomaticallycallingforhelp. Accidentscausemanytrafficjamsbuttherearemoresubtleinterplaysbetweenvehiclesthatcancausejamsevenonaclearbutbusyroad.Suchjamscanbeanalyzedusingstatisticaltools.Roboticdriverscouldbeprogrammedtomaketrafficflowsmoothlyandwillperhapsonedaybeeveryons’spersonalchauffeur司机buttheirlatesteffortssuggestthatwon’tbesoon. WhichofthefollowingsafetydevelopmentsisNOTmentionedinthepassage?
AnIntelligentCar Drivingneedssharpeyeskeenearsquickbrainandcoordination协调betweenhandsandthebrain.Manyhumandrivershaveall51andcancontrolafast-movingcar.Buthowdoesanintelligentcarcontrolitself? Thereisavirtual虚拟的driverinthesmartcar.Thisvirtualdriverhaseyesbrainshandsandfeettoo.Theminicameras52eachsideofthecararehiseyeswhich53theroadconditionsaheadofit.Theywatchthe54tothecar’sleftandright.Thereisalsoahighlyautomaticdriving55inthecar.Itisthebuilt-incomputerwhichisthevirtualdriver’sbrain.Hisbrain56thespeedsofothermovingcarsnearitandanalyzestheirpositions.Basingonthisinformationitchoosesthe57pathfortheintelligentcarandgivesinstructionstothehandsandfeettoactaccordingly.Inthiswaythevirtualdriver58hiscar. Whatisthevirtualdriver’sbestadvantage?Hereacts59.Theminicamerasarebringing60continuouslytothebrain.Itcompletestheprocessingoftheimageswithin100milliseconds.61theworld’sbestdriverneedsatleastonesecondtoreact.Besideswhenhetakes62heneedsonemoresecond. Thevirtualdriverisreallywonderful.Hecanreducetheaccident63considerablyonexpressways高速公路.Inthis64canwelethimhavethewheelatanytimeandinanyplace?Experts65thatwecannotdothatjustyet.Hisabilitytorecognizethingsisstilllimited.Hecannowonlydriveanintelligentcaronexpressways.
第三篇RenewableEnergySources Todaypetroleum石油providesaround40%oftheworld’senergyneedsmostlyfuellingautomobiles.Coalisstillusedmostlyinpowerstationstocoverone-quarterofourenergyneedsbutitistheleastefficientunhealthiestandmostenvironmentallydamagingfossilfuel矿物燃料.Naturalgasreservescouldfillsomeofthegapfromoilbutreservesofthatwillnotlastintothe22ndcenturyeither.Mostexpertspredictwewillexhausteasilyaccessiblereserveswithin50years.Less-pollutingrenewableenergysourcesofferamorepracticallong-termenergysolution.Renewablereferstothefactthattheseresourcesarenotusedfasterthantheycanbereplaced. Hydroelectric水力发电的powerisnowthemostcommonformofrenewableenergysupplyingaround20%ofworldelectricity.China’sThreeGorgesDamisthelargestever.AtfivetimesthesizeoftheUS’sHooverDamits26turbines涡轮机willgeneratetheequivalentenergyof18coal-firedpowerstations.Itwillsatisfy3%ofChina’sentireelectricitydemand. In2003thefirstcommercialpowerstationtousetidal潮汐的currentsintheopenseaopenedinNorway.Itisdesignedlikewindmill风车butotherstaketheformofturbines. Aspricesfallwindpowerhasbecomethefastestgrowingtypeofelectricitygeneration-quadrupling翻两番worldwidebetween1999and2005.Modernwindfarmsconsistofturbinesthatgenerateelectricity.Thoughitwillbemoreexpensivethereismorethanenoughwindtoprovidetheworld’sentireenergyneeds.Windfarmscomeinonshoreandoffshoreforms.Theycanoftenendupatspotsofnaturalbeautyandareoftenunpopularwithresidents.Andturbinesarenottotallyharmless-theycaninterferewithradaralterclimateandkillseabirds.ScotlandisbuildingEurope’slargestwindfarmwhichwillpower200000homes.TheUK’sgoalistogenerateone-fifthofpowerfromrenewablesourcesmainlywindby2020.Butthismaycauseproblemsbecausewindisunreliable. Whichcountrytooktheleadinmakinguseoftidalcurrentstoproducepowerin2003?
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第二篇GoodTableManners Mannersplayanimportantpartinmakingafavorableimpressionatthedinnertable.Herearesomegeneralrules: Napkin餐巾use Themealbeginswhenthehostunfoldshisorhernapkin.Thisisyoursignaltodothesamesoplaceyournapkinonyourlap.Unfolditcompletelyifitisasmallnapkinorinhalflengthwise纵向地ifitisalargedinnernapkin. Ifyouneedtoleavethetableduringthemealplaceyournapkinonyourchairasasignaltoyourserverthatyouwillbereturning.Oncethemealisoverplaceyournapkinneatlyonthetabletotherightofyourdinnerplate.Donotrefoldit. Useanapkinonlyforyourmouth.Neveruseitforyournosefaceorforehead. Useofutensils餐具 Startwiththeknifeforkorspoonfurthestfromyourplateandworkyourwayinusingoneutensilforeachcourse. Ifsoupisservedremembertospoonawayfromyoursefl.Thishelpsstopthedrips.Donotputtheentiresoupspooninyourmouth.Insteadfillasoupspoonabout75percentwithsoupandsip啜饮itfromthesidenoiselessly. Afterfinishingdinnerplacetheknifeandforkparalleltooneanotheracrosstheplatewiththeknifealadefacinginwardtowardtheplate. Usingyourfingers Here’salistoffingerfoods:sandwichescookiessmallfruitsorberrieswithstemsFrenchfriesandpotatochipsandhamburgers. Chew咀嚼withyourmouthclosedanddon’tmakenoise;don’ttalkwithyourmouthfull. Breadmustbebrokenwithyourhands.Itisnevercutwithaknife. Don’tpicksomethingoutofyourteeth.Insteadexcuseyourselftothebathroom. Ifpossibletrynottocoughatthetable. Donotputyourelbows肘onthetable.InFranceitisessentialtohavebothhandsabovethetableatthesametime. Donotputbonesoranythingelseonthetable.Thingsthatarenoteatenshouldbeputonyourplate. Thenapkinisusedonlyfor
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第一篇MotoringTechnology 1.2millionroaddeathsworldwideoccureachyearplusafurther50millioninjuries.Toreducecarcrashratemuchresearchnowisfocusedonsafetyandnewfuels-thoughsomeelectricvehicleandbiofuelresearchaimsatgoingfaster. Travellingatspeedhasalwaysbeendangerous.Oneadvancedareaofresearchinmotoringsafetyistheuseofdigitalin-carassistants.Theycanensureyoudon’tmissimportantroadsignsorfallasleep.Mostcrashesresultfromhumanandnotmechanicalfaults. Somesafetydevelopmentsaimtoimproveyourvision.Radarcanspotobstaclesinfogwhileothertechnologyseesthroughbigvehiclesblockingyourview. Andimprovementstoseatbeltspedal脚踏controlsandtyresaremakingdrivingsmootherandsafer.Thecolourofacarhasbeenfoundtobelinkedwithsafetyashavelesssurprisinglysizeandshape. Butwhateverisinthefueltankyoudon’twantathiefinthedrivingseatandtherehavebeenmanyinnovations创新.Satellitetrackingandremotecommunicationscanalsocomeintoplayifyoucrashautomaticallycallingforhelp. Accidentscausemanytrafficjamsbuttherearemoresubtleinterplaysbetweenvehiclesthatcancausejamsevenonaclearbutbusyroad.Suchjamscanbeanalyzedusingstatisticaltools.Roboticdriverscouldbeprogrammedtomaketrafficflowsmoothlyandwillperhapsonedaybeeveryons’spersonalchauffeur司机buttheirlatesteffortssuggestthatwon’tbesoon. Toreducecarcrashratemanyscientistsareworkinghardto
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BlackHoles Mostscientistsagreethatblackholesexistbutarenearlyimpossibletolocate.Ablackholeintheuniverseisnotasolidobjectlikeaplanetbutitisshapedlikeasphere球体.Astronomers天文学家thinkthatatthecenterofablackholethereisasinglepointinspacewithinfinite无限的density稠密.Thissinglepointiscalledasingularity奇点.Ifthesingularitytheoryiscorrectitmeansthatwhenamassivestarcollapsesallthematerialinitdisappearsintothesingularity.Thecenterofablackholewouldnotreallybeaholeatallbutaninfinitelydensepoint.Anythingthatcrossestheblackholeispulledinbyitsgreatgravity. Althoughblackholesdoexisttheyaredifficulttoobserve.Thesearethereasons. ●Nolightoranythingelsecomesoutofblackholes.Asaresulttheyareinvisibletoatelescope. ●Inastronomicaltermsblackholesaretruly.Forexampleablackholeformedbythecollapseofagiantstarwouldhaveaneventhorizon视界only18milesacross. ●ThenearestblackholeswouldbedozensoflightyearsawayfromEarth.Onelightyearisabout6trillion万亿miles.Eventhemostpowerfultelescopescouldnotpickoutanobjectsosmallatsuchagreatdistance. In1994theHubbleSpaceTelescopeprovidedevidencethatblackholesexist.Therearestillanswerstobefoundhoweversoblackholesremainoneofthemysteriesoftheuniverse. Thenearestblackholesarehundredsoflightyearsawayfromus.
AnIntelligentCar Drivingneedssharpeyeskeenearsquickbrainandcoordination协调betweenhandsandthebrain.Manyhumandrivershaveall51andcancontrolafast-movingcar.Buthowdoesanintelligentcarcontrolitself? Thereisavirtual虚拟的driverinthesmartcar.Thisvirtualdriverhaseyesbrainshandsandfeettoo.Theminicameras52eachsideofthecararehiseyeswhich53theroadconditionsaheadofit.Theywatchthe54tothecar’sleftandright.Thereisalsoahighlyautomaticdriving55inthecar.Itisthebuilt-incomputerwhichisthevirtualdriver’sbrain.Hisbrain56thespeedsofothermovingcarsnearitandanalyzestheirpositions.Basingonthisinformationitchoosesthe57pathfortheintelligentcarandgivesinstructionstothehandsandfeettoactaccordingly.Inthiswaythevirtualdriver58hiscar. Whatisthevirtualdriver’sbestadvantage?Hereacts59.Theminicamerasarebringing60continuouslytothebrain.Itcompletestheprocessingoftheimageswithin100milliseconds.61theworld’sbestdriverneedsatleastonesecondtoreact.Besideswhenhetakes62heneedsonemoresecond. Thevirtualdriverisreallywonderful.Hecanreducetheaccident63considerablyonexpressways高速公路.Inthis64canwelethimhavethewheelatanytimeandinanyplace?Experts65thatwecannotdothatjustyet.Hisabilitytorecognizethingsisstilllimited.Hecannowonlydriveanintelligentcaronexpressways.
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BlackHoles Mostscientistsagreethatblackholesexistbutarenearlyimpossibletolocate.Ablackholeintheuniverseisnotasolidobjectlikeaplanetbutitisshapedlikeasphere球体.Astronomers天文学家thinkthatatthecenterofablackholethereisasinglepointinspacewithinfinite无限的density稠密.Thissinglepointiscalledasingularity奇点.Ifthesingularitytheoryiscorrectitmeansthatwhenamassivestarcollapsesallthematerialinitdisappearsintothesingularity.Thecenterofablackholewouldnotreallybeaholeatallbutaninfinitelydensepoint.Anythingthatcrossestheblackholeispulledinbyitsgreatgravity. Althoughblackholesdoexisttheyaredifficulttoobserve.Thesearethereasons. ●Nolightoranythingelsecomesoutofblackholes.Asaresulttheyareinvisibletoatelescope. ●Inastronomicaltermsblackholesaretruly.Forexampleablackholeformedbythecollapseofagiantstarwouldhaveaneventhorizon视界only18milesacross. ●ThenearestblackholeswouldbedozensoflightyearsawayfromEarth.Onelightyearisabout6trillion万亿miles.Eventhemostpowerfultelescopescouldnotpickoutanobjectsosmallatsuchagreatdistance. In1994theHubbleSpaceTelescopeprovidedevidencethatblackholesexist.Therearestillanswerstobefoundhoweversoblackholesremainoneofthemysteriesoftheuniverse. Blackholesexistbutaredifficulttoobserve.
RobotsMayAllowSurgeryinSpace SmallrobotsdesignedbyUniversityofNebraskaresearchersmayallowdoctorsonEarthtohelpperformsurgeryonpatientsinspace. Thetinywheeledrobots51areabout3inchestallandaswideasalipstickcasecanbeslippedintosmallincisions切口andcomputer-controlledbysurgeonsindifferentlocations.Somerobotsareequipped52camerasandlightsandcansendimagesbacktosurgeonsandothershavesurgicaltoolsattachedthatcanbe53remotely. Wethinkthisisgoingto54opensurgeryDrDmitryOleynikovsaidatanewsconference.Oleynikovisa55incomputer-assistedsurgeryattheUniversityofNebraskaMedicalCenterinOmaha. OfficialshopethatNASAwillteach56tousetherobotssoonenoughsothatsurgeriescouldonedaybeperformedinspace. Onearththesurgeonscouldcontroltherobotsthemselves57otherlocations.Forexampletherobotscouldenablesurgeonsinotherplacesto58oninjuredsoldiersonthefrontline.Researchersplantpseekfederalregulatory59earlynestyear.TestsonanimalshavebeensuccessfulandtestsonhumansinEnglandwillbeginverysoon. Thecamera-carryingrobotscanprovide60ofaffectedareasandtheoneswithsurgicaltoolswillbeabletomaneuver操控insidethebodyinwayssurgeons’handscan’t.Theviewsfromthecamera-carryingrobotsare61thanthenakedeyebecausethey62backcolorimagesthataremagnified放大.Becauseseveralrobotscanbeinsertedthroughoneincisiontheycouldreducetheamountand63ofcutsneededforsurgerywhichwoulddecreaserecoverytime.Thisisparticularly64tothosepatientswhohavebeendebilitated使虚弱bylongillness. EventuallyOleynikovsaidthetinyrobotsmayenablesurgeonstoworkwithoutever65theirhandsinpatients’bodies.That’sthegoalOleynikovsaid.It’sgettingeasierandeasier.Wecandoevenmorewiththesedevices.
AnIntelligentCar Drivingneedssharpeyeskeenearsquickbrainandcoordination协调betweenhandsandthebrain.Manyhumandrivershaveall51andcancontrolafast-movingcar.Buthowdoesanintelligentcarcontrolitself? Thereisavirtual虚拟的driverinthesmartcar.Thisvirtualdriverhaseyesbrainshandsandfeettoo.Theminicameras52eachsideofthecararehiseyeswhich53theroadconditionsaheadofit.Theywatchthe54tothecar’sleftandright.Thereisalsoahighlyautomaticdriving55inthecar.Itisthebuilt-incomputerwhichisthevirtualdriver’sbrain.Hisbrain56thespeedsofothermovingcarsnearitandanalyzestheirpositions.Basingonthisinformationitchoosesthe57pathfortheintelligentcarandgivesinstructionstothehandsandfeettoactaccordingly.Inthiswaythevirtualdriver58hiscar. Whatisthevirtualdriver’sbestadvantage?Hereacts59.Theminicamerasarebringing60continuouslytothebrain.Itcompletestheprocessingoftheimageswithin100milliseconds.61theworld’sbestdriverneedsatleastonesecondtoreact.Besideswhenhetakes62heneedsonemoresecond. Thevirtualdriverisreallywonderful.Hecanreducetheaccident63considerablyonexpressways高速公路.Inthis64canwelethimhavethewheelatanytimeandinanyplace?Experts65thatwecannotdothatjustyet.Hisabilitytorecognizethingsisstilllimited.Hecannowonlydriveanintelligentcaronexpressways.
第三篇RenewableEnergySources Todaypetroleum石油providesaround40%oftheworld’senergyneedsmostlyfuellingautomobiles.Coalisstillusedmostlyinpowerstationstocoverone-quarterofourenergyneedsbutitistheleastefficientunhealthiestandmostenvironmentallydamagingfossilfuel矿物燃料.Naturalgasreservescouldfillsomeofthegapfromoilbutreservesofthatwillnotlastintothe22ndcenturyeither.Mostexpertspredictwewillexhausteasilyaccessiblereserveswithin50years.Less-pollutingrenewableenergysourcesofferamorepracticallong-termenergysolution.Renewablereferstothefactthattheseresourcesarenotusedfasterthantheycanbereplaced. Hydroelectric水力发电的powerisnowthemostcommonformofrenewableenergysupplyingaround20%ofworldelectricity.China’sThreeGorgesDamisthelargestever.AtfivetimesthesizeoftheUS’sHooverDamits26turbines涡轮机willgeneratetheequivalentenergyof18coal-firedpowerstations.Itwillsatisfy3%ofChina’sentireelectricitydemand. In2003thefirstcommercialpowerstationtousetidal潮汐的currentsintheopenseaopenedinNorway.Itisdesignedlikewindmill风车butotherstaketheformofturbines. Aspricesfallwindpowerhasbecomethefastestgrowingtypeofelectricitygeneration-quadrupling翻两番worldwidebetween1999and2005.Modernwindfarmsconsistofturbinesthatgenerateelectricity.Thoughitwillbemoreexpensivethereismorethanenoughwindtoprovidetheworld’sentireenergyneeds.Windfarmscomeinonshoreandoffshoreforms.Theycanoftenendupatspotsofnaturalbeautyandareoftenunpopularwithresidents.Andturbinesarenottotallyharmless-theycaninterferewithradaralterclimateandkillseabirds.ScotlandisbuildingEurope’slargestwindfarmwhichwillpower200000homes.TheUK’sgoalistogenerateone-fifthofpowerfromrenewablesourcesmainlywindby2020.Butthismaycauseproblemsbecausewindisunreliable. Accordingtothepassageresourceslikewindare
第一篇MotoringTechnology 1.2millionroaddeathsworldwideoccureachyearplusafurther50millioninjuries.Toreducecarcrashratemuchresearchnowisfocusedonsafetyandnewfuels-thoughsomeelectricvehicleandbiofuelresearchaimsatgoingfaster. Travellingatspeedhasalwaysbeendangerous.Oneadvancedareaofresearchinmotoringsafetyistheuseofdigitalin-carassistants.Theycanensureyoudon’tmissimportantroadsignsorfallasleep.Mostcrashesresultfromhumanandnotmechanicalfaults. Somesafetydevelopmentsaimtoimproveyourvision.Radarcanspotobstaclesinfogwhileothertechnologyseesthroughbigvehiclesblockingyourview. Andimprovementstoseatbeltspedal脚踏controlsandtyresaremakingdrivingsmootherandsafer.Thecolourofacarhasbeenfoundtobelinkedwithsafetyashavelesssurprisinglysizeandshape. Butwhateverisinthefueltankyoudon’twantathiefinthedrivingseatandtherehavebeenmanyinnovations创新.Satellitetrackingandremotecommunicationscanalsocomeintoplayifyoucrashautomaticallycallingforhelp. Accidentscausemanytrafficjamsbuttherearemoresubtleinterplaysbetweenvehiclesthatcancausejamsevenonaclearbutbusyroad.Suchjamscanbeanalyzedusingstatisticaltools.Roboticdriverscouldbeprogrammedtomaketrafficflowsmoothlyandwillperhapsonedaybeeveryons’spersonalchauffeur司机buttheirlatesteffortssuggestthatwon’tbesoon. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofroboticdrivers?
第二篇GoodTableManners Mannersplayanimportantpartinmakingafavorableimpressionatthedinnertable.Herearesomegeneralrules: Napkin餐巾use Themealbeginswhenthehostunfoldshisorhernapkin.Thisisyoursignaltodothesamesoplaceyournapkinonyourlap.Unfolditcompletelyifitisasmallnapkinorinhalflengthwise纵向地ifitisalargedinnernapkin. Ifyouneedtoleavethetableduringthemealplaceyournapkinonyourchairasasignaltoyourserverthatyouwillbereturning.Oncethemealisoverplaceyournapkinneatlyonthetabletotherightofyourdinnerplate.Donotrefoldit. Useanapkinonlyforyourmouth.Neveruseitforyournosefaceorforehead. Useofutensils餐具 Startwiththeknifeforkorspoonfurthestfromyourplateandworkyourwayinusingoneutensilforeachcourse. Ifsoupisservedremembertospoonawayfromyoursefl.Thishelpsstopthedrips.Donotputtheentiresoupspooninyourmouth.Insteadfillasoupspoonabout75percentwithsoupandsip啜饮itfromthesidenoiselessly. Afterfinishingdinnerplacetheknifeandforkparalleltooneanotheracrosstheplatewiththeknifealadefacinginwardtowardtheplate. Usingyourfingers Here’salistoffingerfoods:sandwichescookiessmallfruitsorberrieswithstemsFrenchfriesandpotatochipsandhamburgers. Chew咀嚼withyourmouthclosedanddon’tmakenoise;don’ttalkwithyourmouthfull. Breadmustbebrokenwithyourhands.Itisnevercutwithaknife. Don’tpicksomethingoutofyourteeth.Insteadexcuseyourselftothebathroom. Ifpossibletrynottocoughatthetable. Donotputyourelbows肘onthetable.InFranceitisessentialtohavebothhandsabovethetableatthesametime. Donotputbonesoranythingelseonthetable.Thingsthatarenoteatenshouldbeputonyourplate. Allofthefollowingarefingerfoodsexcept
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BlackHoles Mostscientistsagreethatblackholesexistbutarenearlyimpossibletolocate.Ablackholeintheuniverseisnotasolidobjectlikeaplanetbutitisshapedlikeasphere球体.Astronomers天文学家thinkthatatthecenterofablackholethereisasinglepointinspacewithinfinite无限的density稠密.Thissinglepointiscalledasingularity奇点.Ifthesingularitytheoryiscorrectitmeansthatwhenamassivestarcollapsesallthematerialinitdisappearsintothesingularity.Thecenterofablackholewouldnotreallybeaholeatallbutaninfinitelydensepoint.Anythingthatcrossestheblackholeispulledinbyitsgreatgravity. Althoughblackholesdoexisttheyaredifficulttoobserve.Thesearethereasons. ●Nolightoranythingelsecomesoutofblackholes.Asaresulttheyareinvisibletoatelescope. ●Inastronomicaltermsblackholesaretruly.Forexampleablackholeformedbythecollapseofagiantstarwouldhaveaneventhorizon视界only18milesacross. ●ThenearestblackholeswouldbedozensoflightyearsawayfromEarth.Onelightyearisabout6trillion万亿miles.Eventhemostpowerfultelescopescouldnotpickoutanobjectsosmallatsuchagreatdistance. In1994theHubbleSpaceTelescopeprovidedevidencethatblackholesexist.Therearestillanswerstobefoundhoweversoblackholesremainoneofthemysteriesoftheuniverse. Theattractionoftwolargestarsleadstogravity.
AnIntelligentCar Drivingneedssharpeyeskeenearsquickbrainandcoordination协调betweenhandsandthebrain.Manyhumandrivershaveall51andcancontrolafast-movingcar.Buthowdoesanintelligentcarcontrolitself? Thereisavirtual虚拟的driverinthesmartcar.Thisvirtualdriverhaseyesbrainshandsandfeettoo.Theminicameras52eachsideofthecararehiseyeswhich53theroadconditionsaheadofit.Theywatchthe54tothecar’sleftandright.Thereisalsoahighlyautomaticdriving55inthecar.Itisthebuilt-incomputerwhichisthevirtualdriver’sbrain.Hisbrain56thespeedsofothermovingcarsnearitandanalyzestheirpositions.Basingonthisinformationitchoosesthe57pathfortheintelligentcarandgivesinstructionstothehandsandfeettoactaccordingly.Inthiswaythevirtualdriver58hiscar. Whatisthevirtualdriver’sbestadvantage?Hereacts59.Theminicamerasarebringing60continuouslytothebrain.Itcompletestheprocessingoftheimageswithin100milliseconds.61theworld’sbestdriverneedsatleastonesecondtoreact.Besideswhenhetakes62heneedsonemoresecond. Thevirtualdriverisreallywonderful.Hecanreducetheaccident63considerablyonexpressways高速公路.Inthis64canwelethimhavethewheelatanytimeandinanyplace?Experts65thatwecannotdothatjustyet.Hisabilitytorecognizethingsisstilllimited.Hecannowonlydriveanintelligentcaronexpressways.
AnIntelligentCar Drivingneedssharpeyeskeenearsquickbrainandcoordination协调betweenhandsandthebrain.Manyhumandrivershaveall51andcancontrolafast-movingcar.Buthowdoesanintelligentcarcontrolitself? Thereisavirtual虚拟的driverinthesmartcar.Thisvirtualdriverhaseyesbrainshandsandfeettoo.Theminicameras52eachsideofthecararehiseyeswhich53theroadconditionsaheadofit.Theywatchthe54tothecar’sleftandright.Thereisalsoahighlyautomaticdriving55inthecar.Itisthebuilt-incomputerwhichisthevirtualdriver’sbrain.Hisbrain56thespeedsofothermovingcarsnearitandanalyzestheirpositions.Basingonthisinformationitchoosesthe57pathfortheintelligentcarandgivesinstructionstothehandsandfeettoactaccordingly.Inthiswaythevirtualdriver58hiscar. Whatisthevirtualdriver’sbestadvantage?Hereacts59.Theminicamerasarebringing60continuouslytothebrain.Itcompletestheprocessingoftheimageswithin100milliseconds.61theworld’sbestdriverneedsatleastonesecondtoreact.Besideswhenhetakes62heneedsonemoresecond. Thevirtualdriverisreallywonderful.Hecanreducetheaccident63considerablyonexpressways高速公路.Inthis64canwelethimhavethewheelatanytimeandinanyplace?Experts65thatwecannotdothatjustyet.Hisabilitytorecognizethingsisstilllimited.Hecannowonlydriveanintelligentcaronexpressways.
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AnIntelligentCar Drivingneedssharpeyeskeenearsquickbrainandcoordination协调betweenhandsandthebrain.Manyhumandrivershaveall51andcancontrolafast-movingcar.Buthowdoesanintelligentcarcontrolitself? Thereisavirtual虚拟的driverinthesmartcar.Thisvirtualdriverhaseyesbrainshandsandfeettoo.Theminicameras52eachsideofthecararehiseyeswhich53theroadconditionsaheadofit.Theywatchthe54tothecar’sleftandright.Thereisalsoahighlyautomaticdriving55inthecar.Itisthebuilt-incomputerwhichisthevirtualdriver’sbrain.Hisbrain56thespeedsofothermovingcarsnearitandanalyzestheirpositions.Basingonthisinformationitchoosesthe57pathfortheintelligentcarandgivesinstructionstothehandsandfeettoactaccordingly.Inthiswaythevirtualdriver58hiscar. Whatisthevirtualdriver’sbestadvantage?Hereacts59.Theminicamerasarebringing60continuouslytothebrain.Itcompletestheprocessingoftheimageswithin100milliseconds.61theworld’sbestdriverneedsatleastonesecondtoreact.Besideswhenhetakes62heneedsonemoresecond. Thevirtualdriverisreallywonderful.Hecanreducetheaccident63considerablyonexpressways高速公路.Inthis64canwelethimhavethewheelatanytimeandinanyplace?Experts65thatwecannotdothatjustyet.Hisabilitytorecognizethingsisstilllimited.Hecannowonlydriveanintelligentcaronexpressways.
第三篇RenewableEnergySources Todaypetroleum石油providesaround40%oftheworld’senergyneedsmostlyfuellingautomobiles.Coalisstillusedmostlyinpowerstationstocoverone-quarterofourenergyneedsbutitistheleastefficientunhealthiestandmostenvironmentallydamagingfossilfuel矿物燃料.Naturalgasreservescouldfillsomeofthegapfromoilbutreservesofthatwillnotlastintothe22ndcenturyeither.Mostexpertspredictwewillexhausteasilyaccessiblereserveswithin50years.Less-pollutingrenewableenergysourcesofferamorepracticallong-termenergysolution.Renewablereferstothefactthattheseresourcesarenotusedfasterthantheycanbereplaced. Hydroelectric水力发电的powerisnowthemostcommonformofrenewableenergysupplyingaround20%ofworldelectricity.China’sThreeGorgesDamisthelargestever.AtfivetimesthesizeoftheUS’sHooverDamits26turbines涡轮机willgeneratetheequivalentenergyof18coal-firedpowerstations.Itwillsatisfy3%ofChina’sentireelectricitydemand. In2003thefirstcommercialpowerstationtousetidal潮汐的currentsintheopenseaopenedinNorway.Itisdesignedlikewindmill风车butotherstaketheformofturbines. Aspricesfallwindpowerhasbecomethefastestgrowingtypeofelectricitygeneration-quadrupling翻两番worldwidebetween1999and2005.Modernwindfarmsconsistofturbinesthatgenerateelectricity.Thoughitwillbemoreexpensivethereismorethanenoughwindtoprovidetheworld’sentireenergyneeds.Windfarmscomeinonshoreandoffshoreforms.Theycanoftenendupatspotsofnaturalbeautyandareoftenunpopularwithresidents.Andturbinesarenottotallyharmless-theycaninterferewithradaralterclimateandkillseabirds.ScotlandisbuildingEurope’slargestwindfarmwhichwillpower200000homes.TheUK’sgoalistogenerateone-fifthofpowerfromrenewablesourcesmainlywindby2020.Butthismaycauseproblemsbecausewindisunreliable. Accordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingisthemostpollutingenergyresource?
AnIntelligentCar Drivingneedssharpeyeskeenearsquickbrainandcoordination协调betweenhandsandthebrain.Manyhumandrivershaveall51andcancontrolafast-movingcar.Buthowdoesanintelligentcarcontrolitself? Thereisavirtual虚拟的driverinthesmartcar.Thisvirtualdriverhaseyesbrainshandsandfeettoo.Theminicameras52eachsideofthecararehiseyeswhich53theroadconditionsaheadofit.Theywatchthe54tothecar’sleftandright.Thereisalsoahighlyautomaticdriving55inthecar.Itisthebuilt-incomputerwhichisthevirtualdriver’sbrain.Hisbrain56thespeedsofothermovingcarsnearitandanalyzestheirpositions.Basingonthisinformationitchoosesthe57pathfortheintelligentcarandgivesinstructionstothehandsandfeettoactaccordingly.Inthiswaythevirtualdriver58hiscar. Whatisthevirtualdriver’sbestadvantage?Hereacts59.Theminicamerasarebringing60continuouslytothebrain.Itcompletestheprocessingoftheimageswithin100milliseconds.61theworld’sbestdriverneedsatleastonesecondtoreact.Besideswhenhetakes62heneedsonemoresecond. Thevirtualdriverisreallywonderful.Hecanreducetheaccident63considerablyonexpressways高速公路.Inthis64canwelethimhavethewheelatanytimeandinanyplace?Experts65thatwecannotdothatjustyet.Hisabilitytorecognizethingsisstilllimited.Hecannowonlydriveanintelligentcaronexpressways.
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