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Directions: Write a letter to your cousin, who is going to take the college entrance examination an...
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MySpaceandotherWebsiteshaveunleashedapotentnewphenomenonofsocialnetworkingincyberspace1atthesametimeagrowingbodyofevidenceissuggestingthattraditionalsocial2playasurprisinglypowerfulandunder-recognizedroleininfluencinghowpeoplebehave. ThelatestresearchcomesfromDr.NicholasA.ChristakisattheHarvardMedicalSchoolandDr.JamesH.FowlerattheUniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiego.The3reportedlastsummerthatobesityappearedto4fromonepersontoanother5socialnetworksalmostlikeavirusorafad.Inafollow-uptothatprovocativeresearchtheteamhasproduced6findingsaboutanothermajorhealth7:smoking.InastudypublishedlastweekintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinetheteamfoundthataperson’sdecisionto8thehabitisstronglyaffectedby9otherpeopleintheirsocialnetworkquit—evenpeopletheydonotknow.Andsurprisinglyentirenetworksofsmokersappeartoquitvirtually10 For11oftheirstudiesthey12ofdetailedrecordskeptbetween1971and2003about5124peoplewhoparticipatedinthelandmarkFraminghamHeartStudy.BecausemanyofthesubjectshadtiestotheBostonsuburbofFraminghamMass.manyoftheparticipantswere13somehow—throughspousesneighborsfriendsco-workers—enablingtheresearcherstostudyanetworkthat1412067people. Takentogetherthesestudiesare15agrowingrecognitionthatmanybehaviorsare16bysocialnetworksin17thathavenotbeenfullyunderstood.And18maybepossibletheresearcherssaytoharnessthepowerofthesenetworksformany19suchasencouragingsafesexgettingmorepeopletoexerciseoreven20crime. 11
Directions: Youhaveacloseforeignfriend.HeaskedyoutosubscribetoacopyofChinaDailyforhimbecausehewillleaveawayfromChinaforonemonth.Nowwritealettertothecirculationdepartmentofthenewspaper: 1inquiryaboutdetailedinformation 2andexpressingcomplimentaryremarks. Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruse"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
Whenasmittengreat-grandsonofCharlesDarwinpronouncedAvaGardnerthehighestspecimenofthehumanspecieshesummeduptheconsensusaboutthisvoluptuousmoviequeen.WithremarkableunanimitythosewhometGardnerwereaptmsecondthatemotion.ShewasasexygalsaidGeorgeSidneywhofilmedherforanMGMscreentestin1941.Man.shewasahotnumberMilesDavissaidmanyyearslater.41.Asforthemuch-vauntedpartystaminaofawomanwhonevermetadrinkorabullfightershedidn’tlike:Shecouldgoallnighty’know.Shewasawildcountrygirlandlikedtoletherhairdownandflingoffhershoesandhaveagoodtime.Herlatestbiographer.LeeServerisnoslouchwhenitcomestoadmiringGardner.Hisbook’sintroductioncallsheracarnaldangerousangelinthechiaroscurodreamscapeoffilmnoir.42.Heiswellsuited1owritingabouticonicmoviemaverickslikethesetwo.He’snotabore.Andastheauthorofabookaboutfilmnoirheunderstandscinematicidiom.Mr.Serverreferstoamnesiaasnoir’sVersionofthecommoncold.AvaGardner.’LoveIsNothing’isaseductivebookthatavoidsthepitfallsthatcomewithitsterritory.Firstofallthereistheproblemofthestar’smemoir.Ms.Gardner’sautobiographywaspublishedposthumouslyandworkedonbyseveralwriterssometimessoundingthatway.Mr.ServermakesuseofthisaccountwithoutparticularlytrustingitandwithanodtotheapocryphalnatureofsomanyGardnerstories.43Healsoenlivenshisbook’sbibiliographywithalongstringofnewspaperandmagazineheadlinesthatcapturethetenorofGardner’spapertrail.44.Gardnerlivedsomuchofherlifeinthiskindofspotlightthatthetabloidcoveragebecamepartofherstory.Thereisoneextantpressphotoofthecoupleontheirhoneymoonthatdoesnotshowthemmuning0snarlingcringingcoweringMr.ServerwritesaboutGardner’sgale-forcestormymarriageherthirdtoFrankSinatra.Ofcourseitwastakenfromadistanceandfromthemar.45.Shecalledlovenothingbutapainandspecifiedwherethepainwas.HerstorybeginsinGrabtowntheruralNorthCarolinaburgthatbecamefamousasherbirthplace.Butitdoesn’ttakelongforMr.ServertotakeGardnertoHollywoodintoanMGMcontractandamarriagetoMickeyRooney.RooneywhocalledhishoneymoonwithGardnerasexualsymphonywasoneofmanymenwhosememoirsbraggedofbedroomexploitswithtiffsgorgeouscreature.Shelikedtokissandtelltoo.Weneverfoughtinbed.shesupposedlysaidaboutSinatra.Thefightwouldstartonthewaytothebidet[A]Andwhenthefactsareunobtainablehe’swillingreprintthelegend;orsoitseems—storieslikeLateronshetooktheentirebandwithherwhentheclubclosed.[B]Othersthoughtofherasagoddessanenigmaaveryverywildspiritandoneofthosepeoplewhobroketherulesallthetime.[C]Amongthem:Ava’Nervous’TossedOutofBrazilHotel;NothingBetweenUsSaysAva:SinatraDepartsAvaBlowsKissestoBullfighter.[D]Speakingoftherearthisbook’ssubtitleLoveIsNothingisonlyapartialsanitizedquotationfromGardner.[E]ForGardnerloveandpainbecameaswirlingkamikaze-likefrothofhigh-speedexistencebeforedecadesofoverloadfinallybrokeherdown.[F]ServerfondlybringsGardnertolifeasawarm-refreshinglyunpretentiousstarwhoseappetiteseventuallyoverwhelmedherspirit.[G]ButMr.Server.whoselastbookwasaRobertMitchumbiographythatliveduptoitsterrifictitleRobertMitchum:’BabyIDon’tCare’canalsokeephiscool.
Thehistoryofthecomputerinthetwentiethcenturyisoneofdramaticadaptationandexpansion.Thecomputerhadmodestbeginningsinareaswhereitwasusedasaspecialisttool.Thefirstelectroniccomputerwasbuiltinthe1930sandwassolelyfortheuseofundergraduatestudentsinIowaStateUniversitytohandlemathematicalcomputationsinnuclearphysics.Inthe1960sanearlyversionoftheInternetARPPANETwasusedincomputerscienceandengineeringprojects.Howeveronly10yearslatercomputerswerestartingtochangeourlifestylethewaywedobusinessandmanyotherthingsandbythelate1980s’networkswereexpandingtoembracesectionsofthegeneralpublic.ComputerizationhaschangedUShighschooleducationinmanyways.Threedifferentchangesthatconsiderbeingimportant.Thefirstistheuseofthecomputerasteachingaidforteachers.Thenextisthemassivedatastorageandfastdataretrievalfacilitatedbycomputer.Thencomesthechangesbroughtaboutbytheintroductionofsimulationsoftware.Howprevalentistheuseofcomputersinschools!Asrecentlyastheearly1980sonly20%ofsecondaryscienceteachersintheUSAwereusingmicrocomputers.HoweversincethenhighschoolsintheUShavecomputerizedrapidly.By1987schoolshadacquiredabout1.5millioncomputerswith95%ofpublicschoolshavingatleastonecomputer.Computerscanbeusedasteachingaidsbothinschoolsandinhomes.Inschoolsforexampleteacherscanplugacomputerintoanespeciallyequippedoverheadprojectortobringtextsgraphicssoundandvideosintoaclassroom.Bythesemultimediacomputeranimationsteacherscanmorereadilyattractandretainstudents’attention.Annconcludesthatcomputeraidedteachingcanattractandmotivatestudentswhoweredroppingoutwhenmoretraditionalmethodswerebeingused.LetusnowturntotheInternet.Thisisaglobalnetworkconnectingmanylocalnetworks.OvertheInternethighschoolstudentscanretrieveinformationanddatabasesfromeverynetworkedlibraryaroundtheworldinseconds.TheWorldWideWebprovidesaneasywaytoaccesshard-to-findinformation.Studentscannowreachanylibrarythroughtheglobalnetworkandfindwhattheywant.Thefinalstepistodownloadthescannedimage.Thoughtheslowtransmissionofsignalthroughthenetworkisamajorlimitingfactoritcanstillsaveusmuchtimeinfindingusefulinformationandthusitisaninvaluabletooltobothhighschoolteachersandstudents.Computerizationinschooleducationseemstobe
Whenasmittengreat-grandsonofCharlesDarwinpronouncedAvaGardnerthehighestspecimenofthehumanspecieshesummeduptheconsensusaboutthisvoluptuousmoviequeen.WithremarkableunanimitythosewhometGardnerwereaptmsecondthatemotion.ShewasasexygalsaidGeorgeSidneywhofilmedherforanMGMscreentestin1941.Man.shewasahotnumberMilesDavissaidmanyyearslater.41.Asforthemuch-vauntedpartystaminaofawomanwhonevermetadrinkorabullfightershedidn’tlike:Shecouldgoallnighty’know.Shewasawildcountrygirlandlikedtoletherhairdownandflingoffhershoesandhaveagoodtime.Herlatestbiographer.LeeServerisnoslouchwhenitcomestoadmiringGardner.Hisbook’sintroductioncallsheracarnaldangerousangelinthechiaroscurodreamscapeoffilmnoir.42.Heiswellsuited1owritingabouticonicmoviemaverickslikethesetwo.He’snotabore.Andastheauthorofabookaboutfilmnoirheunderstandscinematicidiom.Mr.Serverreferstoamnesiaasnoir’sVersionofthecommoncold.AvaGardner.’LoveIsNothing’isaseductivebookthatavoidsthepitfallsthatcomewithitsterritory.Firstofallthereistheproblemofthestar’smemoir.Ms.Gardner’sautobiographywaspublishedposthumouslyandworkedonbyseveralwriterssometimessoundingthatway.Mr.ServermakesuseofthisaccountwithoutparticularlytrustingitandwithanodtotheapocryphalnatureofsomanyGardnerstories.43Healsoenlivenshisbook’sbibiliographywithalongstringofnewspaperandmagazineheadlinesthatcapturethetenorofGardner’spapertrail.44.Gardnerlivedsomuchofherlifeinthiskindofspotlightthatthetabloidcoveragebecamepartofherstory.Thereisoneextantpressphotoofthecoupleontheirhoneymoonthatdoesnotshowthemmuning0snarlingcringingcoweringMr.ServerwritesaboutGardner’sgale-forcestormymarriageherthirdtoFrankSinatra.Ofcourseitwastakenfromadistanceandfromthemar.45.Shecalledlovenothingbutapainandspecifiedwherethepainwas.HerstorybeginsinGrabtowntheruralNorthCarolinaburgthatbecamefamousasherbirthplace.Butitdoesn’ttakelongforMr.ServertotakeGardnertoHollywoodintoanMGMcontractandamarriagetoMickeyRooney.RooneywhocalledhishoneymoonwithGardnerasexualsymphonywasoneofmanymenwhosememoirsbraggedofbedroomexploitswithtiffsgorgeouscreature.Shelikedtokissandtelltoo.Weneverfoughtinbed.shesupposedlysaidaboutSinatra.Thefightwouldstartonthewaytothebidet[A]Andwhenthefactsareunobtainablehe’swillingreprintthelegend;orsoitseems—storieslikeLateronshetooktheentirebandwithherwhentheclubclosed.[B]Othersthoughtofherasagoddessanenigmaaveryverywildspiritandoneofthosepeoplewhobroketherulesallthetime.[C]Amongthem:Ava’Nervous’TossedOutofBrazilHotel;NothingBetweenUsSaysAva:SinatraDepartsAvaBlowsKissestoBullfighter.[D]Speakingoftherearthisbook’ssubtitleLoveIsNothingisonlyapartialsanitizedquotationfromGardner.[E]ForGardnerloveandpainbecameaswirlingkamikaze-likefrothofhigh-speedexistencebeforedecadesofoverloadfinallybrokeherdown.[F]ServerfondlybringsGardnertolifeasawarm-refreshinglyunpretentiousstarwhoseappetiteseventuallyoverwhelmedherspirit.[G]ButMr.Server.whoselastbookwasaRobertMitchumbiographythatliveduptoitsterrifictitleRobertMitchum:’BabyIDon’tCare’canalsokeephiscool.
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences.Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippocampustheregionofthebrainwhichis5forformlingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8—oneeventfollowsanotherasinanovelorfilm.9whentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriestorecall.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspoken13oftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.16childrenhavetotalkabouttheir17andhearotherstalkaboutthem—Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. 1
TomBurkerecentlytriedtoprintoutaboardingpassfromhomebeforeoneofthefrequent/lightshetakes.Hecouldn’t.HisnameoronesimilartoitisnowononeoftheTransportationSecurityAdministration’sterroristwatchlists.EverydaythousandsofpeoplelikeBurkefindthemselvesunableodothingslikeprintaboardingpassandarepulledasideforextensivescreeningbecausetheirnameoranamethatsoundsliketheirsisononeofthewatchlists.FromtheTSA’sperspectivethescreeningisjustoneofthemanynewlayersofincreasedsecuritythataredesignedtopreventterroristactivity.Theinconvenienceisregrettablebutapricethatsocietyhastopayforsecurity.AndfornationalsecurityreasonstheFBIandothergovernmentagenciesresponsibleforsupplyingnamestothelistswillnotdisclosethecriteriatheyuse.Theysaythatwouldamounttotippingtheirhandstotheterrorists.Butcivillibertariansaremoreconcernedaboutthelong-termconsequenceofthecurrentlists.OnSept.112001theno-flylistcontained16names.Nowthecombinedlistsareestimatedtohaveasmanyas20000.InternalFBImemosfromagentsreferredtotheprocessasreallyconfusedandnotcomprehensiveandnotcentralized.Burkeandotherscontendthatsuchcommentsaxedisturbingbecauseitwasduringthefirstyearaftertheattacksthatthewatchlistsgrewexponentially.TheunderlyingdangerisnotthatTom.Burkecannolongergetaboardingpasstogetonanairlinesaysalawyer.It’sthattheTomBurkesintheworldmay.forevermorebeassociatedwiththeterroristwatchlist.Burkesaystheydoknowthatthelistsaxefrequentlyupdatedanddistributedinternationallybuttheydon’tknowhowtheoldlistsaredestroyed.Theyalsohopetoensurethatsometimeinthefutureapersonwhosenameisonthelistbutisnotaterroristdoesnotrunintofurthertroubleifsaylawenforcementinanothercountrythatthey’revisitingcomesacrosstheirnameononeoftheoldlists.Inadditionairlinesareconcernedthatthelistsarenotupdatedfrequentlyenough.We’vebeenencouragingtheTSAtoworkwithalloftheotherfederallaw-enforcementagenciestogetaregularreviewofthenamesthattheysubmittoTSAbecausetherehavebeenreportsthattheseagencieshavesaidthatiftherewasareviewmanyofthenamescouldberemovedsaysDianaCroninoftheAirTransportAssociation.TheattitudesofFBIandBurketowardsthereliabilityoftheno-flylistare
MySpaceandotherWebsiteshaveunleashedapotentnewphenomenonofsocialnetworkingincyberspace1atthesametimeagrowingbodyofevidenceissuggestingthattraditionalsocial2playasurprisinglypowerfulandunder-recognizedroleininfluencinghowpeoplebehave. ThelatestresearchcomesfromDr.NicholasA.ChristakisattheHarvardMedicalSchoolandDr.JamesH.FowlerattheUniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiego.The3reportedlastsummerthatobesityappearedto4fromonepersontoanother5socialnetworksalmostlikeavirusorafad.Inafollow-uptothatprovocativeresearchtheteamhasproduced6findingsaboutanothermajorhealth7:smoking.InastudypublishedlastweekintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinetheteamfoundthataperson’sdecisionto8thehabitisstronglyaffectedby9otherpeopleintheirsocialnetworkquit—evenpeopletheydonotknow.Andsurprisinglyentirenetworksofsmokersappeartoquitvirtually10 For11oftheirstudiesthey12ofdetailedrecordskeptbetween1971and2003about5124peoplewhoparticipatedinthelandmarkFraminghamHeartStudy.BecausemanyofthesubjectshadtiestotheBostonsuburbofFraminghamMass.manyoftheparticipantswere13somehow—throughspousesneighborsfriendsco-workers—enablingtheresearcherstostudyanetworkthat1412067people. Takentogetherthesestudiesare15agrowingrecognitionthatmanybehaviorsare16bysocialnetworksin17thathavenotbeenfullyunderstood.And18maybepossibletheresearcherssaytoharnessthepowerofthesenetworksformany19suchasencouragingsafesexgettingmorepeopletoexerciseoreven20crime. 3
Weallknowthatscienceplaysanimportantroleinthesocietiesinwhichwelive.Manypeoplebelievehoweverthatourprogressdependsontwoaspectsofscience.Thefirstofwhichisthemachinesproductsandsystemsofappliedknowledgethatscientistsandtechnologistsdevelop.Throughtechnologyscienceimprovesthatstructureofsocietyandhelpsmantogainincreasingcontroloverhisenvironment.46Thesecondaspectistheapplicationbyallmembersofsocietyfromthegovernmentofficialtotheordinarycitizenofthespecialmethodsofthoughtandactionthatscientistsuseintheirwork. 47Humanbeingshavedistinguishedthemselvesfromotheranimalsandindoingsoensuredtheirsurvivalbytheabilitytoobserveandunderstandtheirenvironmentandtheneithertoadapttothatenvironmentortocontrolandadaptittotheirownneeds.Theprocessofcarefulobservationperceptionofapatterninthephenomenaobservedfollowedbyexploitationofthisknowledgehaslargelyinspiredtheareaofhumanactivityknownas"science".48Ithasalsoprovidedthebasesforthetraditionalmethodologyofscience:objectiveobservationanddescriptionofsomephenomenatheformulationofahypothesisorhypothesesabouttheeventsobservedandpossiblerelationshipsamongthemtheuseofthesetopredictfutureeventstheverificationofthehypothesesandonthisbasistheconstructionofatheoryofsomeareaofnaturalactivity. Whilethisprocessstillunderliesmostscientificactivitytheclassic"scientificmethod"hasbeencriticizedfromavarietyofperspectives.49Tobeginwithitisapparentthatthe"objectivity"ofscienceandscientistsstrictlycharacterizesonlythelowestorderofscientificactivity—observationandevenhereitisdoubtfulwhetheranyonecanbeatrulyimpartialobserverofevents.Whatsomeonechoosestoobserveandthewayoneobservesitmustafterallinpartbeareflectionofexperienceandofideasastowhatissignificant.Considerforexamplethedifferentwaysinwhichanartistandalaymanlookatapaintingandthedifferentreactionstheyhavetothesamework. Theconstructionofhypothesesandtheoriesreflectsthescientist’sinterpretationofwhatheorshehasobservedevenmoreclearlythanobservation.Atthisstageofthescientificmethodanelementofsubjectivityisinevitablypresent.Thiscanmosteasilybeseenintheextremecaseofscientistsoftrulycreativegenius.Galileoforinstancechallengedthescientistsandthechurchofhisdaywithhishypothesisthattheearthrevolvedaroundthesun.AtwentiethcenturyexampleisWatsonandClick’sdiscoveryofthemolecularstructureofDNA.50Clearlysciencemayinvolvenotonlycarefulobservationbutalsoawillingnesstobecreative;thismayentaillookingbeyondexistingparadigmsgoverningresearchinagivenareaofstudy. 49
Thehistoryofthecomputerinthetwentiethcenturyisoneofdramaticadaptationandexpansion.Thecomputerhadmodestbeginningsinareaswhereitwasusedasaspecialisttool.Thefirstelectroniccomputerwasbuiltinthe1930sandwassolelyfortheuseofundergraduatestudentsinIowaStateUniversitytohandlemathematicalcomputationsinnuclearphysics.Inthe1960sanearlyversionoftheInternetARPPANETwasusedincomputerscienceandengineeringprojects.Howeveronly10yearslatercomputerswerestartingtochangeourlifestylethewaywedobusinessandmanyotherthingsandbythelate1980s’networkswereexpandingtoembracesectionsofthegeneralpublic.ComputerizationhaschangedUShighschooleducationinmanyways.Threedifferentchangesthatconsiderbeingimportant.Thefirstistheuseofthecomputerasteachingaidforteachers.Thenextisthemassivedatastorageandfastdataretrievalfacilitatedbycomputer.Thencomesthechangesbroughtaboutbytheintroductionofsimulationsoftware.Howprevalentistheuseofcomputersinschools!Asrecentlyastheearly1980sonly20%ofsecondaryscienceteachersintheUSAwereusingmicrocomputers.HoweversincethenhighschoolsintheUShavecomputerizedrapidly.By1987schoolshadacquiredabout1.5millioncomputerswith95%ofpublicschoolshavingatleastonecomputer.Computerscanbeusedasteachingaidsbothinschoolsandinhomes.Inschoolsforexampleteacherscanplugacomputerintoanespeciallyequippedoverheadprojectortobringtextsgraphicssoundandvideosintoaclassroom.Bythesemultimediacomputeranimationsteacherscanmorereadilyattractandretainstudents’attention.Annconcludesthatcomputeraidedteachingcanattractandmotivatestudentswhoweredroppingoutwhenmoretraditionalmethodswerebeingused.LetusnowturntotheInternet.Thisisaglobalnetworkconnectingmanylocalnetworks.OvertheInternethighschoolstudentscanretrieveinformationanddatabasesfromeverynetworkedlibraryaroundtheworldinseconds.TheWorldWideWebprovidesaneasywaytoaccesshard-to-findinformation.Studentscannowreachanylibrarythroughtheglobalnetworkandfindwhattheywant.Thefinalstepistodownloadthescannedimage.Thoughtheslowtransmissionofsignalthroughthenetworkisamajorlimitingfactoritcanstillsaveusmuchtimeinfindingusefulinformationandthusitisaninvaluabletooltobothhighschoolteachersandstudents.Theauthor’sattitudetowardscomputerizationseemstobe
TomBurkerecentlytriedtoprintoutaboardingpassfromhomebeforeoneofthefrequent/lightshetakes.Hecouldn’t.HisnameoronesimilartoitisnowononeoftheTransportationSecurityAdministration’sterroristwatchlists.EverydaythousandsofpeoplelikeBurkefindthemselvesunableodothingslikeprintaboardingpassandarepulledasideforextensivescreeningbecausetheirnameoranamethatsoundsliketheirsisononeofthewatchlists.FromtheTSA’sperspectivethescreeningisjustoneofthemanynewlayersofincreasedsecuritythataredesignedtopreventterroristactivity.Theinconvenienceisregrettablebutapricethatsocietyhastopayforsecurity.AndfornationalsecurityreasonstheFBIandothergovernmentagenciesresponsibleforsupplyingnamestothelistswillnotdisclosethecriteriatheyuse.Theysaythatwouldamounttotippingtheirhandstotheterrorists.Butcivillibertariansaremoreconcernedaboutthelong-termconsequenceofthecurrentlists.OnSept.112001theno-flylistcontained16names.Nowthecombinedlistsareestimatedtohaveasmanyas20000.InternalFBImemosfromagentsreferredtotheprocessasreallyconfusedandnotcomprehensiveandnotcentralized.Burkeandotherscontendthatsuchcommentsaxedisturbingbecauseitwasduringthefirstyearaftertheattacksthatthewatchlistsgrewexponentially.TheunderlyingdangerisnotthatTom.Burkecannolongergetaboardingpasstogetonanairlinesaysalawyer.It’sthattheTomBurkesintheworldmay.forevermorebeassociatedwiththeterroristwatchlist.Burkesaystheydoknowthatthelistsaxefrequentlyupdatedanddistributedinternationallybuttheydon’tknowhowtheoldlistsaredestroyed.Theyalsohopetoensurethatsometimeinthefutureapersonwhosenameisonthelistbutisnotaterroristdoesnotrunintofurthertroubleifsaylawenforcementinanothercountrythatthey’revisitingcomesacrosstheirnameononeoftheoldlists.Inadditionairlinesareconcernedthatthelistsarenotupdatedfrequentlyenough.We’vebeenencouragingtheTSAtoworkwithalloftheotherfederallaw-enforcementagenciestogetaregularreviewofthenamesthattheysubmittoTSAbecausetherehavebeenreportsthattheseagencieshavesaidthatiftherewasareviewmanyofthenamescouldberemovedsaysDianaCroninoftheAirTransportAssociation.TheairlinesmaybesatisfiediftheTSAcan
Thetermdisruptivetechnologyispopularbutiswidelymisused.Itrefersnotsimplytoaclevernewtechnologyhuttoonethatunderminesanexistingtechnology--andwhichthereforemakeslifeverydifficultforthemanybusinesseswhichdependontheexistingwayofdoingthings.Twentyyearsagothepersonalcomputerwasaclassicexample.Itsweptasideanoldermainframe-basedstyleofcomputingandeventuallybroughtIBMoneoftheworld’smightiestfirmsatthetimetoitsknees.Thisweekhasbeenacoming-outpartyofsortsforanotherdisruptivetechnologyvoiceoverinternetprotocolVOIPwhichpromisestobeevenmoredisruptiveandofevengreaterbenefittoconsumersthanpersonalcomputers.VOIP’sleadingproponentisSkypeasmallfirmwhosesoftwareallowspeopletomakefreecallstootherSkypeusersovertheinternetandverycheapcallstotraditionaltelephones--allofwhichspellstroubleforincumbenttelecomsoperators.OnSeptember12theBaytheleadingonlineauctionhouseannouncedthatitwasbuyingSkypefor＄2.6billionplusanadditional＄1.5billionifSkypehitscertainperformancetargetsincomingyears.Thisseemsavastsumtopayforacompanythathasonly＄60minrevenuesandhasyettoturnaprofit.YeteBaywasnottheonlycompanyinterestedinbuyingSkype.MicrosoftYahoo!NewsCorporationandGooglewereallsaidtohavealsoconsideredtheidea.PerhapseBayratherlikesomeover-excitedbidderinoneofitsownauctionshaspaidtoomuch.ThecompanysaysitplanstouseSkype’stechnologytomakeiteasierforbuyersandsellerstocommunicateandtooffernewclicktocalladvertisementsbutmanyanalystsarescepticalthateBayisthebestownerofSkype.WhateverthemeritsofthedealhoweverthefussoverSkypeinrecentweekshashighlightedthesignificanceofVOIPandtheenormousthreatitposestoincumbenttelecomsoperators.FortheriseofSkypeandotherVOIPservicesmeansnothinglessthanthedeathofthetraditionaltelephonebusinessestablishedoveracenturyago.SkypeismerelythemostvisiblemanifestationofadramaticshiftinthetelecomsindustryasvoiceGallingbecomesjustanotherdataservicedeliveredviahigh-speedinternetconnections.Skypewhichhasover54musershasreceivedthemostattentionbutotherfirmsroutingcallspartiallyorentirelyovertheinternethavealsosignedupmillionsofcustomers.Thephrasebrought...toitskneesinthefirstparagraphmostprobablydenotes______.
MySpaceandotherWebsiteshaveunleashedapotentnewphenomenonofsocialnetworkingincyberspace1atthesametimeagrowingbodyofevidenceissuggestingthattraditionalsocial2playasurprisinglypowerfulandunder-recognizedroleininfluencinghowpeoplebehave. ThelatestresearchcomesfromDr.NicholasA.ChristakisattheHarvardMedicalSchoolandDr.JamesH.FowlerattheUniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiego.The3reportedlastsummerthatobesityappearedto4fromonepersontoanother5socialnetworksalmostlikeavirusorafad.Inafollow-uptothatprovocativeresearchtheteamhasproduced6findingsaboutanothermajorhealth7:smoking.InastudypublishedlastweekintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinetheteamfoundthataperson’sdecisionto8thehabitisstronglyaffectedby9otherpeopleintheirsocialnetworkquit—evenpeopletheydonotknow.Andsurprisinglyentirenetworksofsmokersappeartoquitvirtually10 For11oftheirstudiesthey12ofdetailedrecordskeptbetween1971and2003about5124peoplewhoparticipatedinthelandmarkFraminghamHeartStudy.BecausemanyofthesubjectshadtiestotheBostonsuburbofFraminghamMass.manyoftheparticipantswere13somehow—throughspousesneighborsfriendsco-workers—enablingtheresearcherstostudyanetworkthat1412067people. Takentogetherthesestudiesare15agrowingrecognitionthatmanybehaviorsare16bysocialnetworksin17thathavenotbeenfullyunderstood.And18maybepossibletheresearcherssaytoharnessthepowerofthesenetworksformany19suchasencouragingsafesexgettingmorepeopletoexerciseoreven20crime. 13
MySpaceandotherWebsiteshaveunleashedapotentnewphenomenonofsocialnetworkingincyberspace1atthesametimeagrowingbodyofevidenceissuggestingthattraditionalsocial2playasurprisinglypowerfulandunder-recognizedroleininfluencinghowpeoplebehave. ThelatestresearchcomesfromDr.NicholasA.ChristakisattheHarvardMedicalSchoolandDr.JamesH.FowlerattheUniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiego.The3reportedlastsummerthatobesityappearedto4fromonepersontoanother5socialnetworksalmostlikeavirusorafad.Inafollow-uptothatprovocativeresearchtheteamhasproduced6findingsaboutanothermajorhealth7:smoking.InastudypublishedlastweekintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinetheteamfoundthataperson’sdecisionto8thehabitisstronglyaffectedby9otherpeopleintheirsocialnetworkquit—evenpeopletheydonotknow.Andsurprisinglyentirenetworksofsmokersappeartoquitvirtually10 For11oftheirstudiesthey12ofdetailedrecordskeptbetween1971and2003about5124peoplewhoparticipatedinthelandmarkFraminghamHeartStudy.BecausemanyofthesubjectshadtiestotheBostonsuburbofFraminghamMass.manyoftheparticipantswere13somehow—throughspousesneighborsfriendsco-workers—enablingtheresearcherstostudyanetworkthat1412067people. Takentogetherthesestudiesare15agrowingrecognitionthatmanybehaviorsare16bysocialnetworksin17thathavenotbeenfullyunderstood.And18maybepossibletheresearcherssaytoharnessthepowerofthesenetworksformany19suchasencouragingsafesexgettingmorepeopletoexerciseoreven20crime. 15
ConservatismGeorgeWilltoldmewhenIinterviewedhimmanyyearsagowasrootedinreality.Itstartednotfromanimaginedsocietybutfromtheworldasitactuallyexists.ButconservativesnowchampionideasdrawnfromabstractprincipleswithlittleregardtotherealitiesofAmerica’spresentorpast.ThisisatragedybecauseconservatismhasanimportantroletoplayinmodernizingtheU.S.Considerthedebatesovertheeconomy.TheRepublicanprescriptionistocuttaxesandslashgovernmentspendingbutwhatistheevidencethattaxcutsarethebestpathtorevivetheU.S.economyTaxesasapercentageofGDPareattheirlowestlevelsince1950.TheU.S.isamongthelowesttaxedofthebigindustrialeconomies.SothecasethatAmericaisgrindingtoahaltbecauseofhightaxationisnotbasedonfactsbutissimplyatheoreticalassertion.TherichcountriesthatareinthebestshaperightnowwithstronggrowthandlowunemploymentareoneslikeGermanyandDenmarkneitheronecharacterizedbylowtaxes.Infactrightnowanydiscussionofgovernmentinvolvementintheeconomy—eventobuildvitalinfrastructure—isimpossiblebecauseitisacardinaltenetofthenewconservatismthatsuchinvolvementisalwaysandforeverbad.MeanwhileacrosstheglobefromSingaporetoSouthKoreatoGermanytoCanadaevidenceaboundsthatsomestrategicactionsbythegovernmentcanactascatalystsforfree-marketgrowth.OfcourseAmericanhistorysuggeststhataswell.Inthe1950s’60sand’70stheU.S.governmentmademassiveinvestmentsinscienceandtechnologyinstateuniversitiesandininfantindustries.ThoseinvestmentstriggeredtwogenerationsofeconomicgrowthandputtheU.S.ontopoftheworldoftechnologyandinnovation.Butthathistoryhasbeenforgotten.WhenconsideringhealthcareforexampleRepublicansconfidentlyassertthattheirideaswilllowercostswhenwesimplydonothavemuchevidenceforthis.Whatwedoknowisthatoftheworld’srichestcountriestheU.S.hasbyfarthegreatestinvolvementoffreemarketsandtheprivatesectorinhealthcare.ItalsoconsumesthelargestshareofGDPwithnosignificantgainsinhealthonanymeasurableoutcome.WeneedmoremarketmechanismstocutmedicalcostsbutRepublicansdon’tbothertostudyexistinghealthcaresystemsanywhereelseintheworld.IknowitworksinpracticetheoldsawgoesbutdoesitworkintheoryConservativesusedtobetheoneswithheadsfirmlybasedinreality.Theirreformswerepowerfulbecausetheyusedthemarketstreamlinedgovernmentandempoweredindividuals.WeneedconservativeideastomodernizetheU.S.economyandreformAmericangovernment.Butwhatwehaveinsteadarepoliciesthatdon’treformbutjustcutandstarvegovernment—astrategythatpayslittleattentiontohistoryorbestpracticesfromaroundtheworldandisbasedinsteadonatheory.ThatheaviertaxesburdentheAmericaneconomy
Weallknowthatscienceplaysanimportantroleinthesocietiesinwhichwelive.Manypeoplebelievehoweverthatourprogressdependsontwoaspectsofscience.Thefirstofwhichisthemachinesproductsandsystemsofappliedknowledgethatscientistsandtechnologistsdevelop.Throughtechnologyscienceimprovesthatstructureofsocietyandhelpsmantogainincreasingcontroloverhisenvironment.46Thesecondaspectistheapplicationbyallmembersofsocietyfromthegovernmentofficialtotheordinarycitizenofthespecialmethodsofthoughtandactionthatscientistsuseintheirwork. 47Humanbeingshavedistinguishedthemselvesfromotheranimalsandindoingsoensuredtheirsurvivalbytheabilitytoobserveandunderstandtheirenvironmentandtheneithertoadapttothatenvironmentortocontrolandadaptittotheirownneeds.Theprocessofcarefulobservationperceptionofapatterninthephenomenaobservedfollowedbyexploitationofthisknowledgehaslargelyinspiredtheareaofhumanactivityknownas"science".48Ithasalsoprovidedthebasesforthetraditionalmethodologyofscience:objectiveobservationanddescriptionofsomephenomenatheformulationofahypothesisorhypothesesabouttheeventsobservedandpossiblerelationshipsamongthemtheuseofthesetopredictfutureeventstheverificationofthehypothesesandonthisbasistheconstructionofatheoryofsomeareaofnaturalactivity. Whilethisprocessstillunderliesmostscientificactivitytheclassic"scientificmethod"hasbeencriticizedfromavarietyofperspectives.49Tobeginwithitisapparentthatthe"objectivity"ofscienceandscientistsstrictlycharacterizesonlythelowestorderofscientificactivity—observationandevenhereitisdoubtfulwhetheranyonecanbeatrulyimpartialobserverofevents.Whatsomeonechoosestoobserveandthewayoneobservesitmustafterallinpartbeareflectionofexperienceandofideasastowhatissignificant.Considerforexamplethedifferentwaysinwhichanartistandalaymanlookatapaintingandthedifferentreactionstheyhavetothesamework. Theconstructionofhypothesesandtheoriesreflectsthescientist’sinterpretationofwhatheorshehasobservedevenmoreclearlythanobservation.Atthisstageofthescientificmethodanelementofsubjectivityisinevitablypresent.Thiscanmosteasilybeseenintheextremecaseofscientistsoftrulycreativegenius.Galileoforinstancechallengedthescientistsandthechurchofhisdaywithhishypothesisthattheearthrevolvedaroundthesun.AtwentiethcenturyexampleisWatsonandClick’sdiscoveryofthemolecularstructureofDNA.50Clearlysciencemayinvolvenotonlycarefulobservationbutalsoawillingnesstobecreative;thismayentaillookingbeyondexistingparadigmsgoverningresearchinagivenareaofstudy. 47
MySpaceandotherWebsiteshaveunleashedapotentnewphenomenonofsocialnetworkingincyberspace1atthesametimeagrowingbodyofevidenceissuggestingthattraditionalsocial2playasurprisinglypowerfulandunder-recognizedroleininfluencinghowpeoplebehave. ThelatestresearchcomesfromDr.NicholasA.ChristakisattheHarvardMedicalSchoolandDr.JamesH.FowlerattheUniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiego.The3reportedlastsummerthatobesityappearedto4fromonepersontoanother5socialnetworksalmostlikeavirusorafad.Inafollow-uptothatprovocativeresearchtheteamhasproduced6findingsaboutanothermajorhealth7:smoking.InastudypublishedlastweekintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinetheteamfoundthataperson’sdecisionto8thehabitisstronglyaffectedby9otherpeopleintheirsocialnetworkquit—evenpeopletheydonotknow.Andsurprisinglyentirenetworksofsmokersappeartoquitvirtually10 For11oftheirstudiesthey12ofdetailedrecordskeptbetween1971and2003about5124peoplewhoparticipatedinthelandmarkFraminghamHeartStudy.BecausemanyofthesubjectshadtiestotheBostonsuburbofFraminghamMass.manyoftheparticipantswere13somehow—throughspousesneighborsfriendsco-workers—enablingtheresearcherstostudyanetworkthat1412067people. Takentogetherthesestudiesare15agrowingrecognitionthatmanybehaviorsare16bysocialnetworksin17thathavenotbeenfullyunderstood.And18maybepossibletheresearcherssaytoharnessthepowerofthesenetworksformany19suchasencouragingsafesexgettingmorepeopletoexerciseoreven20crime. 17
Thetermdisruptivetechnologyispopularbutiswidelymisused.Itrefersnotsimplytoaclevernewtechnologyhuttoonethatunderminesanexistingtechnology--andwhichthereforemakeslifeverydifficultforthemanybusinesseswhichdependontheexistingwayofdoingthings.Twentyyearsagothepersonalcomputerwasaclassicexample.Itsweptasideanoldermainframe-basedstyleofcomputingandeventuallybroughtIBMoneoftheworld’smightiestfirmsatthetimetoitsknees.Thisweekhasbeenacoming-outpartyofsortsforanotherdisruptivetechnologyvoiceoverinternetprotocolVOIPwhichpromisestobeevenmoredisruptiveandofevengreaterbenefittoconsumersthanpersonalcomputers.VOIP’sleadingproponentisSkypeasmallfirmwhosesoftwareallowspeopletomakefreecallstootherSkypeusersovertheinternetandverycheapcallstotraditionaltelephones--allofwhichspellstroubleforincumbenttelecomsoperators.OnSeptember12theBaytheleadingonlineauctionhouseannouncedthatitwasbuyingSkypefor＄2.6billionplusanadditional＄1.5billionifSkypehitscertainperformancetargetsincomingyears.Thisseemsavastsumtopayforacompanythathasonly＄60minrevenuesandhasyettoturnaprofit.YeteBaywasnottheonlycompanyinterestedinbuyingSkype.MicrosoftYahoo!NewsCorporationandGooglewereallsaidtohavealsoconsideredtheidea.PerhapseBayratherlikesomeover-excitedbidderinoneofitsownauctionshaspaidtoomuch.ThecompanysaysitplanstouseSkype’stechnologytomakeiteasierforbuyersandsellerstocommunicateandtooffernewclicktocalladvertisementsbutmanyanalystsarescepticalthateBayisthebestownerofSkype.WhateverthemeritsofthedealhoweverthefussoverSkypeinrecentweekshashighlightedthesignificanceofVOIPandtheenormousthreatitposestoincumbenttelecomsoperators.FortheriseofSkypeandotherVOIPservicesmeansnothinglessthanthedeathofthetraditionaltelephonebusinessestablishedoveracenturyago.SkypeismerelythemostvisiblemanifestationofadramaticshiftinthetelecomsindustryasvoiceGallingbecomesjustanotherdataservicedeliveredviahigh-speedinternetconnections.Skypewhichhasover54musershasreceivedthemostattentionbutotherfirmsroutingcallspartiallyorentirelyovertheinternethavealsosignedupmillionsofcustomers.Accordingtothetextmanyanalysts’attitudetowardthepossessionofSkypebyeBayis______.
MySpaceandotherWebsiteshaveunleashedapotentnewphenomenonofsocialnetworkingincyberspace1atthesametimeagrowingbodyofevidenceissuggestingthattraditionalsocial2playasurprisinglypowerfulandunder-recognizedroleininfluencinghowpeoplebehave. ThelatestresearchcomesfromDr.NicholasA.ChristakisattheHarvardMedicalSchoolandDr.JamesH.FowlerattheUniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiego.The3reportedlastsummerthatobesityappearedto4fromonepersontoanother5socialnetworksalmostlikeavirusorafad.Inafollow-uptothatprovocativeresearchtheteamhasproduced6findingsaboutanothermajorhealth7:smoking.InastudypublishedlastweekintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinetheteamfoundthataperson’sdecisionto8thehabitisstronglyaffectedby9otherpeopleintheirsocialnetworkquit—evenpeopletheydonotknow.Andsurprisinglyentirenetworksofsmokersappeartoquitvirtually10 For11oftheirstudiesthey12ofdetailedrecordskeptbetween1971and2003about5124peoplewhoparticipatedinthelandmarkFraminghamHeartStudy.BecausemanyofthesubjectshadtiestotheBostonsuburbofFraminghamMass.manyoftheparticipantswere13somehow—throughspousesneighborsfriendsco-workers—enablingtheresearcherstostudyanetworkthat1412067people. Takentogetherthesestudiesare15agrowingrecognitionthatmanybehaviorsare16bysocialnetworksin17thathavenotbeenfullyunderstood.And18maybepossibletheresearcherssaytoharnessthepowerofthesenetworksformany19suchasencouragingsafesexgettingmorepeopletoexerciseoreven20crime. 5
MySpaceandotherWebsiteshaveunleashedapotentnewphenomenonofsocialnetworkingincyberspace1atthesametimeagrowingbodyofevidenceissuggestingthattraditionalsocial2playasurprisinglypowerfulandunder-recognizedroleininfluencinghowpeoplebehave. ThelatestresearchcomesfromDr.NicholasA.ChristakisattheHarvardMedicalSchoolandDr.JamesH.FowlerattheUniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiego.The3reportedlastsummerthatobesityappearedto4fromonepersontoanother5socialnetworksalmostlikeavirusorafad.Inafollow-uptothatprovocativeresearchtheteamhasproduced6findingsaboutanothermajorhealth7:smoking.InastudypublishedlastweekintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinetheteamfoundthataperson’sdecisionto8thehabitisstronglyaffectedby9otherpeopleintheirsocialnetworkquit—evenpeopletheydonotknow.Andsurprisinglyentirenetworksofsmokersappeartoquitvirtually10 For11oftheirstudiesthey12ofdetailedrecordskeptbetween1971and2003about5124peoplewhoparticipatedinthelandmarkFraminghamHeartStudy.BecausemanyofthesubjectshadtiestotheBostonsuburbofFraminghamMass.manyoftheparticipantswere13somehow—throughspousesneighborsfriendsco-workers—enablingtheresearcherstostudyanetworkthat1412067people. Takentogetherthesestudiesare15agrowingrecognitionthatmanybehaviorsare16bysocialnetworksin17thathavenotbeenfullyunderstood.And18maybepossibletheresearcherssaytoharnessthepowerofthesenetworksformany19suchasencouragingsafesexgettingmorepeopletoexerciseoreven20crime. 9
46StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedtheemergenceoffeministmovementshavethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenth-centuryAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorinanshoweverhaveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod.47FurthermoretheideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbecauseevenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStatestheyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedassolitaryandindividualtheoristswereinrealityconnectedtoamovement—utopiansocialism—whichwasalreadypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFallsNewYorkin1848.48Thusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginsanddevelopmentofnineteenth-centuryfeminismintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudyalreadymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism.TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhashoweverbeenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherents’energy;hencebyignoringitsfeminismEuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstoodSaint-Simonianism.MoreoversincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtoSaint-SimonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited.49Saint-Simon’sfollowersmanyofwhomwerewomenbasedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamaletorepresentreflectionandafemaletorepresentsentiment.ThiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthatwhiletheSaint-Simoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentheyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheirutopia.OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionofsexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthatindividualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacterandtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.50Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife.
MySpaceandotherWebsiteshaveunleashedapotentnewphenomenonofsocialnetworkingincyberspace1atthesametimeagrowingbodyofevidenceissuggestingthattraditionalsocial2playasurprisinglypowerfulandunder-recognizedroleininfluencinghowpeoplebehave. ThelatestresearchcomesfromDr.NicholasA.ChristakisattheHarvardMedicalSchoolandDr.JamesH.FowlerattheUniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiego.The3reportedlastsummerthatobesityappearedto4fromonepersontoanother5socialnetworksalmostlikeavirusorafad.Inafollow-uptothatprovocativeresearchtheteamhasproduced6findingsaboutanothermajorhealth7:smoking.InastudypublishedlastweekintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinetheteamfoundthataperson’sdecisionto8thehabitisstronglyaffectedby9otherpeopleintheirsocialnetworkquit—evenpeopletheydonotknow.Andsurprisinglyentirenetworksofsmokersappeartoquitvirtually10 For11oftheirstudiesthey12ofdetailedrecordskeptbetween1971and2003about5124peoplewhoparticipatedinthelandmarkFraminghamHeartStudy.BecausemanyofthesubjectshadtiestotheBostonsuburbofFraminghamMass.manyoftheparticipantswere13somehow—throughspousesneighborsfriendsco-workers—enablingtheresearcherstostudyanetworkthat1412067people. Takentogetherthesestudiesare15agrowingrecognitionthatmanybehaviorsare16bysocialnetworksin17thathavenotbeenfullyunderstood.And18maybepossibletheresearcherssaytoharnessthepowerofthesenetworksformany19suchasencouragingsafesexgettingmorepeopletoexerciseoreven20crime. 1
Whenasmittengreat-grandsonofCharlesDarwinpronouncedAvaGardnerthehighestspecimenofthehumanspecieshesummeduptheconsensusaboutthisvoluptuousmoviequeen.WithremarkableunanimitythosewhometGardnerwereaptmsecondthatemotion.ShewasasexygalsaidGeorgeSidneywhofilmedherforanMGMscreentestin1941.Man.shewasahotnumberMilesDavissaidmanyyearslater.41.Asforthemuch-vauntedpartystaminaofawomanwhonevermetadrinkorabullfightershedidn’tlike:Shecouldgoallnighty’know.Shewasawildcountrygirlandlikedtoletherhairdownandflingoffhershoesandhaveagoodtime.Herlatestbiographer.LeeServerisnoslouchwhenitcomestoadmiringGardner.Hisbook’sintroductioncallsheracarnaldangerousangelinthechiaroscurodreamscapeoffilmnoir.42.Heiswellsuited1owritingabouticonicmoviemaverickslikethesetwo.He’snotabore.Andastheauthorofabookaboutfilmnoirheunderstandscinematicidiom.Mr.Serverreferstoamnesiaasnoir’sVersionofthecommoncold.AvaGardner.’LoveIsNothing’isaseductivebookthatavoidsthepitfallsthatcomewithitsterritory.Firstofallthereistheproblemofthestar’smemoir.Ms.Gardner’sautobiographywaspublishedposthumouslyandworkedonbyseveralwriterssometimessoundingthatway.Mr.ServermakesuseofthisaccountwithoutparticularlytrustingitandwithanodtotheapocryphalnatureofsomanyGardnerstories.43Healsoenlivenshisbook’sbibiliographywithalongstringofnewspaperandmagazineheadlinesthatcapturethetenorofGardner’spapertrail.44.Gardnerlivedsomuchofherlifeinthiskindofspotlightthatthetabloidcoveragebecamepartofherstory.Thereisoneextantpressphotoofthecoupleontheirhoneymoonthatdoesnotshowthemmuning0snarlingcringingcoweringMr.ServerwritesaboutGardner’sgale-forcestormymarriageherthirdtoFrankSinatra.Ofcourseitwastakenfromadistanceandfromthemar.45.Shecalledlovenothingbutapainandspecifiedwherethepainwas.HerstorybeginsinGrabtowntheruralNorthCarolinaburgthatbecamefamousasherbirthplace.Butitdoesn’ttakelongforMr.ServertotakeGardnertoHollywoodintoanMGMcontractandamarriagetoMickeyRooney.RooneywhocalledhishoneymoonwithGardnerasexualsymphonywasoneofmanymenwhosememoirsbraggedofbedroomexploitswithtiffsgorgeouscreature.Shelikedtokissandtelltoo.Weneverfoughtinbed.shesupposedlysaidaboutSinatra.Thefightwouldstartonthewaytothebidet[A]Andwhenthefactsareunobtainablehe’swillingreprintthelegend;orsoitseems—storieslikeLateronshetooktheentirebandwithherwhentheclubclosed.[B]Othersthoughtofherasagoddessanenigmaaveryverywildspiritandoneofthosepeoplewhobroketherulesallthetime.[C]Amongthem:Ava’Nervous’TossedOutofBrazilHotel;NothingBetweenUsSaysAva:SinatraDepartsAvaBlowsKissestoBullfighter.[D]Speakingoftherearthisbook’ssubtitleLoveIsNothingisonlyapartialsanitizedquotationfromGardner.[E]ForGardnerloveandpainbecameaswirlingkamikaze-likefrothofhigh-speedexistencebeforedecadesofoverloadfinallybrokeherdown.[F]ServerfondlybringsGardnertolifeasawarm-refreshinglyunpretentiousstarwhoseappetiteseventuallyoverwhelmedherspirit.[G]ButMr.Server.whoselastbookwasaRobertMitchumbiographythatliveduptoitsterrifictitleRobertMitchum:’BabyIDon’tCare’canalsokeephiscool.
TomBurkerecentlytriedtoprintoutaboardingpassfromhomebeforeoneofthefrequent/lightshetakes.Hecouldn’t.HisnameoronesimilartoitisnowononeoftheTransportationSecurityAdministration’sterroristwatchlists.EverydaythousandsofpeoplelikeBurkefindthemselvesunableodothingslikeprintaboardingpassandarepulledasideforextensivescreeningbecausetheirnameoranamethatsoundsliketheirsisononeofthewatchlists.FromtheTSA’sperspectivethescreeningisjustoneofthemanynewlayersofincreasedsecuritythataredesignedtopreventterroristactivity.Theinconvenienceisregrettablebutapricethatsocietyhastopayforsecurity.AndfornationalsecurityreasonstheFBIandothergovernmentagenciesresponsibleforsupplyingnamestothelistswillnotdisclosethecriteriatheyuse.Theysaythatwouldamounttotippingtheirhandstotheterrorists.Butcivillibertariansaremoreconcernedaboutthelong-termconsequenceofthecurrentlists.OnSept.112001theno-flylistcontained16names.Nowthecombinedlistsareestimatedtohaveasmanyas20000.InternalFBImemosfromagentsreferredtotheprocessasreallyconfusedandnotcomprehensiveandnotcentralized.Burkeandotherscontendthatsuchcommentsaxedisturbingbecauseitwasduringthefirstyearaftertheattacksthatthewatchlistsgrewexponentially.TheunderlyingdangerisnotthatTom.Burkecannolongergetaboardingpasstogetonanairlinesaysalawyer.It’sthattheTomBurkesintheworldmay.forevermorebeassociatedwiththeterroristwatchlist.Burkesaystheydoknowthatthelistsaxefrequentlyupdatedanddistributedinternationallybuttheydon’tknowhowtheoldlistsaredestroyed.Theyalsohopetoensurethatsometimeinthefutureapersonwhosenameisonthelistbutisnotaterroristdoesnotrunintofurthertroubleifsaylawenforcementinanothercountrythatthey’revisitingcomesacrosstheirnameononeoftheoldlists.Inadditionairlinesareconcernedthatthelistsarenotupdatedfrequentlyenough.We’vebeenencouragingtheTSAtoworkwithalloftheotherfederallaw-enforcementagenciestogetaregularreviewofthenamesthattheysubmittoTSAbecausetherehavebeenreportsthattheseagencieshavesaidthatiftherewasareviewmanyofthenamescouldberemovedsaysDianaCroninoftheAirTransportAssociation.Thenumberofnamesontheno-flylistincreasesrapidlyfrom16to20000mostprobablybecause
MySpaceandotherWebsiteshaveunleashedapotentnewphenomenonofsocialnetworkingincyberspace1atthesametimeagrowingbodyofevidenceissuggestingthattraditionalsocial2playasurprisinglypowerfulandunder-recognizedroleininfluencinghowpeoplebehave. ThelatestresearchcomesfromDr.NicholasA.ChristakisattheHarvardMedicalSchoolandDr.JamesH.FowlerattheUniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiego.The3reportedlastsummerthatobesityappearedto4fromonepersontoanother5socialnetworksalmostlikeavirusorafad.Inafollow-uptothatprovocativeresearchtheteamhasproduced6findingsaboutanothermajorhealth7:smoking.InastudypublishedlastweekintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinetheteamfoundthataperson’sdecisionto8thehabitisstronglyaffectedby9otherpeopleintheirsocialnetworkquit—evenpeopletheydonotknow.Andsurprisinglyentirenetworksofsmokersappeartoquitvirtually10 For11oftheirstudiesthey12ofdetailedrecordskeptbetween1971and2003about5124peoplewhoparticipatedinthelandmarkFraminghamHeartStudy.BecausemanyofthesubjectshadtiestotheBostonsuburbofFraminghamMass.manyoftheparticipantswere13somehow—throughspousesneighborsfriendsco-workers—enablingtheresearcherstostudyanetworkthat1412067people. Takentogetherthesestudiesare15agrowingrecognitionthatmanybehaviorsare16bysocialnetworksin17thathavenotbeenfullyunderstood.And18maybepossibletheresearcherssaytoharnessthepowerofthesenetworksformany19suchasencouragingsafesexgettingmorepeopletoexerciseoreven20crime. 7
46StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedtheemergenceoffeministmovementshavethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenth-centuryAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorinanshoweverhaveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod.47FurthermoretheideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbecauseevenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStatestheyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedassolitaryandindividualtheoristswereinrealityconnectedtoamovement—utopiansocialism—whichwasalreadypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFallsNewYorkin1848.48Thusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginsanddevelopmentofnineteenth-centuryfeminismintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudyalreadymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism.TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhashoweverbeenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherents’energy;hencebyignoringitsfeminismEuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstoodSaint-Simonianism.MoreoversincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtoSaint-SimonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited.49Saint-Simon’sfollowersmanyofwhomwerewomenbasedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamaletorepresentreflectionandafemaletorepresentsentiment.ThiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthatwhiletheSaint-Simoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentheyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheirutopia.OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionofsexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthatindividualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacterandtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.50Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife.
Thehistoryofthecomputerinthetwentiethcenturyisoneofdramaticadaptationandexpansion.Thecomputerhadmodestbeginningsinareaswhereitwasusedasaspecialisttool.Thefirstelectroniccomputerwasbuiltinthe1930sandwassolelyfortheuseofundergraduatestudentsinIowaStateUniversitytohandlemathematicalcomputationsinnuclearphysics.Inthe1960sanearlyversionoftheInternetARPPANETwasusedincomputerscienceandengineeringprojects.Howeveronly10yearslatercomputerswerestartingtochangeourlifestylethewaywedobusinessandmanyotherthingsandbythelate1980s’networkswereexpandingtoembracesectionsofthegeneralpublic.ComputerizationhaschangedUShighschooleducationinmanyways.Threedifferentchangesthatconsiderbeingimportant.Thefirstistheuseofthecomputerasteachingaidforteachers.Thenextisthemassivedatastorageandfastdataretrievalfacilitatedbycomputer.Thencomesthechangesbroughtaboutbytheintroductionofsimulationsoftware.Howprevalentistheuseofcomputersinschools!Asrecentlyastheearly1980sonly20%ofsecondaryscienceteachersintheUSAwereusingmicrocomputers.HoweversincethenhighschoolsintheUShavecomputerizedrapidly.By1987schoolshadacquiredabout1.5millioncomputerswith95%ofpublicschoolshavingatleastonecomputer.Computerscanbeusedasteachingaidsbothinschoolsandinhomes.Inschoolsforexampleteacherscanplugacomputerintoanespeciallyequippedoverheadprojectortobringtextsgraphicssoundandvideosintoaclassroom.Bythesemultimediacomputeranimationsteacherscanmorereadilyattractandretainstudents’attention.Annconcludesthatcomputeraidedteachingcanattractandmotivatestudentswhoweredroppingoutwhenmoretraditionalmethodswerebeingused.LetusnowturntotheInternet.Thisisaglobalnetworkconnectingmanylocalnetworks.OvertheInternethighschoolstudentscanretrieveinformationanddatabasesfromeverynetworkedlibraryaroundtheworldinseconds.TheWorldWideWebprovidesaneasywaytoaccesshard-to-findinformation.Studentscannowreachanylibrarythroughtheglobalnetworkandfindwhattheywant.Thefinalstepistodownloadthescannedimage.Thoughtheslowtransmissionofsignalthroughthenetworkisamajorlimitingfactoritcanstillsaveusmuchtimeinfindingusefulinformationandthusitisaninvaluabletooltobothhighschoolteachersandstudents.Themainpointofparagraph1isto
ConservatismGeorgeWilltoldmewhenIinterviewedhimmanyyearsagowasrootedinreality.Itstartednotfromanimaginedsocietybutfromtheworldasitactuallyexists.ButconservativesnowchampionideasdrawnfromabstractprincipleswithlittleregardtotherealitiesofAmerica’spresentorpast.ThisisatragedybecauseconservatismhasanimportantroletoplayinmodernizingtheU.S.Considerthedebatesovertheeconomy.TheRepublicanprescriptionistocuttaxesandslashgovernmentspendingbutwhatistheevidencethattaxcutsarethebestpathtorevivetheU.S.economyTaxesasapercentageofGDPareattheirlowestlevelsince1950.TheU.S.isamongthelowesttaxedofthebigindustrialeconomies.SothecasethatAmericaisgrindingtoahaltbecauseofhightaxationisnotbasedonfactsbutissimplyatheoreticalassertion.TherichcountriesthatareinthebestshaperightnowwithstronggrowthandlowunemploymentareoneslikeGermanyandDenmarkneitheronecharacterizedbylowtaxes.Infactrightnowanydiscussionofgovernmentinvolvementintheeconomy—eventobuildvitalinfrastructure—isimpossiblebecauseitisacardinaltenetofthenewconservatismthatsuchinvolvementisalwaysandforeverbad.MeanwhileacrosstheglobefromSingaporetoSouthKoreatoGermanytoCanadaevidenceaboundsthatsomestrategicactionsbythegovernmentcanactascatalystsforfree-marketgrowth.OfcourseAmericanhistorysuggeststhataswell.Inthe1950s’60sand’70stheU.S.governmentmademassiveinvestmentsinscienceandtechnologyinstateuniversitiesandininfantindustries.ThoseinvestmentstriggeredtwogenerationsofeconomicgrowthandputtheU.S.ontopoftheworldoftechnologyandinnovation.Butthathistoryhasbeenforgotten.WhenconsideringhealthcareforexampleRepublicansconfidentlyassertthattheirideaswilllowercostswhenwesimplydonothavemuchevidenceforthis.Whatwedoknowisthatoftheworld’srichestcountriestheU.S.hasbyfarthegreatestinvolvementoffreemarketsandtheprivatesectorinhealthcare.ItalsoconsumesthelargestshareofGDPwithnosignificantgainsinhealthonanymeasurableoutcome.WeneedmoremarketmechanismstocutmedicalcostsbutRepublicansdon’tbothertostudyexistinghealthcaresystemsanywhereelseintheworld.IknowitworksinpracticetheoldsawgoesbutdoesitworkintheoryConservativesusedtobetheoneswithheadsfirmlybasedinreality.Theirreformswerepowerfulbecausetheyusedthemarketstreamlinedgovernmentandempoweredindividuals.WeneedconservativeideastomodernizetheU.S.economyandreformAmericangovernment.Butwhatwehaveinsteadarepoliciesthatdon’treformbutjustcutandstarvegovernment—astrategythatpayslittleattentiontohistoryorbestpracticesfromaroundtheworldandisbasedinsteadonatheory.ItisimpliedthattheAmericanhealthcaresystem
Directions: OneofyourclosefriendsCatherinegaveapianosoloataconcertlastnightandwonthefirstprize.Nowwriteheraletterofcongratulationincludingthefollowingdetails: 1yourheart-feltcongratulations 2yourstrongimpression 3andyourencouragement. Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruse"12Ming"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
MySpaceandotherWebsiteshaveunleashedapotentnewphenomenonofsocialnetworkingincyberspace1atthesametimeagrowingbodyofevidenceissuggestingthattraditionalsocial2playasurprisinglypowerfulandunder-recognizedroleininfluencinghowpeoplebehave. ThelatestresearchcomesfromDr.NicholasA.ChristakisattheHarvardMedicalSchoolandDr.JamesH.FowlerattheUniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiego.The3reportedlastsummerthatobesityappearedto4fromonepersontoanother5socialnetworksalmostlikeavirusorafad.Inafollow-uptothatprovocativeresearchtheteamhasproduced6findingsaboutanothermajorhealth7:smoking.InastudypublishedlastweekintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinetheteamfoundthataperson’sdecisionto8thehabitisstronglyaffectedby9otherpeopleintheirsocialnetworkquit—evenpeopletheydonotknow.Andsurprisinglyentirenetworksofsmokersappeartoquitvirtually10 For11oftheirstudiesthey12ofdetailedrecordskeptbetween1971and2003about5124peoplewhoparticipatedinthelandmarkFraminghamHeartStudy.BecausemanyofthesubjectshadtiestotheBostonsuburbofFraminghamMass.manyoftheparticipantswere13somehow—throughspousesneighborsfriendsco-workers—enablingtheresearcherstostudyanetworkthat1412067people. Takentogetherthesestudiesare15agrowingrecognitionthatmanybehaviorsare16bysocialnetworksin17thathavenotbeenfullyunderstood.And18maybepossibletheresearcherssaytoharnessthepowerofthesenetworksformany19suchasencouragingsafesexgettingmorepeopletoexerciseoreven20crime. 19
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