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Directions: Write a letter to Liu Xiang , expressing congratulations for his new world record. Y...
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齐某很想出国无奈手中缺钱某日趁自己做生意的朋友吕某之子小东放学之机骗其到自己事先租用的一所房子内打电话要挟吕某用20万元换孩子吕某报警齐某发现后将小东杀死对齐某的行为应当
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswersma ANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Itisevidentthatthereisaclose connectionbetweenthecapacitytouselanguageandthecapacitiescoveredby theverbtothink.Indeedmewritershaveidentifiedthinkingwith usingwords:PlatocoinedthesayingInthinkingthesoulistalkingto itself;J.B.Watsonreducedthinkingtoinhibitedspeechlocatedintheminute movementsortensionsofthephysiologicalmechanismsinvolvedinspeaking;and althoughRyleiscarefultopointoutthattherearemanysensesinwhicha personissaidtothinkinwhichwordsarenotinevidencehehasalsosaid thatsayingsomethinginaspecificframeofmindisthinkinga thought.Isthinkingreducibletoordependentuponlanguage habitsItwouldseemthatmanythinkingsituationsarehardlydistinguishable fromtheskilfuluseoflanguagealthoughtherearesomeothersinwhich languageisnotinvolved.Thoughtcannotbesimplyidentifiedwithrunning language.Itmaybethecaseofcoursethatthenon-linguisticskillsinvolved inthoughtcanonlybeacquiredanddevelopedifthelearnerisabletouseand understandlanguage.Howeverthisquestionisonewhichwecannothopeto answerinthisbook.Obviouslybeingabletouselanguagemakesfora considerabledevelopmentinallone’scapacitiesbuthowpreciselythiscomes aboutwecannotsay.Atthecommon-senselevelitappearsthat thereisoftenadistinctionbetweenthoughtandthewordsweemployto communicatewithotherpeople.Weoftenhavetostrugglehardtofindwordsto capturewhatourthinkinghasalreadygraspedandwhenwedofindwordswe sometimesfeelthattheyfailtodotheirjobproperly.Againwhenwereportor describeourthinkingtootherpeoplewedonotmerelyreportunspokenwordsand sentences.Suchsentencesdonotalwaysoccurinthinkingandwhentheydothey axemergedwithvagueimageryandthehintofunconsciousorsubliminal activitiesgoingonjustoutofrange.Thinkingasithappensismorelike strugglingstrivingorsearchingforsomethingthanitisliketalkingor reading.Wordsdoplaytheirpartbuttheyarerarelytheonlyfeatureof thought.ThisobservationissupportedbytheexperimentsoftheWurzburg psychologistsreportedinChapterEightwhoshowedthatintelligentadaptive responsescanoccurinproblemsolvingsituationswithouttheuseofeither wordsorimagesofanykind;Setanddeterminingtendenciesoperatewithout theactualuseoflanguageinhelpingustothinkpurposefullyand intelligently.AgaintheStudyofspeechdisordersduetobrain injuryordiseasesuggestthatpatientscanthinkwithouthavingadequate controlovertheirlanguagesomepatientsforexamplefailtofindthenames ofobjectspresentedtothemandareunabletodescribesimpleevents whichtheywitness;theyevenfinditdifficulttointerpretlongwritten notices.Buttheysucceedinplayinggamesofchessordraughts.Theycanuse theconceptsneededforchessplayingordraughtsplayingbutareunabletouse manyoftheconceptsinordinarylanguage.Howtheymanagetodothiswedonot know.YetanimalssuchasKohler’schimpan2eescansolveproblemsbyworkingout strategiessuchastheinventionofimplementsorClimbingaidswhensuch animalshavenotlanguagebeyondafewwarningcries.Intelligentor insightfulbehaviorisnotdependentinthecaseofmonkeysonlanguage skills:presumablyhumanbeingshavevariouscapacitiesforthinkingsituations whicharelikewiseindependentoflanguage.Whyarepatientswithspeechdisordersabletothinkwithouthavingadequatecontroloverlanguage
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Readingandwritinghavelongbeen thoughtofascomplementaryskills:toreadistorecognizeandinterpret languagethathasbeenwritten;towriteistoplanandproducelanguage 1itcanberead.Itisthereforewidely2 thatbeingabletoreadimpliesbeingabletowriteratleastbeing abletospell.Oftenchildrenaretaughttoreadbut3no formaltuitioninspelling;itisfeltthatspellingwillbe4 up.Theattitudehasits5inthemethodsof200 yearsagowhenteacherscarefullytaughtspellingandassumedthat readingwould6automatically.Recentresearchinto spellingerrorsandslipsofthepenhasbeguntoshowthatmattersare 7sosimple.Thereisnonecessarylinkbetweenreadingand writing:goodreadersdonotalways8goodwriters.Noris thereanynecessarylinkbetweenreadingandspelling:therearemany peoplewhohaveno9inreadingbutwhohaveamajor persistent10inspelling—someresearchershaveestimated thatthismaybeas11as2%ofthepopulation.With childrentoothereis12thatknowledgeofreadingdoes notautomatically16tospelling.Ifthere14 acloserelationshipchildrenshouldbeabletoreadandspell the15words:butthisisnotso.Itis16 tofindchildrenwhocanread17betterthanthey canspell.Moresurprisinglythe18happenswithsome childrenintheearlystagesofreading.Onestudy19. childrenthesamelistofwordstoreadandspell:several20 spelledmorewordscorrectlythantheywereabletoread correctly.
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearly onANSWERSHEET2. Thefirstdayofclassisaveryimportanttimeforfacultyto establishatoneforwhatwillhappentherestoftheterm.Itisappropriate thatateacherreflectonjustwhatclimateandfirstimpressionshe/hewould liketoestablish.Thisarticleofferssomeideasaboutthatimportant day.ReflectingonthefirstdayofclassMcKeachiesuggests that...meetingagroupofstrangerswhowillaffectyourwellbeingisatthe sametimeexcitingandanxiety-producingforbothstudentsandteacher. 46ResearchonthefirstdayofclassbyDr.Bushshowedtherewasareal desireonthepartofbothstudentsandteachersforconnectednessbutneither grouprealizedtheothersharedthatdesire.Iftheparticipantsonboth sidesdon’tunderstandhowtodeveloptheirrelationshipslearningwillbe diminished减少变小.Ifyouhaveexperiencedsomeanxietyaboutthismeeting planningsomespecificstepscannotonlyreducethatfeelingbutcanget studentstoshareinthesenseofpurposeyouholdfortheclass. Somefacultyavoidthefirstdayanxietybyhandingoutasyllabus givinganassignmentanddismissingtheclass.Thisonlypostponesthe inevitable.Italsogivesstudentsasensethatclasstimeisnottooimportant. 47Mostofallitlosestheopportunitytousetheheightened excitementandanticipationthatstudentsbringthatdaythechancetodirect thatexcitementtowardenthusiasmfortheclass.Whatcan youdotoestablishapositivebeginning48Howcanyoumakesurestudents’ attitudestowardyouthecourseandthesubjectmatterwillsupporta constructivelearningclimateforthesemesterThefollowingideashave beengatheredtostimulateyourthoughtsaboutthesequestions.Perhapsyouwill thinkofothersbutthefollowingarethingswhichcouldcontributetothis goal.Theyarenotinaparticularorderbutcanbesampledtofityourown preferences.Conveyingasenseofenthusiasmforthecontentis alsoveryimportant.SchollBuchwaldsuggeststhatprofessorsRarely...needto impressstudentswithourcommandofthematerial.49Whatisnotalways cleartostudentsiswhetherweareinterestedinthesubjectandwhether wewillbeabletohelpthembecomeascompetentasweare.Hesuggests thatonewaytodemonstrateenthusiasmistotalkaboutyourselfandyourown excitementaboutwhatyouteach.Whatintriguesyouandwhatcouldinterest them50Anotherapproachistogiveashortlectureorlead adiscussiontostimulateinterestintheproblem-solvingthatthissubject mattercouldenablestudentstodo.Considercoreideastypicalproblemsin thefieldCutting-edgediscoveriescommonlyheldmythsprovocative insights/interpretationsorotherstimulatinginsightsintothefield.Doyou haveslidesorvideotapestoenhancetheseimagesofinquiryWhatinteresting relatedresearchisgoingonhereatUNLHowmightthishaveimpactontheir livesHowcanyourelatetheseideastotheirownexperiencesPerhapsan interestingexperimentorproblemtosolvecanintroducethefield.
Text4 AfewcommonmisconceptionsBeautyis onlyskin-deep.One’sphysicalassetsandliabilitiesdon’tcountallthatmuch inamanagerialcareer.Awomanshouldalwaystrytolookherbest. Overthelast30yearssocialscientistshaveconductedmorethan1000 studiesofhowwereacttobeautifulandnot-so-beautifulpeople.Thevirtually unanimousconclusion:Looksdomattermomthanmostofusrealize.Thedata suggestforexamplethatphysicallyattractiveindividualsaremorelikelyto betreatedwellbytheirparentssoughtoutasfriendsandpursued romantically.Withthepossibleexceptionofwomenseekingmanagerialjobsthey arealsomorelikelytobehiredpaidwellandpromoted. Un-AmericanyousayunfairandextremelyunbelievableOnceagainthe scientistshavecaughtusmouthingpieceswhileactingjustthecontrary.Their typicalexperimentworkssomethinglikethis.Theygiveeachmemberofa group-collegestudentsperhapsorteachersorcorporatepersonnelmanagersa pieceofpaperrelatinganindividual’saccomplishments.Attachedtothepaper isaphotograph.Whilethepapersallsayexactlythesamethingthepictures aredifferent.Someshowastrikinglyattractivepersonsomeanaveragelooking characterandsomeanunusuallyunattractivehumanbeing.Groupmembersare askedtoratetheindividualoncertainattributesanythingfrompersonal warmthtothelikelihoodthatheorshewillhepromoted.Almost invariablythebetterlookingthepersoninthepicturethehighertheperson israted.InthephraseborrowedfromSappothatthesocialscientistsuseto sumupthecommonperceptionwhatisbeautifulisgood.In businesshowevergoodlookscutbothwaysforwomenanddeeperthanformen. AUtahStateUniversityprofessorwhoisanauthorityonthesubjectexplains: intermsoftheircareerstheimpactofphysicalattractivenessonmales isonlymodest.Butitspotentialimpactonfemalescanbetremendousmakingit easierforexampleforthemoreattractivetogetjobswheretheyareinthe publiceye.Onanothernotethoughthereisenoughliteraturenowforusto concludethatattractivewomenwhoaspiretomanagerialpositionsdonotgeton aswellaswomen’whomaybelessattractive.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinthebusinessworld______.
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearly onANSWERSHEET2. Thefirstdayofclassisaveryimportanttimeforfacultyto establishatoneforwhatwillhappentherestoftheterm.Itisappropriate thatateacherreflectonjustwhatclimateandfirstimpressionshe/hewould liketoestablish.Thisarticleofferssomeideasaboutthatimportant day.ReflectingonthefirstdayofclassMcKeachiesuggests that...meetingagroupofstrangerswhowillaffectyourwellbeingisatthe sametimeexcitingandanxiety-producingforbothstudentsandteacher. 46ResearchonthefirstdayofclassbyDr.Bushshowedtherewasareal desireonthepartofbothstudentsandteachersforconnectednessbutneither grouprealizedtheothersharedthatdesire.Iftheparticipantsonboth sidesdon’tunderstandhowtodeveloptheirrelationshipslearningwillbe diminished减少变小.Ifyouhaveexperiencedsomeanxietyaboutthismeeting planningsomespecificstepscannotonlyreducethatfeelingbutcanget studentstoshareinthesenseofpurposeyouholdfortheclass. Somefacultyavoidthefirstdayanxietybyhandingoutasyllabus givinganassignmentanddismissingtheclass.Thisonlypostponesthe inevitable.Italsogivesstudentsasensethatclasstimeisnottooimportant. 47Mostofallitlosestheopportunitytousetheheightened excitementandanticipationthatstudentsbringthatdaythechancetodirect thatexcitementtowardenthusiasmfortheclass.Whatcan youdotoestablishapositivebeginning48Howcanyoumakesurestudents’ attitudestowardyouthecourseandthesubjectmatterwillsupporta constructivelearningclimateforthesemesterThefollowingideashave beengatheredtostimulateyourthoughtsaboutthesequestions.Perhapsyouwill thinkofothersbutthefollowingarethingswhichcouldcontributetothis goal.Theyarenotinaparticularorderbutcanbesampledtofityourown preferences.Conveyingasenseofenthusiasmforthecontentis alsoveryimportant.SchollBuchwaldsuggeststhatprofessorsRarely...needto impressstudentswithourcommandofthematerial.49Whatisnotalways cleartostudentsiswhetherweareinterestedinthesubjectandwhether wewillbeabletohelpthembecomeascompetentasweare.Hesuggests thatonewaytodemonstrateenthusiasmistotalkaboutyourselfandyourown excitementaboutwhatyouteach.Whatintriguesyouandwhatcouldinterest them50Anotherapproachistogiveashortlectureorlead adiscussiontostimulateinterestintheproblem-solvingthatthissubject mattercouldenablestudentstodo.Considercoreideastypicalproblemsin thefieldCutting-edgediscoveriescommonlyheldmythsprovocative insights/interpretationsorotherstimulatinginsightsintothefield.Doyou haveslidesorvideotapestoenhancetheseimagesofinquiryWhatinteresting relatedresearchisgoingonhereatUNLHowmightthishaveimpactontheir livesHowcanyourelatetheseideastotheirownexperiencesPerhapsan interestingexperimentorproblemtosolvecanintroducethefield.
Text3 Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantage dependsonwork-forceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resource managementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalof thefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividual responsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rented atthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsor equipment.Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resource managementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechief financialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofcorporate hierarchy.Theexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategic decisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.Byway ofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral—usually thesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEOinthefirm’s hierarchy.WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevast amountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessinthe skillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoney theydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerial employees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersare alsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothe nextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibleto absorbnewtechnologies.Asaresultproblemsemergewhennew breakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuch longertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkers inGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerin GermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipment isupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggenerates costsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcan beemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheend theskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetop half.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobe operatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswill disappear.AccordingtothepassagethemoneymostAmericanfirmsputintrainingmainlygoesto______.
Text4 AfewcommonmisconceptionsBeautyis onlyskin-deep.One’sphysicalassetsandliabilitiesdon’tcountallthatmuch inamanagerialcareer.Awomanshouldalwaystrytolookherbest. Overthelast30yearssocialscientistshaveconductedmorethan1000 studiesofhowwereacttobeautifulandnot-so-beautifulpeople.Thevirtually unanimousconclusion:Looksdomattermomthanmostofusrealize.Thedata suggestforexamplethatphysicallyattractiveindividualsaremorelikelyto betreatedwellbytheirparentssoughtoutasfriendsandpursued romantically.Withthepossibleexceptionofwomenseekingmanagerialjobsthey arealsomorelikelytobehiredpaidwellandpromoted. Un-AmericanyousayunfairandextremelyunbelievableOnceagainthe scientistshavecaughtusmouthingpieceswhileactingjustthecontrary.Their typicalexperimentworkssomethinglikethis.Theygiveeachmemberofa group-collegestudentsperhapsorteachersorcorporatepersonnelmanagersa pieceofpaperrelatinganindividual’saccomplishments.Attachedtothepaper isaphotograph.Whilethepapersallsayexactlythesamethingthepictures aredifferent.Someshowastrikinglyattractivepersonsomeanaveragelooking characterandsomeanunusuallyunattractivehumanbeing.Groupmembersare askedtoratetheindividualoncertainattributesanythingfrompersonal warmthtothelikelihoodthatheorshewillhepromoted.Almost invariablythebetterlookingthepersoninthepicturethehighertheperson israted.InthephraseborrowedfromSappothatthesocialscientistsuseto sumupthecommonperceptionwhatisbeautifulisgood.In businesshowevergoodlookscutbothwaysforwomenanddeeperthanformen. AUtahStateUniversityprofessorwhoisanauthorityonthesubjectexplains: intermsoftheircareerstheimpactofphysicalattractivenessonmales isonlymodest.Butitspotentialimpactonfemalescanbetremendousmakingit easierforexampleforthemoreattractivetogetjobswheretheyareinthe publiceye.Onanothernotethoughthereisenoughliteraturenowforusto concludethatattractivewomenwhoaspiretomanagerialpositionsdonotgeton aswellaswomen’whomaybelessattractive.Accordingtothepassagepeopleoftenwronglybelievethatinpursuingacareerasamanager______.
Text2 Ofallthetruthsthatthisgeneration ofAmericansholdself-evidentfewaremoredeeplyembeddedinthenational psychethanthemaximItpaystogotocollage.SincetheGlBill transformedhighereducationintheaftermathofW.W.IIacollegediploma onceabirthrightoftheleisuredfewhasbecomealodestonefortheupwardly mobileasintegraltotheAmericandreamasthepursuitofhappinessitself. Thenumberstellthestory:In1950s43%ofhigh-schoolgraduateswentonto pursuesomeformofhighereducation;atthesametimeonly6%ofAmericans werecollegegraduates.Butby1992almost2tooutof3secondary-school graduateswereoptingforhighereducation—and21%ofamuchlargerU.S. populationhadcollegediplomas.AsProf.HerbertLondonofNewYorkUniversity toldacommencementaudiencelastJune:Thecollegeexperiencehasgonefroma ritepassagetoarightofpassage.Howeverastheclassof 1993issopainfullydiscoveringwhileacollegediplomaremainsarequisite credentialforascendingtheeconomicladderitnolongerguaranteesthegood life.RarelysincetheendoftheGreatDepressionhasthejoboutlookfor collegegraduatesappearedsobleak:ofthe1.1millionstudentswhoreceived theirbaccalaureatedegreeslastspringfewerthan20%hadlinedupfull-time employmentbycommencement.Indeedanuncertainjobmarkethasprecipitateda waveofeconomicfearandtremblingamongtheyoung.Manyofmyclassmatesare absolutelyterrifiedsaysoneofthefortunatefewwhodidmanagetolanda permanentposition.Theywonderifthey’lleverfindajob. Someofthisrecession-inducedanxietywilldissipateifarecovery finallybeginstogeneratejobsatwhateconomistsconsideranormalrate.But thesadfactisthatfortheforeseeablefuturecollegegraduateswillbein considerablesurplusenablingemployerstorequireadegreeevenforjobsfor whichacollegeeducationisreallyunnecessary.AccordingtoKristina ShelleyoftheBureauofLaborStatistics—whobasesherestimateonamoderate projectionofcurrenttrends—30percentofcollegegraduatesenteringthe laborforcebetweennowandtheyear2005willbeunemployedorwillfind employmentinjobsforwhichtheywillbeoverqualifiedjoiningwhateconomists calltheeducationallyunderutilized.Indeeditmaybe quiteawhile—ifever—beforethoseworkingtemporarilyascocktailwaitressesor taxidriverswillbeabletopursuetheirprimarycareerpaths.Ofcourse waitingontablesandbustlingcabfaresarerespectablewaystoearnaliving. ButtheyarenotquitewhatsomanyyoungAmericans—andtheirparents—hadin mindastheendproductoffourexpensiveyearsin college.Whatdoesthesentencethecollegeexperiencehasgonefromaritepassagetoarightofpassagemean
甲系某村村民委员会主任在协助镇政府处理土地征用事宜时利用职务上的便利利用作废收款收据等手段套取征地补偿费9万元据为己有甲的行为构成
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswersma ANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Itisevidentthatthereisaclose connectionbetweenthecapacitytouselanguageandthecapacitiescoveredby theverbtothink.Indeedmewritershaveidentifiedthinkingwith usingwords:PlatocoinedthesayingInthinkingthesoulistalkingto itself;J.B.Watsonreducedthinkingtoinhibitedspeechlocatedintheminute movementsortensionsofthephysiologicalmechanismsinvolvedinspeaking;and althoughRyleiscarefultopointoutthattherearemanysensesinwhicha personissaidtothinkinwhichwordsarenotinevidencehehasalsosaid thatsayingsomethinginaspecificframeofmindisthinkinga thought.Isthinkingreducibletoordependentuponlanguage habitsItwouldseemthatmanythinkingsituationsarehardlydistinguishable fromtheskilfuluseoflanguagealthoughtherearesomeothersinwhich languageisnotinvolved.Thoughtcannotbesimplyidentifiedwithrunning language.Itmaybethecaseofcoursethatthenon-linguisticskillsinvolved inthoughtcanonlybeacquiredanddevelopedifthelearnerisabletouseand understandlanguage.Howeverthisquestionisonewhichwecannothopeto answerinthisbook.Obviouslybeingabletouselanguagemakesfora considerabledevelopmentinallone’scapacitiesbuthowpreciselythiscomes aboutwecannotsay.Atthecommon-senselevelitappearsthat thereisoftenadistinctionbetweenthoughtandthewordsweemployto communicatewithotherpeople.Weoftenhavetostrugglehardtofindwordsto capturewhatourthinkinghasalreadygraspedandwhenwedofindwordswe sometimesfeelthattheyfailtodotheirjobproperly.Againwhenwereportor describeourthinkingtootherpeoplewedonotmerelyreportunspokenwordsand sentences.Suchsentencesdonotalwaysoccurinthinkingandwhentheydothey axemergedwithvagueimageryandthehintofunconsciousorsubliminal activitiesgoingonjustoutofrange.Thinkingasithappensismorelike strugglingstrivingorsearchingforsomethingthanitisliketalkingor reading.Wordsdoplaytheirpartbuttheyarerarelytheonlyfeatureof thought.ThisobservationissupportedbytheexperimentsoftheWurzburg psychologistsreportedinChapterEightwhoshowedthatintelligentadaptive responsescanoccurinproblemsolvingsituationswithouttheuseofeither wordsorimagesofanykind;Setanddeterminingtendenciesoperatewithout theactualuseoflanguageinhelpingustothinkpurposefullyand intelligently.AgaintheStudyofspeechdisordersduetobrain injuryordiseasesuggestthatpatientscanthinkwithouthavingadequate controlovertheirlanguagesomepatientsforexamplefailtofindthenames ofobjectspresentedtothemandareunabletodescribesimpleevents whichtheywitness;theyevenfinditdifficulttointerpretlongwritten notices.Buttheysucceedinplayinggamesofchessordraughts.Theycanuse theconceptsneededforchessplayingordraughtsplayingbutareunabletouse manyoftheconceptsinordinarylanguage.Howtheymanagetodothiswedonot know.YetanimalssuchasKohler’schimpan2eescansolveproblemsbyworkingout strategiessuchastheinventionofimplementsorClimbingaidswhensuch animalshavenotlanguagebeyondafewwarningcries.Intelligentor insightfulbehaviorisnotdependentinthecaseofmonkeysonlanguage skills:presumablyhumanbeingshavevariouscapacitiesforthinkingsituations whicharelikewiseindependentoflanguage.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueintheauthor’sopinion
Directions:Inthefollowingarticlemesentenceshavebeen removed.ForQuestions41～45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA～Gto fitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonot fitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Acommonprobleminhumanrelationsisthelackof assertivenessinotherwordstheinabilitytoexpressyourselfandclaimyour rightswithoutviolatingthefightsofothers.Donotconfuseassertivenesswith aggressiveness.41__________.Learningtocommunicate assertivelyinvolveslearningtobehonestopenanddirect.Youcanlearn tospeakupmakerequestsaskforfavorsandacceptcomplimentsandalsoto expressnegativethoughtscomplaintsresentmentcriticismdisagreement rejectintimidationrefuserequestsanddemandtobeleft alone.42__________.Inmostcultureshigherstatushas traditionallybeengiventothemasculinegender.Overthecenturies womeninmanysocietieslearnedtoremainnon-assertivetostayoutofthe publiceyetokeeptheirvoicesdowntobediscreetandindirectnottopush andintheendnoteventodaretodesire.Thevastmajorityofopportunities forpublicinfluence—theabilitytoforgeusefulrelationshipsotherthan friendshipspeakupinpubliccreateorganizationsuseforceandhold importantpositionsingovernmentbusinessacademiaandinthemedicaland legalfield—werelongrecognizedasmen’sprivilegeandright. 43__________.Backinthe1960smodemfeministsnotedthatmostAmerican womenandalsoafairnumberofmenwereunabletospeakupforthemselvesin theworkplaceorinpersonalrelationships;theyneededhelpinlearningtobe assertive.Tofillthisgapincommunicationskillscertaincollegesmental healthcentersandprivateconsultantsbegantoholdassertivenesstraining workshops.Theseearlyprogramswereoftenpartofemployer-sponsored professionaldevelopmenttrainingthataimedamongotherthingstomake employeesmoreeffectiveincommunicatingwithcustomerswithrepresentatives ofotherfirmsandwitheachother.Whatdoesassertiveness traininginculcateTheideaatitscoreistostopbeingorsounding wishy-washy.Donotapologizeneedlesslymakeexcusesgivelongexplanations orgenerallybeataroundthebush.Veryoftentheseweakcommunicative strategiescausethelistenertoreceiveamixedunclearorsometimes.just plainwrongmessage.Assertivenesstrainersteachyoutoidentifywhatisreally importantforyou.Thenyoumustworkoutinadvanceifpossiblethepointyou needtomakeandhowbesttomakeit.Deliverthemessagedearlyanddirectly butwithoutmemorizingsentencesneveragoodtactic. 44__________.Rememberalsothatyouaxeentitledtoyour feelings.Yourtruefeelingsneednojustification.Howeveratthesametime beagoodlistenerlistenmoreoftenthanyouspeak.Alsopayattentiontoyour listenerwhenyouarespeaking.Bepositive.Noticeandappreciatetheefforts ofothers.Givecreditwherecreditisdue.Youarebeing legitimatelyassertivewhenyoustandupforyourrightsinsuchawaythatthe rightsofothersarenotviolated.Beyondjustdemandingyourfightsyoumust learnthatyoucantalkaboutyourselfyourfeelingsopinionsandinterests withoutbeingself-conscious.Youcanacceptcomplimentswithoutembarrassment. Youcanaskforclarification.45__________.Afterallhowdoeslettingbad decisionsgounchallengedcontributetomakinganythingbetter A.Somepeoplethinkthatassertivenesstrainingturnsniceaccommodating peopleintocomplainersorcalculatingmanipulators.Notso:it’syourrightto protectyourselfwhensomethingseemsunfair.Onlyyouknowyourtruediscomfort levelandemotionalneeds.Nooneshouldbeallowedtogetawaywithpresuming tothinkorfeelforyou.B.Beingaggressiveisactingina self-centeredinconsideratearrogantlydemandingandhostilemanner;thisis oftencounterproductivesincemanypeoplereactbyshuttingtheirmindstoyour ideas.C.Youcandisagreewithsomeoneopenlyandsaynoto requestswithoutfeelingguilty.Youcanaskwhyandquestionauthoritynotin ordertorebelbuttoassumeresponsibilityforyourshareincontrollinga situation.D.Thissituationbegantochangesignificantlyin theWestabouttwohundredyearsago.Overthepast40yearstheUSCongress hasmadenumerouslawsforbiddingdiscriminationbasedongender. E.Thefewerwordsyouusethegreaterwillbetheimpactofwhatyou say.Powerfulpeoplecommunicatesuccinctlyandinmeasuredtonesnot stridently.Raisingyourvoicemakesyousounddefensiveandangrynot strong.F.Underlyingassertivenesstrainingobviouslyisthe beliefthatweareallcreatedequalandshouldtreateachotherasequals.If youweretaughtasachildtoassumethatyourperceptionsopinionsfeelings andwantswerelessimportantthanthoseofothersyoucaneithergoon behavingaccordingtothoseassumptionsorbecomeanassertiveadult. G.Manypeoplehavedifficultysayingnotorequestsordemands. Assertivenesstrainingprovidesanantidotetofearshynesspassivity and—ironicallyevenangersothereisawiderangeofsituationsinwhichthis trainingcanbehelpful.
Text4 AfewcommonmisconceptionsBeautyis onlyskin-deep.One’sphysicalassetsandliabilitiesdon’tcountallthatmuch inamanagerialcareer.Awomanshouldalwaystrytolookherbest. Overthelast30yearssocialscientistshaveconductedmorethan1000 studiesofhowwereacttobeautifulandnot-so-beautifulpeople.Thevirtually unanimousconclusion:Looksdomattermomthanmostofusrealize.Thedata suggestforexamplethatphysicallyattractiveindividualsaremorelikelyto betreatedwellbytheirparentssoughtoutasfriendsandpursued romantically.Withthepossibleexceptionofwomenseekingmanagerialjobsthey arealsomorelikelytobehiredpaidwellandpromoted. Un-AmericanyousayunfairandextremelyunbelievableOnceagainthe scientistshavecaughtusmouthingpieceswhileactingjustthecontrary.Their typicalexperimentworkssomethinglikethis.Theygiveeachmemberofa group-collegestudentsperhapsorteachersorcorporatepersonnelmanagersa pieceofpaperrelatinganindividual’saccomplishments.Attachedtothepaper isaphotograph.Whilethepapersallsayexactlythesamethingthepictures aredifferent.Someshowastrikinglyattractivepersonsomeanaveragelooking characterandsomeanunusuallyunattractivehumanbeing.Groupmembersare askedtoratetheindividualoncertainattributesanythingfrompersonal warmthtothelikelihoodthatheorshewillhepromoted.Almost invariablythebetterlookingthepersoninthepicturethehighertheperson israted.InthephraseborrowedfromSappothatthesocialscientistsuseto sumupthecommonperceptionwhatisbeautifulisgood.In businesshowevergoodlookscutbothwaysforwomenanddeeperthanformen. AUtahStateUniversityprofessorwhoisanauthorityonthesubjectexplains: intermsoftheircareerstheimpactofphysicalattractivenessonmales isonlymodest.Butitspotentialimpactonfemalescanbetremendousmakingit easierforexampleforthemoreattractivetogetjobswheretheyareinthe publiceye.Onanothernotethoughthereisenoughliteraturenowforusto concludethatattractivewomenwhoaspiretomanagerialpositionsdonotgeton aswellaswomen’whomaybelessattractive.Experimentsbyscientistshaveshownthatwhenpeopleevaluateindividualsoncertainattributes______.
复杂共同犯罪不包含
我国刑法规定又聋又哑的人或者盲人犯罪
Text3 Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantage dependsonwork-forceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resource managementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalof thefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividual responsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rented atthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsor equipment.Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resource managementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechief financialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofcorporate hierarchy.Theexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategic decisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.Byway ofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral—usually thesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEOinthefirm’s hierarchy.WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevast amountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessinthe skillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoney theydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerial employees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersare alsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothe nextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibleto absorbnewtechnologies.Asaresultproblemsemergewhennew breakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuch longertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkers inGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerin GermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipment isupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggenerates costsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcan beemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheend theskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetop half.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobe operatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswill disappear.Whatisn’tthepositionoftheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementinanAmericanfirm
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Readingandwritinghavelongbeen thoughtofascomplementaryskills:toreadistorecognizeandinterpret languagethathasbeenwritten;towriteistoplanandproducelanguage 1itcanberead.Itisthereforewidely2 thatbeingabletoreadimpliesbeingabletowriteratleastbeing abletospell.Oftenchildrenaretaughttoreadbut3no formaltuitioninspelling;itisfeltthatspellingwillbe4 up.Theattitudehasits5inthemethodsof200 yearsagowhenteacherscarefullytaughtspellingandassumedthat readingwould6automatically.Recentresearchinto spellingerrorsandslipsofthepenhasbeguntoshowthatmattersare 7sosimple.Thereisnonecessarylinkbetweenreadingand writing:goodreadersdonotalways8goodwriters.Noris thereanynecessarylinkbetweenreadingandspelling:therearemany peoplewhohaveno9inreadingbutwhohaveamajor persistent10inspelling—someresearchershaveestimated thatthismaybeas11as2%ofthepopulation.With childrentoothereis12thatknowledgeofreadingdoes notautomatically16tospelling.Ifthere14 acloserelationshipchildrenshouldbeabletoreadandspell the15words:butthisisnotso.Itis16 tofindchildrenwhocanread17betterthanthey canspell.Moresurprisinglythe18happenswithsome childrenintheearlystagesofreading.Onestudy19. childrenthesamelistofwordstoreadandspell:several20 spelledmorewordscorrectlythantheywereabletoread correctly.
依据罪刑法定原则下列说法正确的是
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearly onANSWERSHEET2. Thefirstdayofclassisaveryimportanttimeforfacultyto establishatoneforwhatwillhappentherestoftheterm.Itisappropriate thatateacherreflectonjustwhatclimateandfirstimpressionshe/hewould liketoestablish.Thisarticleofferssomeideasaboutthatimportant day.ReflectingonthefirstdayofclassMcKeachiesuggests that...meetingagroupofstrangerswhowillaffectyourwellbeingisatthe sametimeexcitingandanxiety-producingforbothstudentsandteacher. 46ResearchonthefirstdayofclassbyDr.Bushshowedtherewasareal desireonthepartofbothstudentsandteachersforconnectednessbutneither grouprealizedtheothersharedthatdesire.Iftheparticipantsonboth sidesdon’tunderstandhowtodeveloptheirrelationshipslearningwillbe diminished减少变小.Ifyouhaveexperiencedsomeanxietyaboutthismeeting planningsomespecificstepscannotonlyreducethatfeelingbutcanget studentstoshareinthesenseofpurposeyouholdfortheclass. Somefacultyavoidthefirstdayanxietybyhandingoutasyllabus givinganassignmentanddismissingtheclass.Thisonlypostponesthe inevitable.Italsogivesstudentsasensethatclasstimeisnottooimportant. 47Mostofallitlosestheopportunitytousetheheightened excitementandanticipationthatstudentsbringthatdaythechancetodirect thatexcitementtowardenthusiasmfortheclass.Whatcan youdotoestablishapositivebeginning48Howcanyoumakesurestudents’ attitudestowardyouthecourseandthesubjectmatterwillsupporta constructivelearningclimateforthesemesterThefollowingideashave beengatheredtostimulateyourthoughtsaboutthesequestions.Perhapsyouwill thinkofothersbutthefollowingarethingswhichcouldcontributetothis goal.Theyarenotinaparticularorderbutcanbesampledtofityourown preferences.Conveyingasenseofenthusiasmforthecontentis alsoveryimportant.SchollBuchwaldsuggeststhatprofessorsRarely...needto impressstudentswithourcommandofthematerial.49Whatisnotalways cleartostudentsiswhetherweareinterestedinthesubjectandwhether wewillbeabletohelpthembecomeascompetentasweare.Hesuggests thatonewaytodemonstrateenthusiasmistotalkaboutyourselfandyourown excitementaboutwhatyouteach.Whatintriguesyouandwhatcouldinterest them50Anotherapproachistogiveashortlectureorlead adiscussiontostimulateinterestintheproblem-solvingthatthissubject mattercouldenablestudentstodo.Considercoreideastypicalproblemsin thefieldCutting-edgediscoveriescommonlyheldmythsprovocative insights/interpretationsorotherstimulatinginsightsintothefield.Doyou haveslidesorvideotapestoenhancetheseimagesofinquiryWhatinteresting relatedresearchisgoingonhereatUNLHowmightthishaveimpactontheir livesHowcanyourelatetheseideastotheirownexperiencesPerhapsan interestingexperimentorproblemtosolvecanintroducethefield.
Directions:Inthefollowingarticlemesentenceshavebeen removed.ForQuestions41～45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA～Gto fitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonot fitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Acommonprobleminhumanrelationsisthelackof assertivenessinotherwordstheinabilitytoexpressyourselfandclaimyour rightswithoutviolatingthefightsofothers.Donotconfuseassertivenesswith aggressiveness.41__________.Learningtocommunicate assertivelyinvolveslearningtobehonestopenanddirect.Youcanlearn tospeakupmakerequestsaskforfavorsandacceptcomplimentsandalsoto expressnegativethoughtscomplaintsresentmentcriticismdisagreement rejectintimidationrefuserequestsanddemandtobeleft alone.42__________.Inmostcultureshigherstatushas traditionallybeengiventothemasculinegender.Overthecenturies womeninmanysocietieslearnedtoremainnon-assertivetostayoutofthe publiceyetokeeptheirvoicesdowntobediscreetandindirectnottopush andintheendnoteventodaretodesire.Thevastmajorityofopportunities forpublicinfluence—theabilitytoforgeusefulrelationshipsotherthan friendshipspeakupinpubliccreateorganizationsuseforceandhold importantpositionsingovernmentbusinessacademiaandinthemedicaland legalfield—werelongrecognizedasmen’sprivilegeandright. 43__________.Backinthe1960smodemfeministsnotedthatmostAmerican womenandalsoafairnumberofmenwereunabletospeakupforthemselvesin theworkplaceorinpersonalrelationships;theyneededhelpinlearningtobe assertive.Tofillthisgapincommunicationskillscertaincollegesmental healthcentersandprivateconsultantsbegantoholdassertivenesstraining workshops.Theseearlyprogramswereoftenpartofemployer-sponsored professionaldevelopmenttrainingthataimedamongotherthingstomake employeesmoreeffectiveincommunicatingwithcustomerswithrepresentatives ofotherfirmsandwitheachother.Whatdoesassertiveness traininginculcateTheideaatitscoreistostopbeingorsounding wishy-washy.Donotapologizeneedlesslymakeexcusesgivelongexplanations orgenerallybeataroundthebush.Veryoftentheseweakcommunicative strategiescausethelistenertoreceiveamixedunclearorsometimes.just plainwrongmessage.Assertivenesstrainersteachyoutoidentifywhatisreally importantforyou.Thenyoumustworkoutinadvanceifpossiblethepointyou needtomakeandhowbesttomakeit.Deliverthemessagedearlyanddirectly butwithoutmemorizingsentencesneveragoodtactic. 44__________.Rememberalsothatyouaxeentitledtoyour feelings.Yourtruefeelingsneednojustification.Howeveratthesametime beagoodlistenerlistenmoreoftenthanyouspeak.Alsopayattentiontoyour listenerwhenyouarespeaking.Bepositive.Noticeandappreciatetheefforts ofothers.Givecreditwherecreditisdue.Youarebeing legitimatelyassertivewhenyoustandupforyourrightsinsuchawaythatthe rightsofothersarenotviolated.Beyondjustdemandingyourfightsyoumust learnthatyoucantalkaboutyourselfyourfeelingsopinionsandinterests withoutbeingself-conscious.Youcanacceptcomplimentswithoutembarrassment. Youcanaskforclarification.45__________.Afterallhowdoeslettingbad decisionsgounchallengedcontributetomakinganythingbetter A.Somepeoplethinkthatassertivenesstrainingturnsniceaccommodating peopleintocomplainersorcalculatingmanipulators.Notso:it’syourrightto protectyourselfwhensomethingseemsunfair.Onlyyouknowyourtruediscomfort levelandemotionalneeds.Nooneshouldbeallowedtogetawaywithpresuming tothinkorfeelforyou.B.Beingaggressiveisactingina self-centeredinconsideratearrogantlydemandingandhostilemanner;thisis oftencounterproductivesincemanypeoplereactbyshuttingtheirmindstoyour ideas.C.Youcandisagreewithsomeoneopenlyandsaynoto requestswithoutfeelingguilty.Youcanaskwhyandquestionauthoritynotin ordertorebelbuttoassumeresponsibilityforyourshareincontrollinga situation.D.Thissituationbegantochangesignificantlyin theWestabouttwohundredyearsago.Overthepast40yearstheUSCongress hasmadenumerouslawsforbiddingdiscriminationbasedongender. E.Thefewerwordsyouusethegreaterwillbetheimpactofwhatyou say.Powerfulpeoplecommunicatesuccinctlyandinmeasuredtonesnot stridently.Raisingyourvoicemakesyousounddefensiveandangrynot strong.F.Underlyingassertivenesstrainingobviouslyisthe beliefthatweareallcreatedequalandshouldtreateachotherasequals.If youweretaughtasachildtoassumethatyourperceptionsopinionsfeelings andwantswerelessimportantthanthoseofothersyoucaneithergoon behavingaccordingtothoseassumptionsorbecomeanassertiveadult. G.Manypeoplehavedifficultysayingnotorequestsordemands. Assertivenesstrainingprovidesanantidotetofearshynesspassivity and—ironicallyevenangersothereisawiderangeofsituationsinwhichthis trainingcanbehelpful.
只能由过失构成的犯罪有
甲为投身__主义活动而参加了某国国际__主义组织法院认定甲构成参加__组织罪甲的行为属于
甲于2003年6月与乙合谋共同诈骗李某30000元甲乙平分各得15000元在审查本案期间甲主动交代曾在1997年3月间诈骗张某4000元的犯罪事实在处罚甲诈骗罪时其犯罪金额应为
Directions: Writeanessayaccordingtothefollowingtitleinwhichyoushould: 1giveyourcomment; 2writeabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. WhatLessonsCanChineseDrawfromSARS Note:SARS:SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndromes.严重急性呼吸道综合征 Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Readingandwritinghavelongbeen thoughtofascomplementaryskills:toreadistorecognizeandinterpret languagethathasbeenwritten;towriteistoplanandproducelanguage 1itcanberead.Itisthereforewidely2 thatbeingabletoreadimpliesbeingabletowriteratleastbeing abletospell.Oftenchildrenaretaughttoreadbut3no formaltuitioninspelling;itisfeltthatspellingwillbe4 up.Theattitudehasits5inthemethodsof200 yearsagowhenteacherscarefullytaughtspellingandassumedthat readingwould6automatically.Recentresearchinto spellingerrorsandslipsofthepenhasbeguntoshowthatmattersare 7sosimple.Thereisnonecessarylinkbetweenreadingand writing:goodreadersdonotalways8goodwriters.Noris thereanynecessarylinkbetweenreadingandspelling:therearemany peoplewhohaveno9inreadingbutwhohaveamajor persistent10inspelling—someresearchershaveestimated thatthismaybeas11as2%ofthepopulation.With childrentoothereis12thatknowledgeofreadingdoes notautomatically16tospelling.Ifthere14 acloserelationshipchildrenshouldbeabletoreadandspell the15words:butthisisnotso.Itis16 tofindchildrenwhocanread17betterthanthey canspell.Moresurprisinglythe18happenswithsome childrenintheearlystagesofreading.Onestudy19. childrenthesamelistofwordstoreadandspell:several20 spelledmorewordscorrectlythantheywereabletoread correctly.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Readingandwritinghavelongbeen thoughtofascomplementaryskills:toreadistorecognizeandinterpret languagethathasbeenwritten;towriteistoplanandproducelanguage 1itcanberead.Itisthereforewidely2 thatbeingabletoreadimpliesbeingabletowriteratleastbeing abletospell.Oftenchildrenaretaughttoreadbut3no formaltuitioninspelling;itisfeltthatspellingwillbe4 up.Theattitudehasits5inthemethodsof200 yearsagowhenteacherscarefullytaughtspellingandassumedthat readingwould6automatically.Recentresearchinto spellingerrorsandslipsofthepenhasbeguntoshowthatmattersare 7sosimple.Thereisnonecessarylinkbetweenreadingand writing:goodreadersdonotalways8goodwriters.Noris thereanynecessarylinkbetweenreadingandspelling:therearemany peoplewhohaveno9inreadingbutwhohaveamajor persistent10inspelling—someresearchershaveestimated thatthismaybeas11as2%ofthepopulation.With childrentoothereis12thatknowledgeofreadingdoes notautomatically16tospelling.Ifthere14 acloserelationshipchildrenshouldbeabletoreadandspell the15words:butthisisnotso.Itis16 tofindchildrenwhocanread17betterthanthey canspell.Moresurprisinglythe18happenswithsome childrenintheearlystagesofreading.Onestudy19. childrenthesamelistofwordstoreadandspell:several20 spelledmorewordscorrectlythantheywereabletoread correctly.
对于预备犯可以比照既遂犯
Text2 Ofallthetruthsthatthisgeneration ofAmericansholdself-evidentfewaremoredeeplyembeddedinthenational psychethanthemaximItpaystogotocollage.SincetheGlBill transformedhighereducationintheaftermathofW.W.IIacollegediploma onceabirthrightoftheleisuredfewhasbecomealodestonefortheupwardly mobileasintegraltotheAmericandreamasthepursuitofhappinessitself. Thenumberstellthestory:In1950s43%ofhigh-schoolgraduateswentonto pursuesomeformofhighereducation;atthesametimeonly6%ofAmericans werecollegegraduates.Butby1992almost2tooutof3secondary-school graduateswereoptingforhighereducation—and21%ofamuchlargerU.S. populationhadcollegediplomas.AsProf.HerbertLondonofNewYorkUniversity toldacommencementaudiencelastJune:Thecollegeexperiencehasgonefroma ritepassagetoarightofpassage.Howeverastheclassof 1993issopainfullydiscoveringwhileacollegediplomaremainsarequisite credentialforascendingtheeconomicladderitnolongerguaranteesthegood life.RarelysincetheendoftheGreatDepressionhasthejoboutlookfor collegegraduatesappearedsobleak:ofthe1.1millionstudentswhoreceived theirbaccalaureatedegreeslastspringfewerthan20%hadlinedupfull-time employmentbycommencement.Indeedanuncertainjobmarkethasprecipitateda waveofeconomicfearandtremblingamongtheyoung.Manyofmyclassmatesare absolutelyterrifiedsaysoneofthefortunatefewwhodidmanagetolanda permanentposition.Theywonderifthey’lleverfindajob. Someofthisrecession-inducedanxietywilldissipateifarecovery finallybeginstogeneratejobsatwhateconomistsconsideranormalrate.But thesadfactisthatfortheforeseeablefuturecollegegraduateswillbein considerablesurplusenablingemployerstorequireadegreeevenforjobsfor whichacollegeeducationisreallyunnecessary.AccordingtoKristina ShelleyoftheBureauofLaborStatistics—whobasesherestimateonamoderate projectionofcurrenttrends—30percentofcollegegraduatesenteringthe laborforcebetweennowandtheyear2005willbeunemployedorwillfind employmentinjobsforwhichtheywillbeoverqualifiedjoiningwhateconomists calltheeducationallyunderutilized.Indeeditmaybe quiteawhile—ifever—beforethoseworkingtemporarilyascocktailwaitressesor taxidriverswillbeabletopursuetheirprimarycareerpaths.Ofcourse waitingontablesandbustlingcabfaresarerespectablewaystoearnaliving. ButtheyarenotquitewhatsomanyyoungAmericans—andtheirparents—hadin mindastheendproductoffourexpensiveyearsin college.Theauthortriestoconvinceusthat______.
Text2 Ofallthetruthsthatthisgeneration ofAmericansholdself-evidentfewaremoredeeplyembeddedinthenational psychethanthemaximItpaystogotocollage.SincetheGlBill transformedhighereducationintheaftermathofW.W.IIacollegediploma onceabirthrightoftheleisuredfewhasbecomealodestonefortheupwardly mobileasintegraltotheAmericandreamasthepursuitofhappinessitself. Thenumberstellthestory:In1950s43%ofhigh-schoolgraduateswentonto pursuesomeformofhighereducation;atthesametimeonly6%ofAmericans werecollegegraduates.Butby1992almost2tooutof3secondary-school graduateswereoptingforhighereducation—and21%ofamuchlargerU.S. populationhadcollegediplomas.AsProf.HerbertLondonofNewYorkUniversity toldacommencementaudiencelastJune:Thecollegeexperiencehasgonefroma ritepassagetoarightofpassage.Howeverastheclassof 1993issopainfullydiscoveringwhileacollegediplomaremainsarequisite credentialforascendingtheeconomicladderitnolongerguaranteesthegood life.RarelysincetheendoftheGreatDepressionhasthejoboutlookfor collegegraduatesappearedsobleak:ofthe1.1millionstudentswhoreceived theirbaccalaureatedegreeslastspringfewerthan20%hadlinedupfull-time employmentbycommencement.Indeedanuncertainjobmarkethasprecipitateda waveofeconomicfearandtremblingamongtheyoung.Manyofmyclassmatesare absolutelyterrifiedsaysoneofthefortunatefewwhodidmanagetolanda permanentposition.Theywonderifthey’lleverfindajob. Someofthisrecession-inducedanxietywilldissipateifarecovery finallybeginstogeneratejobsatwhateconomistsconsideranormalrate.But thesadfactisthatfortheforeseeablefuturecollegegraduateswillbein considerablesurplusenablingemployerstorequireadegreeevenforjobsfor whichacollegeeducationisreallyunnecessary.AccordingtoKristina ShelleyoftheBureauofLaborStatistics—whobasesherestimateonamoderate projectionofcurrenttrends—30percentofcollegegraduatesenteringthe laborforcebetweennowandtheyear2005willbeunemployedorwillfind employmentinjobsforwhichtheywillbeoverqualifiedjoiningwhateconomists calltheeducationallyunderutilized.Indeeditmaybe quiteawhile—ifever—beforethoseworkingtemporarilyascocktailwaitressesor taxidriverswillbeabletopursuetheirprimarycareerpaths.Ofcourse waitingontablesandbustlingcabfaresarerespectablewaystoearnaliving. ButtheyarenotquitewhatsomanyyoungAmericans—andtheirparents—hadin mindastheendproductoffourexpensiveyearsin college.Accordingtothepassagewhatmuseseducationallyunderutilizing
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