首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
被告人肖某某日到本乡副食店买东西时，将4岁的女儿暂时放在商店门外站着。肖某在商店内突然听到女儿的哭声，出来一看，女儿扑倒在地。肖某赶忙将其拉起，见脸上有血。肖某怀疑女儿是被站在女儿身边的徐某（男，6...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《问答》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
刑事诉讼法规定14岁以上不满16岁未成年犯罪的案件一律不公开审理这里指的年龄是指
被告人实施犯罪的年龄
被告人案发时的年龄
审理时被告人的年龄
采取强制措施时被告人的年龄
2003年12月某晚被告人肖某驾驶微型车载着被告人谢某和巫某从福建省清流县某镇开到该县交通局设在某岔
构成拒不执行判决、裁定罪
故意伤害罪
不构成犯罪
构成妨害公务罪
2003年12月某晚被告人肖某驾驶微型车载着被告人谢某和巫某从福建省清流县某镇开到该县交通局设在某岔
构成拒不执行判决、裁定罪
故意伤害罪
不构成犯罪
构成妨害公务罪
被告人任某与被害人郑某某系同村村民又是近邻2005年冬季被告人任某先后两次窜至郑某某女1991年10
张某
郑二妹
李某
王律师
下列案件中如果被告人没有委托辩护人人民法院依法应当为被告人指定辩护人的有
被告人可能被判处无期徒刑的
被告人在开庭审理时未满18周岁的
被告人被判处死刑的
被告人是盲人的
被告人张某男35岁1998年11月被告人写信给一个专业大户借3万元钱给我买汽车3日后下午3时你一人到
被告人章思真男21岁无业被告人万得胜男20岁无业被告人许杰男19岁无业2000年11月18日凌晨三位
被告人肖某某日到本乡副食店买东西时将4岁的女儿暂时放在商店门外站着肖某在商店内突然听到女儿的哭声出来
被告人章思真男21岁无业 被告人万得胜男20岁无业 被告人许杰男19岁无业 2000年11月1
人民法院为被告人指定辩护时法律援助机构应当提供法律援助无须对被告人进行经济情况审查的情形有
被告人贾某是怀孕妇女，没有委托辩护人
被告人宋某是聋哑人，没有委托辩护人
被告人张三因经济困难，没有委托辩护人
被告人林某可能被判处死刑，没有委托辩护人
被告人小宫13岁，没有委托辩护人
被告人高某男30岁工人金某男27岁个体摊贩被告人高某金某两人于某日进入某大宾馆在小卖部柜台上要买中华
被告人章思真男21岁无业 被告人万得胜男20岁无业 被告人许杰男19岁无业 2000年11月1
被告人章思真男21岁无业 被告人万得胜男20岁无业 被告人许杰男19岁无业 2000年11月1
被告人章思真男21岁无业被告人万得胜男20岁无业被告人许杰男19岁无业2000年11月18日凌晨三位
被告人肖某男31岁系A市电视机厂工人肖某原来是S市农民与其妻方某结婚6年感情尚可被告人进城到H市电视
H市人民法院
S市人民法院
H市人民法院和S市人民法院共同管辖
H市人民法院和S市人民法院共同的上级法院
被告人钱某男25岁司机2008年6月21日被告人与李某为其舅父拉钢材因手续不符规定钢材收购小组负责人
被告人韩某男43岁农民薛某女34岁农民某日被告人韩某伙同其姘妇薛某在某市旅馆住宿时韩唆使薛到外面找男
被告人章思真男21岁无业被告人万得胜男20岁无业被告人许杰男19岁无业2000年11月18日凌晨三位
刑事诉讼法规定14周岁以上不满16周岁未成年犯罪的案件一律不公开审理这里指的年龄是指
被告人实施犯罪的年龄
被告人案发时的年龄
审理时被告人的年龄
采取强制措施时被告人的年龄
热门试题
更多
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Germany’schimneysweeps—hallowedasbringersofgoodluckwiththeirblacktophatsandcoiled-wirebrushes—areunderattack.LastweektheEuropeanCommission’sdirectoratefortheinternalmarketrevivedproceedingsagainstanantiquatedGermanlawthatprotectssweepsagainstcompetition.Thecountry’schimneysweepsenjoyanear-perfectmonopoly.Germanyisdividedintoaround8000districtseachruledbyitsownmastersweepwhousuallyemploystwomoresweeps.Althoughthisisaprivateenterprisethemaintenanceandinspectionserviceprovidediscompulsoryandpricesaresetbythelocalauthority:sweepscannotstrayoutsidetheirdistrictnorcanhouseholderschangetheirsweepeveniftheyloathehim.Thisrulecutsbothways."TherearesomecustomersIcan’tstandeither"saysoneFrankfurtsweep. Therationaleissimple:chimney-sweepingandrelatedgasandheatingmaintenanceinGermanyaretreatedasamatterofpublicsafety.Annualorsemi-annualvisitsareprescribedkeepingthesweepsbusyallyearround.Forcenturieschimney-sweepsinEuropewereawanderingbreed.Butin1937thechimney-sweeplawwasrevisedbyHeinrichHimmlerthentheactinginteriorminister.HisrolestiedchimneysweepstotheirdistrictsanddecreedthattheyshouldbeGermantoenablehimtousesweepsaslocalspies. Thelawwasupdatedin1969leavingthelocalmonopoliesinplacebutopeninguptheprofessionintheoryatleasttonon-Germans.Butinpracticefewapply.FouryearsagoabravePolequalifiedasamasterinKaiserslauternaccordingtoafellowstudentandthisyearanItaliandidsointheRhinelandPalatinate.ButhelikemostnewlyqualifiedGermanmasterswillspendyearsonawaitinglistbeforehegetshisowndistrict. TheEuropeanCommissionwouldliketoseeacompetitivemarketinwhichpeoplecanchoosetheirownsweepsjustastheychoosebuildersorplumbers.Itfirstopenedinfringementproceedingsin2003andtheGermangovernmentofthetimepromisedtochangethelawbutfailedtodoso.AnddespitethehuffingandpuffingfromBrusselstilegovernmentisstillreluctanttodismantleitsantiquatedsystemonsafetygrounds.Thenumberofdeathsfromcarbon-monoxidepoisoninginGermanyisaroundone-tenththatinFranceorBelgiumclaimstheFrankfurtsweep.SoGermansarelikelytobestockwiththeirneighbourhoodSchornsteinfegers—whethertheycanstandeachotherornot—forsometimetocome 42
ForthepasttwoyearsinSiliconValleythecentreofAmerica’stechnologyindustryconference-goershaveentertainedthemselvesplayingaguessinggame:howmanytimeswillaspeakermentionthephrase"longtail"Itisusuallyahighnumberthankstotheinfluenceofthelong-tailtheorywhichwasfirstdevelopedbyChrisAndersontheeditorofWiredmagazineinanarticlein2004.Thoughtechnologistsandbloggerschuckleathoweverybusinesspresentationnowhastohaveitslong-tailsectionmostareenviousofMr.Andersonwhosebrainwavequicklybecamethemostfashionablebusinessideaaround. Whetherablockbusterfilmabestsellingnovelorachart-toppingrapsongpopularcultureidolisesthehit.Companiesdevotethemselvestocreatingthembecausethecostofdistributionandthelimitsofshelfspaceinphysicalshopsmeanthatprofitabilitydependsonahighvolumeofsales.Butaroundthebeginningofthiscenturyagroupofinternetcompaniesrealisedthatwithendlessshelvesandanationaloreveninternationalaudienceonlinetheycouldofferahugerangeofproducts—andmakemoneyatthesametime. ThenichetheobscureandthespecialistMr.Andersonargueswillgaingroundattheexpenseofthehit.Asevidencehepointstoadropinthenumberofcompaniesthattraditionallycalculatetheirrevenue/salesratioaccordingtothe80/20rule—wherethetopfifthofproductscontributefour-fifthsofrevenues.EcastaSanFranciscodigitaljukeboxcompanyfoundthat98%ofits10000albumssoldatleastonetrackeverythreemonths.ExpressedinthelanguageofstatisticstheexperiencesofEcastandothercompaniessuchasAragonanonlinebooksellersuggestthatproductsdowninthelongtailofastatisticaldistributionaddedtogethercanbehighlyprofitable.Theinternethelpspeoplefindtheirwaytorelativelyobscurematerialwithrecommendationsandreviewsbyotherpeopleandforthosewillingtohavetheirartistictastespredictedbyapieceofsoftwarecomputerprogramswhichanalysepastselections. Long-tailenthusiastsarguethatthewholeofculturewillbenefitnotjustcommercialenterprises.Televisionfilmandmusicaresuchbewitchingmediaintheirownrightthatmanypeoplearequitehappytowatchandlistentowhatthemainstreamprovides.Butifindividualshavetheopportunitytopickbettermoreideallysuitedentertainmentfromafarwiderselectiontheywilltakeitaccordingtothetheoryofthelongtail.SomeanalystsreckonthatentirepopulationsmightbecomehappierandwiseroncetheyhaveaccesstothousandsofdocumentariesindependentfilmsandsubgenresofeverykindofmusicinsteadofbeingsubjectedtowhatMr.Andersoncallsthetyrannyoflowest-common-denominatorfare.Thatmightbetakingthingsabitfar.Butthelongtailiscertainlyoneoftheinternet’sbettergiftstohumanity. WhichwordismostsimilartoblockbusterLine1Paragraph2inmeaning
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Aswithmanyagrown-upsportingstarthefirsthintofgreatnesscameatanearlyageforLewisHamilton.Asaneight-year-oldathisfirstkartracehecharged"morelikeamaturedriverthananovice"remembersMartinHinesowneroftheZipKartracingcompany.ScythinghiswaythroughthefieldjustoutsideLondonHamiltonhadaconfidentstylethatseemeddifferentfromnormalrookiesHinessays."Therewasalittlesparkabouthim."Now22andinhisdebutseasoninFormulaOne—hebecamethefirstblackdrivertomakeitontothegridinmotorracing’sblue-ribbonchampionship. HissuccessandprofilethathaveearnedyoungHamiltoncomparisonswithothersportinggreats.Hiscolor—Hamilton’sgrandfathercametoBritainfromGrenadainthe50s—andthepositiveinfluenceofhisfatherAnthonyhavedrawnparallelswithTigerWoods.Hamiltonacknowledgesthathisparticipationcouldstokeinterestamongethnicgroupswhomaynotbeintothesportnow."Hopefullypeoplethatcanrelatetomewillseethatit’spossibleandalsotrytogetintothesport"hetoldtheBBC.Moreoverhisyouthgoodlooksandwholesomeimagearealsolikelytogetmarketersfiredup. Countlessmorekartingtitlesfollowedbefore2001.He"madeseasoneddriverslooksilly"saysTonyShawHamilton’sthenteammanageratManorMotorsport.Hamilton’srawnaturalspeedandcannyracecraftnudgedhimclosertothebigleagues.Hamilton’s"understandingofwhenandwheretoovertakeandhowtotakeadvantageofasituationisveryadvanced"Shawsays. AthisfirstcrackatGP2thetraininggroundforFormulaOneHamiltondominatedthe2006seasonwithaseriesofblisteringdrivesonhiswaytothetitle.Hamiltonis"notworriedaboutshowingordoingwhathe’susedtodoingjustbecauseit’sFormulaOne"saysHill.Formanynewdrivers"that’sanenormoushurdle."Withtheretirementlastyearofseven-timeworldchampionMichaelSchumacherthere’sonelessrivalforHamiltontonegotiate. AndHamiltoniscertainlynotshortonconfidence.WhenhefirstmetRonDennis—nowhisFormulaOneteamboss—asa10-year-oldinaborrowedsuitHamiltonpromptlytoldhimhewantedtodriveforMcLaren.Threeyearslaterhejoinedtheteam’ssupportprogramforpromisingyoungdrivers.Butsayformerteammanagershe’sreadytolistenandlearnwhenthingsgowrong.Hamiltonhasarare"capacitytoquestionhimself—toanalyzeveryclearlyafterarace"saysFredericVasseurgeneralmanagerattheARTGrandPrixteambehindHamilton’sGP2championship. Asforwhetherhe’llbecometheTigerWoodsofthesportit’stooearlytoknowwhetherhecanliveuptothosestandards.Butfornowhisfansarebullish.DamonHillwasthelastBritishdrivertotaketheworldcrown.Andit’sHamiltonHillsays"wholookslikelytobethenext." Wecaninferfromthefirstparagraphthat
Aswithmanyagrown-upsportingstarthefirsthintofgreatnesscameatanearlyageforLewisHamilton.Asaneight-year-oldathisfirstkartracehecharged"morelikeamaturedriverthananovice"remembersMartinHinesowneroftheZipKartracingcompany.ScythinghiswaythroughthefieldjustoutsideLondonHamiltonhadaconfidentstylethatseemeddifferentfromnormalrookiesHinessays."Therewasalittlesparkabouthim."Now22andinhisdebutseasoninFormulaOne—hebecamethefirstblackdrivertomakeitontothegridinmotorracing’sblue-ribbonchampionship. HissuccessandprofilethathaveearnedyoungHamiltoncomparisonswithothersportinggreats.Hiscolor—Hamilton’sgrandfathercametoBritainfromGrenadainthe50s—andthepositiveinfluenceofhisfatherAnthonyhavedrawnparallelswithTigerWoods.Hamiltonacknowledgesthathisparticipationcouldstokeinterestamongethnicgroupswhomaynotbeintothesportnow."Hopefullypeoplethatcanrelatetomewillseethatit’spossibleandalsotrytogetintothesport"hetoldtheBBC.Moreoverhisyouthgoodlooksandwholesomeimagearealsolikelytogetmarketersfiredup. Countlessmorekartingtitlesfollowedbefore2001.He"madeseasoneddriverslooksilly"saysTonyShawHamilton’sthenteammanageratManorMotorsport.Hamilton’srawnaturalspeedandcannyracecraftnudgedhimclosertothebigleagues.Hamilton’s"understandingofwhenandwheretoovertakeandhowtotakeadvantageofasituationisveryadvanced"Shawsays. AthisfirstcrackatGP2thetraininggroundforFormulaOneHamiltondominatedthe2006seasonwithaseriesofblisteringdrivesonhiswaytothetitle.Hamiltonis"notworriedaboutshowingordoingwhathe’susedtodoingjustbecauseit’sFormulaOne"saysHill.Formanynewdrivers"that’sanenormoushurdle."Withtheretirementlastyearofseven-timeworldchampionMichaelSchumacherthere’sonelessrivalforHamiltontonegotiate. AndHamiltoniscertainlynotshortonconfidence.WhenhefirstmetRonDennis—nowhisFormulaOneteamboss—asa10-year-oldinaborrowedsuitHamiltonpromptlytoldhimhewantedtodriveforMcLaren.Threeyearslaterhejoinedtheteam’ssupportprogramforpromisingyoungdrivers.Butsayformerteammanagershe’sreadytolistenandlearnwhenthingsgowrong.Hamiltonhasarare"capacitytoquestionhimself—toanalyzeveryclearlyafterarace"saysFredericVasseurgeneralmanagerattheARTGrandPrixteambehindHamilton’sGP2championship. Asforwhetherhe’llbecometheTigerWoodsofthesportit’stooearlytoknowwhetherhecanliveuptothosestandards.Butfornowhisfansarebullish.DamonHillwasthelastBritishdrivertotaketheworldcrown.Andit’sHamiltonHillsays"wholookslikelytobethenext." Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothepassage
InagamethemovesaresetUpbeforehand.Inanon-gamesituationthemovesaresupposedtoariseoutofeventsasthesedevelop.Agirlwantstoencourageherboyfriendsoshepretendstobebusywhenhephonesherorshepretendsthatsomeoneelseiscourtingher.46Ayoungchildwhoisreluctanttogotobeddeliberatelyspillsmilkfromacupontothecarpetsothattheensuingfussandscoldingtheimmediacyofhisbedtimewillbeforgotten.Diplomatsataconferencemakeagreatfussovertheshapeofthetableastheyplaytheproceduralgame.47Anagentsellingthefilmrightsinafirstnovelcasuallymentionsotherpartieswhohaveshownaninterestinbuyingtherights.Ahostessdeliberatelyplacesaseductiveladynexttoahusbandwithajealouswife.Unionnegotiatorsgothrougharitualofcomplainsbeforesettingdowntodiscussthecurrentissue. Thecharacteristicofagameisthatasequenceofmovesarerecognizableaspartofthegame.Thegamemaybeplayedveryseriously;itmayalsobeplayedforapurposeratherthanasanendinitself.Neverthelesseachmoveinthesequenceisdeterminedbytherequirementsofthegameratherthantherealitiesofthesituationitself.48Someonewhoisawarethatagameisbeingplayedsitsbackandwaitsforthegametobeplayedout.Someonewhoisnotawarethatitisagamegetsinvolvedandmanipulatedbythegamesplayerwhoknowsthemovesofthegamebetter.Itisthisexpertiseinthemovesofthegamewhichmakesitworthplaying.Iftheplayerknowsfromlongexperiencethemovesreactionsandcounter-movesthenheonlyhastoenticetheotherpersontoplaythegametoachievesuccess.Ifthesituationworksitoutnaturallyneithersidehasanadvantage.Butifonesidesetsupagamewithwhichonlyheisfamiliarthenthatsideimmediatelyacquirestheadvantageofskillandfore-knowledge. Agoodgamesplayernotonlyknowshowtomakethenextmovehecanthinkonetwoorthreemovesahead.Thisisextremelydifficultforaninexperiencedplayer.49Thustheplayerwhosetsupafamiliargamecanlaytrapsseveralmovesaheadwithverylittlechanceoftheopponentnoticingwhatisbeingdone. 50Justasaphilosopherwillalwaystrytorunanargumentaccordingtohisowndefinitionssoagamesplayerwillalwaystrytomakeanopponentplayhisspecialgame. Someonewhoisawarethatagameisbeingplayedsitsbackandwaitsforthegametobeplayedout.
Germany’schimneysweeps—hallowedasbringersofgoodluckwiththeirblacktophatsandcoiled-wirebrushes—areunderattack.LastweektheEuropeanCommission’sdirectoratefortheinternalmarketrevivedproceedingsagainstanantiquatedGermanlawthatprotectssweepsagainstcompetition.Thecountry’schimneysweepsenjoyanear-perfectmonopoly.Germanyisdividedintoaround8000districtseachruledbyitsownmastersweepwhousuallyemploystwomoresweeps.Althoughthisisaprivateenterprisethemaintenanceandinspectionserviceprovidediscompulsoryandpricesaresetbythelocalauthority:sweepscannotstrayoutsidetheirdistrictnorcanhouseholderschangetheirsweepeveniftheyloathehim.Thisrulecutsbothways."TherearesomecustomersIcan’tstandeither"saysoneFrankfurtsweep. Therationaleissimple:chimney-sweepingandrelatedgasandheatingmaintenanceinGermanyaretreatedasamatterofpublicsafety.Annualorsemi-annualvisitsareprescribedkeepingthesweepsbusyallyearround.Forcenturieschimney-sweepsinEuropewereawanderingbreed.Butin1937thechimney-sweeplawwasrevisedbyHeinrichHimmlerthentheactinginteriorminister.HisrolestiedchimneysweepstotheirdistrictsanddecreedthattheyshouldbeGermantoenablehimtousesweepsaslocalspies. Thelawwasupdatedin1969leavingthelocalmonopoliesinplacebutopeninguptheprofessionintheoryatleasttonon-Germans.Butinpracticefewapply.FouryearsagoabravePolequalifiedasamasterinKaiserslauternaccordingtoafellowstudentandthisyearanItaliandidsointheRhinelandPalatinate.ButhelikemostnewlyqualifiedGermanmasterswillspendyearsonawaitinglistbeforehegetshisowndistrict. TheEuropeanCommissionwouldliketoseeacompetitivemarketinwhichpeoplecanchoosetheirownsweepsjustastheychoosebuildersorplumbers.Itfirstopenedinfringementproceedingsin2003andtheGermangovernmentofthetimepromisedtochangethelawbutfailedtodoso.AnddespitethehuffingandpuffingfromBrusselstilegovernmentisstillreluctanttodismantleitsantiquatedsystemonsafetygrounds.Thenumberofdeathsfromcarbon-monoxidepoisoninginGermanyisaroundone-tenththatinFranceorBelgiumclaimstheFrankfurtsweep.SoGermansarelikelytobestockwiththeirneighbourhoodSchornsteinfegers—whethertheycanstandeachotherornot—forsometimetocome Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage
Germany’schimneysweeps—hallowedasbringersofgoodluckwiththeirblacktophatsandcoiled-wirebrushes—areunderattack.LastweektheEuropeanCommission’sdirectoratefortheinternalmarketrevivedproceedingsagainstanantiquatedGermanlawthatprotectssweepsagainstcompetition.Thecountry’schimneysweepsenjoyanear-perfectmonopoly.Germanyisdividedintoaround8000districtseachruledbyitsownmastersweepwhousuallyemploystwomoresweeps.Althoughthisisaprivateenterprisethemaintenanceandinspectionserviceprovidediscompulsoryandpricesaresetbythelocalauthority:sweepscannotstrayoutsidetheirdistrictnorcanhouseholderschangetheirsweepeveniftheyloathehim.Thisrulecutsbothways."TherearesomecustomersIcan’tstandeither"saysoneFrankfurtsweep. Therationaleissimple:chimney-sweepingandrelatedgasandheatingmaintenanceinGermanyaretreatedasamatterofpublicsafety.Annualorsemi-annualvisitsareprescribedkeepingthesweepsbusyallyearround.Forcenturieschimney-sweepsinEuropewereawanderingbreed.Butin1937thechimney-sweeplawwasrevisedbyHeinrichHimmlerthentheactinginteriorminister.HisrolestiedchimneysweepstotheirdistrictsanddecreedthattheyshouldbeGermantoenablehimtousesweepsaslocalspies. Thelawwasupdatedin1969leavingthelocalmonopoliesinplacebutopeninguptheprofessionintheoryatleasttonon-Germans.Butinpracticefewapply.FouryearsagoabravePolequalifiedasamasterinKaiserslauternaccordingtoafellowstudentandthisyearanItaliandidsointheRhinelandPalatinate.ButhelikemostnewlyqualifiedGermanmasterswillspendyearsonawaitinglistbeforehegetshisowndistrict. TheEuropeanCommissionwouldliketoseeacompetitivemarketinwhichpeoplecanchoosetheirownsweepsjustastheychoosebuildersorplumbers.Itfirstopenedinfringementproceedingsin2003andtheGermangovernmentofthetimepromisedtochangethelawbutfailedtodoso.AnddespitethehuffingandpuffingfromBrusselstilegovernmentisstillreluctanttodismantleitsantiquatedsystemonsafetygrounds.Thenumberofdeathsfromcarbon-monoxidepoisoninginGermanyisaroundone-tenththatinFranceorBelgiumclaimstheFrankfurtsweep.SoGermansarelikelytobestockwiththeirneighbourhoodSchornsteinfegers—whethertheycanstandeachotherornot—forsometimetocome WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph2
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
ForthepasttwoyearsinSiliconValleythecentreofAmerica’stechnologyindustryconference-goershaveentertainedthemselvesplayingaguessinggame:howmanytimeswillaspeakermentionthephrase"longtail"Itisusuallyahighnumberthankstotheinfluenceofthelong-tailtheorywhichwasfirstdevelopedbyChrisAndersontheeditorofWiredmagazineinanarticlein2004.Thoughtechnologistsandbloggerschuckleathoweverybusinesspresentationnowhastohaveitslong-tailsectionmostareenviousofMr.Andersonwhosebrainwavequicklybecamethemostfashionablebusinessideaaround. Whetherablockbusterfilmabestsellingnovelorachart-toppingrapsongpopularcultureidolisesthehit.Companiesdevotethemselvestocreatingthembecausethecostofdistributionandthelimitsofshelfspaceinphysicalshopsmeanthatprofitabilitydependsonahighvolumeofsales.Butaroundthebeginningofthiscenturyagroupofinternetcompaniesrealisedthatwithendlessshelvesandanationaloreveninternationalaudienceonlinetheycouldofferahugerangeofproducts—andmakemoneyatthesametime. ThenichetheobscureandthespecialistMr.Andersonargueswillgaingroundattheexpenseofthehit.Asevidencehepointstoadropinthenumberofcompaniesthattraditionallycalculatetheirrevenue/salesratioaccordingtothe80/20rule—wherethetopfifthofproductscontributefour-fifthsofrevenues.EcastaSanFranciscodigitaljukeboxcompanyfoundthat98%ofits10000albumssoldatleastonetrackeverythreemonths.ExpressedinthelanguageofstatisticstheexperiencesofEcastandothercompaniessuchasAragonanonlinebooksellersuggestthatproductsdowninthelongtailofastatisticaldistributionaddedtogethercanbehighlyprofitable.Theinternethelpspeoplefindtheirwaytorelativelyobscurematerialwithrecommendationsandreviewsbyotherpeopleandforthosewillingtohavetheirartistictastespredictedbyapieceofsoftwarecomputerprogramswhichanalysepastselections. Long-tailenthusiastsarguethatthewholeofculturewillbenefitnotjustcommercialenterprises.Televisionfilmandmusicaresuchbewitchingmediaintheirownrightthatmanypeoplearequitehappytowatchandlistentowhatthemainstreamprovides.Butifindividualshavetheopportunitytopickbettermoreideallysuitedentertainmentfromafarwiderselectiontheywilltakeitaccordingtothetheoryofthelongtail.SomeanalystsreckonthatentirepopulationsmightbecomehappierandwiseroncetheyhaveaccesstothousandsofdocumentariesindependentfilmsandsubgenresofeverykindofmusicinsteadofbeingsubjectedtowhatMr.Andersoncallsthetyrannyoflowest-common-denominatorfare.Thatmightbetakingthingsabitfar.Butthelongtailiscertainlyoneoftheinternet’sbettergiftstohumanity. Whowillbebenefitedtheleastaccordingtothetheory
TheAmericanscreenhaslongbeenasmokyplaceatleastsince1942’sNowVoyagerinwhichBetteDavisandPaulHenreidshowedhowtomakeandsealaromanticdealoverapairofcigarettesthatweresmolderingasmuchasthestars.Todaycigarettesaremorecommononscreenthanatanyothertimesincemidcentury:75%ofallHollywoodfilms—including36%ofthoseratedGorPG—showtobaccouseaccordingtoa2006surveybytheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco. Audiencesespeciallykidsaretakingnotice.TworecentstudiespublishedinLancetandPediatricshavefoundthatamongchildrenasyoungas10thoseexposedtothemostscreensmokingareupto2.7timesaslikelyasotherstopickupthehabit.Worseit’stheonesfromnonsmokinghomeswhoarehitthehardest.NowtheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealthHSPH—thefolksbehindthedesignated-drivercampaign—arepushingtogetthesmokesoffthescreen."Somemoviesshowkidsupto14incidentsofsmokingperhour"saysBarryBloomHSPH’sdean."We’reinthebusinessofpreventingdiseaseandcigarettesaretheNo.1preventablecause." Harvardlongbelievedthatgettingcigarettesoutofmoviescouldhaveaspowerfulaneffectbutitwouldn’tbeeasy.Cigarettemakershadahistoryofstrikingproduct-placementdealswithHollywoodandwhilethe1998tobaccosettlementpreventsthatnothingstopsdirectorsfromincorporatingsmokingintoscenesontheirown.In1999Harvardbeganholdingone-on-onemeetingswithstudioexecstryingtochangethatandlastyeartheMotionPictureAssociationofAmericaflungthedooropeninvitingBloomtomakeapresentationinFebruarytoallthestudios.Harvard’sadvicewasdirect:Getthebuttsentirelyoutoratleastmakesmokingunappealing. Afewfilmsprovideaglimpseofwhatano-smokingorlow-smokingHollywoodwouldbelike.ProducerLindsayDoranwhooncehelpedpersuadedirectorJohnHughestokeepFerrisBuellersmoke-freeinthe1980shitwantedtodethesamefortheleadsofher2006movieStrangerThanFiction.WhenawriterconvincedherthatthecharacterplayedbyEmmaThompsonhadtosmokeDoranrelentedbutfromthewayThompsonhacksherwaythroughthefilmandsnuffsouthercigarettesinapalmfulofspitit’scleartheglamour’sgone.AndrememberallthesmokinginTheDevilWearsPradaNoThat’sbecausetheproducersofthatfilmkeptitoutentirely—eveninastorythattravelsfromtheUSfashionworldtoParistwoofthemosttobacco-happyplacesonearth."Noonesmokedinthatmovie"saysDoran"andnoonenoticed." Suchmoviesarehardlytherulebutthepressureisgrowing.Likesmokersstudiosmayconcludethatquittingthehabitisnotjustalothealthierbutalsoalotsmarter. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtotheauthor
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Aswithmanyagrown-upsportingstarthefirsthintofgreatnesscameatanearlyageforLewisHamilton.Asaneight-year-oldathisfirstkartracehecharged"morelikeamaturedriverthananovice"remembersMartinHinesowneroftheZipKartracingcompany.ScythinghiswaythroughthefieldjustoutsideLondonHamiltonhadaconfidentstylethatseemeddifferentfromnormalrookiesHinessays."Therewasalittlesparkabouthim."Now22andinhisdebutseasoninFormulaOne—hebecamethefirstblackdrivertomakeitontothegridinmotorracing’sblue-ribbonchampionship. HissuccessandprofilethathaveearnedyoungHamiltoncomparisonswithothersportinggreats.Hiscolor—Hamilton’sgrandfathercametoBritainfromGrenadainthe50s—andthepositiveinfluenceofhisfatherAnthonyhavedrawnparallelswithTigerWoods.Hamiltonacknowledgesthathisparticipationcouldstokeinterestamongethnicgroupswhomaynotbeintothesportnow."Hopefullypeoplethatcanrelatetomewillseethatit’spossibleandalsotrytogetintothesport"hetoldtheBBC.Moreoverhisyouthgoodlooksandwholesomeimagearealsolikelytogetmarketersfiredup. Countlessmorekartingtitlesfollowedbefore2001.He"madeseasoneddriverslooksilly"saysTonyShawHamilton’sthenteammanageratManorMotorsport.Hamilton’srawnaturalspeedandcannyracecraftnudgedhimclosertothebigleagues.Hamilton’s"understandingofwhenandwheretoovertakeandhowtotakeadvantageofasituationisveryadvanced"Shawsays. AthisfirstcrackatGP2thetraininggroundforFormulaOneHamiltondominatedthe2006seasonwithaseriesofblisteringdrivesonhiswaytothetitle.Hamiltonis"notworriedaboutshowingordoingwhathe’susedtodoingjustbecauseit’sFormulaOne"saysHill.Formanynewdrivers"that’sanenormoushurdle."Withtheretirementlastyearofseven-timeworldchampionMichaelSchumacherthere’sonelessrivalforHamiltontonegotiate. AndHamiltoniscertainlynotshortonconfidence.WhenhefirstmetRonDennis—nowhisFormulaOneteamboss—asa10-year-oldinaborrowedsuitHamiltonpromptlytoldhimhewantedtodriveforMcLaren.Threeyearslaterhejoinedtheteam’ssupportprogramforpromisingyoungdrivers.Butsayformerteammanagershe’sreadytolistenandlearnwhenthingsgowrong.Hamiltonhasarare"capacitytoquestionhimself—toanalyzeveryclearlyafterarace"saysFredericVasseurgeneralmanagerattheARTGrandPrixteambehindHamilton’sGP2championship. Asforwhetherhe’llbecometheTigerWoodsofthesportit’stooearlytoknowwhetherhecanliveuptothosestandards.Butfornowhisfansarebullish.DamonHillwasthelastBritishdrivertotaketheworldcrown.Andit’sHamiltonHillsays"wholookslikelytobethenext." Whichoneisthebesttitleofthepassage
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Directions:Studythefollowingphotoscarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethephotosbriefly 2interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbythemand 3giveyourpointofview Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Germany’schimneysweeps—hallowedasbringersofgoodluckwiththeirblacktophatsandcoiled-wirebrushes—areunderattack.LastweektheEuropeanCommission’sdirectoratefortheinternalmarketrevivedproceedingsagainstanantiquatedGermanlawthatprotectssweepsagainstcompetition.Thecountry’schimneysweepsenjoyanear-perfectmonopoly.Germanyisdividedintoaround8000districtseachruledbyitsownmastersweepwhousuallyemploystwomoresweeps.Althoughthisisaprivateenterprisethemaintenanceandinspectionserviceprovidediscompulsoryandpricesaresetbythelocalauthority:sweepscannotstrayoutsidetheirdistrictnorcanhouseholderschangetheirsweepeveniftheyloathehim.Thisrulecutsbothways."TherearesomecustomersIcan’tstandeither"saysoneFrankfurtsweep. Therationaleissimple:chimney-sweepingandrelatedgasandheatingmaintenanceinGermanyaretreatedasamatterofpublicsafety.Annualorsemi-annualvisitsareprescribedkeepingthesweepsbusyallyearround.Forcenturieschimney-sweepsinEuropewereawanderingbreed.Butin1937thechimney-sweeplawwasrevisedbyHeinrichHimmlerthentheactinginteriorminister.HisrolestiedchimneysweepstotheirdistrictsanddecreedthattheyshouldbeGermantoenablehimtousesweepsaslocalspies. Thelawwasupdatedin1969leavingthelocalmonopoliesinplacebutopeninguptheprofessionintheoryatleasttonon-Germans.Butinpracticefewapply.FouryearsagoabravePolequalifiedasamasterinKaiserslauternaccordingtoafellowstudentandthisyearanItaliandidsointheRhinelandPalatinate.ButhelikemostnewlyqualifiedGermanmasterswillspendyearsonawaitinglistbeforehegetshisowndistrict. TheEuropeanCommissionwouldliketoseeacompetitivemarketinwhichpeoplecanchoosetheirownsweepsjustastheychoosebuildersorplumbers.Itfirstopenedinfringementproceedingsin2003andtheGermangovernmentofthetimepromisedtochangethelawbutfailedtodoso.AnddespitethehuffingandpuffingfromBrusselstilegovernmentisstillreluctanttodismantleitsantiquatedsystemonsafetygrounds.Thenumberofdeathsfromcarbon-monoxidepoisoninginGermanyisaroundone-tenththatinFranceorBelgiumclaimstheFrankfurtsweep.SoGermansarelikelytobestockwiththeirneighbourhoodSchornsteinfegers—whethertheycanstandeachotherornot—forsometimetocome What’sthereasonthatGermany’schimneysweepsareunderattack
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
TheAmericanscreenhaslongbeenasmokyplaceatleastsince1942’sNowVoyagerinwhichBetteDavisandPaulHenreidshowedhowtomakeandsealaromanticdealoverapairofcigarettesthatweresmolderingasmuchasthestars.Todaycigarettesaremorecommononscreenthanatanyothertimesincemidcentury:75%ofallHollywoodfilms—including36%ofthoseratedGorPG—showtobaccouseaccordingtoa2006surveybytheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco. Audiencesespeciallykidsaretakingnotice.TworecentstudiespublishedinLancetandPediatricshavefoundthatamongchildrenasyoungas10thoseexposedtothemostscreensmokingareupto2.7timesaslikelyasotherstopickupthehabit.Worseit’stheonesfromnonsmokinghomeswhoarehitthehardest.NowtheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealthHSPH—thefolksbehindthedesignated-drivercampaign—arepushingtogetthesmokesoffthescreen."Somemoviesshowkidsupto14incidentsofsmokingperhour"saysBarryBloomHSPH’sdean."We’reinthebusinessofpreventingdiseaseandcigarettesaretheNo.1preventablecause." Harvardlongbelievedthatgettingcigarettesoutofmoviescouldhaveaspowerfulaneffectbutitwouldn’tbeeasy.Cigarettemakershadahistoryofstrikingproduct-placementdealswithHollywoodandwhilethe1998tobaccosettlementpreventsthatnothingstopsdirectorsfromincorporatingsmokingintoscenesontheirown.In1999Harvardbeganholdingone-on-onemeetingswithstudioexecstryingtochangethatandlastyeartheMotionPictureAssociationofAmericaflungthedooropeninvitingBloomtomakeapresentationinFebruarytoallthestudios.Harvard’sadvicewasdirect:Getthebuttsentirelyoutoratleastmakesmokingunappealing. Afewfilmsprovideaglimpseofwhatano-smokingorlow-smokingHollywoodwouldbelike.ProducerLindsayDoranwhooncehelpedpersuadedirectorJohnHughestokeepFerrisBuellersmoke-freeinthe1980shitwantedtodethesamefortheleadsofher2006movieStrangerThanFiction.WhenawriterconvincedherthatthecharacterplayedbyEmmaThompsonhadtosmokeDoranrelentedbutfromthewayThompsonhacksherwaythroughthefilmandsnuffsouthercigarettesinapalmfulofspitit’scleartheglamour’sgone.AndrememberallthesmokinginTheDevilWearsPradaNoThat’sbecausetheproducersofthatfilmkeptitoutentirely—eveninastorythattravelsfromtheUSfashionworldtoParistwoofthemosttobacco-happyplacesonearth."Noonesmokedinthatmovie"saysDoran"andnoonenoticed." Suchmoviesarehardlytherulebutthepressureisgrowing.Likesmokersstudiosmayconcludethatquittingthehabitisnotjustalothealthierbutalsoalotsmarter. What’stheauthor’spurposeofthesecondparagraph
InagamethemovesaresetUpbeforehand.Inanon-gamesituationthemovesaresupposedtoariseoutofeventsasthesedevelop.Agirlwantstoencourageherboyfriendsoshepretendstobebusywhenhephonesherorshepretendsthatsomeoneelseiscourtingher.46Ayoungchildwhoisreluctanttogotobeddeliberatelyspillsmilkfromacupontothecarpetsothattheensuingfussandscoldingtheimmediacyofhisbedtimewillbeforgotten.Diplomatsataconferencemakeagreatfussovertheshapeofthetableastheyplaytheproceduralgame.47Anagentsellingthefilmrightsinafirstnovelcasuallymentionsotherpartieswhohaveshownaninterestinbuyingtherights.Ahostessdeliberatelyplacesaseductiveladynexttoahusbandwithajealouswife.Unionnegotiatorsgothrougharitualofcomplainsbeforesettingdowntodiscussthecurrentissue. Thecharacteristicofagameisthatasequenceofmovesarerecognizableaspartofthegame.Thegamemaybeplayedveryseriously;itmayalsobeplayedforapurposeratherthanasanendinitself.Neverthelesseachmoveinthesequenceisdeterminedbytherequirementsofthegameratherthantherealitiesofthesituationitself.48Someonewhoisawarethatagameisbeingplayedsitsbackandwaitsforthegametobeplayedout.Someonewhoisnotawarethatitisagamegetsinvolvedandmanipulatedbythegamesplayerwhoknowsthemovesofthegamebetter.Itisthisexpertiseinthemovesofthegamewhichmakesitworthplaying.Iftheplayerknowsfromlongexperiencethemovesreactionsandcounter-movesthenheonlyhastoenticetheotherpersontoplaythegametoachievesuccess.Ifthesituationworksitoutnaturallyneithersidehasanadvantage.Butifonesidesetsupagamewithwhichonlyheisfamiliarthenthatsideimmediatelyacquirestheadvantageofskillandfore-knowledge. Agoodgamesplayernotonlyknowshowtomakethenextmovehecanthinkonetwoorthreemovesahead.Thisisextremelydifficultforaninexperiencedplayer.49Thustheplayerwhosetsupafamiliargamecanlaytrapsseveralmovesaheadwithverylittlechanceoftheopponentnoticingwhatisbeingdone. 50Justasaphilosopherwillalwaystrytorunanargumentaccordingtohisowndefinitionssoagamesplayerwillalwaystrytomakeanopponentplayhisspecialgame. Justasaphilosopherwillalwaystrytorunanargumentaccordingtohisowndefinitionssoagamesplayerwillalwaystrytomakeanopponentplayhisspecialgame.
Germany’schimneysweeps—hallowedasbringersofgoodluckwiththeirblacktophatsandcoiled-wirebrushes—areunderattack.LastweektheEuropeanCommission’sdirectoratefortheinternalmarketrevivedproceedingsagainstanantiquatedGermanlawthatprotectssweepsagainstcompetition.Thecountry’schimneysweepsenjoyanear-perfectmonopoly.Germanyisdividedintoaround8000districtseachruledbyitsownmastersweepwhousuallyemploystwomoresweeps.Althoughthisisaprivateenterprisethemaintenanceandinspectionserviceprovidediscompulsoryandpricesaresetbythelocalauthority:sweepscannotstrayoutsidetheirdistrictnorcanhouseholderschangetheirsweepeveniftheyloathehim.Thisrulecutsbothways."TherearesomecustomersIcan’tstandeither"saysoneFrankfurtsweep. Therationaleissimple:chimney-sweepingandrelatedgasandheatingmaintenanceinGermanyaretreatedasamatterofpublicsafety.Annualorsemi-annualvisitsareprescribedkeepingthesweepsbusyallyearround.Forcenturieschimney-sweepsinEuropewereawanderingbreed.Butin1937thechimney-sweeplawwasrevisedbyHeinrichHimmlerthentheactinginteriorminister.HisrolestiedchimneysweepstotheirdistrictsanddecreedthattheyshouldbeGermantoenablehimtousesweepsaslocalspies. Thelawwasupdatedin1969leavingthelocalmonopoliesinplacebutopeninguptheprofessionintheoryatleasttonon-Germans.Butinpracticefewapply.FouryearsagoabravePolequalifiedasamasterinKaiserslauternaccordingtoafellowstudentandthisyearanItaliandidsointheRhinelandPalatinate.ButhelikemostnewlyqualifiedGermanmasterswillspendyearsonawaitinglistbeforehegetshisowndistrict. TheEuropeanCommissionwouldliketoseeacompetitivemarketinwhichpeoplecanchoosetheirownsweepsjustastheychoosebuildersorplumbers.Itfirstopenedinfringementproceedingsin2003andtheGermangovernmentofthetimepromisedtochangethelawbutfailedtodoso.AnddespitethehuffingandpuffingfromBrusselstilegovernmentisstillreluctanttodismantleitsantiquatedsystemonsafetygrounds.Thenumberofdeathsfromcarbon-monoxidepoisoninginGermanyisaroundone-tenththatinFranceorBelgiumclaimstheFrankfurtsweep.SoGermansarelikelytobestockwiththeirneighbourhoodSchornsteinfegers—whethertheycanstandeachotherornot—forsometimetocome 44
InagamethemovesaresetUpbeforehand.Inanon-gamesituationthemovesaresupposedtoariseoutofeventsasthesedevelop.Agirlwantstoencourageherboyfriendsoshepretendstobebusywhenhephonesherorshepretendsthatsomeoneelseiscourtingher.46Ayoungchildwhoisreluctanttogotobeddeliberatelyspillsmilkfromacupontothecarpetsothattheensuingfussandscoldingtheimmediacyofhisbedtimewillbeforgotten.Diplomatsataconferencemakeagreatfussovertheshapeofthetableastheyplaytheproceduralgame.47Anagentsellingthefilmrightsinafirstnovelcasuallymentionsotherpartieswhohaveshownaninterestinbuyingtherights.Ahostessdeliberatelyplacesaseductiveladynexttoahusbandwithajealouswife.Unionnegotiatorsgothrougharitualofcomplainsbeforesettingdowntodiscussthecurrentissue. Thecharacteristicofagameisthatasequenceofmovesarerecognizableaspartofthegame.Thegamemaybeplayedveryseriously;itmayalsobeplayedforapurposeratherthanasanendinitself.Neverthelesseachmoveinthesequenceisdeterminedbytherequirementsofthegameratherthantherealitiesofthesituationitself.48Someonewhoisawarethatagameisbeingplayedsitsbackandwaitsforthegametobeplayedout.Someonewhoisnotawarethatitisagamegetsinvolvedandmanipulatedbythegamesplayerwhoknowsthemovesofthegamebetter.Itisthisexpertiseinthemovesofthegamewhichmakesitworthplaying.Iftheplayerknowsfromlongexperiencethemovesreactionsandcounter-movesthenheonlyhastoenticetheotherpersontoplaythegametoachievesuccess.Ifthesituationworksitoutnaturallyneithersidehasanadvantage.Butifonesidesetsupagamewithwhichonlyheisfamiliarthenthatsideimmediatelyacquirestheadvantageofskillandfore-knowledge. Agoodgamesplayernotonlyknowshowtomakethenextmovehecanthinkonetwoorthreemovesahead.Thisisextremelydifficultforaninexperiencedplayer.49Thustheplayerwhosetsupafamiliargamecanlaytrapsseveralmovesaheadwithverylittlechanceoftheopponentnoticingwhatisbeingdone. 50Justasaphilosopherwillalwaystrytorunanargumentaccordingtohisowndefinitionssoagamesplayerwillalwaystrytomakeanopponentplayhisspecialgame. Ayoungchildwhoisreluctanttogotobeddeliberatelyspillsmilkfromacupontothecarpetsothattheensuingfussandscoldingtheimmediacyofhisbedtimewillbeforgotten
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
热门题库
更多
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
行政法与行政诉讼法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号