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Electronic or "cyber" warfare holds the promise of destroying an army’s-or even a whole nation’s-...
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Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestroy
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestroy
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestroyin
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
CyberCafé网吧orcomputercentersarefoundinmanycitiesar
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
CyberCafecomputercentersarefoundinmanycitiesaround
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
CCyberCafecomputercentersarefoundinmanycitiesaroun
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
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Text1 RarelyhasanationalsecurityissueofmajorimportancebecomeasubjectofdistortionandspinlikethedebateovertheintelligencereformbillonCapitolHill--theoutcomeofwhichwilldeterminehowUSintelligenceagenciesandtheirmilitaryfunctionforagenerationtocome.Thisisparticularlytrueoftheheateddebatenowtakingplaceoverhowmuchpowershouldbegiventoanewdirectorofnationalintelligence. AlongwithHouseArmedServicesCommitteeChairmanDuncanHunteroneofthemostrespecteddefenseexpertsonCapitolHilltheJointChiefsofStaffandotherelementswithintheDefenseDepartmenthaveraisedseriousquestionsaboutthefarreachingauthoritygrantedtotheintelligencedirectorundertheSenateversionofthebill.SpecificallyMr.HunterbelievesthattheSenatebillwouldinterferewiththemilitary’saccesstointelligenceonthebattlefield. RightnowMr.HunterpointsoutArmyunitsMarinesandUSspecialforcesuseintelligencegleanedfromoverheadsatellitestotargetenemytroops.InordertodothistheyneedtoworkcloselywithcombatsupportagenciesliketheNationalSecurityAgencyandNationalReconnaissanceOffice.Itisessentialthattherebeawell-functioningchainofcommandbetweentheAmericantroopsonthegroundtheDefenseDepartmentandthepeoplewhooperatethesatellites.ThiswasparticularlycriticalduringtherecentfightinginFallujahwhereAmericantroopsreliedonsatellitephotostowatchtheterroriststheywereseekingtokill. AlthoughPresidentBushhasagreedtotheSenateproposaladministrationofficialsacknowledgethereisrealconcernthatitsversionofthebillcouldundercutasystemthatisworkingwell.AsoneofficialtoldthisnewspaperonMondaytheSenatemeasurecouldproducethefollowingscenario:Everytimethegeneralswanttomoveasatellitetohelpacommanderquicklyobtainoverheadimagesoftheenemyorinterceptedcommunicationstheywouldhavetogettheapprovalofthenewdirectorofnationalintelligence.NotingtheFallujahexperienceMr.HunteraddsthattheSenatebill"translatesintoineffectivenessonthebattlefieldandatworsecombatcasualties". WhenaskedtogivehisopinionontheSenatebillandanalternativemeasureproposedbyMr.HunterthatwouldpreservethecurrentchainofcommandGen.RichardMyersthechairmanoftheJointChiefsofStaffendorsedtheCaliforniaRepublicanlawmaker’sversion.SotoohavetheheadsoftheAirForceArmyMarineCorpsandNavy.ThetruthisthattheveryideaofshiftingcontrolofdefenseintelligenceagenciesawayfromthePentagonasembodiedintheSenatebillisaproposalto"fix"anon-existentproblemWhenThomasKeanandLeeHamiltonchairmanandvicechairmanoftheSeptember11commissiontestifiedonCapitolHillbothacknowledgedinresponsetoaquestionfromMr.HuntertheirpanelhadcomeacrossnospecificinstanceofafailureornegligenceonthepartofaDepartmentofDefenseagency. UnfortunatelytheresponsefromsomesenatorsandsomesectorsofthepresstoMr.Hunter’ssubstantiveconcernshasbeentoportrayhimasunderminingnationalsecurityinordertopreservehisbureaucraticturf.AtonelevelthesechargesareslanderousgiventhatMr.Hunter’ssonaMarinejustcompletedatourofdutyinIraq.ChairmanHunteristryingtoprotecthissonandallotheryoungheroes--nothisturf.IfsupportersoftheSenatebillhavesubstantiveargumentstomakethatwouldexplainwhytheyarerightandtheJointChiefsandMr.Hunterarewrongtheyshouldmakethem.IfnottheyshouldaccedetotheHouseposition.IftheSenaterefusestobudgethenthebestcourseofactionwouldbetore-visittheissuenextyear. Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheintelligencereformbillis
Text2 EversinceJohnBurrowsandhiswifeCarolopenedtheirfirsthairsalonin1983theyhavebeentakingonapprentices. "Inmygenerationanapprenticeshipwasthewaytolearnatradesoitwastheobviouswayforustogettheskilledstaffweneeded"Mr.Burrowssays. TodaytheBurrows’salonUpperCutinWeston-super-Mareemploys35people.Ofthe16stylists13progressedthroughapprenticeshipsandMr.Burrowsbelievesastrongcultureoftrainingisintegraltothecompany’ssuccess. "Withouttheapprenticeshipsschemeourbusinesswouldn’tbeanythinglikethesizeitistoday"Mr.Burrowssays.Thehigh-qualitytrainingtheapprenticeshipsprovideguaranteesgrowth.Themoreskillsstaffhavethemoreeffectiveabusinesswillbecome. AlthoughMr.Burrowsisanadvocateoftheschemeheconcedesthatoccasionallyhehassufferedproblems. Theyhaveexperiencedepisodesoftheftpoortimekeepingandbaddisciplinebutthesearethesortofthingyougetwhenyouemployanynumberofstaff. "Sometimeswehavetoaskapprenticestoleavebutoftentheysortthemselvesout.Oneyearwehad100percentcompletionratebutouraverageisaround80percentwhichisdoublethenationalrate." "Thereisariskforsmallbusinessesbutyoucanhelpminimisethepotentialforproblemsbylookingattheperson’shistoryandbackground." IfMr.BurrowshadonecriticismoftheschemeitisthattheNationalVocationalQualificationcertificatesareverydifficultformanyoftheapprenticestopass."Thequalificationsarenoteasy--manyoftheyoungstersontheschemearenotacademicallygreatandtheyfinditdifficult.Theyneedalotofone-to-onecoachingandalotofhelptobeabletopass.Butwhentheydoitcanbeextremelygratifying." Oneofourapprenticeswasagirlwhowasdyslexicandhadbeenexpelledfromacoupleofschools.ShewasdifficultatfirstbuttheothergirlsinthesalonhelpedherdevelopandshewentontoachieveNVQlevelfour.Nowsheisworkingfull-timeandhelpingothergirlsthroughthescheme. AnothersmallcompanymakinguseoftheapprenticeshipschemeistheTopiaryTreeafloristrybusinesswithtwoshopsinMaltonandHelmsleyNorthYorkshire.Withonlythreefull-timeemployeesitisoneofthesmallestbusinessesinthecountrytohavetakenonanapprentice. GemmaMagsonthemanagerofthebusinesswantedanapprenticebecauseshewasonceoneherselfandwantedtooffersomeoneelsetheopportunityshehad.HerapprenticealsocalledGemmaspendsfourdaysaweekattheshopinMaltonandonedayaweekattheAskhamBryanTrainingCollegeinYork."ThebusinesshasreallybenefitedfromhavingGemmaaround"Ms.Magsonsays. TheapprenticeshipcanbringGemmaMagsonmanybenefitsNOTbecauseit
NearlyathirdofallAmericanworkersregularlyputinmorethan40hoursofworkaweekaccordingtoPennStateeconomistLonnieGolden.Andalmost1in5routinelyworkmorethan50hoursaweek. 46"ThedamagedonebyinvoluntaryovertimebecomesapparentinarecentCornellUniversitysurvey"theeconomistnotes."Workersreportinghighpressuretoworkovertimeexperienceddoubletheworkinjuriessufferedbythosewhowerenot." 47Apartfromnotdemandingunwarrantedovertimeworkemployerscanhelpeasesometensionsbetweenjobsandfamiliesbyadoptingflexiblepolicieslikejob-sharingflextimeandhome-basedworkthatmakeiteasierforworkerstomeetbothjobandfamilyneeds. NotsurprisinglyAmericanworkersstronglysupportsuchflexiblepractices.InfactanationalpollbyWirthlinWorldwidefoundaresounding87percentofAmericansagreethat48"Businessesshouldvoluntarilydomoretohelpstrengthentheiremployees’marriagesbyofferingflex-time/jobsharing/home-basedworkoptions." Farfrombeing"giveaway"programsfamily-friendlyworkplacepoliciesactuallylowercareerburnoutreducejobturnovereaseinterpersonalconflictandenhanceworkerproductivity.Inotherwordsflexibleworkpoliciesaregoodforthebottomline. 49WilliamPollackofHarvardUniversityreportsraisingemployeesatisfactionby20percentsometimesboostscompanyfinancialperformancemorethan40percent.ArecentDePaulUniversitystudyfoundthefinancialperformanceofthe"100BestCorporateCitizensof2002"was"significantlybetter"thantheaveragecompanylistedamongtheS＆P500.Thisyear’stophonoreeinFortunemagazine’s"ListofBestPlacestoWork"--Smuckers--hasdoubleditsstockvalueinthelastfiveyears. Inahealthysocietyemploymentshouldenhancefamilylifenotimpedeit.50AsthetechnologyandcommunicationsrevolutionscontinuereshapingtheAmericanworkplacethetimehascomeforanewworkplacerevolutiontobuildontheoneUptonSinclairandothershelpedusherinacenturyago.Thisnewrevolutionwillenablemorefamily-orientedworkerstomeetboththeirpersonalandtheirprofessionalresponsibilities. 50AsthetechnologyandcommunicationsrevolutionscontinuereshapingtheAmericanworkplacethetimehascomeforanewworkplacerevolutiontobuildontheoneUptonSinclairandothershelpedusherinacenturyago.
Americanstodaybelievethatacceptablesocialbehaviorfollowseffortlesslyfrompersonalvirtue.The1betweenmoralsandmannershasbecomeblurred.2youneedisagoodheartmostpeopleassumeandthe3willtakecareofitself.Youdon’thavetowritethank-younotes. ManyAmericansbelievethatnaturalbehaviorisbeautiful.The"natural"4tohumanrelationspresumesthattoknowanypersonwellenoughistolovehimthatthe5humanproblemisacommunicationproblem.This6thatpeoplemightbeseparatedbybasicallygenerallyirreconcilabledifferences--philosophicalpoliticalorreligious--andassumesthatallsuchdifferencesare7misunderstandings. Indeedithasneverbeeneasiertoinsultpeopleinadvertently.Agentlemanopensadoorforaladybecausehismothertaughthimthatladies8suchcourtesiesbutshe9andspitsinhiseyebecausehehasinsultedherwomanhood.Ayoungladyoffersherseatina10bustoanelderlyfrailgentlemanandhegiveshera11lookbecauseshehasinsultedhis12Mindyouthosearejustpeople13tobenice;theonlyproblemisthattheyare14ondifferentsystemsof15. Curiouslyithasneverbeen16toinsultpeopleintentionally.Ifyousay"YouarenastyandIhateyou"thepersonis17toreply"Ohyou’refeeling18;I’llwaituntilyoufeelbetter." Theideathepeoplecanbehave"naturally"withoutresortingtoan19codetacitlyagreeduponbytheirsocietyisassillyastheideathattheycancommunicatebyusingalanguagewithout20acceptedsemanticandgrammaticalrules. 4
46StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedtheemergenceoffeministmovementshavethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenth-centuryAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorinanshoweverhaveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod.47FurthermoretheideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbecauseevenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStatestheyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedas"solitary"and"individualtheorists"wereinrealityconnectedtoamovement—utopiansocialism—whichwasalreadypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFallsNewYorkin1848.48Thusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginsanddevelopmentofnineteenth-centuryfeminismintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudyalreadymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism. TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhashoweverbeenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherents’energy;hencebyignoringitsfeminismEuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstoodSaint-Simonianism.MoreoversincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtoSaint-SimonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited. 49Saint-Simon’sfollowersmanyofwhomwerewomenbasedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamaletorepresentreflectionandafemaletorepresentsentiment.ThiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthatwhiletheSaint-Simoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentheyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheirutopia. OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionofsexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthatindividualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacterandtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.50Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife. 50
[A]We’ll"manage"Earth. [B]We’llhaveabrainroadmap. [C]We’llknowwherewecamefrom. [D]We’llclonemanyusefulcreatures. [E]We’lllivelonger120years. [F]We’llcrackthegeneticcodeandconquercancer. Itispredictedthattherewillbe5scientificbreakthroughsinthe21stcentury. 41.______. WhydoestheuniverseexistToputitanotherwaywhyistheresomethinginsteadofnothingSincethe1920sscientistshaveknowntheuniverseisexpandingwhichmeansitmusthavestartedatadefinitetimeinthepast.Theyevenhavedevelopedtheoriesthatgiveadetailedpictureoftheevolutionoftheuniversefromthetimeitwasafractionofasecondoldtothepresent.Overthenextcoupleofdecadesthesetheorieswillberefinedbydatafromextraordinarypowerfulnewtelescope.Wewillhaveabetterunderstandingofhowmatterbehavesattheunfathomablyhightemperaturesandpressuresoftheearlyuniverse. 42.______. In19th-centuryoperaswhentheheroinecoughsinthefirstacttheaudienceknowsshewilldieoftuberculosisinAct3.Butthanksto20th-centuryantibioticstheonce-dreadedonce-incurablediseasenowcanmeannothingmoreseriousthantakingsomepills.Asscientistslearnmoreaboutthegeneticcodeandthewaycellsworkatthemolecularlevelmanyseriousdiseases--cancerforon--willbecomelessthreatening.Usingmanufactured"therapeutic"virusesdoctorswillbeabletoreplacecancer-causingdamagedDNAwithhealthygenesprobablyadministeredbyapillorinjection. 43.______. Ifthenormalagingprocessisbasicallyafuriousinvisiblecontestinourcells--acontestbetweendamagetoourDNAandourceils’abilitytorepairthatdamage--thengist-centurystridesingeneticmedicinemayletuscontrolandevenreversetheprocess.Butbeforewepushscientiststodomoreconsider:DowereallywanttoliveinaworldwherenoonegrowsoldandfewchildrenarebornbecausetheplanetcanholdonlysomanypeopleWherewouldnewideascomefromWhatwouldwedowithallthatextratime 44.______. Inthenextmillenniumwe’llstoptalkingabouttheweatherbutwilldosomethingaboutit.We’llgraduallylearnhowtopredicttheeffectsofhumanactivityontheEarthitsclimateanditsecosystems.Andwiththatknowledgewillcomeanincreasingwillingnesstouseittomanagetheworkingsofourplanet. 45.______. Thisistherealfinalfrontierofthe21stcentury:Thebrainisthemostcomplexsystemweknow.Itcontainsabout100billionneuronsroughlythenumberofstarsintheMilkyWayeachconnectedtoasmanyas1000others.Earlyinthenextcenturywewilluseadvancedformsofmagneticresonanceimagingtoproducedetailedmapsoftheneuronsinoperation.We’llbeabletosaywithcertaintywhichonesareworkingwhenyoureadawordwhenyousayawordwhenyouthinkaboutawordandsoon. Maybethesethingswillcometruemaybenot.Butwecanfirmlybelievethattomorrowwillbemorebeautifulandglorious. 42
46StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedtheemergenceoffeministmovementshavethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenth-centuryAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorinanshoweverhaveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod.47FurthermoretheideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbecauseevenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStatestheyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedas"solitary"and"individualtheorists"wereinrealityconnectedtoamovement—utopiansocialism—whichwasalreadypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFallsNewYorkin1848.48Thusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginsanddevelopmentofnineteenth-centuryfeminismintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudyalreadymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism. TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhashoweverbeenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherents’energy;hencebyignoringitsfeminismEuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstoodSaint-Simonianism.MoreoversincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtoSaint-SimonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited. 49Saint-Simon’sfollowersmanyofwhomwerewomenbasedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamaletorepresentreflectionandafemaletorepresentsentiment.ThiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthatwhiletheSaint-Simoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentheyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheirutopia. OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionofsexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthatindividualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacterandtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.50Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife. 46
46StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedtheemergenceoffeministmovementshavethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenth-centuryAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorinanshoweverhaveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod.47FurthermoretheideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbecauseevenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStatestheyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedas"solitary"and"individualtheorists"wereinrealityconnectedtoamovement—utopiansocialism—whichwasalreadypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFallsNewYorkin1848.48Thusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginsanddevelopmentofnineteenth-centuryfeminismintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudyalreadymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism. TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhashoweverbeenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherents’energy;hencebyignoringitsfeminismEuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstoodSaint-Simonianism.MoreoversincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtoSaint-SimonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited. 49Saint-Simon’sfollowersmanyofwhomwerewomenbasedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamaletorepresentreflectionandafemaletorepresentsentiment.ThiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthatwhiletheSaint-Simoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentheyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheirutopia. OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionofsexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthatindividualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacterandtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.50Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife. 48
Text4 Morepeoplethaneverbeforeareembarkingontheirownenterpriseadventureandstartingtheirownbusiness.Nearly400000companieswereestablishedlastyearor35percentmorethanin2002. Butofficialstatisticsalsoshowthatmorebusinessesthaneverarefailing.Lastyeararecord40000businessesweredeclaredinsolvent. Withsomanybusinessesfailingitisimportantifyouarethinkingofstartingabusinesstoplanandprepareproperly.Thiswillalsoincreasethechancesofsecuringfinance. "Oneofthekeypartsofstartingabusinessisensuringthattheoriginalideaisdevelopedintoafullyviableproductorservice"JudithRutherfordthechiefexecutiveofBusinessLinkforLondonsays."Establishingwhetherthereisamarketfortheproductorserviceisthenextstep.Thisshouldincludeathoroughexaminationofpotentialcompetitorsandcustomers"shesays."Itmayalsobeworthcommissioningsomemarketresearch." IftheresearchdemonstratesthereisaviableBusinesstobehadthenthenextstepistodevelopadetailedbusinessplan.Aswellasdetailsoftheproductandmarketthisshouldalsoincludeabudgetplanandcashflowforecast.Approachingaqualifiedaccountantcanalsohelp.Aprofessionallookingplanwithcrediblefigureswillmakeiteasiertoattractfinance. ButJohnRendalltheheadofbusinessbankingatHSBCwarnsagainstfallingintothetrapofcreatingabusinessplandesignedsolelywiththeobjectiveofsecuringfunding. "Agoodbusinessplanshoulddemonstratesomecriticalthinkingaboutyourbusinesshelpyouclarifywhatyouwanttoachieveandhowyouaregoingtoachieveit.Itshouldalsohelpyoumarkprogresssetgoalsandbeinbettershapetodealwiththechallengesanynewbusinessislikelytoface"Mr.Rendallsays. "Thisapproachisfarmorelikelytoimpressthansomethingsolelydesignedtojustifyborrowing."Mr.Rendallalsoadvisesbusinessesnottounderestimatehowmuchtheyneedtoborrow."Don’tbetemptedtounderplaythedebtyourequirejusttopleaseyourbank"hesays."Abankisjustaslikelytoconsideralargersumifitispersuadedofthegrowthpotentialofyourbusiness." Agoodbusinessplanshouldalsoincludecontingencyplansthatoutlineresponsestounforeseencircumstances--positiveaswellasnegative.ForexamplewhatwouldbethefinancialimpactofchangedeconomiccircumstancesWhatchangescouldbemadetorespondItisalwaysworthgettingcommentsfromfriendsorcolleagueswhocanbringamoredetachedperspective. Itcouldalsobeworthtakingthetimetoinvestigatewhetheryourbusinessqualifiesforanygrants.GrantsareavailablefromavarietyofsourcesincludingtheGovernmentanditsvariousdepartmentsandagenciestheEuropeanUnionandsomecharitableorganizations.Ifyouareundertheageof30itwouldbeworthvisitingthePrince’sTrustwebsitewhichlastyearhelpedmorethan4300youngpeoplestart-upinbusiness.MoredetailsonhowtofindgrantsraisefinanceandimprovefinancialmanagementcanbefoundonTimesOnline’sGrantandFinanceguide. Accordingtotheauthorabusinessplanshouldinclude
NearlyathirdofallAmericanworkersregularlyputinmorethan40hoursofworkaweekaccordingtoPennStateeconomistLonnieGolden.Andalmost1in5routinelyworkmorethan50hoursaweek. 46"ThedamagedonebyinvoluntaryovertimebecomesapparentinarecentCornellUniversitysurvey"theeconomistnotes."Workersreportinghighpressuretoworkovertimeexperienceddoubletheworkinjuriessufferedbythosewhowerenot." 47Apartfromnotdemandingunwarrantedovertimeworkemployerscanhelpeasesometensionsbetweenjobsandfamiliesbyadoptingflexiblepolicieslikejob-sharingflextimeandhome-basedworkthatmakeiteasierforworkerstomeetbothjobandfamilyneeds. NotsurprisinglyAmericanworkersstronglysupportsuchflexiblepractices.InfactanationalpollbyWirthlinWorldwidefoundaresounding87percentofAmericansagreethat48"Businessesshouldvoluntarilydomoretohelpstrengthentheiremployees’marriagesbyofferingflex-time/jobsharing/home-basedworkoptions." Farfrombeing"giveaway"programsfamily-friendlyworkplacepoliciesactuallylowercareerburnoutreducejobturnovereaseinterpersonalconflictandenhanceworkerproductivity.Inotherwordsflexibleworkpoliciesaregoodforthebottomline. 49WilliamPollackofHarvardUniversityreportsraisingemployeesatisfactionby20percentsometimesboostscompanyfinancialperformancemorethan40percent.ArecentDePaulUniversitystudyfoundthefinancialperformanceofthe"100BestCorporateCitizensof2002"was"significantlybetter"thantheaveragecompanylistedamongtheS＆P500.Thisyear’stophonoreeinFortunemagazine’s"ListofBestPlacestoWork"--Smuckers--hasdoubleditsstockvalueinthelastfiveyears. Inahealthysocietyemploymentshouldenhancefamilylifenotimpedeit.50AsthetechnologyandcommunicationsrevolutionscontinuereshapingtheAmericanworkplacethetimehascomeforanewworkplacerevolutiontobuildontheoneUptonSinclairandothershelpedusherinacenturyago.Thisnewrevolutionwillenablemorefamily-orientedworkerstomeetboththeirpersonalandtheirprofessionalresponsibilities. 48Businessesshouldvoluntarilydomoretohelpstrengthentheiremployees’marriagesbyofferingflex-time/jobsharing/home-basedworkoptions.
Text4 Morepeoplethaneverbeforeareembarkingontheirownenterpriseadventureandstartingtheirownbusiness.Nearly400000companieswereestablishedlastyearor35percentmorethanin2002. Butofficialstatisticsalsoshowthatmorebusinessesthaneverarefailing.Lastyeararecord40000businessesweredeclaredinsolvent. Withsomanybusinessesfailingitisimportantifyouarethinkingofstartingabusinesstoplanandprepareproperly.Thiswillalsoincreasethechancesofsecuringfinance. "Oneofthekeypartsofstartingabusinessisensuringthattheoriginalideaisdevelopedintoafullyviableproductorservice"JudithRutherfordthechiefexecutiveofBusinessLinkforLondonsays."Establishingwhetherthereisamarketfortheproductorserviceisthenextstep.Thisshouldincludeathoroughexaminationofpotentialcompetitorsandcustomers"shesays."Itmayalsobeworthcommissioningsomemarketresearch." IftheresearchdemonstratesthereisaviableBusinesstobehadthenthenextstepistodevelopadetailedbusinessplan.Aswellasdetailsoftheproductandmarketthisshouldalsoincludeabudgetplanandcashflowforecast.Approachingaqualifiedaccountantcanalsohelp.Aprofessionallookingplanwithcrediblefigureswillmakeiteasiertoattractfinance. ButJohnRendalltheheadofbusinessbankingatHSBCwarnsagainstfallingintothetrapofcreatingabusinessplandesignedsolelywiththeobjectiveofsecuringfunding. "Agoodbusinessplanshoulddemonstratesomecriticalthinkingaboutyourbusinesshelpyouclarifywhatyouwanttoachieveandhowyouaregoingtoachieveit.Itshouldalsohelpyoumarkprogresssetgoalsandbeinbettershapetodealwiththechallengesanynewbusinessislikelytoface"Mr.Rendallsays. "Thisapproachisfarmorelikelytoimpressthansomethingsolelydesignedtojustifyborrowing."Mr.Rendallalsoadvisesbusinessesnottounderestimatehowmuchtheyneedtoborrow."Don’tbetemptedtounderplaythedebtyourequirejusttopleaseyourbank"hesays."Abankisjustaslikelytoconsideralargersumifitispersuadedofthegrowthpotentialofyourbusiness." Agoodbusinessplanshouldalsoincludecontingencyplansthatoutlineresponsestounforeseencircumstances--positiveaswellasnegative.ForexamplewhatwouldbethefinancialimpactofchangedeconomiccircumstancesWhatchangescouldbemadetorespondItisalwaysworthgettingcommentsfromfriendsorcolleagueswhocanbringamoredetachedperspective. Itcouldalsobeworthtakingthetimetoinvestigatewhetheryourbusinessqualifiesforanygrants.GrantsareavailablefromavarietyofsourcesincludingtheGovernmentanditsvariousdepartmentsandagenciestheEuropeanUnionandsomecharitableorganizations.Ifyouareundertheageof30itwouldbeworthvisitingthePrince’sTrustwebsitewhichlastyearhelpedmorethan4300youngpeoplestart-upinbusiness.MoredetailsonhowtofindgrantsraisefinanceandimprovefinancialmanagementcanbefoundonTimesOnline’sGrantandFinanceguide. Thenumberofthecompaniesthatwereestablishedin2002isabout
Text3 PresidentBush’sre-electionalreadyhasresultedinmorefundsforoneoftheelection’spivotal"moralvalues"issues--abstinenceeducation. Congresslastweekendincludedmorethan＄131millionforabstinenceprogramsinits＄388billionspendingbill. Thisrepresentsanincreaseof＄30millionforprogramsthatteachmiddle-andhigh-schoolyouthsthatsexualabstinenceuntilmarriageisthebestchoice. Thenewfundingisfarlessthanthe＄100millionMr.Bushrequestedbutitmarksa"recordleveloffunding"saidleadersoftheNationalAbstinenceClearinghouseinSiouxFallsS.D.. Publicdebatesaboutthemeritsofteachingabstinence-until-marriageversusabstinence-plus-contraceptionarelikelytocontinue:Anationalevaluationofabstinence-until-marriageprogramshasbeendelayedwithafinalreportnotexpecteduntil2006saidaspokesmanfortheDepartmentofHealthandHumanServicesHHS. TheBushadministrationhasfueledthisdebatebysteadilyincreasingfederalfundsforabstinenceeducationwhichhasbeenoutmatchedfordecadesbyfundingforfamilyplanningHIV/AIDSandothersexeducationthatprimarilyteachesaboutbirthcontrolcondomsanddiseaseprevention. "Wehavesaidthatfundingforabstinenceeducation...oughttobeonatleastequalfootingwithothersexeducationprograms"WhiteHousespokesmanScottMcClellansaidNov.17atthenominationofWhiteHousedomesticpolicyadviserMargaretSpellingsasDepartmentofEducationsecretary. "Thepresidentisanadvocateofabstinence-educationprogramsbecausehewantstofocusonwhatworks"Mr.McClellansaidnotingthatMrs.Spellingssupportsabstinence-basededucationinschools. WilliamSmithoftheSexualityInformationandEducationCounciloftheUnitedStateschallengedtheideathatabstinenceeducationhasbeen"proveneffective". "Nosoundstudyexiststhatshowsthattheseprogramshaveanylong-termbeneficialimpactonyoungpeople’ssexualbehavior"Mr.Smithsaid."Thefactthepresident’snomineeforthenation’stopteachersupportstheseprogramsisparticularlydisturbing." Whenitcomestochildren’ssexualbehaviortheprimarymessagethenationshouldgiveisabstinenceuntilmarriagesaidWadeF.HornHHSassistantsecretaryforchildrenandfamilies. "Wedon’tneedastudyifIremembermybiologycorrectlytoshowusthatthosepeoplewhoaresexuallyabstinenthaveazerochanceofbecomingpregnantorgettingsomeonepregnantorcontractingasexuallytransmitteddisease"saidMr.Horn. Meanwhileopponentsofabstinence-onlyeducationcontinuetowarnagainstflouringmoneyintounprovenprograms.AdvocatesforYouthAFYforinstancerecentlyreleaseda10statestudysayingthatafterfiveyearsand＄45.5millioninfederalfundingabstinenceprogramshaveresultedin"fewshort-termbenefitsandnolastingpositiveimpact". Thepassagemaybetakenfroma
Americanstodaybelievethatacceptablesocialbehaviorfollowseffortlesslyfrompersonalvirtue.The1betweenmoralsandmannershasbecomeblurred.2youneedisagoodheartmostpeopleassumeandthe3willtakecareofitself.Youdon’thavetowritethank-younotes. ManyAmericansbelievethatnaturalbehaviorisbeautiful.The"natural"4tohumanrelationspresumesthattoknowanypersonwellenoughistolovehimthatthe5humanproblemisacommunicationproblem.This6thatpeoplemightbeseparatedbybasicallygenerallyirreconcilabledifferences--philosophicalpoliticalorreligious--andassumesthatallsuchdifferencesare7misunderstandings. Indeedithasneverbeeneasiertoinsultpeopleinadvertently.Agentlemanopensadoorforaladybecausehismothertaughthimthatladies8suchcourtesiesbutshe9andspitsinhiseyebecausehehasinsultedherwomanhood.Ayoungladyoffersherseatina10bustoanelderlyfrailgentlemanandhegiveshera11lookbecauseshehasinsultedhis12Mindyouthosearejustpeople13tobenice;theonlyproblemisthattheyare14ondifferentsystemsof15. Curiouslyithasneverbeen16toinsultpeopleintentionally.Ifyousay"YouarenastyandIhateyou"thepersonis17toreply"Ohyou’refeeling18;I’llwaituntilyoufeelbetter." Theideathepeoplecanbehave"naturally"withoutresortingtoan19codetacitlyagreeduponbytheirsocietyisassillyastheideathattheycancommunicatebyusingalanguagewithout20acceptedsemanticandgrammaticalrules. 14
[A]In1849goldwasdiscoveredinCaliforniainthemountainsnearSanFrancisco.SostartedthefamousGoldRushofthe49ersacrossthevastunexploredwildernessthatlaywestoftheMississippi.Wholefamiliesperished.Onesmallgroupof49erslookingforashortcutacrosstheSierraNevadaMountainshappenedtoentertheinfamousDeathValley.ItwasluckyforthemitwaswinterforinsummerDeathValleyisaboutthehottestandmostdesolateplaceonearth.Asitwasoneofthegroupdiedofthirstanditwasthe49erswhogavethevalleyitsgrimname. [B]ThecompletionoftherailroadnotonlyjoinedthecitiesoftheeastwithCaliforniaitalsobroughtprosperitytotheisolatedfarmersoftheplainsandtotherancherswhowerenowabletosendtheircattletotheslaughterhousesinfreightcars.Infactthenewrailroadbecameanessentiallife-lineforanationwhichnowstretched3000milesfromtheAtlantictothePacificOceans. [C]Aslateasthe1880samanintheFarwestcouldbehangedforstealingahorseyetgetnomorethanfiveyearsinjailforrobbingabank.Eversincethepioneerswentwestintotheunknowntheydependedabsolutelyontheirhorsesandtheirguns.IfamanlosthishorseorhisguninthedesertsmountainsorforestsofNevadaArizonaandeasternCaliforniahestoodnochance.HungerthirstagrizzlybearamountainlionorhostileIndianswouldfinishhimoffsoonerorlater.Afrontiersmanhadtobetoughbraveandresourcefulinthosedays. [D]ThecolonizationoftheWestwasgivenatremendousimpetusbythebuildingoftheTranscontinentalrailroadoneofthegreatengineeringfeatsofalltime.CongressdecidedthatthelayingofthetracksshouldbeginfromtheEastandtheWestatthesametime.Sothebuildingofthisrailroadlinedwithpolesforthefirsteast-westtelegraphsystemdevelopedintoarace.TheEasternersmovingacrosstheplainsprogressedfasterfortheydidnothavetotunnelthroughgiantmountainsorbridgegapingcanyons.ThetworailroadslinkedupinUtahonJuly10th1867.Therewasgreatexcitementandaspecialceremonytomarktheoccasion. [E]DesertsmountainsandforestsarestillthefrontierbetweenteemingCaliforniancitiesandthesparselypopulatedwildernessofNevadaandeasternCalifornia.EventodayNevadahashardlymorethan500thousandinhabitantsmostofwhomliveinthecitiesofLasVegasandReno. [F]Laterin1865aftertheCivilWardisillusionedsoldiersunabletofindworkfollowedinthefootstepsofthe49ers.Theydidnotfindmuchgoldbuttheyfoundrichpasturesforcattle.ItwastheywhofoundedtheUSA’sgreatfoodindustryandtheyworkedwiththevigorandcourageoftheearlypioneersandwithafaithfortifiedbytheBible. [G]SomeAmericansfeelthatthefrontierspiritnolongerexistsintheUSA.Butitexpresseditselfinanumberofways.Americansdonotlikebeingwithoutworkandtheywilltravelhundredsofmilesinsearchofajobshowingacourageandanenterprisewhichisun-usualinmostoftheolderEuropeancountries.Thenthereistheexplorationofouterspace.PresidentJohnKennedyinaspeechtothenationspokeofthis"NewFrontier."Thefrontierspiritcertainlyplayedapartinputtingthefirstmenonthenoonthemostrecentofallfrontierstobecrossed. 44
Text1 RarelyhasanationalsecurityissueofmajorimportancebecomeasubjectofdistortionandspinlikethedebateovertheintelligencereformbillonCapitolHill--theoutcomeofwhichwilldeterminehowUSintelligenceagenciesandtheirmilitaryfunctionforagenerationtocome.Thisisparticularlytrueoftheheateddebatenowtakingplaceoverhowmuchpowershouldbegiventoanewdirectorofnationalintelligence. AlongwithHouseArmedServicesCommitteeChairmanDuncanHunteroneofthemostrespecteddefenseexpertsonCapitolHilltheJointChiefsofStaffandotherelementswithintheDefenseDepartmenthaveraisedseriousquestionsaboutthefarreachingauthoritygrantedtotheintelligencedirectorundertheSenateversionofthebill.SpecificallyMr.HunterbelievesthattheSenatebillwouldinterferewiththemilitary’saccesstointelligenceonthebattlefield. RightnowMr.HunterpointsoutArmyunitsMarinesandUSspecialforcesuseintelligencegleanedfromoverheadsatellitestotargetenemytroops.InordertodothistheyneedtoworkcloselywithcombatsupportagenciesliketheNationalSecurityAgencyandNationalReconnaissanceOffice.Itisessentialthattherebeawell-functioningchainofcommandbetweentheAmericantroopsonthegroundtheDefenseDepartmentandthepeoplewhooperatethesatellites.ThiswasparticularlycriticalduringtherecentfightinginFallujahwhereAmericantroopsreliedonsatellitephotostowatchtheterroriststheywereseekingtokill. AlthoughPresidentBushhasagreedtotheSenateproposaladministrationofficialsacknowledgethereisrealconcernthatitsversionofthebillcouldundercutasystemthatisworkingwell.AsoneofficialtoldthisnewspaperonMondaytheSenatemeasurecouldproducethefollowingscenario:Everytimethegeneralswanttomoveasatellitetohelpacommanderquicklyobtainoverheadimagesoftheenemyorinterceptedcommunicationstheywouldhavetogettheapprovalofthenewdirectorofnationalintelligence.NotingtheFallujahexperienceMr.HunteraddsthattheSenatebill"translatesintoineffectivenessonthebattlefieldandatworsecombatcasualties". WhenaskedtogivehisopinionontheSenatebillandanalternativemeasureproposedbyMr.HunterthatwouldpreservethecurrentchainofcommandGen.RichardMyersthechairmanoftheJointChiefsofStaffendorsedtheCaliforniaRepublicanlawmaker’sversion.SotoohavetheheadsoftheAirForceArmyMarineCorpsandNavy.ThetruthisthattheveryideaofshiftingcontrolofdefenseintelligenceagenciesawayfromthePentagonasembodiedintheSenatebillisaproposalto"fix"anon-existentproblemWhenThomasKeanandLeeHamiltonchairmanandvicechairmanoftheSeptember11commissiontestifiedonCapitolHillbothacknowledgedinresponsetoaquestionfromMr.HuntertheirpanelhadcomeacrossnospecificinstanceofafailureornegligenceonthepartofaDepartmentofDefenseagency. UnfortunatelytheresponsefromsomesenatorsandsomesectorsofthepresstoMr.Hunter’ssubstantiveconcernshasbeentoportrayhimasunderminingnationalsecurityinordertopreservehisbureaucraticturf.AtonelevelthesechargesareslanderousgiventhatMr.Hunter’ssonaMarinejustcompletedatourofdutyinIraq.ChairmanHunteristryingtoprotecthissonandallotheryoungheroes--nothisturf.IfsupportersoftheSenatebillhavesubstantiveargumentstomakethatwouldexplainwhytheyarerightandtheJointChiefsandMr.Hunterarewrongtheyshouldmakethem.IfnottheyshouldaccedetotheHouseposition.IftheSenaterefusestobudgethenthebestcourseofactionwouldbetore-visittheissuenextyear. Mr.HunterdisagreestotheintelligencereformbillforthefollowingreasonsEXCEPT
Text4 Morepeoplethaneverbeforeareembarkingontheirownenterpriseadventureandstartingtheirownbusiness.Nearly400000companieswereestablishedlastyearor35percentmorethanin2002. Butofficialstatisticsalsoshowthatmorebusinessesthaneverarefailing.Lastyeararecord40000businessesweredeclaredinsolvent. Withsomanybusinessesfailingitisimportantifyouarethinkingofstartingabusinesstoplanandprepareproperly.Thiswillalsoincreasethechancesofsecuringfinance. "Oneofthekeypartsofstartingabusinessisensuringthattheoriginalideaisdevelopedintoafullyviableproductorservice"JudithRutherfordthechiefexecutiveofBusinessLinkforLondonsays."Establishingwhetherthereisamarketfortheproductorserviceisthenextstep.Thisshouldincludeathoroughexaminationofpotentialcompetitorsandcustomers"shesays."Itmayalsobeworthcommissioningsomemarketresearch." IftheresearchdemonstratesthereisaviableBusinesstobehadthenthenextstepistodevelopadetailedbusinessplan.Aswellasdetailsoftheproductandmarketthisshouldalsoincludeabudgetplanandcashflowforecast.Approachingaqualifiedaccountantcanalsohelp.Aprofessionallookingplanwithcrediblefigureswillmakeiteasiertoattractfinance. ButJohnRendalltheheadofbusinessbankingatHSBCwarnsagainstfallingintothetrapofcreatingabusinessplandesignedsolelywiththeobjectiveofsecuringfunding. "Agoodbusinessplanshoulddemonstratesomecriticalthinkingaboutyourbusinesshelpyouclarifywhatyouwanttoachieveandhowyouaregoingtoachieveit.Itshouldalsohelpyoumarkprogresssetgoalsandbeinbettershapetodealwiththechallengesanynewbusinessislikelytoface"Mr.Rendallsays. "Thisapproachisfarmorelikelytoimpressthansomethingsolelydesignedtojustifyborrowing."Mr.Rendallalsoadvisesbusinessesnottounderestimatehowmuchtheyneedtoborrow."Don’tbetemptedtounderplaythedebtyourequirejusttopleaseyourbank"hesays."Abankisjustaslikelytoconsideralargersumifitispersuadedofthegrowthpotentialofyourbusiness." Agoodbusinessplanshouldalsoincludecontingencyplansthatoutlineresponsestounforeseencircumstances--positiveaswellasnegative.ForexamplewhatwouldbethefinancialimpactofchangedeconomiccircumstancesWhatchangescouldbemadetorespondItisalwaysworthgettingcommentsfromfriendsorcolleagueswhocanbringamoredetachedperspective. Itcouldalsobeworthtakingthetimetoinvestigatewhetheryourbusinessqualifiesforanygrants.GrantsareavailablefromavarietyofsourcesincludingtheGovernmentanditsvariousdepartmentsandagenciestheEuropeanUnionandsomecharitableorganizations.Ifyouareundertheageof30itwouldbeworthvisitingthePrince’sTrustwebsitewhichlastyearhelpedmorethan4300youngpeoplestart-upinbusiness.MoredetailsonhowtofindgrantsraisefinanceandimprovefinancialmanagementcanbefoundonTimesOnline’sGrantandFinanceguide. Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthisarticleistoshowhowto
Text2 EversinceJohnBurrowsandhiswifeCarolopenedtheirfirsthairsalonin1983theyhavebeentakingonapprentices. "Inmygenerationanapprenticeshipwasthewaytolearnatradesoitwastheobviouswayforustogettheskilledstaffweneeded"Mr.Burrowssays. TodaytheBurrows’salonUpperCutinWeston-super-Mareemploys35people.Ofthe16stylists13progressedthroughapprenticeshipsandMr.Burrowsbelievesastrongcultureoftrainingisintegraltothecompany’ssuccess. "Withouttheapprenticeshipsschemeourbusinesswouldn’tbeanythinglikethesizeitistoday"Mr.Burrowssays.Thehigh-qualitytrainingtheapprenticeshipsprovideguaranteesgrowth.Themoreskillsstaffhavethemoreeffectiveabusinesswillbecome. AlthoughMr.Burrowsisanadvocateoftheschemeheconcedesthatoccasionallyhehassufferedproblems. Theyhaveexperiencedepisodesoftheftpoortimekeepingandbaddisciplinebutthesearethesortofthingyougetwhenyouemployanynumberofstaff. "Sometimeswehavetoaskapprenticestoleavebutoftentheysortthemselvesout.Oneyearwehad100percentcompletionratebutouraverageisaround80percentwhichisdoublethenationalrate." "Thereisariskforsmallbusinessesbutyoucanhelpminimisethepotentialforproblemsbylookingattheperson’shistoryandbackground." IfMr.BurrowshadonecriticismoftheschemeitisthattheNationalVocationalQualificationcertificatesareverydifficultformanyoftheapprenticestopass."Thequalificationsarenoteasy--manyoftheyoungstersontheschemearenotacademicallygreatandtheyfinditdifficult.Theyneedalotofone-to-onecoachingandalotofhelptobeabletopass.Butwhentheydoitcanbeextremelygratifying." Oneofourapprenticeswasagirlwhowasdyslexicandhadbeenexpelledfromacoupleofschools.ShewasdifficultatfirstbuttheothergirlsinthesalonhelpedherdevelopandshewentontoachieveNVQlevelfour.Nowsheisworkingfull-timeandhelpingothergirlsthroughthescheme. AnothersmallcompanymakinguseoftheapprenticeshipschemeistheTopiaryTreeafloristrybusinesswithtwoshopsinMaltonandHelmsleyNorthYorkshire.Withonlythreefull-timeemployeesitisoneofthesmallestbusinessesinthecountrytohavetakenonanapprentice. GemmaMagsonthemanagerofthebusinesswantedanapprenticebecauseshewasonceoneherselfandwantedtooffersomeoneelsetheopportunityshehad.HerapprenticealsocalledGemmaspendsfourdaysaweekattheshopinMaltonandonedayaweekattheAskhamBryanTrainingCollegeinYork."ThebusinesshasreallybenefitedfromhavingGemmaaround"Ms.Magsonsays. ThecriticismofMr.Burrowstowardtheschemeimpliesthat
Americanstodaybelievethatacceptablesocialbehaviorfollowseffortlesslyfrompersonalvirtue.The1betweenmoralsandmannershasbecomeblurred.2youneedisagoodheartmostpeopleassumeandthe3willtakecareofitself.Youdon’thavetowritethank-younotes. ManyAmericansbelievethatnaturalbehaviorisbeautiful.The"natural"4tohumanrelationspresumesthattoknowanypersonwellenoughistolovehimthatthe5humanproblemisacommunicationproblem.This6thatpeoplemightbeseparatedbybasicallygenerallyirreconcilabledifferences--philosophicalpoliticalorreligious--andassumesthatallsuchdifferencesare7misunderstandings. Indeedithasneverbeeneasiertoinsultpeopleinadvertently.Agentlemanopensadoorforaladybecausehismothertaughthimthatladies8suchcourtesiesbutshe9andspitsinhiseyebecausehehasinsultedherwomanhood.Ayoungladyoffersherseatina10bustoanelderlyfrailgentlemanandhegiveshera11lookbecauseshehasinsultedhis12Mindyouthosearejustpeople13tobenice;theonlyproblemisthattheyare14ondifferentsystemsof15. Curiouslyithasneverbeen16toinsultpeopleintentionally.Ifyousay"YouarenastyandIhateyou"thepersonis17toreply"Ohyou’refeeling18;I’llwaituntilyoufeelbetter." Theideathepeoplecanbehave"naturally"withoutresortingtoan19codetacitlyagreeduponbytheirsocietyisassillyastheideathattheycancommunicatebyusingalanguagewithout20acceptedsemanticandgrammaticalrules. 8
Americanstodaybelievethatacceptablesocialbehaviorfollowseffortlesslyfrompersonalvirtue.The1betweenmoralsandmannershasbecomeblurred.2youneedisagoodheartmostpeopleassumeandthe3willtakecareofitself.Youdon’thavetowritethank-younotes. ManyAmericansbelievethatnaturalbehaviorisbeautiful.The"natural"4tohumanrelationspresumesthattoknowanypersonwellenoughistolovehimthatthe5humanproblemisacommunicationproblem.This6thatpeoplemightbeseparatedbybasicallygenerallyirreconcilabledifferences--philosophicalpoliticalorreligious--andassumesthatallsuchdifferencesare7misunderstandings. Indeedithasneverbeeneasiertoinsultpeopleinadvertently.Agentlemanopensadoorforaladybecausehismothertaughthimthatladies8suchcourtesiesbutshe9andspitsinhiseyebecausehehasinsultedherwomanhood.Ayoungladyoffersherseatina10bustoanelderlyfrailgentlemanandhegiveshera11lookbecauseshehasinsultedhis12Mindyouthosearejustpeople13tobenice;theonlyproblemisthattheyare14ondifferentsystemsof15. Curiouslyithasneverbeen16toinsultpeopleintentionally.Ifyousay"YouarenastyandIhateyou"thepersonis17toreply"Ohyou’refeeling18;I’llwaituntilyoufeelbetter." Theideathepeoplecanbehave"naturally"withoutresortingtoan19codetacitlyagreeduponbytheirsocietyisassillyastheideathattheycancommunicatebyusingalanguagewithout20acceptedsemanticandgrammaticalrules. 16
Text2 EversinceJohnBurrowsandhiswifeCarolopenedtheirfirsthairsalonin1983theyhavebeentakingonapprentices. "Inmygenerationanapprenticeshipwasthewaytolearnatradesoitwastheobviouswayforustogettheskilledstaffweneeded"Mr.Burrowssays. TodaytheBurrows’salonUpperCutinWeston-super-Mareemploys35people.Ofthe16stylists13progressedthroughapprenticeshipsandMr.Burrowsbelievesastrongcultureoftrainingisintegraltothecompany’ssuccess. "Withouttheapprenticeshipsschemeourbusinesswouldn’tbeanythinglikethesizeitistoday"Mr.Burrowssays.Thehigh-qualitytrainingtheapprenticeshipsprovideguaranteesgrowth.Themoreskillsstaffhavethemoreeffectiveabusinesswillbecome. AlthoughMr.Burrowsisanadvocateoftheschemeheconcedesthatoccasionallyhehassufferedproblems. Theyhaveexperiencedepisodesoftheftpoortimekeepingandbaddisciplinebutthesearethesortofthingyougetwhenyouemployanynumberofstaff. "Sometimeswehavetoaskapprenticestoleavebutoftentheysortthemselvesout.Oneyearwehad100percentcompletionratebutouraverageisaround80percentwhichisdoublethenationalrate." "Thereisariskforsmallbusinessesbutyoucanhelpminimisethepotentialforproblemsbylookingattheperson’shistoryandbackground." IfMr.BurrowshadonecriticismoftheschemeitisthattheNationalVocationalQualificationcertificatesareverydifficultformanyoftheapprenticestopass."Thequalificationsarenoteasy--manyoftheyoungstersontheschemearenotacademicallygreatandtheyfinditdifficult.Theyneedalotofone-to-onecoachingandalotofhelptobeabletopass.Butwhentheydoitcanbeextremelygratifying." Oneofourapprenticeswasagirlwhowasdyslexicandhadbeenexpelledfromacoupleofschools.ShewasdifficultatfirstbuttheothergirlsinthesalonhelpedherdevelopandshewentontoachieveNVQlevelfour.Nowsheisworkingfull-timeandhelpingothergirlsthroughthescheme. AnothersmallcompanymakinguseoftheapprenticeshipschemeistheTopiaryTreeafloristrybusinesswithtwoshopsinMaltonandHelmsleyNorthYorkshire.Withonlythreefull-timeemployeesitisoneofthesmallestbusinessesinthecountrytohavetakenonanapprentice. GemmaMagsonthemanagerofthebusinesswantedanapprenticebecauseshewasonceoneherselfandwantedtooffersomeoneelsetheopportunityshehad.HerapprenticealsocalledGemmaspendsfourdaysaweekattheshopinMaltonandonedayaweekattheAskhamBryanTrainingCollegeinYork."ThebusinesshasreallybenefitedfromhavingGemmaaround"Ms.Magsonsays. Fromthetextwecaninferthat
NearlyathirdofallAmericanworkersregularlyputinmorethan40hoursofworkaweekaccordingtoPennStateeconomistLonnieGolden.Andalmost1in5routinelyworkmorethan50hoursaweek. 46"ThedamagedonebyinvoluntaryovertimebecomesapparentinarecentCornellUniversitysurvey"theeconomistnotes."Workersreportinghighpressuretoworkovertimeexperienceddoubletheworkinjuriessufferedbythosewhowerenot." 47Apartfromnotdemandingunwarrantedovertimeworkemployerscanhelpeasesometensionsbetweenjobsandfamiliesbyadoptingflexiblepolicieslikejob-sharingflextimeandhome-basedworkthatmakeiteasierforworkerstomeetbothjobandfamilyneeds. NotsurprisinglyAmericanworkersstronglysupportsuchflexiblepractices.InfactanationalpollbyWirthlinWorldwidefoundaresounding87percentofAmericansagreethat48"Businessesshouldvoluntarilydomoretohelpstrengthentheiremployees’marriagesbyofferingflex-time/jobsharing/home-basedworkoptions." Farfrombeing"giveaway"programsfamily-friendlyworkplacepoliciesactuallylowercareerburnoutreducejobturnovereaseinterpersonalconflictandenhanceworkerproductivity.Inotherwordsflexibleworkpoliciesaregoodforthebottomline. 49WilliamPollackofHarvardUniversityreportsraisingemployeesatisfactionby20percentsometimesboostscompanyfinancialperformancemorethan40percent.ArecentDePaulUniversitystudyfoundthefinancialperformanceofthe"100BestCorporateCitizensof2002"was"significantlybetter"thantheaveragecompanylistedamongtheS＆P500.Thisyear’stophonoreeinFortunemagazine’s"ListofBestPlacestoWork"--Smuckers--hasdoubleditsstockvalueinthelastfiveyears. Inahealthysocietyemploymentshouldenhancefamilylifenotimpedeit.50AsthetechnologyandcommunicationsrevolutionscontinuereshapingtheAmericanworkplacethetimehascomeforanewworkplacerevolutiontobuildontheoneUptonSinclairandothershelpedusherinacenturyago.Thisnewrevolutionwillenablemorefamily-orientedworkerstomeetboththeirpersonalandtheirprofessionalresponsibilities. 46ThedamagedonebyinvoluntaryovertimebecomesapparentinarecentCornellUniversitysurveytheeconomistnotes.
[A]We’ll"manage"Earth. [B]We’llhaveabrainroadmap. [C]We’llknowwherewecamefrom. [D]We’llclonemanyusefulcreatures. [E]We’lllivelonger120years. [F]We’llcrackthegeneticcodeandconquercancer. Itispredictedthattherewillbe5scientificbreakthroughsinthe21stcentury. 41.______. WhydoestheuniverseexistToputitanotherwaywhyistheresomethinginsteadofnothingSincethe1920sscientistshaveknowntheuniverseisexpandingwhichmeansitmusthavestartedatadefinitetimeinthepast.Theyevenhavedevelopedtheoriesthatgiveadetailedpictureoftheevolutionoftheuniversefromthetimeitwasafractionofasecondoldtothepresent.Overthenextcoupleofdecadesthesetheorieswillberefinedbydatafromextraordinarypowerfulnewtelescope.Wewillhaveabetterunderstandingofhowmatterbehavesattheunfathomablyhightemperaturesandpressuresoftheearlyuniverse. 42.______. In19th-centuryoperaswhentheheroinecoughsinthefirstacttheaudienceknowsshewilldieoftuberculosisinAct3.Butthanksto20th-centuryantibioticstheonce-dreadedonce-incurablediseasenowcanmeannothingmoreseriousthantakingsomepills.Asscientistslearnmoreaboutthegeneticcodeandthewaycellsworkatthemolecularlevelmanyseriousdiseases--cancerforon--willbecomelessthreatening.Usingmanufactured"therapeutic"virusesdoctorswillbeabletoreplacecancer-causingdamagedDNAwithhealthygenesprobablyadministeredbyapillorinjection. 43.______. Ifthenormalagingprocessisbasicallyafuriousinvisiblecontestinourcells--acontestbetweendamagetoourDNAandourceils’abilitytorepairthatdamage--thengist-centurystridesingeneticmedicinemayletuscontrolandevenreversetheprocess.Butbeforewepushscientiststodomoreconsider:DowereallywanttoliveinaworldwherenoonegrowsoldandfewchildrenarebornbecausetheplanetcanholdonlysomanypeopleWherewouldnewideascomefromWhatwouldwedowithallthatextratime 44.______. Inthenextmillenniumwe’llstoptalkingabouttheweatherbutwilldosomethingaboutit.We’llgraduallylearnhowtopredicttheeffectsofhumanactivityontheEarthitsclimateanditsecosystems.Andwiththatknowledgewillcomeanincreasingwillingnesstouseittomanagetheworkingsofourplanet. 45.______. Thisistherealfinalfrontierofthe21stcentury:Thebrainisthemostcomplexsystemweknow.Itcontainsabout100billionneuronsroughlythenumberofstarsintheMilkyWayeachconnectedtoasmanyas1000others.Earlyinthenextcenturywewilluseadvancedformsofmagneticresonanceimagingtoproducedetailedmapsoftheneuronsinoperation.We’llbeabletosaywithcertaintywhichonesareworkingwhenyoureadawordwhenyousayawordwhenyouthinkaboutawordandsoon. Maybethesethingswillcometruemaybenot.Butwecanfirmlybelievethattomorrowwillbemorebeautifulandglorious. 44
Americanstodaybelievethatacceptablesocialbehaviorfollowseffortlesslyfrompersonalvirtue.The1betweenmoralsandmannershasbecomeblurred.2youneedisagoodheartmostpeopleassumeandthe3willtakecareofitself.Youdon’thavetowritethank-younotes. ManyAmericansbelievethatnaturalbehaviorisbeautiful.The"natural"4tohumanrelationspresumesthattoknowanypersonwellenoughistolovehimthatthe5humanproblemisacommunicationproblem.This6thatpeoplemightbeseparatedbybasicallygenerallyirreconcilabledifferences--philosophicalpoliticalorreligious--andassumesthatallsuchdifferencesare7misunderstandings. Indeedithasneverbeeneasiertoinsultpeopleinadvertently.Agentlemanopensadoorforaladybecausehismothertaughthimthatladies8suchcourtesiesbutshe9andspitsinhiseyebecausehehasinsultedherwomanhood.Ayoungladyoffersherseatina10bustoanelderlyfrailgentlemanandhegiveshera11lookbecauseshehasinsultedhis12Mindyouthosearejustpeople13tobenice;theonlyproblemisthattheyare14ondifferentsystemsof15. Curiouslyithasneverbeen16toinsultpeopleintentionally.Ifyousay"YouarenastyandIhateyou"thepersonis17toreply"Ohyou’refeeling18;I’llwaituntilyoufeelbetter." Theideathepeoplecanbehave"naturally"withoutresortingtoan19codetacitlyagreeduponbytheirsocietyisassillyastheideathattheycancommunicatebyusingalanguagewithout20acceptedsemanticandgrammaticalrules. 2
Americanstodaybelievethatacceptablesocialbehaviorfollowseffortlesslyfrompersonalvirtue.The1betweenmoralsandmannershasbecomeblurred.2youneedisagoodheartmostpeopleassumeandthe3willtakecareofitself.Youdon’thavetowritethank-younotes. ManyAmericansbelievethatnaturalbehaviorisbeautiful.The"natural"4tohumanrelationspresumesthattoknowanypersonwellenoughistolovehimthatthe5humanproblemisacommunicationproblem.This6thatpeoplemightbeseparatedbybasicallygenerallyirreconcilabledifferences--philosophicalpoliticalorreligious--andassumesthatallsuchdifferencesare7misunderstandings. Indeedithasneverbeeneasiertoinsultpeopleinadvertently.Agentlemanopensadoorforaladybecausehismothertaughthimthatladies8suchcourtesiesbutshe9andspitsinhiseyebecausehehasinsultedherwomanhood.Ayoungladyoffersherseatina10bustoanelderlyfrailgentlemanandhegiveshera11lookbecauseshehasinsultedhis12Mindyouthosearejustpeople13tobenice;theonlyproblemisthattheyare14ondifferentsystemsof15. Curiouslyithasneverbeen16toinsultpeopleintentionally.Ifyousay"YouarenastyandIhateyou"thepersonis17toreply"Ohyou’refeeling18;I’llwaituntilyoufeelbetter." Theideathepeoplecanbehave"naturally"withoutresortingtoan19codetacitlyagreeduponbytheirsocietyisassillyastheideathattheycancommunicatebyusingalanguagewithout20acceptedsemanticandgrammaticalrules. 12
Americanstodaybelievethatacceptablesocialbehaviorfollowseffortlesslyfrompersonalvirtue.The1betweenmoralsandmannershasbecomeblurred.2youneedisagoodheartmostpeopleassumeandthe3willtakecareofitself.Youdon’thavetowritethank-younotes. ManyAmericansbelievethatnaturalbehaviorisbeautiful.The"natural"4tohumanrelationspresumesthattoknowanypersonwellenoughistolovehimthatthe5humanproblemisacommunicationproblem.This6thatpeoplemightbeseparatedbybasicallygenerallyirreconcilabledifferences--philosophicalpoliticalorreligious--andassumesthatallsuchdifferencesare7misunderstandings. Indeedithasneverbeeneasiertoinsultpeopleinadvertently.Agentlemanopensadoorforaladybecausehismothertaughthimthatladies8suchcourtesiesbutshe9andspitsinhiseyebecausehehasinsultedherwomanhood.Ayoungladyoffersherseatina10bustoanelderlyfrailgentlemanandhegiveshera11lookbecauseshehasinsultedhis12Mindyouthosearejustpeople13tobenice;theonlyproblemisthattheyare14ondifferentsystemsof15. Curiouslyithasneverbeen16toinsultpeopleintentionally.Ifyousay"YouarenastyandIhateyou"thepersonis17toreply"Ohyou’refeeling18;I’llwaituntilyoufeelbetter." Theideathepeoplecanbehave"naturally"withoutresortingtoan19codetacitlyagreeduponbytheirsocietyisassillyastheideathattheycancommunicatebyusingalanguagewithout20acceptedsemanticandgrammaticalrules. 20
Americanstodaybelievethatacceptablesocialbehaviorfollowseffortlesslyfrompersonalvirtue.The1betweenmoralsandmannershasbecomeblurred.2youneedisagoodheartmostpeopleassumeandthe3willtakecareofitself.Youdon’thavetowritethank-younotes. ManyAmericansbelievethatnaturalbehaviorisbeautiful.The"natural"4tohumanrelationspresumesthattoknowanypersonwellenoughistolovehimthatthe5humanproblemisacommunicationproblem.This6thatpeoplemightbeseparatedbybasicallygenerallyirreconcilabledifferences--philosophicalpoliticalorreligious--andassumesthatallsuchdifferencesare7misunderstandings. Indeedithasneverbeeneasiertoinsultpeopleinadvertently.Agentlemanopensadoorforaladybecausehismothertaughthimthatladies8suchcourtesiesbutshe9andspitsinhiseyebecausehehasinsultedherwomanhood.Ayoungladyoffersherseatina10bustoanelderlyfrailgentlemanandhegiveshera11lookbecauseshehasinsultedhis12Mindyouthosearejustpeople13tobenice;theonlyproblemisthattheyare14ondifferentsystemsof15. Curiouslyithasneverbeen16toinsultpeopleintentionally.Ifyousay"YouarenastyandIhateyou"thepersonis17toreply"Ohyou’refeeling18;I’llwaituntilyoufeelbetter." Theideathepeoplecanbehave"naturally"withoutresortingtoan19codetacitlyagreeduponbytheirsocietyisassillyastheideathattheycancommunicatebyusingalanguagewithout20acceptedsemanticandgrammaticalrules. 10
Americanstodaybelievethatacceptablesocialbehaviorfollowseffortlesslyfrompersonalvirtue.The1betweenmoralsandmannershasbecomeblurred.2youneedisagoodheartmostpeopleassumeandthe3willtakecareofitself.Youdon’thavetowritethank-younotes. ManyAmericansbelievethatnaturalbehaviorisbeautiful.The"natural"4tohumanrelationspresumesthattoknowanypersonwellenoughistolovehimthatthe5humanproblemisacommunicationproblem.This6thatpeoplemightbeseparatedbybasicallygenerallyirreconcilabledifferences--philosophicalpoliticalorreligious--andassumesthatallsuchdifferencesare7misunderstandings. Indeedithasneverbeeneasiertoinsultpeopleinadvertently.Agentlemanopensadoorforaladybecausehismothertaughthimthatladies8suchcourtesiesbutshe9andspitsinhiseyebecausehehasinsultedherwomanhood.Ayoungladyoffersherseatina10bustoanelderlyfrailgentlemanandhegiveshera11lookbecauseshehasinsultedhis12Mindyouthosearejustpeople13tobenice;theonlyproblemisthattheyare14ondifferentsystemsof15. Curiouslyithasneverbeen16toinsultpeopleintentionally.Ifyousay"YouarenastyandIhateyou"thepersonis17toreply"Ohyou’refeeling18;I’llwaituntilyoufeelbetter." Theideathepeoplecanbehave"naturally"withoutresortingtoan19codetacitlyagreeduponbytheirsocietyisassillyastheideathattheycancommunicatebyusingalanguagewithout20acceptedsemanticandgrammaticalrules. 6
Text3 PresidentBush’sre-electionalreadyhasresultedinmorefundsforoneoftheelection’spivotal"moralvalues"issues--abstinenceeducation. Congresslastweekendincludedmorethan＄131millionforabstinenceprogramsinits＄388billionspendingbill. Thisrepresentsanincreaseof＄30millionforprogramsthatteachmiddle-andhigh-schoolyouthsthatsexualabstinenceuntilmarriageisthebestchoice. Thenewfundingisfarlessthanthe＄100millionMr.Bushrequestedbutitmarksa"recordleveloffunding"saidleadersoftheNationalAbstinenceClearinghouseinSiouxFallsS.D.. Publicdebatesaboutthemeritsofteachingabstinence-until-marriageversusabstinence-plus-contraceptionarelikelytocontinue:Anationalevaluationofabstinence-until-marriageprogramshasbeendelayedwithafinalreportnotexpecteduntil2006saidaspokesmanfortheDepartmentofHealthandHumanServicesHHS. TheBushadministrationhasfueledthisdebatebysteadilyincreasingfederalfundsforabstinenceeducationwhichhasbeenoutmatchedfordecadesbyfundingforfamilyplanningHIV/AIDSandothersexeducationthatprimarilyteachesaboutbirthcontrolcondomsanddiseaseprevention. "Wehavesaidthatfundingforabstinenceeducation...oughttobeonatleastequalfootingwithothersexeducationprograms"WhiteHousespokesmanScottMcClellansaidNov.17atthenominationofWhiteHousedomesticpolicyadviserMargaretSpellingsasDepartmentofEducationsecretary. "Thepresidentisanadvocateofabstinence-educationprogramsbecausehewantstofocusonwhatworks"Mr.McClellansaidnotingthatMrs.Spellingssupportsabstinence-basededucationinschools. WilliamSmithoftheSexualityInformationandEducationCounciloftheUnitedStateschallengedtheideathatabstinenceeducationhasbeen"proveneffective". "Nosoundstudyexiststhatshowsthattheseprogramshaveanylong-termbeneficialimpactonyoungpeople’ssexualbehavior"Mr.Smithsaid."Thefactthepresident’snomineeforthenation’stopteachersupportstheseprogramsisparticularlydisturbing." Whenitcomestochildren’ssexualbehaviortheprimarymessagethenationshouldgiveisabstinenceuntilmarriagesaidWadeF.HornHHSassistantsecretaryforchildrenandfamilies. "Wedon’tneedastudyifIremembermybiologycorrectlytoshowusthatthosepeoplewhoaresexuallyabstinenthaveazerochanceofbecomingpregnantorgettingsomeonepregnantorcontractingasexuallytransmitteddisease"saidMr.Horn. Meanwhileopponentsofabstinence-onlyeducationcontinuetowarnagainstflouringmoneyintounprovenprograms.AdvocatesforYouthAFYforinstancerecentlyreleaseda10statestudysayingthatafterfiveyearsand＄45.5millioninfederalfundingabstinenceprogramshaveresultedin"fewshort-termbenefitsandnolastingpositiveimpact". Accordingtothepassageabstinenceeducation
Americanstodaybelievethatacceptablesocialbehaviorfollowseffortlesslyfrompersonalvirtue.The1betweenmoralsandmannershasbecomeblurred.2youneedisagoodheartmostpeopleassumeandthe3willtakecareofitself.Youdon’thavetowritethank-younotes. ManyAmericansbelievethatnaturalbehaviorisbeautiful.The"natural"4tohumanrelationspresumesthattoknowanypersonwellenoughistolovehimthatthe5humanproblemisacommunicationproblem.This6thatpeoplemightbeseparatedbybasicallygenerallyirreconcilabledifferences--philosophicalpoliticalorreligious--andassumesthatallsuchdifferencesare7misunderstandings. Indeedithasneverbeeneasiertoinsultpeopleinadvertently.Agentlemanopensadoorforaladybecausehismothertaughthimthatladies8suchcourtesiesbutshe9andspitsinhiseyebecausehehasinsultedherwomanhood.Ayoungladyoffersherseatina10bustoanelderlyfrailgentlemanandhegiveshera11lookbecauseshehasinsultedhis12Mindyouthosearejustpeople13tobenice;theonlyproblemisthattheyare14ondifferentsystemsof15. Curiouslyithasneverbeen16toinsultpeopleintentionally.Ifyousay"YouarenastyandIhateyou"thepersonis17toreply"Ohyou’refeeling18;I’llwaituntilyoufeelbetter." Theideathepeoplecanbehave"naturally"withoutresortingtoan19codetacitlyagreeduponbytheirsocietyisassillyastheideathattheycancommunicatebyusingalanguagewithout20acceptedsemanticandgrammaticalrules. 18
Directions: Writeanessayofabout160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inthisessayyoushould: 1describethepicturesbriefly 2interpretthemeaningand 3giveyourcomment.
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