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Electronic or "cyber" warfare holds the promise of destroying an army’s or even a whole nation’s-...
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Stinkingbusestheirpassengerspaleandtiredjamthecrowdedstreets.Driversshoutatoneanotherandhonktheirhorns.Smogsmartstheeyesandchokesthesenses.ThesceneisAthensatrushhour.ThecityofPlatoandPericlesisinasorrystateofaffairsbuiltwithoutaplanlackingevenadequateseweragefacilitieshemmedinbymountainsandtheseaits135squaremilescrammedwith3.7millionpepole.EvenAthens’ruinsareinruin:sulfurdioxiodeeatsawayatthemarbleoftheParthenonandothertreasuresontheAcropolis.AsGreekPremierConstantineKaramanlishassaidTheonlysolutionforAthenswouldbetodemolishhalfofitandstartalloveragain.Sogreathasbeenthepopulationflowtowardthecitythatentirehinterlandvillagesstandvacantornearlyso.About120000peoplefromoutlyingprovincesmovetoAthenseveryyearwiththeresultthat40%ofGreece’scitizenryarenowpackedintothecapital.Themigrantscomeforthefewavailablejobswhichareusuallynobetterthantheonestheyfled.AtthecurrentrateofmigrationAthensbytheyear2000willhaveapopulationof6.5millionmorethanhalfthenation.AsidefromovercrowdingandpoorpublictransportthebiggestproblemsconfrontingAtheniansarenoiseandpollution.AgovernmentstudyconcludedthatAthenswasthenoisiestcityintheworld.Smogisalmostatkillinglevels:180300mgofsulfurdioxidepercubicmeterofairoruptofourtimesthelevelthattheWorldHealthOrganizationconsiderssafe.Nearlyhalfthepollutioncomesfromcars.Despitehighpricesforvehiclesandfuel＄2.95pergallonnearly100000automobilesaresoldinGreeceeachyear;3000driver’slicensesareissuedinAthensmonthly.AfterdecadesofneglectAthensisatlastgettingsomeattention.InMarchacommitteeofrepresentativesfromallmajorpublicserviceministriesmettodiscussaplantounclogthecitymakeitlivableandcleanupitsenvironment.Asave-Athensministrywhichwillsoonbeginfunctioningwillproposeheavytaxestodiscouragein-migrationaminimumof＄5billioninpublicspendingforAthensaloneandotherprojectsforthecountrysidetoencourageresidentstostayout.Amasterplanthatwillmovemanygovermentofficestothecity’sfringesisalreadyintheworks.MeanwhilemoreGreekskeepmovingintoAthens.Withfewparksandpreciousfewoxygen-producingplantsthecityanditscitizensareliterallysuffocating.Thewordsuffocateprobablymeans______.
About40percentofAmericansthinkofthemselvesasshywhileonly20percentsaytheyhaveneversufferedfromshynessatsomepointintheirlives.Shynessoccurswhenaperson’sapprehensionsaresogreatthatthey1hismakinganexpectedordesiredsocialresponse.2ofshynesscanbeasminoras3tomakeeyecontactwhenspeakingtosomeone4asmajorasavoidingconversationswheneverpossible. "Shypeopletendtobetoo5withthemselves"saidJonathanCheekapsychologistwhoisoneofthoseattheforefrontofcurrentresearchonthetopic."6forasmoothconversationyouneedtopayattentiontotheotherperson’scues7heissayinganddoing.Buttheshypersonisfullof8abouthowheseemstotheotherpersonandsoheoften9cuesheshouldpickup.Theresultisanawkwardlagintheconversation.Shypeopleneedtostopfocusingon10andswitchtheirattentiontotheotherperson." 11shypeoplebyandlargehave12socialabilitiesthantheythinktheydo.13Dr.Cheekvideotapedshypeopletalkingto14andthenhadraters评估者evaluatehowsociallyskilledthepeoplewerehefoundthatinthe15ofotherpeopletheshygrouphadfew16problems.Butwhenheaskedtheshypeoplethemselves17theyhaddonetheywereunanimousinsayingthattheyhadbeensocialflops失败. "Shypeoplearetheirown18critics"Dr.Cheeksaid.19headdedshypeoplefeeltheyarebeingjudgedmore20thantheyactuallyareandoverestimatehowobvioustheirsocialanxietyistoothers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
46Itisknownthatthebrainshrinksasthebodyagesbuttheeffectsonmentalabilityaredifferentfrompersontoperson.Interestinglyinastudyofelderlymenandwomenthosewhohadmoreeducationactuallyhadmorebrainshrinkage. "Thatmayseemlikebadnews"saidstudyauthorDr.EdwardCoffeyaprofessorofpsychiatryandofneurologyatHenryFordHealthSysteminDetroit.47Howeverheexplainedthefindingsuggeststhateducationallowspeopletowithstandmorebraintissuelossbeforetheirmentalfunctioningbeginstobreakdown. ThestudypublishedintheJulyissueofNeurologyisthefirsttoprovidebiologicalevidencetosupportaconceptcalledthe"reserve"hypothesisaccordingtotheresearchers.Inrecentyearsinvestigatorshavedevelopedtheideathatpeoplewhoaremoreeducatedhavegreatercognitivereservestodrawuponasthebrainages;inessencetheyhavemorebraintissuetospare. 48Examiningbrainscansof320healthymenandwomenaged66to90researchersfoundthatforeachyearofeducationthesubjectshadtherewasgreatershrinkageoftheouterlayerofthebrainknownasthecortex.Yetontestsofcognitionandmemoryallparticipantsscoredintherangeindicatingnormal. "Everyonehassomedegreeofbrainshrinkage"Coffeysaid."Peopleloseonaverage2.5percentperdecadestartinginadulthood." Thereishowevera"remarkablerange"ofshrinkageamongpeoplewhoshownosignsofmentaldeclineCoffeynoted.Overallhealthhesaidaccountsforsomedifferencesinbrainsize.Alcoholordruguseaswellasmedicalconditionssuchasdiabetesandhighbloodpressurecontributetobraintissuelossthroughoutadulthood. IntheabsenceofsuchmedicalconditionsCoffeysaideducationlevelhelpsexplaintherangeofbrainshrinkageexhibitedamongthementally-fitelderly.Themore-educatedcanwithstandgreaterloss. 49Coffeyandcolleaguesgaugedshrinkageofthecortexbymeasuringthecerebrospinalfluidsurroundingthebrain.Thegreatertheamountoffluidthegreaterthecorticalshrinkage. Controllingforthehealthfactorsthatcontributetobraininjurytheresearchersfoundthateducationwasrelatedtotheseverityofbrainshrinkage.Foreachyearofeducationfromfirstgradeonsubjectshadanaverageof1.77milliliters11morecerebrospinalfluidaroundthebrain. Justhoweducationmightaffectbraincellsisunknown.50Intheirreporttheresearchersspeculatedthatinpeoplewithmoreeducationcertainbrainstructuresdeeperthanthecortexmaystayintacttocompensateforcorticalshrinkage. Examiningbrainscansof320healthymenandwomenaged66to90researchersfoundthatforeachyearofeducationthesubjectshadtherewasgreatershrinkageoftheouterlayerofthebrainknownasthecortex.
About40percentofAmericansthinkofthemselvesasshywhileonly20percentsaytheyhaveneversufferedfromshynessatsomepointintheirlives.Shynessoccurswhenaperson’sapprehensionsaresogreatthatthey1hismakinganexpectedordesiredsocialresponse.2ofshynesscanbeasminoras3tomakeeyecontactwhenspeakingtosomeone4asmajorasavoidingconversationswheneverpossible. "Shypeopletendtobetoo5withthemselves"saidJonathanCheekapsychologistwhoisoneofthoseattheforefrontofcurrentresearchonthetopic."6forasmoothconversationyouneedtopayattentiontotheotherperson’scues7heissayinganddoing.Buttheshypersonisfullof8abouthowheseemstotheotherpersonandsoheoften9cuesheshouldpickup.Theresultisanawkwardlagintheconversation.Shypeopleneedtostopfocusingon10andswitchtheirattentiontotheotherperson." 11shypeoplebyandlargehave12socialabilitiesthantheythinktheydo.13Dr.Cheekvideotapedshypeopletalkingto14andthenhadraters评估者evaluatehowsociallyskilledthepeoplewerehefoundthatinthe15ofotherpeopletheshygrouphadfew16problems.Butwhenheaskedtheshypeoplethemselves17theyhaddonetheywereunanimousinsayingthattheyhadbeensocialflops失败. "Shypeoplearetheirown18critics"Dr.Cheeksaid.19headdedshypeoplefeeltheyarebeingjudgedmore20thantheyactuallyareandoverestimatehowobvioustheirsocialanxietyistoothers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Stinkingbusestheirpassengerspaleandtiredjamthecrowdedstreets.Driversshoutatoneanotherandhonktheirhorns.Smogsmartstheeyesandchokesthesenses.ThesceneisAthensatrushhour.ThecityofPlatoandPericlesisinasorrystateofaffairsbuiltwithoutaplanlackingevenadequateseweragefacilitieshemmedinbymountainsandtheseaits135squaremilescrammedwith3.7millionpepole.EvenAthens’ruinsareinruin:sulfurdioxiodeeatsawayatthemarbleoftheParthenonandothertreasuresontheAcropolis.AsGreekPremierConstantineKaramanlishassaidTheonlysolutionforAthenswouldbetodemolishhalfofitandstartalloveragain.Sogreathasbeenthepopulationflowtowardthecitythatentirehinterlandvillagesstandvacantornearlyso.About120000peoplefromoutlyingprovincesmovetoAthenseveryyearwiththeresultthat40%ofGreece’scitizenryarenowpackedintothecapital.Themigrantscomeforthefewavailablejobswhichareusuallynobetterthantheonestheyfled.AtthecurrentrateofmigrationAthensbytheyear2000willhaveapopulationof6.5millionmorethanhalfthenation.AsidefromovercrowdingandpoorpublictransportthebiggestproblemsconfrontingAtheniansarenoiseandpollution.AgovernmentstudyconcludedthatAthenswasthenoisiestcityintheworld.Smogisalmostatkillinglevels:180300mgofsulfurdioxidepercubicmeterofairoruptofourtimesthelevelthattheWorldHealthOrganizationconsiderssafe.Nearlyhalfthepollutioncomesfromcars.Despitehighpricesforvehiclesandfuel＄2.95pergallonnearly100000automobilesaresoldinGreeceeachyear;3000driver’slicensesareissuedinAthensmonthly.AfterdecadesofneglectAthensisatlastgettingsomeattention.InMarchacommitteeofrepresentativesfromallmajorpublicserviceministriesmettodiscussaplantounclogthecitymakeitlivableandcleanupitsenvironment.Asave-Athensministrywhichwillsoonbeginfunctioningwillproposeheavytaxestodiscouragein-migrationaminimumof＄5billioninpublicspendingforAthensaloneandotherprojectsforthecountrysidetoencourageresidentstostayout.Amasterplanthatwillmovemanygovermentofficestothecity’sfringesisalreadyintheworks.MeanwhilemoreGreekskeepmovingintoAthens.Withfewparksandpreciousfewoxygen-producingplantsthecityanditscitizensareliterallysuffocating.AccordingtothepassageoneofthebiggestproblemsconfrontingAtheniansisnoisewhichismainlycausedby______.
IsitpossibletopersuademankindtolivewithoutwarWarisanancientinstitutionwhichhasexistedforatleastsixthousandyears.Itwasalwayswickedandusuallyfoolishbutinthepastthehumanracemanagedtolivewithit.Moderningenuityhaschangedthis.EitherManwillabolishwarorwarwillabolishMan.Forthepresentitisnuclearweaponsthatcausethegravestdangerbutbacteriologicalorchemicalweaponsmaybeforelongofferanevengreaterthreat.Ifwesucceedinabolishingnuclearweaponsourworkwillnotbedone.Itwillneverbedoneuntilwehavesucceededinabolishingwar.Todothisweneedtopersuademankindtolookuponinternationalquestionsinanewwaynotascontestsofforceinwhichthevictorygoestothesidewhichismostskilfulinmassacrebutbyarbitrationinaccordancewithagreedprinciplesoflaw.Itisnoteasytochangeage-oldmentalhabitsbutthisiswhatmustbeattempted.Therearethosewhosaythattheadoptionofthisorthatideologywouldpreventwar.Ibelievethistobeaprofounderror.Allideologiesarebasedupondogmaticassertions主张whichareatbestdoubtfulandatworsttotallyfalse.Theiradherentsbelieveinthemsofanaticallythattheyarewillingtogotowarinsupportofthem.Themovementofworldopinionduringthepasttwoyearshasbeenverylargelysuchaswecanwelcome.Ithasbecomeacommonplacethatnuclearwarmustbeavoided.Ofcourseverydifficultproblemsremainintheinternationalspherebutthespiritinwhichtheyarebeingapproachedisabetteronethanitwassomeyearsago.Ithasbeguntobethoughtevenbythepowerfulmenwhodecidewhetherweshallliveordiethatnegotiationsshouldreachagreementsevenifbothsidesdonotfindtheseagreementswhollysatisfactory.IthasbeguntobeunderstoodthattheimportantconflictnowadaysisnotbetweenEastandWestbutbetweenManandtheH-bomb.Thispassageimpliesthatwarisnow______.
IsitpossibletopersuademankindtolivewithoutwarWarisanancientinstitutionwhichhasexistedforatleastsixthousandyears.Itwasalwayswickedandusuallyfoolishbutinthepastthehumanracemanagedtolivewithit.Moderningenuityhaschangedthis.EitherManwillabolishwarorwarwillabolishMan.Forthepresentitisnuclearweaponsthatcausethegravestdangerbutbacteriologicalorchemicalweaponsmaybeforelongofferanevengreaterthreat.Ifwesucceedinabolishingnuclearweaponsourworkwillnotbedone.Itwillneverbedoneuntilwehavesucceededinabolishingwar.Todothisweneedtopersuademankindtolookuponinternationalquestionsinanewwaynotascontestsofforceinwhichthevictorygoestothesidewhichismostskilfulinmassacrebutbyarbitrationinaccordancewithagreedprinciplesoflaw.Itisnoteasytochangeage-oldmentalhabitsbutthisiswhatmustbeattempted.Therearethosewhosaythattheadoptionofthisorthatideologywouldpreventwar.Ibelievethistobeaprofounderror.Allideologiesarebasedupondogmaticassertions主张whichareatbestdoubtfulandatworsttotallyfalse.Theiradherentsbelieveinthemsofanaticallythattheyarewillingtogotowarinsupportofthem.Themovementofworldopinionduringthepasttwoyearshasbeenverylargelysuchaswecanwelcome.Ithasbecomeacommonplacethatnuclearwarmustbeavoided.Ofcourseverydifficultproblemsremainintheinternationalspherebutthespiritinwhichtheyarebeingapproachedisabetteronethanitwassomeyearsago.Ithasbeguntobethoughtevenbythepowerfulmenwhodecidewhetherweshallliveordiethatnegotiationsshouldreachagreementsevenifbothsidesdonotfindtheseagreementswhollysatisfactory.IthasbeguntobeunderstoodthattheimportantconflictnowadaysisnotbetweenEastandWestbutbetweenManandtheH-bomb.Theauthorsaysthatmodernweapons______.
About40percentofAmericansthinkofthemselvesasshywhileonly20percentsaytheyhaveneversufferedfromshynessatsomepointintheirlives.Shynessoccurswhenaperson’sapprehensionsaresogreatthatthey1hismakinganexpectedordesiredsocialresponse.2ofshynesscanbeasminoras3tomakeeyecontactwhenspeakingtosomeone4asmajorasavoidingconversationswheneverpossible. "Shypeopletendtobetoo5withthemselves"saidJonathanCheekapsychologistwhoisoneofthoseattheforefrontofcurrentresearchonthetopic."6forasmoothconversationyouneedtopayattentiontotheotherperson’scues7heissayinganddoing.Buttheshypersonisfullof8abouthowheseemstotheotherpersonandsoheoften9cuesheshouldpickup.Theresultisanawkwardlagintheconversation.Shypeopleneedtostopfocusingon10andswitchtheirattentiontotheotherperson." 11shypeoplebyandlargehave12socialabilitiesthantheythinktheydo.13Dr.Cheekvideotapedshypeopletalkingto14andthenhadraters评估者evaluatehowsociallyskilledthepeoplewerehefoundthatinthe15ofotherpeopletheshygrouphadfew16problems.Butwhenheaskedtheshypeoplethemselves17theyhaddonetheywereunanimousinsayingthattheyhadbeensocialflops失败. "Shypeoplearetheirown18critics"Dr.Cheeksaid.19headdedshypeoplefeeltheyarebeingjudgedmore20thantheyactuallyareandoverestimatehowobvioustheirsocialanxietyistoothers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Awisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmentodonothing.SoasapoliceofficerIhavesomeurgentthingstosaytogoodpeople.DaysafterdaysmymenandIstruggletoholdbackatidalwaveofcrime.Somethinghasgoneterriblywrongwithouronce-proudAmericanwayoflife.Ithashappenedintheareaofvalues.AkeyingredientisdisappearingandIthinkIknowwhatitis:accountability.Accountabilityisn’thardtodefine.Itmeansthateverypersonisresponsibleforhisorheractionsandliablefortheirconsequences.Ofthemanyvaluesthatholdcivilizationtogether—honestykindnessandsoon—accountabilitymaybethemostimportantofall.Withoutittherecanbenorespectnotrustnolaw—andultimatelynosociety.Myjobasapoliceofficeristoimposeaccountabilitytopeoplewhorefuseorhaveneverlearnedtoimposeitonthemselves.Butaseverypolicemanknowsexternalcontrolsonpeople’sbehaviorarefarlesseffectivethaninternalrestraintssuchasguiltshameandembarrassment.Fortunatelytherearestillcommunities—smallertownsusually—whereschoolsmaintaindisciplineandwhereparentsholdupstandardsthatproclaim:Inthisfaimilycertainthingsarenottolerated—theysimplyarenotdone!Yetmoreandmoreespeciallyinourlargercitiesandsuburbstheseinnerrestraintsareloosening.Yourtypicalrobberhasnone.Heconsidersyourpropertyhisproperty;hetakeswhathewantsincludingyourlifeifyouenragehim.Themaincauseofthisbreak-downisaradicalshiftinattitudes.Thirtyyearsagoifacrimewascommittedsocietywasconsideredthevictim.Nowinashockingreversalit’sthecriminalwhoisconsideredvictimized:byhisunderprivilegedupbringingbytheschoolthatdidn’tteachhimtoreadbythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwithmoralguidancebytheparentswhodidn’tprovideastablehome.Idon’tbelieveit.Manyothersinequallydisadvantagedcircumstanceschoosenottoengageincriminalactivities.Ifwefreethecriminalevenpartlyfromaccountabilitywebecomeasocietyofendlessexcuseswherenooneacceptsresponsibilityforanything.WeinAmericadesperatelyneedmorepeoplewhobelievethatthepersonwhocommitsacrimeistheoneresponsibleforit.Accordingtotheauthorifapersonisfoundguiltyofacrime______.
Awisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmentodonothing.SoasapoliceofficerIhavesomeurgentthingstosaytogoodpeople.DaysafterdaysmymenandIstruggletoholdbackatidalwaveofcrime.Somethinghasgoneterriblywrongwithouronce-proudAmericanwayoflife.Ithashappenedintheareaofvalues.AkeyingredientisdisappearingandIthinkIknowwhatitis:accountability.Accountabilityisn’thardtodefine.Itmeansthateverypersonisresponsibleforhisorheractionsandliablefortheirconsequences.Ofthemanyvaluesthatholdcivilizationtogether—honestykindnessandsoon—accountabilitymaybethemostimportantofall.Withoutittherecanbenorespectnotrustnolaw—andultimatelynosociety.Myjobasapoliceofficeristoimposeaccountabilitytopeoplewhorefuseorhaveneverlearnedtoimposeitonthemselves.Butaseverypolicemanknowsexternalcontrolsonpeople’sbehaviorarefarlesseffectivethaninternalrestraintssuchasguiltshameandembarrassment.Fortunatelytherearestillcommunities—smallertownsusually—whereschoolsmaintaindisciplineandwhereparentsholdupstandardsthatproclaim:Inthisfaimilycertainthingsarenottolerated—theysimplyarenotdone!Yetmoreandmoreespeciallyinourlargercitiesandsuburbstheseinnerrestraintsareloosening.Yourtypicalrobberhasnone.Heconsidersyourpropertyhisproperty;hetakeswhathewantsincludingyourlifeifyouenragehim.Themaincauseofthisbreak-downisaradicalshiftinattitudes.Thirtyyearsagoifacrimewascommittedsocietywasconsideredthevictim.Nowinashockingreversalit’sthecriminalwhoisconsideredvictimized:byhisunderprivilegedupbringingbytheschoolthatdidn’tteachhimtoreadbythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwithmoralguidancebytheparentswhodidn’tprovideastablehome.Idon’tbelieveit.Manyothersinequallydisadvantagedcircumstanceschoosenottoengageincriminalactivities.Ifwefreethecriminalevenpartlyfromaccountabilitywebecomeasocietyofendlessexcuseswherenooneacceptsresponsibilityforanything.WeinAmericadesperatelyneedmorepeoplewhobelievethatthepersonwhocommitsacrimeistheoneresponsibleforit.Thewriterissorrytohavenoticedthat______.
About40percentofAmericansthinkofthemselvesasshywhileonly20percentsaytheyhaveneversufferedfromshynessatsomepointintheirlives.Shynessoccurswhenaperson’sapprehensionsaresogreatthatthey1hismakinganexpectedordesiredsocialresponse.2ofshynesscanbeasminoras3tomakeeyecontactwhenspeakingtosomeone4asmajorasavoidingconversationswheneverpossible. "Shypeopletendtobetoo5withthemselves"saidJonathanCheekapsychologistwhoisoneofthoseattheforefrontofcurrentresearchonthetopic."6forasmoothconversationyouneedtopayattentiontotheotherperson’scues7heissayinganddoing.Buttheshypersonisfullof8abouthowheseemstotheotherpersonandsoheoften9cuesheshouldpickup.Theresultisanawkwardlagintheconversation.Shypeopleneedtostopfocusingon10andswitchtheirattentiontotheotherperson." 11shypeoplebyandlargehave12socialabilitiesthantheythinktheydo.13Dr.Cheekvideotapedshypeopletalkingto14andthenhadraters评估者evaluatehowsociallyskilledthepeoplewerehefoundthatinthe15ofotherpeopletheshygrouphadfew16problems.Butwhenheaskedtheshypeoplethemselves17theyhaddonetheywereunanimousinsayingthattheyhadbeensocialflops失败. "Shypeoplearetheirown18critics"Dr.Cheeksaid.19headdedshypeoplefeeltheyarebeingjudgedmore20thantheyactuallyareandoverestimatehowobvioustheirsocialanxietyistoothers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
About40percentofAmericansthinkofthemselvesasshywhileonly20percentsaytheyhaveneversufferedfromshynessatsomepointintheirlives.Shynessoccurswhenaperson’sapprehensionsaresogreatthatthey1hismakinganexpectedordesiredsocialresponse.2ofshynesscanbeasminoras3tomakeeyecontactwhenspeakingtosomeone4asmajorasavoidingconversationswheneverpossible. "Shypeopletendtobetoo5withthemselves"saidJonathanCheekapsychologistwhoisoneofthoseattheforefrontofcurrentresearchonthetopic."6forasmoothconversationyouneedtopayattentiontotheotherperson’scues7heissayinganddoing.Buttheshypersonisfullof8abouthowheseemstotheotherpersonandsoheoften9cuesheshouldpickup.Theresultisanawkwardlagintheconversation.Shypeopleneedtostopfocusingon10andswitchtheirattentiontotheotherperson." 11shypeoplebyandlargehave12socialabilitiesthantheythinktheydo.13Dr.Cheekvideotapedshypeopletalkingto14andthenhadraters评估者evaluatehowsociallyskilledthepeoplewerehefoundthatinthe15ofotherpeopletheshygrouphadfew16problems.Butwhenheaskedtheshypeoplethemselves17theyhaddonetheywereunanimousinsayingthattheyhadbeensocialflops失败. "Shypeoplearetheirown18critics"Dr.Cheeksaid.19headdedshypeoplefeeltheyarebeingjudgedmore20thantheyactuallyareandoverestimatehowobvioustheirsocialanxietyistoothers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Advertisingsellsitsproductsbyofferingseductivepromisesofyouthbeautyhealthmoneyeaseromancebetterlifestyleeventime.There’snologicalconnectionbetweenacarandacougarbuttheimageispowerfulandpresentedwithsophistication.Webuyitandwemaywellbuytheproduct.Whenitcomestoadvertisingletthebuyerbeware.Thereareseveralless-than-candidtechniqueswhichadvertisersusetogetourattention.Aproductmaybefilmedorphotographedinsuchawaytomakeitappearbiggerbetterormoreluscious.Aproductmaybepresentedasbeinguniqueone-of-a-kindorsupremewheninfactit’sidenticaltootherproductsonthemarket.Aproductmayclaimtobeneworimprovedwhenonlyaninsignificantchangehasbeenmade.Finallyanadvertisermayofferdistortedtruthsoreventelloutrightlies.Ittakesawhileforthegovernmentorthecompetitiontocatchupwithfalseclaimsinadvertising.Meanwhilethepublichasbeenledtobelievethatamouthwashcancurethecommoncoldorthatbeepollenretardsaginginhumanskin.Theconsumer’sbestdefenseisawareness.Hecanlistentobutnotlearntheemotionalmessagebroadcastbythead.Hecandistinguishbetweenwhattheadpretendstoofferandwhatitisreallyselling.Afacecreamforexamplecanonlydosomuch.Itcanreducedrynessandprovidetemporarysmoothnessandmoisturetotheskin.Butitismadeinafactorynotinamagician’sstudy.Itcannotturnbacktheclock.Accordingtothepassagemanyofthenewimprovedproductsare______.
About40percentofAmericansthinkofthemselvesasshywhileonly20percentsaytheyhaveneversufferedfromshynessatsomepointintheirlives.Shynessoccurswhenaperson’sapprehensionsaresogreatthatthey1hismakinganexpectedordesiredsocialresponse.2ofshynesscanbeasminoras3tomakeeyecontactwhenspeakingtosomeone4asmajorasavoidingconversationswheneverpossible. "Shypeopletendtobetoo5withthemselves"saidJonathanCheekapsychologistwhoisoneofthoseattheforefrontofcurrentresearchonthetopic."6forasmoothconversationyouneedtopayattentiontotheotherperson’scues7heissayinganddoing.Buttheshypersonisfullof8abouthowheseemstotheotherpersonandsoheoften9cuesheshouldpickup.Theresultisanawkwardlagintheconversation.Shypeopleneedtostopfocusingon10andswitchtheirattentiontotheotherperson." 11shypeoplebyandlargehave12socialabilitiesthantheythinktheydo.13Dr.Cheekvideotapedshypeopletalkingto14andthenhadraters评估者evaluatehowsociallyskilledthepeoplewerehefoundthatinthe15ofotherpeopletheshygrouphadfew16problems.Butwhenheaskedtheshypeoplethemselves17theyhaddonetheywereunanimousinsayingthattheyhadbeensocialflops失败. "Shypeoplearetheirown18critics"Dr.Cheeksaid.19headdedshypeoplefeeltheyarebeingjudgedmore20thantheyactuallyareandoverestimatehowobvioustheirsocialanxietyistoothers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
IsitpossibletopersuademankindtolivewithoutwarWarisanancientinstitutionwhichhasexistedforatleastsixthousandyears.Itwasalwayswickedandusuallyfoolishbutinthepastthehumanracemanagedtolivewithit.Moderningenuityhaschangedthis.EitherManwillabolishwarorwarwillabolishMan.Forthepresentitisnuclearweaponsthatcausethegravestdangerbutbacteriologicalorchemicalweaponsmaybeforelongofferanevengreaterthreat.Ifwesucceedinabolishingnuclearweaponsourworkwillnotbedone.Itwillneverbedoneuntilwehavesucceededinabolishingwar.Todothisweneedtopersuademankindtolookuponinternationalquestionsinanewwaynotascontestsofforceinwhichthevictorygoestothesidewhichismostskilfulinmassacrebutbyarbitrationinaccordancewithagreedprinciplesoflaw.Itisnoteasytochangeage-oldmentalhabitsbutthisiswhatmustbeattempted.Therearethosewhosaythattheadoptionofthisorthatideologywouldpreventwar.Ibelievethistobeaprofounderror.Allideologiesarebasedupondogmaticassertions主张whichareatbestdoubtfulandatworsttotallyfalse.Theiradherentsbelieveinthemsofanaticallythattheyarewillingtogotowarinsupportofthem.Themovementofworldopinionduringthepasttwoyearshasbeenverylargelysuchaswecanwelcome.Ithasbecomeacommonplacethatnuclearwarmustbeavoided.Ofcourseverydifficultproblemsremainintheinternationalspherebutthespiritinwhichtheyarebeingapproachedisabetteronethanitwassomeyearsago.Ithasbeguntobethoughtevenbythepowerfulmenwhodecidewhetherweshallliveordiethatnegotiationsshouldreachagreementsevenifbothsidesdonotfindtheseagreementswhollysatisfactory.IthasbeguntobeunderstoodthattheimportantconflictnowadaysisnotbetweenEastandWestbutbetweenManandtheH-bomb.Thelastparagraphsuggeststhat______.
46Itisknownthatthebrainshrinksasthebodyagesbuttheeffectsonmentalabilityaredifferentfrompersontoperson.Interestinglyinastudyofelderlymenandwomenthosewhohadmoreeducationactuallyhadmorebrainshrinkage. "Thatmayseemlikebadnews"saidstudyauthorDr.EdwardCoffeyaprofessorofpsychiatryandofneurologyatHenryFordHealthSysteminDetroit.47Howeverheexplainedthefindingsuggeststhateducationallowspeopletowithstandmorebraintissuelossbeforetheirmentalfunctioningbeginstobreakdown. ThestudypublishedintheJulyissueofNeurologyisthefirsttoprovidebiologicalevidencetosupportaconceptcalledthe"reserve"hypothesisaccordingtotheresearchers.Inrecentyearsinvestigatorshavedevelopedtheideathatpeoplewhoaremoreeducatedhavegreatercognitivereservestodrawuponasthebrainages;inessencetheyhavemorebraintissuetospare. 48Examiningbrainscansof320healthymenandwomenaged66to90researchersfoundthatforeachyearofeducationthesubjectshadtherewasgreatershrinkageoftheouterlayerofthebrainknownasthecortex.Yetontestsofcognitionandmemoryallparticipantsscoredintherangeindicatingnormal. "Everyonehassomedegreeofbrainshrinkage"Coffeysaid."Peopleloseonaverage2.5percentperdecadestartinginadulthood." Thereishowevera"remarkablerange"ofshrinkageamongpeoplewhoshownosignsofmentaldeclineCoffeynoted.Overallhealthhesaidaccountsforsomedifferencesinbrainsize.Alcoholordruguseaswellasmedicalconditionssuchasdiabetesandhighbloodpressurecontributetobraintissuelossthroughoutadulthood. IntheabsenceofsuchmedicalconditionsCoffeysaideducationlevelhelpsexplaintherangeofbrainshrinkageexhibitedamongthementally-fitelderly.Themore-educatedcanwithstandgreaterloss. 49Coffeyandcolleaguesgaugedshrinkageofthecortexbymeasuringthecerebrospinalfluidsurroundingthebrain.Thegreatertheamountoffluidthegreaterthecorticalshrinkage. Controllingforthehealthfactorsthatcontributetobraininjurytheresearchersfoundthateducationwasrelatedtotheseverityofbrainshrinkage.Foreachyearofeducationfromfirstgradeonsubjectshadanaverageof1.77milliliters11morecerebrospinalfluidaroundthebrain. Justhoweducationmightaffectbraincellsisunknown.50Intheirreporttheresearchersspeculatedthatinpeoplewithmoreeducationcertainbrainstructuresdeeperthanthecortexmaystayintacttocompensateforcorticalshrinkage. Itisknownthatthebrainshrinksasthebodyagesbuttheeffectsonmentalabilityaredifferentfrompersontoperson.
Accordingtothenewschoolofscientiststechnologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.46Sciencemovesforwardtheysaynotsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.47"Inshort"aleaderofthenewschoolcontends"thescientificrevolutionaswecallitwaslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections." 48Overtheyearstoolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileoNewtonMaxwellEinsteinandinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportancetoandderivedgreatbenefitfromcraftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereunableinscientificexperiments. Thecenterpieceoftheargumentofatechnology-yesgenius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo’sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemyanastronomerofthesecondcenturywhoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.49Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvearoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.Buttherealheroofthestoryaccordingtothenewschoolofscientistswasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformakingeyeglasses. Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvs.geniusdispute.50Whetherthegovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversa反之oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce. Sciencemovesforwardtheysaynotsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools
About40percentofAmericansthinkofthemselvesasshywhileonly20percentsaytheyhaveneversufferedfromshynessatsomepointintheirlives.Shynessoccurswhenaperson’sapprehensionsaresogreatthatthey1hismakinganexpectedordesiredsocialresponse.2ofshynesscanbeasminoras3tomakeeyecontactwhenspeakingtosomeone4asmajorasavoidingconversationswheneverpossible. "Shypeopletendtobetoo5withthemselves"saidJonathanCheekapsychologistwhoisoneofthoseattheforefrontofcurrentresearchonthetopic."6forasmoothconversationyouneedtopayattentiontotheotherperson’scues7heissayinganddoing.Buttheshypersonisfullof8abouthowheseemstotheotherpersonandsoheoften9cuesheshouldpickup.Theresultisanawkwardlagintheconversation.Shypeopleneedtostopfocusingon10andswitchtheirattentiontotheotherperson." 11shypeoplebyandlargehave12socialabilitiesthantheythinktheydo.13Dr.Cheekvideotapedshypeopletalkingto14andthenhadraters评估者evaluatehowsociallyskilledthepeoplewerehefoundthatinthe15ofotherpeopletheshygrouphadfew16problems.Butwhenheaskedtheshypeoplethemselves17theyhaddonetheywereunanimousinsayingthattheyhadbeensocialflops失败. "Shypeoplearetheirown18critics"Dr.Cheeksaid.19headdedshypeoplefeeltheyarebeingjudgedmore20thantheyactuallyareandoverestimatehowobvioustheirsocialanxietyistoothers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
41___________.Neverthelesssomeofthesesmallchangesareimportant.Therearethreebasicprocessesthatcauseachangeinoceanicsalinity.Oneoftheseisthesubtractionofwaterfromtheoceanbymeansofevaporation—conversionofliquidwatertowatervaporinthismannerthesalinityisincreasedsincethesaltsstaybehind.Ifthisiscarriedtotheextremeofcoursewhitecrystalsofsaltwouldbeleftbehind. Theoppositeofevaporationisprecipitationsuchasrainbywhichwaterisaddedtotheocean.Heretheoceanisbeingdilutedsothatthesalinityisdecreased.Thismayoccurinareasofhighrainfallorincoastalregionswhereriversflowintotheocean.42___________. Normallyintropicalregionswherethesunisverystrongtheoceansalinityissomewhathigherthanitisinotherpartsoftheworldwherethereisnotasmuchevaporation.43___________. Athirdprocessbywhichsalinitymaybealteredisassociatedwiththeformationandmeltingofseaice.Whenseawaterisfrozenthedissolvedmaterialsareleftbehind.Inthismannerseawaterdirectlybeneathfreshlyformedseaicehasahighersalinitythanitdidbeforetheiceappeared.44___________. IntheWeddellSeaoffAntarcticthedensestwaterintheoceansisformedasaresultofthisfreezingprocesswhichincreasesthesalinityofcoldwater.45___________. [A]Thewaterintheoceansonlyleavesbyevaporatingandthefreezingofpolaricebutthesaltremainsdissolvedintheocean—itdoesnotevaporate. [B]Thussalinitymaybeincreasedbythesubtractionofwaterbyevaporationordecreasedbytheadditionoffreshwaterbyprecipitationorrunoff. [C]Ifthesalinityofoceanwatersisanalyzeditisfoundtovaryonlyslightlyfromplacetoplace. [D]Ofcoursewhenthisicemeltsitwilltendtodecreasethesalinityofthesurroundingwater. [E]Thisheavywatersinksandisfoundinthedeeperportionsoftheoceansoftheworld. [F]Thesalinitysaltcontentofoceanwatervaries.Onecubicfootofaverageseawatercontains2.2poundsofsalt. [G]Similarlyincoastalregionswhereriversdilutetheseasalinityissomewhatlowerthaninotheroceanicareas. 42
About40percentofAmericansthinkofthemselvesasshywhileonly20percentsaytheyhaveneversufferedfromshynessatsomepointintheirlives.Shynessoccurswhenaperson’sapprehensionsaresogreatthatthey1hismakinganexpectedordesiredsocialresponse.2ofshynesscanbeasminoras3tomakeeyecontactwhenspeakingtosomeone4asmajorasavoidingconversationswheneverpossible. "Shypeopletendtobetoo5withthemselves"saidJonathanCheekapsychologistwhoisoneofthoseattheforefrontofcurrentresearchonthetopic."6forasmoothconversationyouneedtopayattentiontotheotherperson’scues7heissayinganddoing.Buttheshypersonisfullof8abouthowheseemstotheotherpersonandsoheoften9cuesheshouldpickup.Theresultisanawkwardlagintheconversation.Shypeopleneedtostopfocusingon10andswitchtheirattentiontotheotherperson." 11shypeoplebyandlargehave12socialabilitiesthantheythinktheydo.13Dr.Cheekvideotapedshypeopletalkingto14andthenhadraters评估者evaluatehowsociallyskilledthepeoplewerehefoundthatinthe15ofotherpeopletheshygrouphadfew16problems.Butwhenheaskedtheshypeoplethemselves17theyhaddonetheywereunanimousinsayingthattheyhadbeensocialflops失败. "Shypeoplearetheirown18critics"Dr.Cheeksaid.19headdedshypeoplefeeltheyarebeingjudgedmore20thantheyactuallyareandoverestimatehowobvioustheirsocialanxietyistoothers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
About40percentofAmericansthinkofthemselvesasshywhileonly20percentsaytheyhaveneversufferedfromshynessatsomepointintheirlives.Shynessoccurswhenaperson’sapprehensionsaresogreatthatthey1hismakinganexpectedordesiredsocialresponse.2ofshynesscanbeasminoras3tomakeeyecontactwhenspeakingtosomeone4asmajorasavoidingconversationswheneverpossible. "Shypeopletendtobetoo5withthemselves"saidJonathanCheekapsychologistwhoisoneofthoseattheforefrontofcurrentresearchonthetopic."6forasmoothconversationyouneedtopayattentiontotheotherperson’scues7heissayinganddoing.Buttheshypersonisfullof8abouthowheseemstotheotherpersonandsoheoften9cuesheshouldpickup.Theresultisanawkwardlagintheconversation.Shypeopleneedtostopfocusingon10andswitchtheirattentiontotheotherperson." 11shypeoplebyandlargehave12socialabilitiesthantheythinktheydo.13Dr.Cheekvideotapedshypeopletalkingto14andthenhadraters评估者evaluatehowsociallyskilledthepeoplewerehefoundthatinthe15ofotherpeopletheshygrouphadfew16problems.Butwhenheaskedtheshypeoplethemselves17theyhaddonetheywereunanimousinsayingthattheyhadbeensocialflops失败. "Shypeoplearetheirown18critics"Dr.Cheeksaid.19headdedshypeoplefeeltheyarebeingjudgedmore20thantheyactuallyareandoverestimatehowobvioustheirsocialanxietyistoothers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
41___________.Neverthelesssomeofthesesmallchangesareimportant.Therearethreebasicprocessesthatcauseachangeinoceanicsalinity.Oneoftheseisthesubtractionofwaterfromtheoceanbymeansofevaporation—conversionofliquidwatertowatervaporinthismannerthesalinityisincreasedsincethesaltsstaybehind.Ifthisiscarriedtotheextremeofcoursewhitecrystalsofsaltwouldbeleftbehind. Theoppositeofevaporationisprecipitationsuchasrainbywhichwaterisaddedtotheocean.Heretheoceanisbeingdilutedsothatthesalinityisdecreased.Thismayoccurinareasofhighrainfallorincoastalregionswhereriversflowintotheocean.42___________. Normallyintropicalregionswherethesunisverystrongtheoceansalinityissomewhathigherthanitisinotherpartsoftheworldwherethereisnotasmuchevaporation.43___________. Athirdprocessbywhichsalinitymaybealteredisassociatedwiththeformationandmeltingofseaice.Whenseawaterisfrozenthedissolvedmaterialsareleftbehind.Inthismannerseawaterdirectlybeneathfreshlyformedseaicehasahighersalinitythanitdidbeforetheiceappeared.44___________. IntheWeddellSeaoffAntarcticthedensestwaterintheoceansisformedasaresultofthisfreezingprocesswhichincreasesthesalinityofcoldwater.45___________. [A]Thewaterintheoceansonlyleavesbyevaporatingandthefreezingofpolaricebutthesaltremainsdissolvedintheocean—itdoesnotevaporate. [B]Thussalinitymaybeincreasedbythesubtractionofwaterbyevaporationordecreasedbytheadditionoffreshwaterbyprecipitationorrunoff. [C]Ifthesalinityofoceanwatersisanalyzeditisfoundtovaryonlyslightlyfromplacetoplace. [D]Ofcoursewhenthisicemeltsitwilltendtodecreasethesalinityofthesurroundingwater. [E]Thisheavywatersinksandisfoundinthedeeperportionsoftheoceansoftheworld. [F]Thesalinitysaltcontentofoceanwatervaries.Onecubicfootofaverageseawatercontains2.2poundsofsalt. [G]Similarlyincoastalregionswhereriversdilutetheseasalinityissomewhatlowerthaninotheroceanicareas. 44
Stinkingbusestheirpassengerspaleandtiredjamthecrowdedstreets.Driversshoutatoneanotherandhonktheirhorns.Smogsmartstheeyesandchokesthesenses.ThesceneisAthensatrushhour.ThecityofPlatoandPericlesisinasorrystateofaffairsbuiltwithoutaplanlackingevenadequateseweragefacilitieshemmedinbymountainsandtheseaits135squaremilescrammedwith3.7millionpepole.EvenAthens’ruinsareinruin:sulfurdioxiodeeatsawayatthemarbleoftheParthenonandothertreasuresontheAcropolis.AsGreekPremierConstantineKaramanlishassaidTheonlysolutionforAthenswouldbetodemolishhalfofitandstartalloveragain.Sogreathasbeenthepopulationflowtowardthecitythatentirehinterlandvillagesstandvacantornearlyso.About120000peoplefromoutlyingprovincesmovetoAthenseveryyearwiththeresultthat40%ofGreece’scitizenryarenowpackedintothecapital.Themigrantscomeforthefewavailablejobswhichareusuallynobetterthantheonestheyfled.AtthecurrentrateofmigrationAthensbytheyear2000willhaveapopulationof6.5millionmorethanhalfthenation.AsidefromovercrowdingandpoorpublictransportthebiggestproblemsconfrontingAtheniansarenoiseandpollution.AgovernmentstudyconcludedthatAthenswasthenoisiestcityintheworld.Smogisalmostatkillinglevels:180300mgofsulfurdioxidepercubicmeterofairoruptofourtimesthelevelthattheWorldHealthOrganizationconsiderssafe.Nearlyhalfthepollutioncomesfromcars.Despitehighpricesforvehiclesandfuel＄2.95pergallonnearly100000automobilesaresoldinGreeceeachyear;3000driver’slicensesareissuedinAthensmonthly.AfterdecadesofneglectAthensisatlastgettingsomeattention.InMarchacommitteeofrepresentativesfromallmajorpublicserviceministriesmettodiscussaplantounclogthecitymakeitlivableandcleanupitsenvironment.Asave-Athensministrywhichwillsoonbeginfunctioningwillproposeheavytaxestodiscouragein-migrationaminimumof＄5billioninpublicspendingforAthensaloneandotherprojectsforthecountrysidetoencourageresidentstostayout.Amasterplanthatwillmovemanygovermentofficestothecity’sfringesisalreadyintheworks.MeanwhilemoreGreekskeepmovingintoAthens.Withfewparksandpreciousfewoxygen-producingplantsthecityanditscitizensareliterallysuffocating.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassageaboutproposedsolutionstoovercrowdingproblemAthens
Work/lifebalancewasthebuzzphraseofthelate1990s.Apparentlytoomanypeoplewhowerecashrichandtimepoorwerebecomingfedupwiththelonghourscultureandwantedmorebalanceintheirlife.Forstudentstheissueisnotwork/lifebalancebutwork/studybalance. Witheverincreasingfeesworkingwhilestudyingisthenormformanystudents.Facedwithpotentiallyhugedebtssomestudentsmaybetemptedtotakeparttimejobsthatinvolveworkinglotsofhoursbutthismayhaveadetrimentalimpactontheirstudies. Universityismorethanjustaboutgettingadegree:extracurricularactivitiesandasociallifearealsoimportant.Howcanstudentsbalancestudyingwithworkingpart-timeandalsoensurethattheydonotmissoutonuniversitylife Developastudyplan Onceyouhaveyourtimetableandanideaofwhenyourassignmentsareduedevelopaplanofthebesttimesforyoutostudywhetherthisbeeveningsmorningsorweekends.Thiswillhelpyoudeterminewhichhoursanddaysyoucanwork. 41.Chooseajobthatisflexible Youmayneedtimeofffromyourjobduringexamsorifyouhavedeadlinesforcourseworksochoosingtherightjobwheretheemployerisunderstandingandwillingtobeflexibleisimportant. YoucanmentionthisatinterviewbutBrianStainesofBristolUniversityCareersOfficesays:"Itmaybebettertowaituntilyouhavebeenofferedthejobhaveworkedforawhileandhavehadtheopportunitytoproveyourselfbeforementioningthatyoumightneedtimeoff." 42.Chooseajobthatfitsinwithyourstudypattern Workingoutyourstudypatterni.e.whetheryou’reatyourbestinthemorningseveningsorlate.Somestudentsarenightowlspreferringtostudylateatnightothersarelarks. 43.Don’ttakeajobthat’stoodemanding Thetypeofjobyoulookforwilldependonyourskillset.Apartfromtheusualstudent-typejobstherearerolesinofficeswhichcanbedoneatweekendsandevenings-jobssuchasbeingapresentationoperatorusingPowerPointoreveneveningandweekendsecretarialwork. 44.Beindustriousinyoursearchforwork Theremaybepart-timejobsavailableincallcentersorasphotocopyclerksinbanksandlawfirms. 45.Knowyourlimits Thereisn’tafigureforthemaximumnumberofhoursthatstudentscanworkbeforeitimpactsnegativelyontheirstudiessincethiswillvaryfromstudenttostudent. HoweverBrianStainessays:"AtBristolwebelievethatifstudentsworkmorethan12hoursaweekduringtermtimethiscouldhaveanegativeeffectontheirstudies.WehaveajobshopatBristolofferingpart-timejobsandallthejobsareamaximumof12hours." Balancingpart-timeworkwithstudyingisachallengethatmoreandmorestudentswillface. "Aparttimejobwhichinvolveslonghoursmayhelptheirfinanceintheshorttermbutcouldhaveanegativeimpactonlong-termjobprospectsiftheydon’tgetagooddegree"addsBrian. [A]"Whenyoulookforajobit’sbesttostartwithworkingafewhoursandthenonceyougetusedtothejobandknowhowmuchyoucancopewithyoucanincreasethehours.It’salwayseasiertoincreaseratherthandecreasethenumberofhoursyouwork"saysCaryCooperprofessorofpsychologyandhealthatLancasterUniversityManagementSchool. [B]Theremayevenbejobsinsecuritywhichgiveyoutheopportunitytostudy"onthejob"perhapsonsitatanunoccupiedbuildingsoit’sagoodideatocastthenetabitwiderwhenlookingforpart-timework. [C]Althoughthesejobspaywellitmaybeachallengetobalancestudyingwiththesetypesofjob."AjobdevelpingPowerPointpresentationsmaybetoomentallydemandingandtiringbecauseyouwillbelookingatascreenmostofthetime"saysCary. [D]"Ifstudentsforexamplework20hoursaweekthentheirworkcouldsufferunlesstheyareincrediblydisciplined"heexplains"Alsouniversityisaboutmorethanjuststudying.Socialtimeandextracurricularactivitiesarealsoimportant." [E]Relaxationisalsoveryimportant. [F]Somestudentsmayprefertoworkafeweveningsaweekothersatweekends."Althoughworkisimportanttheyneedtofindajobwithhoursthatfitaroundtheiroptimaltimesforstudyingratherthantheotherwayround"saysProfessorCooper. 42
Accordingtothenewschoolofscientiststechnologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.46Sciencemovesforwardtheysaynotsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.47"Inshort"aleaderofthenewschoolcontends"thescientificrevolutionaswecallitwaslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections." 48Overtheyearstoolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileoNewtonMaxwellEinsteinandinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportancetoandderivedgreatbenefitfromcraftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereunableinscientificexperiments. Thecenterpieceoftheargumentofatechnology-yesgenius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo’sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemyanastronomerofthesecondcenturywhoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.49Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvearoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.Buttherealheroofthestoryaccordingtothenewschoolofscientistswasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformakingeyeglasses. Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvs.geniusdispute.50Whetherthegovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversa反之oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce. Overtheyearstoolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience
Directions: Therehasbeenadiscussionrecentlyontheissueoftraditioninanewspaper.Writeanessayofabout200wordstothenewspaperto 1.showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow 1thecontentofthepicture 2thesymbolicmeaning 3thespecialunderstanding 2.giveaspecificexample/commentand 3.giveyoursuggestionastothebestwaytotreattradition.
About40percentofAmericansthinkofthemselvesasshywhileonly20percentsaytheyhaveneversufferedfromshynessatsomepointintheirlives.Shynessoccurswhenaperson’sapprehensionsaresogreatthatthey1hismakinganexpectedordesiredsocialresponse.2ofshynesscanbeasminoras3tomakeeyecontactwhenspeakingtosomeone4asmajorasavoidingconversationswheneverpossible. "Shypeopletendtobetoo5withthemselves"saidJonathanCheekapsychologistwhoisoneofthoseattheforefrontofcurrentresearchonthetopic."6forasmoothconversationyouneedtopayattentiontotheotherperson’scues7heissayinganddoing.Buttheshypersonisfullof8abouthowheseemstotheotherpersonandsoheoften9cuesheshouldpickup.Theresultisanawkwardlagintheconversation.Shypeopleneedtostopfocusingon10andswitchtheirattentiontotheotherperson." 11shypeoplebyandlargehave12socialabilitiesthantheythinktheydo.13Dr.Cheekvideotapedshypeopletalkingto14andthenhadraters评估者evaluatehowsociallyskilledthepeoplewerehefoundthatinthe15ofotherpeopletheshygrouphadfew16problems.Butwhenheaskedtheshypeoplethemselves17theyhaddonetheywereunanimousinsayingthattheyhadbeensocialflops失败. "Shypeoplearetheirown18critics"Dr.Cheeksaid.19headdedshypeoplefeeltheyarebeingjudgedmore20thantheyactuallyareandoverestimatehowobvioustheirsocialanxietyistoothers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Work/lifebalancewasthebuzzphraseofthelate1990s.Apparentlytoomanypeoplewhowerecashrichandtimepoorwerebecomingfedupwiththelonghourscultureandwantedmorebalanceintheirlife.Forstudentstheissueisnotwork/lifebalancebutwork/studybalance. Witheverincreasingfeesworkingwhilestudyingisthenormformanystudents.Facedwithpotentiallyhugedebtssomestudentsmaybetemptedtotakeparttimejobsthatinvolveworkinglotsofhoursbutthismayhaveadetrimentalimpactontheirstudies. Universityismorethanjustaboutgettingadegree:extracurricularactivitiesandasociallifearealsoimportant.Howcanstudentsbalancestudyingwithworkingpart-timeandalsoensurethattheydonotmissoutonuniversitylife Developastudyplan Onceyouhaveyourtimetableandanideaofwhenyourassignmentsareduedevelopaplanofthebesttimesforyoutostudywhetherthisbeeveningsmorningsorweekends.Thiswillhelpyoudeterminewhichhoursanddaysyoucanwork. 41.Chooseajobthatisflexible Youmayneedtimeofffromyourjobduringexamsorifyouhavedeadlinesforcourseworksochoosingtherightjobwheretheemployerisunderstandingandwillingtobeflexibleisimportant. YoucanmentionthisatinterviewbutBrianStainesofBristolUniversityCareersOfficesays:"Itmaybebettertowaituntilyouhavebeenofferedthejobhaveworkedforawhileandhavehadtheopportunitytoproveyourselfbeforementioningthatyoumightneedtimeoff." 42.Chooseajobthatfitsinwithyourstudypattern Workingoutyourstudypatterni.e.whetheryou’reatyourbestinthemorningseveningsorlate.Somestudentsarenightowlspreferringtostudylateatnightothersarelarks. 43.Don’ttakeajobthat’stoodemanding Thetypeofjobyoulookforwilldependonyourskillset.Apartfromtheusualstudent-typejobstherearerolesinofficeswhichcanbedoneatweekendsandevenings-jobssuchasbeingapresentationoperatorusingPowerPointoreveneveningandweekendsecretarialwork. 44.Beindustriousinyoursearchforwork Theremaybepart-timejobsavailableincallcentersorasphotocopyclerksinbanksandlawfirms. 45.Knowyourlimits Thereisn’tafigureforthemaximumnumberofhoursthatstudentscanworkbeforeitimpactsnegativelyontheirstudiessincethiswillvaryfromstudenttostudent. HoweverBrianStainessays:"AtBristolwebelievethatifstudentsworkmorethan12hoursaweekduringtermtimethiscouldhaveanegativeeffectontheirstudies.WehaveajobshopatBristolofferingpart-timejobsandallthejobsareamaximumof12hours." Balancingpart-timeworkwithstudyingisachallengethatmoreandmorestudentswillface. "Aparttimejobwhichinvolveslonghoursmayhelptheirfinanceintheshorttermbutcouldhaveanegativeimpactonlong-termjobprospectsiftheydon’tgetagooddegree"addsBrian. [A]"Whenyoulookforajobit’sbesttostartwithworkingafewhoursandthenonceyougetusedtothejobandknowhowmuchyoucancopewithyoucanincreasethehours.It’salwayseasiertoincreaseratherthandecreasethenumberofhoursyouwork"saysCaryCooperprofessorofpsychologyandhealthatLancasterUniversityManagementSchool. [B]Theremayevenbejobsinsecuritywhichgiveyoutheopportunitytostudy"onthejob"perhapsonsitatanunoccupiedbuildingsoit’sagoodideatocastthenetabitwiderwhenlookingforpart-timework. [C]Althoughthesejobspaywellitmaybeachallengetobalancestudyingwiththesetypesofjob."AjobdevelpingPowerPointpresentationsmaybetoomentallydemandingandtiringbecauseyouwillbelookingatascreenmostofthetime"saysCary. [D]"Ifstudentsforexamplework20hoursaweekthentheirworkcouldsufferunlesstheyareincrediblydisciplined"heexplains"Alsouniversityisaboutmorethanjuststudying.Socialtimeandextracurricularactivitiesarealsoimportant." [E]Relaxationisalsoveryimportant. [F]Somestudentsmayprefertoworkafeweveningsaweekothersatweekends."Althoughworkisimportanttheyneedtofindajobwithhoursthatfitaroundtheiroptimaltimesforstudyingratherthantheotherwayround"saysProfessorCooper. 44
46Itisknownthatthebrainshrinksasthebodyagesbuttheeffectsonmentalabilityaredifferentfrompersontoperson.Interestinglyinastudyofelderlymenandwomenthosewhohadmoreeducationactuallyhadmorebrainshrinkage. "Thatmayseemlikebadnews"saidstudyauthorDr.EdwardCoffeyaprofessorofpsychiatryandofneurologyatHenryFordHealthSysteminDetroit.47Howeverheexplainedthefindingsuggeststhateducationallowspeopletowithstandmorebraintissuelossbeforetheirmentalfunctioningbeginstobreakdown. ThestudypublishedintheJulyissueofNeurologyisthefirsttoprovidebiologicalevidencetosupportaconceptcalledthe"reserve"hypothesisaccordingtotheresearchers.Inrecentyearsinvestigatorshavedevelopedtheideathatpeoplewhoaremoreeducatedhavegreatercognitivereservestodrawuponasthebrainages;inessencetheyhavemorebraintissuetospare. 48Examiningbrainscansof320healthymenandwomenaged66to90researchersfoundthatforeachyearofeducationthesubjectshadtherewasgreatershrinkageoftheouterlayerofthebrainknownasthecortex.Yetontestsofcognitionandmemoryallparticipantsscoredintherangeindicatingnormal. "Everyonehassomedegreeofbrainshrinkage"Coffeysaid."Peopleloseonaverage2.5percentperdecadestartinginadulthood." Thereishowevera"remarkablerange"ofshrinkageamongpeoplewhoshownosignsofmentaldeclineCoffeynoted.Overallhealthhesaidaccountsforsomedifferencesinbrainsize.Alcoholordruguseaswellasmedicalconditionssuchasdiabetesandhighbloodpressurecontributetobraintissuelossthroughoutadulthood. IntheabsenceofsuchmedicalconditionsCoffeysaideducationlevelhelpsexplaintherangeofbrainshrinkageexhibitedamongthementally-fitelderly.Themore-educatedcanwithstandgreaterloss. 49Coffeyandcolleaguesgaugedshrinkageofthecortexbymeasuringthecerebrospinalfluidsurroundingthebrain.Thegreatertheamountoffluidthegreaterthecorticalshrinkage. Controllingforthehealthfactorsthatcontributetobraininjurytheresearchersfoundthateducationwasrelatedtotheseverityofbrainshrinkage.Foreachyearofeducationfromfirstgradeonsubjectshadanaverageof1.77milliliters11morecerebrospinalfluidaroundthebrain. Justhoweducationmightaffectbraincellsisunknown.50Intheirreporttheresearchersspeculatedthatinpeoplewithmoreeducationcertainbrainstructuresdeeperthanthecortexmaystayintacttocompensateforcorticalshrinkage. Intheirreporttheresearchersspeculatedthatinpeoplewithmoreeducationcertainbrainstructuresdeeperthanthecortexmaystayintacttocompensateforcorticalshrinkage.
Advertisingsellsitsproductsbyofferingseductivepromisesofyouthbeautyhealthmoneyeaseromancebetterlifestyleeventime.There’snologicalconnectionbetweenacarandacougarbuttheimageispowerfulandpresentedwithsophistication.Webuyitandwemaywellbuytheproduct.Whenitcomestoadvertisingletthebuyerbeware.Thereareseveralless-than-candidtechniqueswhichadvertisersusetogetourattention.Aproductmaybefilmedorphotographedinsuchawaytomakeitappearbiggerbetterormoreluscious.Aproductmaybepresentedasbeinguniqueone-of-a-kindorsupremewheninfactit’sidenticaltootherproductsonthemarket.Aproductmayclaimtobeneworimprovedwhenonlyaninsignificantchangehasbeenmade.Finallyanadvertisermayofferdistortedtruthsoreventelloutrightlies.Ittakesawhileforthegovernmentorthecompetitiontocatchupwithfalseclaimsinadvertising.Meanwhilethepublichasbeenledtobelievethatamouthwashcancurethecommoncoldorthatbeepollenretardsaginginhumanskin.Theconsumer’sbestdefenseisawareness.Hecanlistentobutnotlearntheemotionalmessagebroadcastbythead.Hecandistinguishbetweenwhattheadpretendstoofferandwhatitisreallyselling.Afacecreamforexamplecanonlydosomuch.Itcanreducedrynessandprovidetemporarysmoothnessandmoisturetotheskin.Butitismadeinafactorynotinamagician’sstudy.Itcannotturnbacktheclock.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsadvertisingis______.
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