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Electronic or "cyber" warfare holds the promise of destroying an army’s or even a whole nation’s-...
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Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
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Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestroy
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
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Text3 RogerMichelldescribeshispotentnewfilmas"athrilleraboutlove".AdaptedfromIanMcEwan’snovelEnduringLovestarsDanielCraigasJoeapeevishandsplendidlyirritatingsocialanthropologistandRhysIfansasthescruffypuppy-likeGodbothererwhoafteranaccidentwithahot-airballoonbecomesobsessedwithhim. "AssoonasRhys’charactersays’Let’ssitdownandpray’"chucklesthedirector"youknowthere’sbadnewsahead.Inthebookheisamorehappy-clappyevangelistbutwetoneditdown." AlthoughclearlydrawntosucheccentriccharactersMichellhimselfisthoroughlydown-to-earth."I’moneofthoseboringpeoplewhoknewwhatIwantedtodofromanearlyage"heexplains."Istartedactingasachildbutwascompletelyhopelesssostarteddirectinglittleplaysinschool." Hewentontodirectaround15playswhilereadingEnglishatCambridgedirectedhisfirstprofessionalplayinapubinBrightonandthenassistedbothJohnOsborneandSamuelBeekettattheRoyalCourtTheatre.By1985hewastheresidentdirectoroftheRoyalShakespeareCompanybutmovedtoTVintheearly1990swhenhetookchargeofHanifKureishi’slandmarkseriesTheBuddhaofSuburbia. Michell’stelevisioncareercontinuedtoflourishwithagloriouslyrestraineddramatisationofJaneAusten’sPersuasionandanadaptationofhisRoyalCourtsuccessMyNightWithReg.Thatledtohisbigbreak."ThescriptforNottingHilljustploppedthroughmyletterboxonemorning;MyNightWithReghadapparentlypromptedthemtooffermethejob." NottingHillalertedHollywoodtoMichell’sabilitytogetthebestoutofacast."IloveactorsandspendalotoftimewiththemworkingandhangingoutandIdoproperrehearsalsbecauseIhaveatheatrebackground."Michell’snextprojectChangingLanesproducedBenAffleck’sbestperformanceandplayedbigattheAmericanboxofflee. WithHollywoodathisfeetMichellsurprisedmanypeoplebyreturningtoLondontomakeTheMotheranexplicittwistonMay-DecembersexualrelationswrittenbyhisoldfriendKureishiandstarringCraig.Whydidhedoit"Ijustcouldn’tseeacigar-chompingstudioexecutivesaying’YesIwanttodoafilmaboutanoldwomanbeingtuppedbyaveryyoungman!’SoIcameheretodoit.ButapartfromthatI’mEnglish.IwanttoliveinLondonwithmykidsandtellEuropeanstories.IfeeloddaboutAmericaatthemomentbecauseofwhatthey’redoingaroundtheworldandwouldmuchprefertomakethefilmsIwanttomakehere." Whereverhegoesthoughhismostfamousfilmwillcontinuetohaunthim."BythedirectorofNottingHill"screamstheposterforEnduringLove.Howdoesthatfeel"Ican’tberesponsibleforthepostersbutI’msurealotoftheaudiencewillbeabittakenaback"reflectsMichell."They’llbeasking:’WherearethejokesWhere’sHughGrant’Idohopethey’renottoodisappointed." ThewordobsessedLine4Paragraph1maymean
Softmoneyisthehugeunlimitedcontributionsfromcorporationslaborunionandwealthyindividualsthatpoliticalpartiesraiseandspendoncampaignattackadsandother1designedtoinfluenceelections.Thesoftmoneysystemunderminescampaignfinancelaws2limitcontributionsand3thesourcesoffundsthatcanbespentonfederalcampaigns.Itprovidescorporationslaborunionsandwealthyindividualsawaytocircumventfederalelectionlawsand4campaignswithtensofmillionsofspecialinterestdollars5corporationsandunionshavebeen6fromcontributingorspendingtheirtreasuryfindstoinfluencefederalelectionssince1907and19477.Individualscancontributetofederal8throughpartiesandcandidatesbutonlyin9amounts. TheDemocraticandRepublicanparties10＄262millionin11moneyforthe1996elections.Thepartiesraisesoftmoneyunderthe12thatitwillbeusedforgeneralpartybuildingactivities.13softmoneypaysforcampaignadsinthewayasissuediscussionpoliticalresearchpollingfundraisingandgetoutthe-voteeffortsallofwhichaffectthe14offederalelections. Softmoneywasthesourceofthe1996politicalfund-raisingscandals15thesellingoftheLincolnbedroomWhiteHousecoffeesandtheinfluxofforeignmoneyintothe16campaign. TheMcCain-Feingoldbill17thesoftmoneysystembyprohibitingcandidatesandnationalpoliticalpartiesfromraisingsoftmoneyandbyprohibitingstatepoliticalpartiesfrom18softmoneyonactivitieswhichaffectfederalelections.Inother19thecurrentpracticeofraisingunlimitedsoftmoneycontributionsfromcorporationsunionsandwealthyindividualsandthenchannelingthismoneyintofederalelectionswouldend.Thenationalpartieswouldbe20toraisealloftheirfundsunderthelimitsandrestrictionsinthelaw. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Softmoneyisthehugeunlimitedcontributionsfromcorporationslaborunionandwealthyindividualsthatpoliticalpartiesraiseandspendoncampaignattackadsandother1designedtoinfluenceelections.Thesoftmoneysystemunderminescampaignfinancelaws2limitcontributionsand3thesourcesoffundsthatcanbespentonfederalcampaigns.Itprovidescorporationslaborunionsandwealthyindividualsawaytocircumventfederalelectionlawsand4campaignswithtensofmillionsofspecialinterestdollars5corporationsandunionshavebeen6fromcontributingorspendingtheirtreasuryfindstoinfluencefederalelectionssince1907and19477.Individualscancontributetofederal8throughpartiesandcandidatesbutonlyin9amounts. TheDemocraticandRepublicanparties10＄262millionin11moneyforthe1996elections.Thepartiesraisesoftmoneyunderthe12thatitwillbeusedforgeneralpartybuildingactivities.13softmoneypaysforcampaignadsinthewayasissuediscussionpoliticalresearchpollingfundraisingandgetoutthe-voteeffortsallofwhichaffectthe14offederalelections. Softmoneywasthesourceofthe1996politicalfund-raisingscandals15thesellingoftheLincolnbedroomWhiteHousecoffeesandtheinfluxofforeignmoneyintothe16campaign. TheMcCain-Feingoldbill17thesoftmoneysystembyprohibitingcandidatesandnationalpoliticalpartiesfromraisingsoftmoneyandbyprohibitingstatepoliticalpartiesfrom18softmoneyonactivitieswhichaffectfederalelections.Inother19thecurrentpracticeofraisingunlimitedsoftmoneycontributionsfromcorporationsunionsandwealthyindividualsandthenchannelingthismoneyintofederalelectionswouldend.Thenationalpartieswouldbe20toraisealloftheirfundsunderthelimitsandrestrictionsinthelaw. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Softmoneyisthehugeunlimitedcontributionsfromcorporationslaborunionandwealthyindividualsthatpoliticalpartiesraiseandspendoncampaignattackadsandother1designedtoinfluenceelections.Thesoftmoneysystemunderminescampaignfinancelaws2limitcontributionsand3thesourcesoffundsthatcanbespentonfederalcampaigns.Itprovidescorporationslaborunionsandwealthyindividualsawaytocircumventfederalelectionlawsand4campaignswithtensofmillionsofspecialinterestdollars5corporationsandunionshavebeen6fromcontributingorspendingtheirtreasuryfindstoinfluencefederalelectionssince1907and19477.Individualscancontributetofederal8throughpartiesandcandidatesbutonlyin9amounts. TheDemocraticandRepublicanparties10＄262millionin11moneyforthe1996elections.Thepartiesraisesoftmoneyunderthe12thatitwillbeusedforgeneralpartybuildingactivities.13softmoneypaysforcampaignadsinthewayasissuediscussionpoliticalresearchpollingfundraisingandgetoutthe-voteeffortsallofwhichaffectthe14offederalelections. Softmoneywasthesourceofthe1996politicalfund-raisingscandals15thesellingoftheLincolnbedroomWhiteHousecoffeesandtheinfluxofforeignmoneyintothe16campaign. TheMcCain-Feingoldbill17thesoftmoneysystembyprohibitingcandidatesandnationalpoliticalpartiesfromraisingsoftmoneyandbyprohibitingstatepoliticalpartiesfrom18softmoneyonactivitieswhichaffectfederalelections.Inother19thecurrentpracticeofraisingunlimitedsoftmoneycontributionsfromcorporationsunionsandwealthyindividualsandthenchannelingthismoneyintofederalelectionswouldend.Thenationalpartieswouldbe20toraisealloftheirfundsunderthelimitsandrestrictionsinthelaw. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Softmoneyisthehugeunlimitedcontributionsfromcorporationslaborunionandwealthyindividualsthatpoliticalpartiesraiseandspendoncampaignattackadsandother1designedtoinfluenceelections.Thesoftmoneysystemunderminescampaignfinancelaws2limitcontributionsand3thesourcesoffundsthatcanbespentonfederalcampaigns.Itprovidescorporationslaborunionsandwealthyindividualsawaytocircumventfederalelectionlawsand4campaignswithtensofmillionsofspecialinterestdollars5corporationsandunionshavebeen6fromcontributingorspendingtheirtreasuryfindstoinfluencefederalelectionssince1907and19477.Individualscancontributetofederal8throughpartiesandcandidatesbutonlyin9amounts. TheDemocraticandRepublicanparties10＄262millionin11moneyforthe1996elections.Thepartiesraisesoftmoneyunderthe12thatitwillbeusedforgeneralpartybuildingactivities.13softmoneypaysforcampaignadsinthewayasissuediscussionpoliticalresearchpollingfundraisingandgetoutthe-voteeffortsallofwhichaffectthe14offederalelections. Softmoneywasthesourceofthe1996politicalfund-raisingscandals15thesellingoftheLincolnbedroomWhiteHousecoffeesandtheinfluxofforeignmoneyintothe16campaign. TheMcCain-Feingoldbill17thesoftmoneysystembyprohibitingcandidatesandnationalpoliticalpartiesfromraisingsoftmoneyandbyprohibitingstatepoliticalpartiesfrom18softmoneyonactivitieswhichaffectfederalelections.Inother19thecurrentpracticeofraisingunlimitedsoftmoneycontributionsfromcorporationsunionsandwealthyindividualsandthenchannelingthismoneyintofederalelectionswouldend.Thenationalpartieswouldbe20toraisealloftheirfundsunderthelimitsandrestrictionsinthelaw. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Text1 OptimationLtd.apolymerpackagingandconvertingspecialistisonesmallcompanythatissuffering.Itshighlyspecialisedengineeringworkisingreatdemandbutalackofqualifiedstaffhashinderedgrowth. "Wehaveanumberofpotentialclientsawaitingavisittodiscussnewprojectsbutwearetieduponexistingordersbecauseweareshortofthenecessaryskillsontheshopfloor"HelenMitchellthecompany’sfoundersays. AndaccordingtoAliceTeaguetheeducationandtrainingofficerattheFederationofSmallBusinessesMs.Mitchell’sexperienceisnotunique.Manysmallbusinessessufferskillshortages--particularlythoseatthetechnicalcraftlevelsuchasengineeringandconstructioncompanies. "Smallcompaniestendtobemorevulnerabletoskillshortagesbecausetheyareunabletoofferthesamepayorbenefitsaslargercompaniessotheystruggleintherecruitmentmarket." ThisisborneoutbytheexperiencesofOptimation."Lastyearwelostoneofourbestengineerstoarivalcompanywhoofferedhimabetterpackage.Beingabletoaffordthesalariessuchskillsdemandisdifficultforus"Ms.Mitchellsays. Thegovernment-fundedLearningandSkillsCouncilLSCsaysthatapprenticeshipsofferasolutiontotheskillshortageproblem."Byaddressingskillsgapsdirectlyapprenticeshipscanmakebusinessessmallorlargemoreproductiveandcompetitive"StephenGardnertheLSC’sdirectorofworkedbasedlearningsays."Apprenticeshipsallowbusinessestodevelopthespecialistskillstheyneedforthelatesttechnologyandworkingpracticesintheirsector." Thereare160differentapprenticeshipsavailableacross80differentindustrysectors.Theyareopentobusinessesofallsizesandofferwork-basedtrainingprogrammesfor16to24-year-olds.ThetrainingisruninconjunctionwiththeSectorSkillsCounciltoensureindustryspecificskillsaretaught. BusinessesareresponsibleforthewagesofapprenticesbuttheLSCcontributesbetween￡1500and￡10000towardsthecostofthetrainingdependingontheindustrysector. Slack＆ParrLtd.amanufacturerofprecisionequipmentfortheaerospaceindustryisonesmallcompanythathasbenefitedfromthescheme.Morethan50percentoftheKegworth-basedcompany’semployeesstartedasapprentices. "Weopenedanon-sitetrainingcentretoensureapprenticesbenefitedfromthehighestqualityoftraining"RichardHallsworththemanagingdirectorsays."Sixteenofourformerapprenticesarenowinmanagementpositions.Theschemeworksforusbecauseithelpskeepcostlyexternalrecruitmenttoaminimum." ButMs.TeagueoftheFSBwarnsthatapprenticeshipsmightnotsuitallsmallbusinesses. Theapprenticeshipschemeoffersvaluablevocationaltrainingbutoftensmallcompaniesdon’thavesufficienttimeorresourcestodevotetotheapprentice.Inthepasttherehasalsobeenaproblemofpoorqualitycandidatesandlowcompletionrates. "Butsomeoftheseproblemsarebeingaddressed.IknowtheLearningandSkillsCouncilislookingathowsmallbusinessesmightbeabletoshareapprenticesandsolessentherisk.Completionratesalsoseemtobeimprovingsotheschemeiscertainlyworthinvestigating." Wecanlearnfromthetextthat
TheattitudeofmostemployerstowardDDAamendmentsis
[A]Designyouwebpage [B]Priceyourproduct/service [C]Contactyourfamiliarpeople [D]Performasurvey [E]Marketyourproductonline [F]Findyourownproduct IfthereisonethingIhavelearnedtryingtomakemoneyonlineitisthis:youwillsucceedifyouhaveyourownuniqueproduct. Thismightbeyourowne-bookorevenatangibleproductthatyouthinkmightsellwellontheInternet.Asyouprobablyknowinformationiswhatsellsbestonline.DoYOUhaveuniqueinformationoraveryspecificareaofexpertiseEvenifyouanswer"yes"youmustalsoaskyourself:Isthereanonlinemarketformyproduct/serviceOtherwiseyoumaybeputtingforthalotoftimemoneyandeffortforlittlegain. Let’staketheseoneatatime: 41.______. Ihadahardtimewiththisone;Iwasnotreallyexpertatanything.Tomean"expert"isapersonwhoknowsasubjectsowellthathecanteachorpublishabookonthesubject.Therearemanysocalled"marketinggurus"ontheInternet.MostoftheseguyswerejustluckytohavetheforesighttoseetheInternetasaplacewheretheycouldsellproducts.IwishIhadstartedbackin1995or1996.Youwillnoticethatmostofthe"big"namesinonlinemarketingstartedbackthen.Timingiseverything. Askyourself:whatdoyouknowbetterthananyoneelseWhatcanyouofferonlinethatwouldbeofvaluetoaspecificgroupofcustomersCanyoumakethingswithyourhandsorwithtoolsCanyouwritewellWhatdidyoudointheofflineworldCananyofthisexpertisebetranslatedtotheInternetAsmentionedaboveinformationisthebest-sellingonlineitemtoday.Itwillprobablyremainthiswayfortheforeseeablefuture. 42.______. Hopefullyyoualreadyhavenewslettersubscribersorsomesortofopt-inlist.Ifsoyoucansimplysendasurveytoeachoneofthem.Makeitverysimplejustyesornoanswers.Ideallyjusthavethembeabletoclickononelinkfor"yes"andanotherlinkfor"no".Trynottoaskmorethanfivequestions.Keepyourlanguagesimple.AlotofmynewslettersubscribersarenotfromtheUnitedStates. IfyouarejuststartingoutyoumayhavetofindanE-zinethatrelatestoyourproductorservice.Ifyouareluckyyouwillgetenoughresponsestocometoalogicalconclusion.Youneedatleast25thisisveryminimum.Ifyoudon’tgetatleastthismanytryanotherE-zine.Onceyouhaveallyourresponsestogetherthrowoutanywidelydivergentanswers. 43.______. Ifyouaskhowmuchpeoplewouldbewillingtopayforyourproductsandmostanswerintherangeof＄50～＄60thenthisisarangeyoucantrust.Youmustthrowoutthetwoguyswillingtopay＄80and＄100aswellasthethreepersonswhowouldonlypay＄25＄30and＄35.WiththesefivedivergentopinionsIamassumingyouhaveatleast20personswillingtopay＄50～＄60foryourproduct/service. 44.______. Nowit’stimetothinkaboutyourwebpagedesign.IfyouarenotartisticatallIwouldurgeyoutohireareasonablypricedwebsitedesigner.Thesaying"firstimpressionsareimportant"isevenmoreimportantontheInternet.Myownsiteshavebeenveryplainandunexcitingandhadthat"home-made"lookaboutthem.Doyourselfafavorandhireaprofessionalwhenyouareready. 45.______. Thinkhowbesttodothis.It’snotjustsearchengines.LookforspecificE-zineswhosesubscribersmightbeinterestedinyourproducts.ForexampleifyouareofferingdollhousesforsalethatyoumakeadvertiseindollhouseE-zinesanddollhousewebsites.Youwillfindyourmost"likelytobuy"customersintheseplaces. Andofcoursedifferentpeoplehavedifferentwaystodobusiness.AlloftheabovearejustmysuggestionsresultingfrommyownexperienceandIhopeyoucangetsomethingusefulfromthem.Atlastwishallofyouronlinebusinessmakesatisfyingprogressandgoonsmoothlyasyouexpected. 44
Text1 OptimationLtd.apolymerpackagingandconvertingspecialistisonesmallcompanythatissuffering.Itshighlyspecialisedengineeringworkisingreatdemandbutalackofqualifiedstaffhashinderedgrowth. "Wehaveanumberofpotentialclientsawaitingavisittodiscussnewprojectsbutwearetieduponexistingordersbecauseweareshortofthenecessaryskillsontheshopfloor"HelenMitchellthecompany’sfoundersays. AndaccordingtoAliceTeaguetheeducationandtrainingofficerattheFederationofSmallBusinessesMs.Mitchell’sexperienceisnotunique.Manysmallbusinessessufferskillshortages--particularlythoseatthetechnicalcraftlevelsuchasengineeringandconstructioncompanies. "Smallcompaniestendtobemorevulnerabletoskillshortagesbecausetheyareunabletoofferthesamepayorbenefitsaslargercompaniessotheystruggleintherecruitmentmarket." ThisisborneoutbytheexperiencesofOptimation."Lastyearwelostoneofourbestengineerstoarivalcompanywhoofferedhimabetterpackage.Beingabletoaffordthesalariessuchskillsdemandisdifficultforus"Ms.Mitchellsays. Thegovernment-fundedLearningandSkillsCouncilLSCsaysthatapprenticeshipsofferasolutiontotheskillshortageproblem."Byaddressingskillsgapsdirectlyapprenticeshipscanmakebusinessessmallorlargemoreproductiveandcompetitive"StephenGardnertheLSC’sdirectorofworkedbasedlearningsays."Apprenticeshipsallowbusinessestodevelopthespecialistskillstheyneedforthelatesttechnologyandworkingpracticesintheirsector." Thereare160differentapprenticeshipsavailableacross80differentindustrysectors.Theyareopentobusinessesofallsizesandofferwork-basedtrainingprogrammesfor16to24-year-olds.ThetrainingisruninconjunctionwiththeSectorSkillsCounciltoensureindustryspecificskillsaretaught. BusinessesareresponsibleforthewagesofapprenticesbuttheLSCcontributesbetween￡1500and￡10000towardsthecostofthetrainingdependingontheindustrysector. Slack＆ParrLtd.amanufacturerofprecisionequipmentfortheaerospaceindustryisonesmallcompanythathasbenefitedfromthescheme.Morethan50percentoftheKegworth-basedcompany’semployeesstartedasapprentices. "Weopenedanon-sitetrainingcentretoensureapprenticesbenefitedfromthehighestqualityoftraining"RichardHallsworththemanagingdirectorsays."Sixteenofourformerapprenticesarenowinmanagementpositions.Theschemeworksforusbecauseithelpskeepcostlyexternalrecruitmenttoaminimum." ButMs.TeagueoftheFSBwarnsthatapprenticeshipsmightnotsuitallsmallbusinesses. Theapprenticeshipschemeoffersvaluablevocationaltrainingbutoftensmallcompaniesdon’thavesufficienttimeorresourcestodevotetotheapprentice.Inthepasttherehasalsobeenaproblemofpoorqualitycandidatesandlowcompletionrates. "Butsomeoftheseproblemsarebeingaddressed.IknowtheLearningandSkillsCouncilislookingathowsmallbusinessesmightbeabletoshareapprenticesandsolessentherisk.Completionratesalsoseemtobeimprovingsotheschemeiscertainlyworthinvestigating." TheexperiencesofOptimationindicatethat
Text2 Thegovernment’schiefprosecutorhaslaunchedanoutspokenattackonplansbyDavidBlunkettthehomesecretarytotryterroristswithoutjuriesandinsecret. KenMacdonaldQCthedirectorofpublicprosecutionssaysinanarticleintoday’sSundayTimesthatplansfortrialswithoutjuriesofsometerrorsuspectswouldunderminepublicfaithinthecriminaljusticesystem.InhisattackonproposalsexpectedinBlunkett’sforthcomingdraftterrorismbilltolimittherighttojurytrialforAl-QaedaandotherIslamicterrorsuspectsMacdonaldsays:"Tobeeffectiveagainst...terrorismweneedtocallonlegislationthatisclearflexibleandproportionatetothethreat." Nobodywantstothrowoutthebabywiththebathwater;wedonotwanttofightterrorismbydestroyingpreciselythosethingsterrorismistryingtotakeawayfromus. "Openliberaldemocraciesfailiftheytrytoprotectthemselvesbybecomingilliberalclosedandrepressive." Macdonalsayshefavoursproposalsbyministerstoallowtelephone-tappingevidencefromMI5andpolicetobeusedinopencourt.Healsobelievesthat"minorplayers"interroristplotsshouldbeofferedsomeimmunityfromprosecutioninreturnforinformation. Butheemphasizes:"Changestothecriminaltrialprocesshavetobeapproachedwithgreatcautionandaclearhead." MacdonaldwhoasheadoftheCrownProsecutionServicehasoverallresponsibilityforchargingandprosecutingallterroristsuspectsinEnglandandWalessaysthatsomebasicrights"cannotbenegotiatedawayinafreeanddemocraticsociety". Socriminaltrialsmustremainroutinelyopenandtakeplacebeforeindependentandimpartialtribunals.InBritainpeoplehavegreataffectionfortrialbyjury...Publicfaithinpublicjusticewillnotsurviveabandonmentofthesefundamentalprinciples. Macdonaldwaitedtolaunchhisbroadsideuntilafterlastweek’sQueen’sspeechwhentheHomeOfficesaiddraconiannewcounter-terrorismmeasureswouldbecontainedinadraftbillexpectedtobepublishedinthenewyear. Thebillwouldallowforanti-terrorcourtswithoutjurieswhichareexpectedtohearevidenceinsecretbeforespecialsecurity-clearedjudges. Macdonald’sstrongcommentsamounttotheclearestsignalyetthatBlunkettwillfaceafiercebattlenotjustinparliamentbutinWhitehallovertheplans. OtherseniorlegalfiguresincludingLordWoolfthelordchiefjusticehavepreviouslycriticisedgovernmentplanstolimittrialbyjuryinordinarycriminaltrials.HoweverMacdonaldisthefirsttocomeoutagainstthenewproposalstolimittherighttoajurytrialinterrorismcases. BysayingthatNobodywantstothrowoutthebabywiththebathwaterLine1Paragraph3theauthorimpliesthat
Softmoneyisthehugeunlimitedcontributionsfromcorporationslaborunionandwealthyindividualsthatpoliticalpartiesraiseandspendoncampaignattackadsandother1designedtoinfluenceelections.Thesoftmoneysystemunderminescampaignfinancelaws2limitcontributionsand3thesourcesoffundsthatcanbespentonfederalcampaigns.Itprovidescorporationslaborunionsandwealthyindividualsawaytocircumventfederalelectionlawsand4campaignswithtensofmillionsofspecialinterestdollars5corporationsandunionshavebeen6fromcontributingorspendingtheirtreasuryfindstoinfluencefederalelectionssince1907and19477.Individualscancontributetofederal8throughpartiesandcandidatesbutonlyin9amounts. TheDemocraticandRepublicanparties10＄262millionin11moneyforthe1996elections.Thepartiesraisesoftmoneyunderthe12thatitwillbeusedforgeneralpartybuildingactivities.13softmoneypaysforcampaignadsinthewayasissuediscussionpoliticalresearchpollingfundraisingandgetoutthe-voteeffortsallofwhichaffectthe14offederalelections. Softmoneywasthesourceofthe1996politicalfund-raisingscandals15thesellingoftheLincolnbedroomWhiteHousecoffeesandtheinfluxofforeignmoneyintothe16campaign. TheMcCain-Feingoldbill17thesoftmoneysystembyprohibitingcandidatesandnationalpoliticalpartiesfromraisingsoftmoneyandbyprohibitingstatepoliticalpartiesfrom18softmoneyonactivitieswhichaffectfederalelections.Inother19thecurrentpracticeofraisingunlimitedsoftmoneycontributionsfromcorporationsunionsandwealthyindividualsandthenchannelingthismoneyintofederalelectionswouldend.Thenationalpartieswouldbe20toraisealloftheirfundsunderthelimitsandrestrictionsinthelaw. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Whatdoesitsayaboutasocietythatoutsourcesthelastyearsandmomentsoflifetoaclinicalsettingthatisneitherlovingnorparticularlycaring 46Moresuccinctlywhatdoesitsayaboutuswhenweshipourparentsofftonursinghomesinsteadofcaringfortheminthetoughesttimesathome Aswegrowolderweallfacelifeindifferentways.47Weallseeuponoccasiontheravagesofdiseaseandthefrailtyandindomitablespiritofourhumannessaslovedonesstruggletofacetheirownaging.ParkinsonsdementiaAlzheimer’scancerstrokesandotherailmentstakelovedonesissuingasummonstotheyoungergenerationtorespond.Howwerespondtellsuswhowereallyareandwhatwearemadeof. Dispiritedbytheseeminglyshallow"caring"ofmedicalfacilitieslike"nursinghomes"manyAmericansareembracing"homecare".Andthebenefitsofhome-careexperiencecanfaroutweighthecostsoneexpectsinanguishandthepocketbook.48Onemightfindinspirationanupliftingandnewfoundrealizationofthesanctityandimportanceofhumanlifeandalife-alteringfamilysenseoflovecaringgivingandtogetherness. Manyfamiliessay"Mylovedonegavemoretousthanweevergavetoherorhim." Sufferingcanbringfamiliestogether--orsendtheselfishtoflight.49Thegivingexperienceofknowingwealllovedenoughtobringthesufferingmemberofthefamilyhometoourheartsandourabilitytocaremayforeverchangethewaywerememberwhoweare.TheremaybenoHallmarkmomentnorewardfromtheailingfamilymember.Butyoumightsurpriseyourselfandyoumightbesurprisedbyhowyoursufferinglovedoneinspiresyou. Therearetimeswhenthehospitalnursinghomeandeventhehospicearemandated.Butdon’tsellyourselfandyourfamilyshort.Yourloveandcaremaywellexceedthatofallothers. 50Innumerouswaysmanyofusliveinaworldwithoutconnectiontothelife-and-deathstrugglesthatmakeuslovingcaringhumanbeings.Werushtoworkthekids’soccertournamentsevenvacationsatbreak-neckspeed.WhenwepausetogiveweshopatWal-Martfortheappropriatehandout.WeAmericansspendmorethan＄4billionannuallyonourpetsbutsometimesneglectourfamilydutiesandresponsibilities. Innumerouswaysmanyofusliveinaworldwithoutconnectiontothelife-and-deathstrugglesthatmakeuslovingcaringhumanbeings
Thedaysaregettingshorterandthehouse-priceforecastsaredroppingfasterthanthelastoftheautumnleaves.Forecastsofapricecrashwhichbeganlifeasaminorityviewarenowbanginginthemiddleofthemainstream. 41______. Oneofthemostaggressiveinterest-rateforecastsisfromJohnO’SullivanatDresdnerKleinwortWasserstein.HeexpectstheBankofEnglandtocutthebaserateto40%bytheendofnextyearineffortstolimitthehouse-pricedropto5%. 42______.Butthesethingscanchangerapidly. TheshiftinrateexpectationsparticularlyamongCityecon0mistshasbeendramaticanditisreflectedinthecurrencymarkets.43______. Theotherimpactofhousingwillbeonfirmsparticularlyretailers.TheBankhasbeenworkinghardtotrytoprovethathousingandconsumerspendinghave"decoupled"becausethefinaltwoyearsoftheboominhousepricescoincidedwithasofteningofspendinggrowth.44______. CharlieBeantheBank’schiefeconomistrepeatedthe"decoupling"caselastweekbutadmittedtherewerebiguncertainties. Andunderlyingthisquestforunderstandinghasbeenthefearcertainlyforthechancellorandhispoliticaladvisersthatboomcouldturntobust.Foragovernmentthatpromisednoreturntoboomandbusttheexcusethatonlyonepartoftheeconomyhadturnedtobustwouldcutlittleicewithvoters. Therelationshipbetweenhousepricesandelectionoutcomesisnotaperfectone.Havingslippedin2000priceswererisingstronglyatthetimeofthe2001electionwhichLabourwoncomfortably.45______. Thechangeinthehousingclimatewillbeatestinanotherway.InthebudgettheTreasuryfactoredinamodestslowdowninconsumerspendingnextyearfromjustover3%to2.5%butwithinthecontextofstrongoverallgrowthof3%to3.5%withexportsandinvestmenttakinguptheslack. [A]CapitalEconomicswhichgottherefirsthadits20%pricefallstartingthisyearwitha5%dropandcontinuingforanothercoupleofyears. [B]MyviewisthattheBank’smonetarypolicycommitteehavingworkedhardtogetratesupfromlastyear’semergencylowlevelof3.5%tothepresent4.75%won’tsurrendercutswithoutafightandwouldliketokeeprateswheretheyareforquitealongtime. [C]ButMervynKingthegovernoristoogoodaneconomisttohaverealconfidenceinaviewbasedonashortrunofdata.Whenthehousingmarkettankedinthepastconsumerspendingsuffered.Intheabsenceofbetterevidencetothecontrarythathastobetheassumptionthistime. [D]BoominghousepriceswereaswelcomeattheTreasuryasflowerarrangementsatahay-feverconvention.TheTreasurycouldnotunderstandhowhavingdeliveredlow-inflationeconomicstabilityithadahousingboomaspowerfulasintheunstabledaysofthelate1980s. [E]Ithashitthefinancialmarketsinatleastthreeways.Thehousingdownturnhaschangedperceptionsabouttheinterest-rateoutlook. [F]Thepoundhasbeenclimbingagainstthedollarbutslippingagainsttheeuro.Itsriseagainstthesicklydollarwouldhavebeenmuchbiggerhaditnotcoincidedwiththesofteningoftheoutlookforrates. [G]OntheotherhandtheTorieslostthe1997electiondespiteastronghousingmarkethavingwonin1992atatimewhenpriceswerefalling.MargaretThatcher’s1983and1987victoriescamewhenpricesweresoaring. 44
Softmoneyisthehugeunlimitedcontributionsfromcorporationslaborunionandwealthyindividualsthatpoliticalpartiesraiseandspendoncampaignattackadsandother1designedtoinfluenceelections.Thesoftmoneysystemunderminescampaignfinancelaws2limitcontributionsand3thesourcesoffundsthatcanbespentonfederalcampaigns.Itprovidescorporationslaborunionsandwealthyindividualsawaytocircumventfederalelectionlawsand4campaignswithtensofmillionsofspecialinterestdollars5corporationsandunionshavebeen6fromcontributingorspendingtheirtreasuryfindstoinfluencefederalelectionssince1907and19477.Individualscancontributetofederal8throughpartiesandcandidatesbutonlyin9amounts. TheDemocraticandRepublicanparties10＄262millionin11moneyforthe1996elections.Thepartiesraisesoftmoneyunderthe12thatitwillbeusedforgeneralpartybuildingactivities.13softmoneypaysforcampaignadsinthewayasissuediscussionpoliticalresearchpollingfundraisingandgetoutthe-voteeffortsallofwhichaffectthe14offederalelections. Softmoneywasthesourceofthe1996politicalfund-raisingscandals15thesellingoftheLincolnbedroomWhiteHousecoffeesandtheinfluxofforeignmoneyintothe16campaign. TheMcCain-Feingoldbill17thesoftmoneysystembyprohibitingcandidatesandnationalpoliticalpartiesfromraisingsoftmoneyandbyprohibitingstatepoliticalpartiesfrom18softmoneyonactivitieswhichaffectfederalelections.Inother19thecurrentpracticeofraisingunlimitedsoftmoneycontributionsfromcorporationsunionsandwealthyindividualsandthenchannelingthismoneyintofederalelectionswouldend.Thenationalpartieswouldbe20toraisealloftheirfundsunderthelimitsandrestrictionsinthelaw. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Softmoneyisthehugeunlimitedcontributionsfromcorporationslaborunionandwealthyindividualsthatpoliticalpartiesraiseandspendoncampaignattackadsandother1designedtoinfluenceelections.Thesoftmoneysystemunderminescampaignfinancelaws2limitcontributionsand3thesourcesoffundsthatcanbespentonfederalcampaigns.Itprovidescorporationslaborunionsandwealthyindividualsawaytocircumventfederalelectionlawsand4campaignswithtensofmillionsofspecialinterestdollars5corporationsandunionshavebeen6fromcontributingorspendingtheirtreasuryfindstoinfluencefederalelectionssince1907and19477.Individualscancontributetofederal8throughpartiesandcandidatesbutonlyin9amounts. TheDemocraticandRepublicanparties10＄262millionin11moneyforthe1996elections.Thepartiesraisesoftmoneyunderthe12thatitwillbeusedforgeneralpartybuildingactivities.13softmoneypaysforcampaignadsinthewayasissuediscussionpoliticalresearchpollingfundraisingandgetoutthe-voteeffortsallofwhichaffectthe14offederalelections. Softmoneywasthesourceofthe1996politicalfund-raisingscandals15thesellingoftheLincolnbedroomWhiteHousecoffeesandtheinfluxofforeignmoneyintothe16campaign. TheMcCain-Feingoldbill17thesoftmoneysystembyprohibitingcandidatesandnationalpoliticalpartiesfromraisingsoftmoneyandbyprohibitingstatepoliticalpartiesfrom18softmoneyonactivitieswhichaffectfederalelections.Inother19thecurrentpracticeofraisingunlimitedsoftmoneycontributionsfromcorporationsunionsandwealthyindividualsandthenchannelingthismoneyintofederalelectionswouldend.Thenationalpartieswouldbe20toraisealloftheirfundsunderthelimitsandrestrictionsinthelaw. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
WhatmakesacitygoodforbusinessEmployersusuallylistaskilledworkforcegoodtransportlinkslowpropertycostsandgoodcommunicationsnetworksastoppriorities. 46Ascomputerandtelephonenetworksbecomeincreasinglysophisticatedbusinessesnolongerhavetobetiedtooneplaceorrunalltheiroperationsononesite.Mostofthecountrynowhasaccesstobroadband. InsurancegiantNorwichUnionisonecompanywhichnowoperatesfrom1200sitesnationwidealllinkedupthroughasinglenetwork.47CallcentrescanoperateaseasilyfromLiverpoolasfromLondonandemployeescanbescatteredacrossthecountryworkingfromhomeandkeepingintouchwiththeofficeviae-mailandvoicemessagingsystems.Businessesareglobalratherthanlocal. RelocatingbusinessesarewelcomedwithopenarmsbyregionaldevelopmentagenciesRDAssetuptoco-ordinatestrategicplanningchannelfundingandworkwithlocalorganisationstobringinnewbusinesses.48"Weareaboutsupportingexistingbusinessesandjobsbutwealsowanttobringnewemployersintoareasandencourageorganicgrowthandentrepreneurs"saysaspokesmanfortheNationalSecretariatofRegionalDevelopmentAgencies. RDAsarealsohelpingtotackleproblemsholdingsomecitiesback.49Unskilledorelderlyworkforceslackoftechnologicalknowledgepoorfacilitiesinadequateinfrastructureandgapsinbroadbandavailabilitycanallcombinetoputbusinessesoffrelocating. OncurrentformthebestplaceintheUKtodobusinessisLeedsaccordingtospecialistresearchconsultancyOMISwhichadvisescompaniesonrelocation.50OMIS’slatestBritain’sBestCitiesreportgivesLeedshighmarksforitsskilledandeducatedworkforceavailabilityofofficespaceandregeneratedcitycentrefullofnewshopsandrestaurants. Weareaboutsupportingexistingbusinessesandjobsbutwealsowanttobringnewemployersintoareasandencourageorganicgrowthandentrepreneurs
Text2 Thegovernment’schiefprosecutorhaslaunchedanoutspokenattackonplansbyDavidBlunkettthehomesecretarytotryterroristswithoutjuriesandinsecret. KenMacdonaldQCthedirectorofpublicprosecutionssaysinanarticleintoday’sSundayTimesthatplansfortrialswithoutjuriesofsometerrorsuspectswouldunderminepublicfaithinthecriminaljusticesystem.InhisattackonproposalsexpectedinBlunkett’sforthcomingdraftterrorismbilltolimittherighttojurytrialforAl-QaedaandotherIslamicterrorsuspectsMacdonaldsays:"Tobeeffectiveagainst...terrorismweneedtocallonlegislationthatisclearflexibleandproportionatetothethreat." Nobodywantstothrowoutthebabywiththebathwater;wedonotwanttofightterrorismbydestroyingpreciselythosethingsterrorismistryingtotakeawayfromus. "Openliberaldemocraciesfailiftheytrytoprotectthemselvesbybecomingilliberalclosedandrepressive." Macdonalsayshefavoursproposalsbyministerstoallowtelephone-tappingevidencefromMI5andpolicetobeusedinopencourt.Healsobelievesthat"minorplayers"interroristplotsshouldbeofferedsomeimmunityfromprosecutioninreturnforinformation. Butheemphasizes:"Changestothecriminaltrialprocesshavetobeapproachedwithgreatcautionandaclearhead." MacdonaldwhoasheadoftheCrownProsecutionServicehasoverallresponsibilityforchargingandprosecutingallterroristsuspectsinEnglandandWalessaysthatsomebasicrights"cannotbenegotiatedawayinafreeanddemocraticsociety". Socriminaltrialsmustremainroutinelyopenandtakeplacebeforeindependentandimpartialtribunals.InBritainpeoplehavegreataffectionfortrialbyjury...Publicfaithinpublicjusticewillnotsurviveabandonmentofthesefundamentalprinciples. Macdonaldwaitedtolaunchhisbroadsideuntilafterlastweek’sQueen’sspeechwhentheHomeOfficesaiddraconiannewcounter-terrorismmeasureswouldbecontainedinadraftbillexpectedtobepublishedinthenewyear. Thebillwouldallowforanti-terrorcourtswithoutjurieswhichareexpectedtohearevidenceinsecretbeforespecialsecurity-clearedjudges. Macdonald’sstrongcommentsamounttotheclearestsignalyetthatBlunkettwillfaceafiercebattlenotjustinparliamentbutinWhitehallovertheplans. OtherseniorlegalfiguresincludingLordWoolfthelordchiefjusticehavepreviouslycriticisedgovernmentplanstolimittrialbyjuryinordinarycriminaltrials.HoweverMacdonaldisthefirsttocomeoutagainstthenewproposalstolimittherighttoajurytrialinterrorismcases. Ifthebillforsecretterrortrialsispasseditmaybecarriedoutin
[A]Designyouwebpage [B]Priceyourproduct/service [C]Contactyourfamiliarpeople [D]Performasurvey [E]Marketyourproductonline [F]Findyourownproduct IfthereisonethingIhavelearnedtryingtomakemoneyonlineitisthis:youwillsucceedifyouhaveyourownuniqueproduct. Thismightbeyourowne-bookorevenatangibleproductthatyouthinkmightsellwellontheInternet.Asyouprobablyknowinformationiswhatsellsbestonline.DoYOUhaveuniqueinformationoraveryspecificareaofexpertiseEvenifyouanswer"yes"youmustalsoaskyourself:Isthereanonlinemarketformyproduct/serviceOtherwiseyoumaybeputtingforthalotoftimemoneyandeffortforlittlegain. Let’staketheseoneatatime: 41.______. Ihadahardtimewiththisone;Iwasnotreallyexpertatanything.Tomean"expert"isapersonwhoknowsasubjectsowellthathecanteachorpublishabookonthesubject.Therearemanysocalled"marketinggurus"ontheInternet.MostoftheseguyswerejustluckytohavetheforesighttoseetheInternetasaplacewheretheycouldsellproducts.IwishIhadstartedbackin1995or1996.Youwillnoticethatmostofthe"big"namesinonlinemarketingstartedbackthen.Timingiseverything. Askyourself:whatdoyouknowbetterthananyoneelseWhatcanyouofferonlinethatwouldbeofvaluetoaspecificgroupofcustomersCanyoumakethingswithyourhandsorwithtoolsCanyouwritewellWhatdidyoudointheofflineworldCananyofthisexpertisebetranslatedtotheInternetAsmentionedaboveinformationisthebest-sellingonlineitemtoday.Itwillprobablyremainthiswayfortheforeseeablefuture. 42.______. Hopefullyyoualreadyhavenewslettersubscribersorsomesortofopt-inlist.Ifsoyoucansimplysendasurveytoeachoneofthem.Makeitverysimplejustyesornoanswers.Ideallyjusthavethembeabletoclickononelinkfor"yes"andanotherlinkfor"no".Trynottoaskmorethanfivequestions.Keepyourlanguagesimple.AlotofmynewslettersubscribersarenotfromtheUnitedStates. IfyouarejuststartingoutyoumayhavetofindanE-zinethatrelatestoyourproductorservice.Ifyouareluckyyouwillgetenoughresponsestocometoalogicalconclusion.Youneedatleast25thisisveryminimum.Ifyoudon’tgetatleastthismanytryanotherE-zine.Onceyouhaveallyourresponsestogetherthrowoutanywidelydivergentanswers. 43.______. Ifyouaskhowmuchpeoplewouldbewillingtopayforyourproductsandmostanswerintherangeof＄50～＄60thenthisisarangeyoucantrust.Youmustthrowoutthetwoguyswillingtopay＄80and＄100aswellasthethreepersonswhowouldonlypay＄25＄30and＄35.WiththesefivedivergentopinionsIamassumingyouhaveatleast20personswillingtopay＄50～＄60foryourproduct/service. 44.______. Nowit’stimetothinkaboutyourwebpagedesign.IfyouarenotartisticatallIwouldurgeyoutohireareasonablypricedwebsitedesigner.Thesaying"firstimpressionsareimportant"isevenmoreimportantontheInternet.Myownsiteshavebeenveryplainandunexcitingandhadthat"home-made"lookaboutthem.Doyourselfafavorandhireaprofessionalwhenyouareready. 45.______. Thinkhowbesttodothis.It’snotjustsearchengines.LookforspecificE-zineswhosesubscribersmightbeinterestedinyourproducts.ForexampleifyouareofferingdollhousesforsalethatyoumakeadvertiseindollhouseE-zinesanddollhousewebsites.Youwillfindyourmost"likelytobuy"customersintheseplaces. Andofcoursedifferentpeoplehavedifferentwaystodobusiness.AlloftheabovearejustmysuggestionsresultingfrommyownexperienceandIhopeyoucangetsomethingusefulfromthem.Atlastwishallofyouronlinebusinessmakesatisfyingprogressandgoonsmoothlyasyouexpected. 42
Whatdoesitsayaboutasocietythatoutsourcesthelastyearsandmomentsoflifetoaclinicalsettingthatisneitherlovingnorparticularlycaring 46Moresuccinctlywhatdoesitsayaboutuswhenweshipourparentsofftonursinghomesinsteadofcaringfortheminthetoughesttimesathome Aswegrowolderweallfacelifeindifferentways.47Weallseeuponoccasiontheravagesofdiseaseandthefrailtyandindomitablespiritofourhumannessaslovedonesstruggletofacetheirownaging.ParkinsonsdementiaAlzheimer’scancerstrokesandotherailmentstakelovedonesissuingasummonstotheyoungergenerationtorespond.Howwerespondtellsuswhowereallyareandwhatwearemadeof. Dispiritedbytheseeminglyshallow"caring"ofmedicalfacilitieslike"nursinghomes"manyAmericansareembracing"homecare".Andthebenefitsofhome-careexperiencecanfaroutweighthecostsoneexpectsinanguishandthepocketbook.48Onemightfindinspirationanupliftingandnewfoundrealizationofthesanctityandimportanceofhumanlifeandalife-alteringfamilysenseoflovecaringgivingandtogetherness. Manyfamiliessay"Mylovedonegavemoretousthanweevergavetoherorhim." Sufferingcanbringfamiliestogether--orsendtheselfishtoflight.49Thegivingexperienceofknowingwealllovedenoughtobringthesufferingmemberofthefamilyhometoourheartsandourabilitytocaremayforeverchangethewaywerememberwhoweare.TheremaybenoHallmarkmomentnorewardfromtheailingfamilymember.Butyoumightsurpriseyourselfandyoumightbesurprisedbyhowyoursufferinglovedoneinspiresyou. Therearetimeswhenthehospitalnursinghomeandeventhehospicearemandated.Butdon’tsellyourselfandyourfamilyshort.Yourloveandcaremaywellexceedthatofallothers. 50Innumerouswaysmanyofusliveinaworldwithoutconnectiontothelife-and-deathstrugglesthatmakeuslovingcaringhumanbeings.Werushtoworkthekids’soccertournamentsevenvacationsatbreak-neckspeed.WhenwepausetogiveweshopatWal-Martfortheappropriatehandout.WeAmericansspendmorethan＄4billionannuallyonourpetsbutsometimesneglectourfamilydutiesandresponsibilities. Onemightfindinspirationanupliftingandnewfoundrealizationofthesanctityandimportanceofhumanlifeandalife-alteringfamilysenseoflovecaringgivingandtogetherness.
Softmoneyisthehugeunlimitedcontributionsfromcorporationslaborunionandwealthyindividualsthatpoliticalpartiesraiseandspendoncampaignattackadsandother1designedtoinfluenceelections.Thesoftmoneysystemunderminescampaignfinancelaws2limitcontributionsand3thesourcesoffundsthatcanbespentonfederalcampaigns.Itprovidescorporationslaborunionsandwealthyindividualsawaytocircumventfederalelectionlawsand4campaignswithtensofmillionsofspecialinterestdollars5corporationsandunionshavebeen6fromcontributingorspendingtheirtreasuryfindstoinfluencefederalelectionssince1907and19477.Individualscancontributetofederal8throughpartiesandcandidatesbutonlyin9amounts. TheDemocraticandRepublicanparties10＄262millionin11moneyforthe1996elections.Thepartiesraisesoftmoneyunderthe12thatitwillbeusedforgeneralpartybuildingactivities.13softmoneypaysforcampaignadsinthewayasissuediscussionpoliticalresearchpollingfundraisingandgetoutthe-voteeffortsallofwhichaffectthe14offederalelections. Softmoneywasthesourceofthe1996politicalfund-raisingscandals15thesellingoftheLincolnbedroomWhiteHousecoffeesandtheinfluxofforeignmoneyintothe16campaign. TheMcCain-Feingoldbill17thesoftmoneysystembyprohibitingcandidatesandnationalpoliticalpartiesfromraisingsoftmoneyandbyprohibitingstatepoliticalpartiesfrom18softmoneyonactivitieswhichaffectfederalelections.Inother19thecurrentpracticeofraisingunlimitedsoftmoneycontributionsfromcorporationsunionsandwealthyindividualsandthenchannelingthismoneyintofederalelectionswouldend.Thenationalpartieswouldbe20toraisealloftheirfundsunderthelimitsandrestrictionsinthelaw. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Text4 SinceOctober1ithasbeenillegalforanybusinesstodiscriminateagainstdisabledpeopleeitherduringtherecruitmentprocessoratworkanddisabilityrightscampaignerssaysthatemployersmustmakebetteruseofnewtechnologytohelpthemfulfiltheirnewobligations. AmendmentstotheDisabilityDiscriminationActDDArequireallBusinessesnotjustthosewithmorethan15employeesaspreviouslytomake"reasonableadjustments"toworkplacestoaccommodatethedisabled.Suchadjustmentsincludebuyingnewequipmentormodifyingexistingsystemssothatdisabledpeoplecanusethem. Butmanyemployersarefailingtoinvestigatepotentiallyusefulchangesorupgradestosystems.TheyarealsofailingtoclaimgenerousAccesstoWorkgrantsfromtheGovernmentdesignedtocover’thecostofadaptingorre-equippingaworkplaceextratrainingorhiringhumanassistantslikesignlanguageinterpreters. RuthLoehlaseniorICTdevelopmentofficerattheRoyalNationalInstitutefortheBlindsays:"Thetechnologyisthereandthefundingisthere.Butmanyemployersandemployeesdon’tknowwhat’savailable.It’spatchyacrossthecountry."AccesstoWorkgrantscancoverupto100percentofthecostofneworadaptedequipmentsaysMs.Loebl."Youshouldn’thavetopayanymoretoemployablindperson." LynneNelsonemploymentcoordinatorfortheRoyalNationalInstitutefortheDeafagrees:"Technologyisverymuchunderused.Employersarenotawareofwhat’savailableandthey’remorereactivethanproactive." Complyingwiththeactcouldbeaseasyasrearranginganofficesothatthelightisbetterforadeafpersontolipread.Attheotherendofthescaleitcouldmeaninvestinginacuttingedgemessagingsystemwhichcombinescomputersandphonesconvertingtextmessagesintovoicemessagesforblindorpartiallysightedemployeesandincorporatingvoicerecognitionsoftwareforpeopleunabletouseaconventionalkeyboardandmouse. Changingfontsizesandshapesandusingdifferentbackgroundcolourscanallhelptomakecomputer-screendisplaysmorelegibleandaccessibleforvisuallyimpairedusers.Screenmagnifierprogrammesareavailabletoenlargetext.Screenreadersoftwarewillreadoutthecontentofemailboxesorwebsites. Commercialwebsitesnowincorporatealt.tagsphrasesorsentenceswhichdescribeimagesonsitestoblindandpartiallysightedusersthroughscreenreaders.Butsomesitesstillcarryimagesdescribedsimplyas"corporatelogo"or"image".AsurveybytheDisabilityRightsCommissionearlierthisyearfoundthat81percentofwebsiteswereinaccessibleordifficulttouseoftenbecauseofbadlywordedalt.tagsorbecausethesoftwarewasblockingattemptstochangefontsorcolours. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatmanyemployers
Text3 RogerMichelldescribeshispotentnewfilmas"athrilleraboutlove".AdaptedfromIanMcEwan’snovelEnduringLovestarsDanielCraigasJoeapeevishandsplendidlyirritatingsocialanthropologistandRhysIfansasthescruffypuppy-likeGodbothererwhoafteranaccidentwithahot-airballoonbecomesobsessedwithhim. "AssoonasRhys’charactersays’Let’ssitdownandpray’"chucklesthedirector"youknowthere’sbadnewsahead.Inthebookheisamorehappy-clappyevangelistbutwetoneditdown." AlthoughclearlydrawntosucheccentriccharactersMichellhimselfisthoroughlydown-to-earth."I’moneofthoseboringpeoplewhoknewwhatIwantedtodofromanearlyage"heexplains."Istartedactingasachildbutwascompletelyhopelesssostarteddirectinglittleplaysinschool." Hewentontodirectaround15playswhilereadingEnglishatCambridgedirectedhisfirstprofessionalplayinapubinBrightonandthenassistedbothJohnOsborneandSamuelBeekettattheRoyalCourtTheatre.By1985hewastheresidentdirectoroftheRoyalShakespeareCompanybutmovedtoTVintheearly1990swhenhetookchargeofHanifKureishi’slandmarkseriesTheBuddhaofSuburbia. Michell’stelevisioncareercontinuedtoflourishwithagloriouslyrestraineddramatisationofJaneAusten’sPersuasionandanadaptationofhisRoyalCourtsuccessMyNightWithReg.Thatledtohisbigbreak."ThescriptforNottingHilljustploppedthroughmyletterboxonemorning;MyNightWithReghadapparentlypromptedthemtooffermethejob." NottingHillalertedHollywoodtoMichell’sabilitytogetthebestoutofacast."IloveactorsandspendalotoftimewiththemworkingandhangingoutandIdoproperrehearsalsbecauseIhaveatheatrebackground."Michell’snextprojectChangingLanesproducedBenAffleck’sbestperformanceandplayedbigattheAmericanboxofflee. WithHollywoodathisfeetMichellsurprisedmanypeoplebyreturningtoLondontomakeTheMotheranexplicittwistonMay-DecembersexualrelationswrittenbyhisoldfriendKureishiandstarringCraig.Whydidhedoit"Ijustcouldn’tseeacigar-chompingstudioexecutivesaying’YesIwanttodoafilmaboutanoldwomanbeingtuppedbyaveryyoungman!’SoIcameheretodoit.ButapartfromthatI’mEnglish.IwanttoliveinLondonwithmykidsandtellEuropeanstories.IfeeloddaboutAmericaatthemomentbecauseofwhatthey’redoingaroundtheworldandwouldmuchprefertomakethefilmsIwanttomakehere." Whereverhegoesthoughhismostfamousfilmwillcontinuetohaunthim."BythedirectorofNottingHill"screamstheposterforEnduringLove.Howdoesthatfeel"Ican’tberesponsibleforthepostersbutI’msurealotoftheaudiencewillbeabittakenaback"reflectsMichell."They’llbeasking:’WherearethejokesWhere’sHughGrant’Idohopethey’renottoodisappointed." TheprimaryfactoraccountingforMichell'sdirectingNottingHillisthat
Softmoneyisthehugeunlimitedcontributionsfromcorporationslaborunionandwealthyindividualsthatpoliticalpartiesraiseandspendoncampaignattackadsandother1designedtoinfluenceelections.Thesoftmoneysystemunderminescampaignfinancelaws2limitcontributionsand3thesourcesoffundsthatcanbespentonfederalcampaigns.Itprovidescorporationslaborunionsandwealthyindividualsawaytocircumventfederalelectionlawsand4campaignswithtensofmillionsofspecialinterestdollars5corporationsandunionshavebeen6fromcontributingorspendingtheirtreasuryfindstoinfluencefederalelectionssince1907and19477.Individualscancontributetofederal8throughpartiesandcandidatesbutonlyin9amounts. TheDemocraticandRepublicanparties10＄262millionin11moneyforthe1996elections.Thepartiesraisesoftmoneyunderthe12thatitwillbeusedforgeneralpartybuildingactivities.13softmoneypaysforcampaignadsinthewayasissuediscussionpoliticalresearchpollingfundraisingandgetoutthe-voteeffortsallofwhichaffectthe14offederalelections. Softmoneywasthesourceofthe1996politicalfund-raisingscandals15thesellingoftheLincolnbedroomWhiteHousecoffeesandtheinfluxofforeignmoneyintothe16campaign. TheMcCain-Feingoldbill17thesoftmoneysystembyprohibitingcandidatesandnationalpoliticalpartiesfromraisingsoftmoneyandbyprohibitingstatepoliticalpartiesfrom18softmoneyonactivitieswhichaffectfederalelections.Inother19thecurrentpracticeofraisingunlimitedsoftmoneycontributionsfromcorporationsunionsandwealthyindividualsandthenchannelingthismoneyintofederalelectionswouldend.Thenationalpartieswouldbe20toraisealloftheirfundsunderthelimitsandrestrictionsinthelaw. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Text4 SinceOctober1ithasbeenillegalforanybusinesstodiscriminateagainstdisabledpeopleeitherduringtherecruitmentprocessoratworkanddisabilityrightscampaignerssaysthatemployersmustmakebetteruseofnewtechnologytohelpthemfulfiltheirnewobligations. AmendmentstotheDisabilityDiscriminationActDDArequireallBusinessesnotjustthosewithmorethan15employeesaspreviouslytomake"reasonableadjustments"toworkplacestoaccommodatethedisabled.Suchadjustmentsincludebuyingnewequipmentormodifyingexistingsystemssothatdisabledpeoplecanusethem. Butmanyemployersarefailingtoinvestigatepotentiallyusefulchangesorupgradestosystems.TheyarealsofailingtoclaimgenerousAccesstoWorkgrantsfromtheGovernmentdesignedtocover’thecostofadaptingorre-equippingaworkplaceextratrainingorhiringhumanassistantslikesignlanguageinterpreters. RuthLoehlaseniorICTdevelopmentofficerattheRoyalNationalInstitutefortheBlindsays:"Thetechnologyisthereandthefundingisthere.Butmanyemployersandemployeesdon’tknowwhat’savailable.It’spatchyacrossthecountry."AccesstoWorkgrantscancoverupto100percentofthecostofneworadaptedequipmentsaysMs.Loebl."Youshouldn’thavetopayanymoretoemployablindperson." LynneNelsonemploymentcoordinatorfortheRoyalNationalInstitutefortheDeafagrees:"Technologyisverymuchunderused.Employersarenotawareofwhat’savailableandthey’remorereactivethanproactive." Complyingwiththeactcouldbeaseasyasrearranginganofficesothatthelightisbetterforadeafpersontolipread.Attheotherendofthescaleitcouldmeaninvestinginacuttingedgemessagingsystemwhichcombinescomputersandphonesconvertingtextmessagesintovoicemessagesforblindorpartiallysightedemployeesandincorporatingvoicerecognitionsoftwareforpeopleunabletouseaconventionalkeyboardandmouse. Changingfontsizesandshapesandusingdifferentbackgroundcolourscanallhelptomakecomputer-screendisplaysmorelegibleandaccessibleforvisuallyimpairedusers.Screenmagnifierprogrammesareavailabletoenlargetext.Screenreadersoftwarewillreadoutthecontentofemailboxesorwebsites. Commercialwebsitesnowincorporatealt.tagsphrasesorsentenceswhichdescribeimagesonsitestoblindandpartiallysightedusersthroughscreenreaders.Butsomesitesstillcarryimagesdescribedsimplyas"corporatelogo"or"image".AsurveybytheDisabilityRightsCommissionearlierthisyearfoundthat81percentofwebsiteswereinaccessibleordifficulttouseoftenbecauseofbadlywordedalt.tagsorbecausethesoftwarewasblockingattemptstochangefontsorcolours. TheadjustmentsthatemployercanmakeforthedisabledpeoplemayNOTinclude
Softmoneyisthehugeunlimitedcontributionsfromcorporationslaborunionandwealthyindividualsthatpoliticalpartiesraiseandspendoncampaignattackadsandother1designedtoinfluenceelections.Thesoftmoneysystemunderminescampaignfinancelaws2limitcontributionsand3thesourcesoffundsthatcanbespentonfederalcampaigns.Itprovidescorporationslaborunionsandwealthyindividualsawaytocircumventfederalelectionlawsand4campaignswithtensofmillionsofspecialinterestdollars5corporationsandunionshavebeen6fromcontributingorspendingtheirtreasuryfindstoinfluencefederalelectionssince1907and19477.Individualscancontributetofederal8throughpartiesandcandidatesbutonlyin9amounts. TheDemocraticandRepublicanparties10＄262millionin11moneyforthe1996elections.Thepartiesraisesoftmoneyunderthe12thatitwillbeusedforgeneralpartybuildingactivities.13softmoneypaysforcampaignadsinthewayasissuediscussionpoliticalresearchpollingfundraisingandgetoutthe-voteeffortsallofwhichaffectthe14offederalelections. Softmoneywasthesourceofthe1996politicalfund-raisingscandals15thesellingoftheLincolnbedroomWhiteHousecoffeesandtheinfluxofforeignmoneyintothe16campaign. TheMcCain-Feingoldbill17thesoftmoneysystembyprohibitingcandidatesandnationalpoliticalpartiesfromraisingsoftmoneyandbyprohibitingstatepoliticalpartiesfrom18softmoneyonactivitieswhichaffectfederalelections.Inother19thecurrentpracticeofraisingunlimitedsoftmoneycontributionsfromcorporationsunionsandwealthyindividualsandthenchannelingthismoneyintofederalelectionswouldend.Thenationalpartieswouldbe20toraisealloftheirfundsunderthelimitsandrestrictionsinthelaw. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Whatdoesitsayaboutasocietythatoutsourcesthelastyearsandmomentsoflifetoaclinicalsettingthatisneitherlovingnorparticularlycaring 46Moresuccinctlywhatdoesitsayaboutuswhenweshipourparentsofftonursinghomesinsteadofcaringfortheminthetoughesttimesathome Aswegrowolderweallfacelifeindifferentways.47Weallseeuponoccasiontheravagesofdiseaseandthefrailtyandindomitablespiritofourhumannessaslovedonesstruggletofacetheirownaging.ParkinsonsdementiaAlzheimer’scancerstrokesandotherailmentstakelovedonesissuingasummonstotheyoungergenerationtorespond.Howwerespondtellsuswhowereallyareandwhatwearemadeof. Dispiritedbytheseeminglyshallow"caring"ofmedicalfacilitieslike"nursinghomes"manyAmericansareembracing"homecare".Andthebenefitsofhome-careexperiencecanfaroutweighthecostsoneexpectsinanguishandthepocketbook.48Onemightfindinspirationanupliftingandnewfoundrealizationofthesanctityandimportanceofhumanlifeandalife-alteringfamilysenseoflovecaringgivingandtogetherness. Manyfamiliessay"Mylovedonegavemoretousthanweevergavetoherorhim." Sufferingcanbringfamiliestogether--orsendtheselfishtoflight.49Thegivingexperienceofknowingwealllovedenoughtobringthesufferingmemberofthefamilyhometoourheartsandourabilitytocaremayforeverchangethewaywerememberwhoweare.TheremaybenoHallmarkmomentnorewardfromtheailingfamilymember.Butyoumightsurpriseyourselfandyoumightbesurprisedbyhowyoursufferinglovedoneinspiresyou. Therearetimeswhenthehospitalnursinghomeandeventhehospicearemandated.Butdon’tsellyourselfandyourfamilyshort.Yourloveandcaremaywellexceedthatofallothers. 50Innumerouswaysmanyofusliveinaworldwithoutconnectiontothelife-and-deathstrugglesthatmakeuslovingcaringhumanbeings.Werushtoworkthekids’soccertournamentsevenvacationsatbreak-neckspeed.WhenwepausetogiveweshopatWal-Martfortheappropriatehandout.WeAmericansspendmorethan＄4billionannuallyonourpetsbutsometimesneglectourfamilydutiesandresponsibilities. Moresuccinctlywhatdoesitsayaboutuswhenweshipourparentsofftonursinghomesinsteadofcaringfortheminthetoughesttimesathome
Text2 Thegovernment’schiefprosecutorhaslaunchedanoutspokenattackonplansbyDavidBlunkettthehomesecretarytotryterroristswithoutjuriesandinsecret. KenMacdonaldQCthedirectorofpublicprosecutionssaysinanarticleintoday’sSundayTimesthatplansfortrialswithoutjuriesofsometerrorsuspectswouldunderminepublicfaithinthecriminaljusticesystem.InhisattackonproposalsexpectedinBlunkett’sforthcomingdraftterrorismbilltolimittherighttojurytrialforAl-QaedaandotherIslamicterrorsuspectsMacdonaldsays:"Tobeeffectiveagainst...terrorismweneedtocallonlegislationthatisclearflexibleandproportionatetothethreat." Nobodywantstothrowoutthebabywiththebathwater;wedonotwanttofightterrorismbydestroyingpreciselythosethingsterrorismistryingtotakeawayfromus. "Openliberaldemocraciesfailiftheytrytoprotectthemselvesbybecomingilliberalclosedandrepressive." Macdonalsayshefavoursproposalsbyministerstoallowtelephone-tappingevidencefromMI5andpolicetobeusedinopencourt.Healsobelievesthat"minorplayers"interroristplotsshouldbeofferedsomeimmunityfromprosecutioninreturnforinformation. Butheemphasizes:"Changestothecriminaltrialprocesshavetobeapproachedwithgreatcautionandaclearhead." MacdonaldwhoasheadoftheCrownProsecutionServicehasoverallresponsibilityforchargingandprosecutingallterroristsuspectsinEnglandandWalessaysthatsomebasicrights"cannotbenegotiatedawayinafreeanddemocraticsociety". Socriminaltrialsmustremainroutinelyopenandtakeplacebeforeindependentandimpartialtribunals.InBritainpeoplehavegreataffectionfortrialbyjury...Publicfaithinpublicjusticewillnotsurviveabandonmentofthesefundamentalprinciples. Macdonaldwaitedtolaunchhisbroadsideuntilafterlastweek’sQueen’sspeechwhentheHomeOfficesaiddraconiannewcounter-terrorismmeasureswouldbecontainedinadraftbillexpectedtobepublishedinthenewyear. Thebillwouldallowforanti-terrorcourtswithoutjurieswhichareexpectedtohearevidenceinsecretbeforespecialsecurity-clearedjudges. Macdonald’sstrongcommentsamounttotheclearestsignalyetthatBlunkettwillfaceafiercebattlenotjustinparliamentbutinWhitehallovertheplans. OtherseniorlegalfiguresincludingLordWoolfthelordchiefjusticehavepreviouslycriticisedgovernmentplanstolimittrialbyjuryinordinarycriminaltrials.HoweverMacdonaldisthefirsttocomeoutagainstthenewproposalstolimittherighttoajurytrialinterrorismcases. Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthetextisto
WhatmakesacitygoodforbusinessEmployersusuallylistaskilledworkforcegoodtransportlinkslowpropertycostsandgoodcommunicationsnetworksastoppriorities. 46Ascomputerandtelephonenetworksbecomeincreasinglysophisticatedbusinessesnolongerhavetobetiedtooneplaceorrunalltheiroperationsononesite.Mostofthecountrynowhasaccesstobroadband. InsurancegiantNorwichUnionisonecompanywhichnowoperatesfrom1200sitesnationwidealllinkedupthroughasinglenetwork.47CallcentrescanoperateaseasilyfromLiverpoolasfromLondonandemployeescanbescatteredacrossthecountryworkingfromhomeandkeepingintouchwiththeofficeviae-mailandvoicemessagingsystems.Businessesareglobalratherthanlocal. RelocatingbusinessesarewelcomedwithopenarmsbyregionaldevelopmentagenciesRDAssetuptoco-ordinatestrategicplanningchannelfundingandworkwithlocalorganisationstobringinnewbusinesses.48"Weareaboutsupportingexistingbusinessesandjobsbutwealsowanttobringnewemployersintoareasandencourageorganicgrowthandentrepreneurs"saysaspokesmanfortheNationalSecretariatofRegionalDevelopmentAgencies. RDAsarealsohelpingtotackleproblemsholdingsomecitiesback.49Unskilledorelderlyworkforceslackoftechnologicalknowledgepoorfacilitiesinadequateinfrastructureandgapsinbroadbandavailabilitycanallcombinetoputbusinessesoffrelocating. OncurrentformthebestplaceintheUKtodobusinessisLeedsaccordingtospecialistresearchconsultancyOMISwhichadvisescompaniesonrelocation.50OMIS’slatestBritain’sBestCitiesreportgivesLeedshighmarksforitsskilledandeducatedworkforceavailabilityofofficespaceandregeneratedcitycentrefullofnewshopsandrestaurants. Ascomputerandtelephonenetworksbecomeincreasinglysophisticatedbusinessesnolongerhavetobetiedtooneplaceorrunalltheiroperationsononesite
WhatmakesacitygoodforbusinessEmployersusuallylistaskilledworkforcegoodtransportlinkslowpropertycostsandgoodcommunicationsnetworksastoppriorities. 46Ascomputerandtelephonenetworksbecomeincreasinglysophisticatedbusinessesnolongerhavetobetiedtooneplaceorrunalltheiroperationsononesite.Mostofthecountrynowhasaccesstobroadband. InsurancegiantNorwichUnionisonecompanywhichnowoperatesfrom1200sitesnationwidealllinkedupthroughasinglenetwork.47CallcentrescanoperateaseasilyfromLiverpoolasfromLondonandemployeescanbescatteredacrossthecountryworkingfromhomeandkeepingintouchwiththeofficeviae-mailandvoicemessagingsystems.Businessesareglobalratherthanlocal. RelocatingbusinessesarewelcomedwithopenarmsbyregionaldevelopmentagenciesRDAssetuptoco-ordinatestrategicplanningchannelfundingandworkwithlocalorganisationstobringinnewbusinesses.48"Weareaboutsupportingexistingbusinessesandjobsbutwealsowanttobringnewemployersintoareasandencourageorganicgrowthandentrepreneurs"saysaspokesmanfortheNationalSecretariatofRegionalDevelopmentAgencies. RDAsarealsohelpingtotackleproblemsholdingsomecitiesback.49Unskilledorelderlyworkforceslackoftechnologicalknowledgepoorfacilitiesinadequateinfrastructureandgapsinbroadbandavailabilitycanallcombinetoputbusinessesoffrelocating. OncurrentformthebestplaceintheUKtodobusinessisLeedsaccordingtospecialistresearchconsultancyOMISwhichadvisescompaniesonrelocation.50OMIS’slatestBritain’sBestCitiesreportgivesLeedshighmarksforitsskilledandeducatedworkforceavailabilityofofficespaceandregeneratedcitycentrefullofnewshopsandrestaurants. OMIS’slatestBritain’sBestCitiesreportgivesLeedshighmarksforitsskilledandeducatedworkforceavailabilityofofficespaceandregeneratedcitycentrefullofnewshopsandrestaurants.
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