首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
Directions: Study the following table carefully and write an essay. Your essay must meet the follow...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《问答》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
Directions:Youareplanningtostudyinaforeignuniversi
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
热门试题
更多
Twomodesofargumentationhavebeenusedonbehalfofwomen’semancipationinWesternsocieties.46Argumentsinwhatcouldbecalledthe"relational"feministtraditionmaintainthedoctrineof"equalityindifference"orequityasdistinctfromequality.Theycontendthatbiologicaldistinctionsbetweenthesexesresultinanecessarysexualdivisionoflaborinthefamilyandthroughoutsocietyandthatwomen’sprocreativelaboriscurrentlyundervaluedbysocietytothedisadvantageofwomen.47Bycontrasttheindividualistfeministtraditionemphasizesindividualhumanrightsandcerebrateswomen’squestforpersonalautonomywhiledownplayingtheimportanceofgenderrolesandminimizingdiscussionofchildbearinganditsattendantresponsibilities.Beforethelatenineteenthcenturytheseviewscoexistedwithinthefeministmovementoftenwithinthewritingsofthesameindividual.48Between1890and1920howeverrelationalfeminismwhichhadbeenthedominantstraininfeministthoughtandwhichstillpredominatesamongEuropeanandnon-WesternfeministslostgroundinEnglandandtheUnitedStates.BecausetheconceptofindividualrightswasalreadywellestablishedintheAnglo-SaxonlegalandpoliticaltraditionindividualistfeminismcametopredominateinEnglishspeakingcountries.Atthesametimethegoalsofthetwoapproachesbegantoseemincreasinglyirreconcilable.Individualistfeministsbegantoadvocateatotallygender-blindsystemwithequalrightsforall.49Relationalfeministswhileagreeingthatequaleducationalandeconomicopportunitiesoutsidethehomeshouldbeavailableforallwomencontinuedtoemphasizewomen’sspecialcontributionstosocietyashomemakersandmothers.Theydemandedspecialtreatmentforwomenincludingprotectivelegislationforwomenworkersstate-sponsoredmaternitybenefitsandpaidcompensationforhousework. Relationalargumentshaveamajorpitfall.becausetheyunderlinewomen’sphysiologicalandpsychologicaldistinctivenesstheyareoftenappropriatedbypoliticaladversariesandusedtoendorsemaleprivilege.50Buttheindividualistapproachbyattackinggenderrolesdenyingthesignificanceofphysiologicaldifferenceandcondemningexistingfamilialinstitutionsashopelesslypatriarchalhasoftensimplytreatedasirrelevantthefamilyrolesimportanttomanywomen.Iftheindividualistframeworkwithitsclaimforwomen’sautonomycouldbeharmonizedwiththefamily-orientedconcernsofrelationalfeministsamorefruitfulmodelforcontemporaryfeministpoliticscouldemerge. Notes:emancipationn.解放equityn.公平procreative生育的celebratevt.颂扬questn.寻求downplayvt.贬低低估loseground退却失利maternitybenefit产妇津贴pitfalln.隐患appropriatevt.资用adversaryn.敌手endorsevt.赞同patriarchal家长制的 Between1890and1920howeverrelationalfeminismwhichhadbeenthedominantstraininfeministthoughtandwhichstillpredominatesamongEuropeanandnon-WesternfeministslostgroundinEnglandandtheUnitedStates.
Millionsofdollarsoftendependonthechoiceofwhichcommercialtouseinlaunchinganewproduct.Soyoushowthecommercialstoa1oftypicalconsumersandasktheiropinion.Theanswersyougetcansometimesleadyouintoabig2.Respondentsmayliejusttobepolite. Nowsomecompaniesandmajoradvertising3havebeenhiringvoicedetectiveswhotestyournormalvoiceandthenrecordyouontape4commentingonaproduct.Acomputeranalyzesthedegreeanddirectionofchange5normal.Onekindofdivergenceofpitchmeansthesubject6Anotherkindmeanshewasreallyenthusiastic.Inatestingoftwocommercials7childrentheywere.vocallyaboutequally8ofboth.butthecomputerreportedtheiremotional9inthetwowastotallydifferent. Mostmajorcommercialsaresentfortestingtotheaters10withvariouselectronicmeasuringdevices.Peopleregardedas11arebroughtinoffthestreet.Viewerscanpushbuttonsto12whethertheyareinterestedorbored. Newspaperandmagazinegroupsbecameintenselyinterestedintestingtheiradsforaproduct13TVadsforthesameproduct.Theywereinterestedbecausethemain14ofevidenceshowsthatpeople15alotmorementalactivitywhentheyread16whentheysitinfrontoftheTVset.TVbegantobe17"alow-involvement"18.Itiscontendedthatlowinvolvementmeansthatthereisless19thattheadmessagewillbe20. Notes:commercial广告pitch音调 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkA.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Millionsofdollarsoftendependonthechoiceofwhichcommercialtouseinlaunchinganewproduct.Soyoushowthecommercialstoa1oftypicalconsumersandasktheiropinion.Theanswersyougetcansometimesleadyouintoabig2.Respondentsmayliejusttobepolite. Nowsomecompaniesandmajoradvertising3havebeenhiringvoicedetectiveswhotestyournormalvoiceandthenrecordyouontape4commentingonaproduct.Acomputeranalyzesthedegreeanddirectionofchange5normal.Onekindofdivergenceofpitchmeansthesubject6Anotherkindmeanshewasreallyenthusiastic.Inatestingoftwocommercials7childrentheywere.vocallyaboutequally8ofboth.butthecomputerreportedtheiremotional9inthetwowastotallydifferent. Mostmajorcommercialsaresentfortestingtotheaters10withvariouselectronicmeasuringdevices.Peopleregardedas11arebroughtinoffthestreet.Viewerscanpushbuttonsto12whethertheyareinterestedorbored. Newspaperandmagazinegroupsbecameintenselyinterestedintestingtheiradsforaproduct13TVadsforthesameproduct.Theywereinterestedbecausethemain14ofevidenceshowsthatpeople15alotmorementalactivitywhentheyread16whentheysitinfrontoftheTVset.TVbegantobe17"alow-involvement"18.Itiscontendedthatlowinvolvementmeansthatthereisless19thattheadmessagewillbe20. Notes:commercial广告pitch音调 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkA.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Insperfectlyfreeandopenmarketeconomythetypeofemployer—governmentorprivateshouldhavelittleornoimpactontheearningsdifferentialsbetweenwomenandmen.However.ifthereisdiscriminationagainstonesex.itisunlikelythatthedegreeofdiscriminationbygovernmentandprivateemployerswillbethesame.Differencesinthedegreeofdiscriminationwouldresultinearningsdifferentialsassociatedwiththetypeofemployer.Giventhenatureofgovernmentandprivateemployersitseemsmostlikelythatdiscriminationbyprivateemployerswouldbegreater.Thusonewouldexpectthat.ifwomenarebeingdiscriminatedagainstgovernmentemploymentwouldhaveapositiveeffectonwomen’searningsascomparedwiththeirearningsfromprivateemployment.TheresultsofastudybyFuchssupportthisassumption.Fuchs’sresultssuggestthattheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedentirelyofgovernmentemployeeswouldbe14.6percentgreaterthantheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedexclusivelyofprivateemployeesotherthingsbeingequal.InadditionbothFuchsandSanbornhavesuggestedthattheeffectofdiscriminationbyconsumersontheearningsofself-employedwomenmaybegreaterthantheeffectofeithergovernmentorprivateemployerdiscriminationontheearningsofwomenemployees.Totestthishypothesis.BrownselectedalargesampleofWhitemaleandfemaleworkersfromthe1970Censusanddividedthemintothreecategories:privateemployeesgovernmentemployeesandself-employed.Blackworkerswereexcludedfromthesampletoavoidpickingupearningsdifferentialsthatweretheresultofracialdisparities.Brown’sresearchdesigncontrolledforeducationlabor-forceparticipationmobilitymotivationandageinordertoeliminatethesefactorsasexplanationsofthestudy’sresults.Brown’sresultssuggestthatmenandwomenarenottreatedthesamebyemployersandconsumers.Formenself-employmentisthehighestearningscategorywithprivateemploymentnextandgovernmentlowest.Forwomenthisorderisreversed.OnecaninferfromBrown’sresultsthatconsumersdiscriminateagainstself-employedwomen.Inadditionself-employedwomenmayhavemoredifficultythanmeningettinggoodemployeesandmayencounterdiscriminationfromsuppliersandfromfinancialinstitutions.Brown’sresultsareclearlyconsistentwithFuchs’sargumentthatdiscriminationbyconsumershasagreaterimpactontheearningsofwomenthandoesdiscriminationbyeithergovernmentorprivateemployers.Alsothefactthatwomendobetterworkingforgovernmentthanforprivateemployersimpliesthatprivateemployersarediscriminatingagainstwomen.Theresultsdonotprovethatgovernmentdoesnotdiscriminateagainstwomen.Theydohoweverdemonstratethatifgovernmentisdiscriminatingagainstwomenitsdiscriminationisnothavingasmucheffectonwomen’searningsasisdiscriminationintheprivatesector.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatwhatisstatedinthelastparagraphismostprobably
Millionsofdollarsoftendependonthechoiceofwhichcommercialtouseinlaunchinganewproduct.Soyoushowthecommercialstoa1oftypicalconsumersandasktheiropinion.Theanswersyougetcansometimesleadyouintoabig2.Respondentsmayliejusttobepolite. Nowsomecompaniesandmajoradvertising3havebeenhiringvoicedetectiveswhotestyournormalvoiceandthenrecordyouontape4commentingonaproduct.Acomputeranalyzesthedegreeanddirectionofchange5normal.Onekindofdivergenceofpitchmeansthesubject6Anotherkindmeanshewasreallyenthusiastic.Inatestingoftwocommercials7childrentheywere.vocallyaboutequally8ofboth.butthecomputerreportedtheiremotional9inthetwowastotallydifferent. Mostmajorcommercialsaresentfortestingtotheaters10withvariouselectronicmeasuringdevices.Peopleregardedas11arebroughtinoffthestreet.Viewerscanpushbuttonsto12whethertheyareinterestedorbored. Newspaperandmagazinegroupsbecameintenselyinterestedintestingtheiradsforaproduct13TVadsforthesameproduct.Theywereinterestedbecausethemain14ofevidenceshowsthatpeople15alotmorementalactivitywhentheyread16whentheysitinfrontoftheTVset.TVbegantobe17"alow-involvement"18.Itiscontendedthatlowinvolvementmeansthatthereisless19thattheadmessagewillbe20. Notes:commercial广告pitch音调 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkA.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Millionsofdollarsoftendependonthechoiceofwhichcommercialtouseinlaunchinganewproduct.Soyoushowthecommercialstoa1oftypicalconsumersandasktheiropinion.Theanswersyougetcansometimesleadyouintoabig2.Respondentsmayliejusttobepolite. Nowsomecompaniesandmajoradvertising3havebeenhiringvoicedetectiveswhotestyournormalvoiceandthenrecordyouontape4commentingonaproduct.Acomputeranalyzesthedegreeanddirectionofchange5normal.Onekindofdivergenceofpitchmeansthesubject6Anotherkindmeanshewasreallyenthusiastic.Inatestingoftwocommercials7childrentheywere.vocallyaboutequally8ofboth.butthecomputerreportedtheiremotional9inthetwowastotallydifferent. Mostmajorcommercialsaresentfortestingtotheaters10withvariouselectronicmeasuringdevices.Peopleregardedas11arebroughtinoffthestreet.Viewerscanpushbuttonsto12whethertheyareinterestedorbored. Newspaperandmagazinegroupsbecameintenselyinterestedintestingtheiradsforaproduct13TVadsforthesameproduct.Theywereinterestedbecausethemain14ofevidenceshowsthatpeople15alotmorementalactivitywhentheyread16whentheysitinfrontoftheTVset.TVbegantobe17"alow-involvement"18.Itiscontendedthatlowinvolvementmeansthatthereisless19thattheadmessagewillbe20. Notes:commercial广告pitch音调 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkA.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
InthepastAmericancollegesanduniversitieswerecreatedtoserveadualpurposetoadvancelearningandtoofferachancetobecomefamiliarwithbodiesofknowledgealreadydiscoveredtothosewhowishedit.TocreateandtoimpartthesewerethedistinctivefeaturesofAmericanhighereducationpriortothemostrecentdisorderlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury.Thesuccessfulinstitutionofhigherlearninghadneverbeenonewhosemissioncouldbedefinedintermsofprovidingvocationalskillsorasastrategyforresolvingsocietalproblems.InasubtlewayAmericansbelievedhighereducationtobeusefulbutnotnecessarilyofimmediateuse.AnotherpurposehasnowbeenassignedtothemissionofAmericancollegesanduniversities.Institutionsofhigherlearning--publicorprivate--commonlyfacethechallengeofdefiningtheirprogramsinsuchawayastocontributetotheserviceofthecommunity.Thisservicerolehasvariousapplications.Mostcommonareprogramstomeetthedemandsofregionalemploymentmarketstoprovideopportunitiesforupwardsocialandeconomicmobilitytoachieveracialethnicorsocialintegrationormoregenerallytoproduceproductiveascomparedtoeducatedgraduates.Regardlessofitsprecisedefinitiontheideaofaservice-universityhaswonacceptancewithintheacademiccommunity.Oneneedonlyberemindedofthechangeinlanguagedescribingthetwo-yearcollegetoappreciatethenewvaluecurrentlybeingattachedtotheconceptofaservice-relateduniversity.Thetraditionaltwo-yearcollegehassheditspejorativejuniorcollegelabelandisgenerallycalledacommunitycollegeaclearlyvalue-ladenexpressionrepresentingthelatestcommitmentinhighereducation.Eventhedoctoraldegreelongrecognizedasarequiredunioncardintheacademicworldhascomeunderseverecriticismasthepursuitoflearningforitsownsakeandtheaccumulationofknowledgewithoutimmediateapplicationtoaprofessor’sclassroomduties.Theideaofacollegeoruniversitythatperformsatriplefunction—communicatingknowledgetostudentsexpandingthecontentofvariousdisciplinesandinteractinginadirectrelationshipwithsocietyhasbeenthemostimportantchangeinhighereducationinrecentyears.Thisnoveldevelopmenthoweverisoftenoverlooked.Educatorshavealwaysbeenfamiliarwiththosepartsofthetwo-yearcollegecurriculumthathaveaserviceorvocationalorientation.Itisimportanttoknowthis.ButsomecommentariesonAmericanpostsecondaryeducationtendtounderplaytheimpactoftheattemptofcollegesanduniversitiestorelatetoifnotresolvetheproblemsofsociety.What’sworsetheyobscureafundamentalquestionposedbytheservice-university—whatishighereducationsupposedtodoTheauthor’sattitudetowardstheservice-educationconceptis
Millionsofdollarsoftendependonthechoiceofwhichcommercialtouseinlaunchinganewproduct.Soyoushowthecommercialstoa1oftypicalconsumersandasktheiropinion.Theanswersyougetcansometimesleadyouintoabig2.Respondentsmayliejusttobepolite. Nowsomecompaniesandmajoradvertising3havebeenhiringvoicedetectiveswhotestyournormalvoiceandthenrecordyouontape4commentingonaproduct.Acomputeranalyzesthedegreeanddirectionofchange5normal.Onekindofdivergenceofpitchmeansthesubject6Anotherkindmeanshewasreallyenthusiastic.Inatestingoftwocommercials7childrentheywere.vocallyaboutequally8ofboth.butthecomputerreportedtheiremotional9inthetwowastotallydifferent. Mostmajorcommercialsaresentfortestingtotheaters10withvariouselectronicmeasuringdevices.Peopleregardedas11arebroughtinoffthestreet.Viewerscanpushbuttonsto12whethertheyareinterestedorbored. Newspaperandmagazinegroupsbecameintenselyinterestedintestingtheiradsforaproduct13TVadsforthesameproduct.Theywereinterestedbecausethemain14ofevidenceshowsthatpeople15alotmorementalactivitywhentheyread16whentheysitinfrontoftheTVset.TVbegantobe17"alow-involvement"18.Itiscontendedthatlowinvolvementmeansthatthereisless19thattheadmessagewillbe20. Notes:commercial广告pitch音调 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkA.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Millionsofdollarsoftendependonthechoiceofwhichcommercialtouseinlaunchinganewproduct.Soyoushowthecommercialstoa1oftypicalconsumersandasktheiropinion.Theanswersyougetcansometimesleadyouintoabig2.Respondentsmayliejusttobepolite. Nowsomecompaniesandmajoradvertising3havebeenhiringvoicedetectiveswhotestyournormalvoiceandthenrecordyouontape4commentingonaproduct.Acomputeranalyzesthedegreeanddirectionofchange5normal.Onekindofdivergenceofpitchmeansthesubject6Anotherkindmeanshewasreallyenthusiastic.Inatestingoftwocommercials7childrentheywere.vocallyaboutequally8ofboth.butthecomputerreportedtheiremotional9inthetwowastotallydifferent. Mostmajorcommercialsaresentfortestingtotheaters10withvariouselectronicmeasuringdevices.Peopleregardedas11arebroughtinoffthestreet.Viewerscanpushbuttonsto12whethertheyareinterestedorbored. Newspaperandmagazinegroupsbecameintenselyinterestedintestingtheiradsforaproduct13TVadsforthesameproduct.Theywereinterestedbecausethemain14ofevidenceshowsthatpeople15alotmorementalactivitywhentheyread16whentheysitinfrontoftheTVset.TVbegantobe17"alow-involvement"18.Itiscontendedthatlowinvolvementmeansthatthereisless19thattheadmessagewillbe20. Notes:commercial广告pitch音调 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkA.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
BernardBailynhasrecentlyreinterpretedtheearlyhistoryoftheUnitedStatesbyapplyingnewsocialresearchfindingsontheexperiencesofEuropeanmigrants.Inhisreinterpretationmigrationbecomestheorganizingprincipleforrewritingthehistoryofpre-industrialNorthAmerica.Hisapproachrestsonfourseparatepropositions.ThefirstoftheseassertsthatresidentsofearlymodernEnglandmovedregularlyabouttheircountryside:migratingtotheNewWorldwassimplyanaturalspilloverAlthoughatfirstthecoloniesheldlittlepositiveattractionfortheEnglish—theywouldratherhavestayedhome—bytheeighteenthcenturypeopleincreasinglymigratedtoAmericabecausetheyregardeditasthelandofopportunity.SecondlyBailynholdsthat.contrarytothenotionthatusedtoflourishinAmericanhistorytextbookstherewasneveratypicalNewWorldcommunity.ForexampletheeconomicanddemographiccharacterofearlyNewEnglandtownsvariedconsiderably.Bailyn’sthirdpropositionsuggeststwogeneralpatternsprevailingamongthemanythousandsofmigrants:onegroupcameasindenturedservantsanothercametoacquireland.SurprisinglyBailynsuggeststhatthosewhorecruitedindenturedservantsweredrivingforcesoftransatlanticmigration.Thesecolonialentrepreneurshelpeddeterminethesocialcharacterofpeoplewhocametopre-industrialNorthAmerica.Atfirstthousandsofunskilledlaborerswererecruited:bythe1730’s.however.Americanemployersdemandedskilledworkers.FinallyBailynarguesthatthecolonieswereahalf-civilizedhinterlandoftheEuropeanculturesystem.HeisundoubtedlycorrecttoinsistthatthecolonieswerepartoftheAnglo-Americanempire.ButtodividetheempireintoEnglishcoreandcolonialperipheryasBailyndoesdevaluestheachievementsofcolonialculture.Itistrue.asBailynclaimsthathighcultureinthecoloniesnevermatchedthatinEngland.Butwhatofseventeenth-centuryNewEnglandwherethesettlerscreatedeffectivelaws.builtadistinguisheduniversityandpublishedbooksBailynmightrespondthatNewEnglandwasexceptional.HowevertheideasandinstitutionsdevelopedbyNewEnglandPuritanshadpowerfuleffectsonNorthAmericanculture.AlthoughBailyngoesontoapplyhisapproachtosomethousandsofindenturedservantswhomigratedjustpriortotherevolutionhefailstolinktheirexperiencewiththepoliticaldevelopmentoftheUnitedStates.Evidencepresentedinhisworksuggestshowwemightmakesuchaconnection.TheseindenturedservantsweretreatedasslavesfortheperiodduringwhichtheyhadsoldtheirtimetoAmericanemployers.Itisnotsurprisingthatassoonastheyservedtheirtimetheygaveupgoodwagesinthecitiesandheadedwesttoensuretheirpersonalindependencebyacquiringland.Thus.itisinthewestthatapeculiarlyAmericanpoliticalculturebeganamongcolonistswhoweresuspiciousofauthorityandintenselyanti-aristocratic.Notes:spillovern.外流indenturedservant合同工hinterlandn.内地Anglo-American英裔美国人的peripheryn.边缘anti-aristocratic反对贵族的demographics人口统计特点AccordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingistrueofEnglishmigrantstothecoloniesduringthe18thcentury
BernardBailynhasrecentlyreinterpretedtheearlyhistoryoftheUnitedStatesbyapplyingnewsocialresearchfindingsontheexperiencesofEuropeanmigrants.Inhisreinterpretationmigrationbecomestheorganizingprincipleforrewritingthehistoryofpre-industrialNorthAmerica.Hisapproachrestsonfourseparatepropositions.ThefirstoftheseassertsthatresidentsofearlymodernEnglandmovedregularlyabouttheircountryside:migratingtotheNewWorldwassimplyanaturalspilloverAlthoughatfirstthecoloniesheldlittlepositiveattractionfortheEnglish—theywouldratherhavestayedhome—bytheeighteenthcenturypeopleincreasinglymigratedtoAmericabecausetheyregardeditasthelandofopportunity.SecondlyBailynholdsthat.contrarytothenotionthatusedtoflourishinAmericanhistorytextbookstherewasneveratypicalNewWorldcommunity.ForexampletheeconomicanddemographiccharacterofearlyNewEnglandtownsvariedconsiderably.Bailyn’sthirdpropositionsuggeststwogeneralpatternsprevailingamongthemanythousandsofmigrants:onegroupcameasindenturedservantsanothercametoacquireland.SurprisinglyBailynsuggeststhatthosewhorecruitedindenturedservantsweredrivingforcesoftransatlanticmigration.Thesecolonialentrepreneurshelpeddeterminethesocialcharacterofpeoplewhocametopre-industrialNorthAmerica.Atfirstthousandsofunskilledlaborerswererecruited:bythe1730’s.however.Americanemployersdemandedskilledworkers.FinallyBailynarguesthatthecolonieswereahalf-civilizedhinterlandoftheEuropeanculturesystem.HeisundoubtedlycorrecttoinsistthatthecolonieswerepartoftheAnglo-Americanempire.ButtodividetheempireintoEnglishcoreandcolonialperipheryasBailyndoesdevaluestheachievementsofcolonialculture.Itistrue.asBailynclaimsthathighcultureinthecoloniesnevermatchedthatinEngland.Butwhatofseventeenth-centuryNewEnglandwherethesettlerscreatedeffectivelaws.builtadistinguisheduniversityandpublishedbooksBailynmightrespondthatNewEnglandwasexceptional.HowevertheideasandinstitutionsdevelopedbyNewEnglandPuritanshadpowerfuleffectsonNorthAmericanculture.AlthoughBailyngoesontoapplyhisapproachtosomethousandsofindenturedservantswhomigratedjustpriortotherevolutionhefailstolinktheirexperiencewiththepoliticaldevelopmentoftheUnitedStates.Evidencepresentedinhisworksuggestshowwemightmakesuchaconnection.TheseindenturedservantsweretreatedasslavesfortheperiodduringwhichtheyhadsoldtheirtimetoAmericanemployers.Itisnotsurprisingthatassoonastheyservedtheirtimetheygaveupgoodwagesinthecitiesandheadedwesttoensuretheirpersonalindependencebyacquiringland.Thus.itisinthewestthatapeculiarlyAmericanpoliticalculturebeganamongcolonistswhoweresuspiciousofauthorityandintenselyanti-aristocratic.Notes:spillovern.外流indenturedservant合同工hinterlandn.内地Anglo-American英裔美国人的peripheryn.边缘anti-aristocratic反对贵族的demographics人口统计特点Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith
Inthetwodecadesbetween1910and1930overtenpercentoftheBlackpopulationoftheUnitedStateslefttheSouthwherethemajorityoftheBlackpopulationhadbeenlocatedandmigratedtonorthernstateswiththelargestnumbermovingitisclaimedbetween1016and1918.IthasbeenfrequentlyassumedbutnotprovedthatmostofthemigrantsinwhathascometobecalledtheGreatMigrationcamefromruralareasandweremotivatedbytwoconcurrentfactors:thecollapseofcottonindustryfollowingbollweevilinfestationwhichbeganin1898andincreaseddemandintheNorthforlaborfollowingthecessationofEuropeanimmigrationcausedbytheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWarin1914.Thisassumptionhasledtotheconclusionthatthemigrants’subsequentlackofeconomicmobilityintheNorthistiedtoruralbackgroundabackgroundthatimpliesunfamiliaritywithurbanlivingandalackofindustrialskills.ButthequestionofwhoactuallylefttheSouthhasneverbeeninvestigatedindetail.AlthoughnumerousinvestigationsdocumentaflightfromruralsouthernareastosoutherncitiespriortotheGreatMigrationnoonehasconsideredwhetherthesamemigrantsthenmovedontonortherncities.In1910over600000BlackworkersortenpercentoftheBlackworkforcereportedthemselvestobeengagedinmanufacturingandmechanicalpursuitsthefederalcensuscategoryroughlyincludingtheentireindustrialsector.TheGreatMigrationcouldeasilyhavebeenmadeupentirelyofthisgroupandtheirfamilies.ItisperhapssurprisingtoarguethatanemployedpopulationcouldbetemptedtomovebutanexplanationliesinthelaborconditionsthenprevalentintheSouth.Aboutthirty-fivepercentoftheurbanBlackpopulationintheSouthwasengagedinskilledtrades.Somewerefromtheoldartisanclassofslavery--blacksmithsmasonscarpenters--whichhadamonopolyofcertaintradesbuttheyweregraduallybeingpushedoutbycompetitionmechanizationandobsolescence.Theremainingsixty-fivepercentmorerecentlyurbanizedworkedinnewlydevelopedindustries--tobaccolumbercoalandironmanufactureandrailroads.WagesintheSouthhoweverwerelowandBlackworkerswereawarethroughlaborrecruitersandtheBlackpressthattheycouldearnmoreevenasunskilledworkersintheNorththantheycouldasartisansintheSouth.AfterthebollweevilinfestationurbanBlackworkersfacedcompetitionfromthecontinuinginfluxofbothBlackandWhiteruralworkerswhoWeredriventoundercutthewagesformerlypaidforindustrialjobs.ThusamovenorthwouldbeseenasadvantageoustoagroupthatwasalreadyurbanizedandsteadilyemployedandtheeasyconclusiontyingtheirsubsequenteconomicproblemsintheNorthtotheirruralbackgroundscomesintoquestion.Notes:bollweevilinfestation棉铃虫蔓延cessation中止停止mason泥瓦匠recruiter招募者influx流入涌入Accordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingistrueofwagesinsoutherncitiesin1910
TheteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageESLinschoolshashadahistoryofconflictingargumentsinterestinginnovationsandsomeverypositivemethodologicalchanges.Tounderstandthepresentsituationitisnecessarytoconsiderthepastandthewidereducationalcontextwhichhasahearingonit. UntilquiterecentlyapproachestoESLworkhavebeenstronglyinfluencedbymethodsdevelopedtoteachEnglishasaforeignlanguagetoolderlearners.Thesemethodsplacedmuchemphasisondrillsexercisesandremedialprogramsthatfocusonlanguageinabstraction.46Theprescriptivenatureofsuchmethodsandthedemandstheymadeontheteacher’stimedevelopedthebeliefthatESLworkcouldbetackledonlybythespecialistESLteacherworkingwithsmallgroupsofchildren.SuchanapproachdoesnotfitcomfortablyintocurrentnotionsoflearningandteachingintheprimaryschoolnordoesitsufficientlyequipESLlearnersinthesecondaryschooltobenefitfromnormalschooling.47Inprescribingwhatlanguageistobetaughtithasignoredwhatchildrenbringtothelearningtaskandthechoicestheymakeabouthowandwhattheywanttolearn.Furthermorethelocationandorganizationoflanguageprovisiondidnotmeasureuptothedemand.48ThelanguagecentersandEnglishlanguageservicesallcontributedtoprovidingspecialandconcentratedteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageinsmallgroupsvaryinginsizefromfourorfivetofifteen.WhateverthepatternofprovisionthemainaimwastogivepupilssufficientEnglishtoenablethemtojoinnormalschoolsasquicklyaspossible.Thesuccessofsuchspecialprovisiondependedverymuchonthecloseandconstantliaisonoflanguageteacherswiththesubjectteachersandtheclassteachersandonthecontinuityoflearningexperiencesprovidedbythem.49OneoftheimportantdisadvantagesoflanguagecentersandwithdrawalgroupswasthatESLchildrenwerebeingtaughtawayfromthoseEnglish-speakerswhoprovidethemostpowerfulmodelsi.e.theirpeergroup.Peer-groupinteractionisanimportantelementinanylearningsituationbutitsparticularstrengthsinaclassroomwithESLlearnerscannotbeoveremphasized. 50Theseparationofsecondlanguagelearnersfromthemainstreamclassroomcannoteasilybejustifiedoneducationalgroundssinceinpracticeitleadstoboththeircurriculumandlanguagelearningbeingimpoverished. Notes:context环境bearon对......有影响关系到......例如Idon’tseehowthisbearsonthematter.我不明白这一点与那些事的关系liaisonn.联结liaisonofAwithA与B之间的联系 53
Millionsofdollarsoftendependonthechoiceofwhichcommercialtouseinlaunchinganewproduct.Soyoushowthecommercialstoa1oftypicalconsumersandasktheiropinion.Theanswersyougetcansometimesleadyouintoabig2.Respondentsmayliejusttobepolite. Nowsomecompaniesandmajoradvertising3havebeenhiringvoicedetectiveswhotestyournormalvoiceandthenrecordyouontape4commentingonaproduct.Acomputeranalyzesthedegreeanddirectionofchange5normal.Onekindofdivergenceofpitchmeansthesubject6Anotherkindmeanshewasreallyenthusiastic.Inatestingoftwocommercials7childrentheywere.vocallyaboutequally8ofboth.butthecomputerreportedtheiremotional9inthetwowastotallydifferent. Mostmajorcommercialsaresentfortestingtotheaters10withvariouselectronicmeasuringdevices.Peopleregardedas11arebroughtinoffthestreet.Viewerscanpushbuttonsto12whethertheyareinterestedorbored. Newspaperandmagazinegroupsbecameintenselyinterestedintestingtheiradsforaproduct13TVadsforthesameproduct.Theywereinterestedbecausethemain14ofevidenceshowsthatpeople15alotmorementalactivitywhentheyread16whentheysitinfrontoftheTVset.TVbegantobe17"alow-involvement"18.Itiscontendedthatlowinvolvementmeansthatthereisless19thattheadmessagewillbe20. Notes:commercial广告pitch音调 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkA.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Inthetwodecadesbetween1910and1930overtenpercentoftheBlackpopulationoftheUnitedStateslefttheSouthwherethemajorityoftheBlackpopulationhadbeenlocatedandmigratedtonorthernstateswiththelargestnumbermovingitisclaimedbetween1016and1918.IthasbeenfrequentlyassumedbutnotprovedthatmostofthemigrantsinwhathascometobecalledtheGreatMigrationcamefromruralareasandweremotivatedbytwoconcurrentfactors:thecollapseofcottonindustryfollowingbollweevilinfestationwhichbeganin1898andincreaseddemandintheNorthforlaborfollowingthecessationofEuropeanimmigrationcausedbytheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWarin1914.Thisassumptionhasledtotheconclusionthatthemigrants’subsequentlackofeconomicmobilityintheNorthistiedtoruralbackgroundabackgroundthatimpliesunfamiliaritywithurbanlivingandalackofindustrialskills.ButthequestionofwhoactuallylefttheSouthhasneverbeeninvestigatedindetail.AlthoughnumerousinvestigationsdocumentaflightfromruralsouthernareastosoutherncitiespriortotheGreatMigrationnoonehasconsideredwhetherthesamemigrantsthenmovedontonortherncities.In1910over600000BlackworkersortenpercentoftheBlackworkforcereportedthemselvestobeengagedinmanufacturingandmechanicalpursuitsthefederalcensuscategoryroughlyincludingtheentireindustrialsector.TheGreatMigrationcouldeasilyhavebeenmadeupentirelyofthisgroupandtheirfamilies.ItisperhapssurprisingtoarguethatanemployedpopulationcouldbetemptedtomovebutanexplanationliesinthelaborconditionsthenprevalentintheSouth.Aboutthirty-fivepercentoftheurbanBlackpopulationintheSouthwasengagedinskilledtrades.Somewerefromtheoldartisanclassofslavery--blacksmithsmasonscarpenters--whichhadamonopolyofcertaintradesbuttheyweregraduallybeingpushedoutbycompetitionmechanizationandobsolescence.Theremainingsixty-fivepercentmorerecentlyurbanizedworkedinnewlydevelopedindustries--tobaccolumbercoalandironmanufactureandrailroads.WagesintheSouthhoweverwerelowandBlackworkerswereawarethroughlaborrecruitersandtheBlackpressthattheycouldearnmoreevenasunskilledworkersintheNorththantheycouldasartisansintheSouth.AfterthebollweevilinfestationurbanBlackworkersfacedcompetitionfromthecontinuinginfluxofbothBlackandWhiteruralworkerswhoWeredriventoundercutthewagesformerlypaidforindustrialjobs.ThusamovenorthwouldbeseenasadvantageoustoagroupthatwasalreadyurbanizedandsteadilyemployedandtheeasyconclusiontyingtheirsubsequenteconomicproblemsintheNorthtotheirruralbackgroundscomesintoquestion.Notes:bollweevilinfestation棉铃虫蔓延cessation中止停止mason泥瓦匠recruiter招募者influx流入涌入Theprimarypurposeofthetextisto
Twomodesofargumentationhavebeenusedonbehalfofwomen’semancipationinWesternsocieties.46Argumentsinwhatcouldbecalledthe"relational"feministtraditionmaintainthedoctrineof"equalityindifference"orequityasdistinctfromequality.Theycontendthatbiologicaldistinctionsbetweenthesexesresultinanecessarysexualdivisionoflaborinthefamilyandthroughoutsocietyandthatwomen’sprocreativelaboriscurrentlyundervaluedbysocietytothedisadvantageofwomen.47Bycontrasttheindividualistfeministtraditionemphasizesindividualhumanrightsandcerebrateswomen’squestforpersonalautonomywhiledownplayingtheimportanceofgenderrolesandminimizingdiscussionofchildbearinganditsattendantresponsibilities.Beforethelatenineteenthcenturytheseviewscoexistedwithinthefeministmovementoftenwithinthewritingsofthesameindividual.48Between1890and1920howeverrelationalfeminismwhichhadbeenthedominantstraininfeministthoughtandwhichstillpredominatesamongEuropeanandnon-WesternfeministslostgroundinEnglandandtheUnitedStates.BecausetheconceptofindividualrightswasalreadywellestablishedintheAnglo-SaxonlegalandpoliticaltraditionindividualistfeminismcametopredominateinEnglishspeakingcountries.Atthesametimethegoalsofthetwoapproachesbegantoseemincreasinglyirreconcilable.Individualistfeministsbegantoadvocateatotallygender-blindsystemwithequalrightsforall.49Relationalfeministswhileagreeingthatequaleducationalandeconomicopportunitiesoutsidethehomeshouldbeavailableforallwomencontinuedtoemphasizewomen’sspecialcontributionstosocietyashomemakersandmothers.Theydemandedspecialtreatmentforwomenincludingprotectivelegislationforwomenworkersstate-sponsoredmaternitybenefitsandpaidcompensationforhousework. Relationalargumentshaveamajorpitfall.becausetheyunderlinewomen’sphysiologicalandpsychologicaldistinctivenesstheyareoftenappropriatedbypoliticaladversariesandusedtoendorsemaleprivilege.50Buttheindividualistapproachbyattackinggenderrolesdenyingthesignificanceofphysiologicaldifferenceandcondemningexistingfamilialinstitutionsashopelesslypatriarchalhasoftensimplytreatedasirrelevantthefamilyrolesimportanttomanywomen.Iftheindividualistframeworkwithitsclaimforwomen’sautonomycouldbeharmonizedwiththefamily-orientedconcernsofrelationalfeministsamorefruitfulmodelforcontemporaryfeministpoliticscouldemerge. Notes:emancipationn.解放equityn.公平procreative生育的celebratevt.颂扬questn.寻求downplayvt.贬低低估loseground退却失利maternitybenefit产妇津贴pitfalln.隐患appropriatevt.资用adversaryn.敌手endorsevt.赞同patriarchal家长制的 Buttheindividualistapproachbyattackinggenderrolesdenyingthesignificanceofphysiologicaldifferenceandcondemningexistingfamilialinstitutionsashopelesslypatriarchalhasoftensimplytreatedasirrelevantthefamilyrolesimportanttomanywomen
BernardBailynhasrecentlyreinterpretedtheearlyhistoryoftheUnitedStatesbyapplyingnewsocialresearchfindingsontheexperiencesofEuropeanmigrants.Inhisreinterpretationmigrationbecomestheorganizingprincipleforrewritingthehistoryofpre-industrialNorthAmerica.Hisapproachrestsonfourseparatepropositions.ThefirstoftheseassertsthatresidentsofearlymodernEnglandmovedregularlyabouttheircountryside:migratingtotheNewWorldwassimplyanaturalspilloverAlthoughatfirstthecoloniesheldlittlepositiveattractionfortheEnglish—theywouldratherhavestayedhome—bytheeighteenthcenturypeopleincreasinglymigratedtoAmericabecausetheyregardeditasthelandofopportunity.SecondlyBailynholdsthat.contrarytothenotionthatusedtoflourishinAmericanhistorytextbookstherewasneveratypicalNewWorldcommunity.ForexampletheeconomicanddemographiccharacterofearlyNewEnglandtownsvariedconsiderably.Bailyn’sthirdpropositionsuggeststwogeneralpatternsprevailingamongthemanythousandsofmigrants:onegroupcameasindenturedservantsanothercametoacquireland.SurprisinglyBailynsuggeststhatthosewhorecruitedindenturedservantsweredrivingforcesoftransatlanticmigration.Thesecolonialentrepreneurshelpeddeterminethesocialcharacterofpeoplewhocametopre-industrialNorthAmerica.Atfirstthousandsofunskilledlaborerswererecruited:bythe1730’s.however.Americanemployersdemandedskilledworkers.FinallyBailynarguesthatthecolonieswereahalf-civilizedhinterlandoftheEuropeanculturesystem.HeisundoubtedlycorrecttoinsistthatthecolonieswerepartoftheAnglo-Americanempire.ButtodividetheempireintoEnglishcoreandcolonialperipheryasBailyndoesdevaluestheachievementsofcolonialculture.Itistrue.asBailynclaimsthathighcultureinthecoloniesnevermatchedthatinEngland.Butwhatofseventeenth-centuryNewEnglandwherethesettlerscreatedeffectivelaws.builtadistinguisheduniversityandpublishedbooksBailynmightrespondthatNewEnglandwasexceptional.HowevertheideasandinstitutionsdevelopedbyNewEnglandPuritanshadpowerfuleffectsonNorthAmericanculture.AlthoughBailyngoesontoapplyhisapproachtosomethousandsofindenturedservantswhomigratedjustpriortotherevolutionhefailstolinktheirexperiencewiththepoliticaldevelopmentoftheUnitedStates.Evidencepresentedinhisworksuggestshowwemightmakesuchaconnection.TheseindenturedservantsweretreatedasslavesfortheperiodduringwhichtheyhadsoldtheirtimetoAmericanemployers.Itisnotsurprisingthatassoonastheyservedtheirtimetheygaveupgoodwagesinthecitiesandheadedwesttoensuretheirpersonalindependencebyacquiringland.Thus.itisinthewestthatapeculiarlyAmericanpoliticalculturebeganamongcolonistswhoweresuspiciousofauthorityandintenselyanti-aristocratic.Notes:spillovern.外流indenturedservant合同工hinterlandn.内地Anglo-American英裔美国人的peripheryn.边缘anti-aristocratic反对贵族的demographics人口统计特点WhatdoestheauthorthinkofBailyn’swork
Millionsofdollarsoftendependonthechoiceofwhichcommercialtouseinlaunchinganewproduct.Soyoushowthecommercialstoa1oftypicalconsumersandasktheiropinion.Theanswersyougetcansometimesleadyouintoabig2.Respondentsmayliejusttobepolite. Nowsomecompaniesandmajoradvertising3havebeenhiringvoicedetectiveswhotestyournormalvoiceandthenrecordyouontape4commentingonaproduct.Acomputeranalyzesthedegreeanddirectionofchange5normal.Onekindofdivergenceofpitchmeansthesubject6Anotherkindmeanshewasreallyenthusiastic.Inatestingoftwocommercials7childrentheywere.vocallyaboutequally8ofboth.butthecomputerreportedtheiremotional9inthetwowastotallydifferent. Mostmajorcommercialsaresentfortestingtotheaters10withvariouselectronicmeasuringdevices.Peopleregardedas11arebroughtinoffthestreet.Viewerscanpushbuttonsto12whethertheyareinterestedorbored. Newspaperandmagazinegroupsbecameintenselyinterestedintestingtheiradsforaproduct13TVadsforthesameproduct.Theywereinterestedbecausethemain14ofevidenceshowsthatpeople15alotmorementalactivitywhentheyread16whentheysitinfrontoftheTVset.TVbegantobe17"alow-involvement"18.Itiscontendedthatlowinvolvementmeansthatthereisless19thattheadmessagewillbe20. Notes:commercial广告pitch音调 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkA.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayto 1describethepicturebriefly 2deducethepurposeofthedrawerofthepictureand 3suggestcounter-measures. Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadcarefullyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretolookforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18youread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points2
41Conflicts: Ifyoudogetaplaceinthestudentdormitoryitislikelythatyouwillhavetoshareyourlivingspacewithoneotherstudent.WhilehavinganAmericanroommatewillhelpyoutolearnmoreaboutAmericanwaystherewillprobablybemanytimesthatdiscomfortorconflictwillariseduetoculturaldifferences. 42Sex: WithregardtosexingeneralAmericanbehaviorisquiredifferentfromthenormsfoundinChina. 43RelationshipBetweenTeachers&Students: Onthecampusparticularlywhereclassesaresmall.Ifoundastrangeinformalitythatcharacterizedtherelationshipbetweenstudentsandtheirprofessors. 44Gifts: InmyinteractionwithAmericanfriends.Inoticedthattheconceptofagiftisquitedifferenthere.ManythingswegivetoeachotherinChinaarenotcalled"gifts"butareconsideredtobeareflectionofordinarydutiesandmutualobligations.Accustomedaswearetousingtheword"gift"torefertosomethingvaluablegivenonspecialoccasionsitcomesasasurprisetoseehowoftenthewordisusedinAmerica.IntheUnitedStates."gifts"givenonmanydifferentoccasionsareonlyservices. 45SocialIntercourse: WhenyoudoenterAmericanhomesyouwillhaveanopportunitytoobservedifferentwaysofgreetingpeople.Onthewhole.Americanstendtobefarmorephysicalthanweintheirgreetings: [A]Iwasastonishedforexamplewhenafriendtoldmethathewasofferingtocareforhisyoungerbrotherandsistersothathisfathercouldtakeavacationforhisbirthdaythiswasagifttohim.Forusthiswouldbeconsidereddutyratherthanagift.Evenbetweenfriendsgesturesofthissortmightbeconsidered"gifts"here. [B]Whilemanystudentsdocalltheirprofessors"Professor"soandsoor"Dr."soandso.someprofessorsprefertobecalledfamiliarlybytheirfirstnames.Andinthespiritofinformalitymanyprofessorsmayinvitestudentstotheirhomesorcanbeseenchattingwithstudentsoveramealoracupofcoffeeintheschoolcafeteria.Agoodnumberofinstructorsevenrequestthatstudentsfillourclassevaluationformswhichassessthecontentandpresentationofthecourse. [C]Myroommatewasverysociableandhadmanyboyfriendswhocametovisitoftenverylate.OnenightaftermidnightIhadtostayinthebathroomforanextra40minutesbecauseIhadheardaman’svoiceinmyroom.MyroommatedidnotrealizehowawkwardIwouldfeelmeetingamanwhileIwasinmynightgown.Yousee.Americanstudentstendtobemuchmorecasualaboutthesematters. [D]Onmanyoccasionsforinstanceclosefriendsorsometimesevencasualacquaintancesembraceorkisseachotheronthecheeksingreetingorbiddingfarewell.Itmayevenhappenthatwherecouplesareclosefriendsthetwohusbandswillkisstheotherman’swife! [E]IntheUnitedStates.forexampleifastudentwantstoinvitehisteachertoadinnerpartytheinvitationshouldbesentaweekorsobeforethepartydate.Iftheinvitationisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydate.theteacherwillfeelheisnothighlyregarded. [F]ForexamplemanyAmericanstudentsseemtoliketolistentopopularandsometimesloudmusicwhilestudyingintheirrooms.Sometimestheywillevenleavethemusiconwhentheyleavetheroom.ForsomereasonmanywilltellyoumusichelpsthemtorelaxandconcentrateanideawhichotherforeignstudentsandIfoundverystrangeanddisturbing.We’dliketostudyquietlywithoutanydisturbance. 42
TheteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageESLinschoolshashadahistoryofconflictingargumentsinterestinginnovationsandsomeverypositivemethodologicalchanges.Tounderstandthepresentsituationitisnecessarytoconsiderthepastandthewidereducationalcontextwhichhasahearingonit. UntilquiterecentlyapproachestoESLworkhavebeenstronglyinfluencedbymethodsdevelopedtoteachEnglishasaforeignlanguagetoolderlearners.Thesemethodsplacedmuchemphasisondrillsexercisesandremedialprogramsthatfocusonlanguageinabstraction.46Theprescriptivenatureofsuchmethodsandthedemandstheymadeontheteacher’stimedevelopedthebeliefthatESLworkcouldbetackledonlybythespecialistESLteacherworkingwithsmallgroupsofchildren.SuchanapproachdoesnotfitcomfortablyintocurrentnotionsoflearningandteachingintheprimaryschoolnordoesitsufficientlyequipESLlearnersinthesecondaryschooltobenefitfromnormalschooling.47Inprescribingwhatlanguageistobetaughtithasignoredwhatchildrenbringtothelearningtaskandthechoicestheymakeabouthowandwhattheywanttolearn.Furthermorethelocationandorganizationoflanguageprovisiondidnotmeasureuptothedemand.48ThelanguagecentersandEnglishlanguageservicesallcontributedtoprovidingspecialandconcentratedteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageinsmallgroupsvaryinginsizefromfourorfivetofifteen.WhateverthepatternofprovisionthemainaimwastogivepupilssufficientEnglishtoenablethemtojoinnormalschoolsasquicklyaspossible.Thesuccessofsuchspecialprovisiondependedverymuchonthecloseandconstantliaisonoflanguageteacherswiththesubjectteachersandtheclassteachersandonthecontinuityoflearningexperiencesprovidedbythem.49OneoftheimportantdisadvantagesoflanguagecentersandwithdrawalgroupswasthatESLchildrenwerebeingtaughtawayfromthoseEnglish-speakerswhoprovidethemostpowerfulmodelsi.e.theirpeergroup.Peer-groupinteractionisanimportantelementinanylearningsituationbutitsparticularstrengthsinaclassroomwithESLlearnerscannotbeoveremphasized. 50Theseparationofsecondlanguagelearnersfromthemainstreamclassroomcannoteasilybejustifiedoneducationalgroundssinceinpracticeitleadstoboththeircurriculumandlanguagelearningbeingimpoverished. Notes:context环境bearon对......有影响关系到......例如Idon’tseehowthisbearsonthematter.我不明白这一点与那些事的关系liaisonn.联结liaisonofAwithA与B之间的联系 55
Millionsofdollarsoftendependonthechoiceofwhichcommercialtouseinlaunchinganewproduct.Soyoushowthecommercialstoa1oftypicalconsumersandasktheiropinion.Theanswersyougetcansometimesleadyouintoabig2.Respondentsmayliejusttobepolite. Nowsomecompaniesandmajoradvertising3havebeenhiringvoicedetectiveswhotestyournormalvoiceandthenrecordyouontape4commentingonaproduct.Acomputeranalyzesthedegreeanddirectionofchange5normal.Onekindofdivergenceofpitchmeansthesubject6Anotherkindmeanshewasreallyenthusiastic.Inatestingoftwocommercials7childrentheywere.vocallyaboutequally8ofboth.butthecomputerreportedtheiremotional9inthetwowastotallydifferent. Mostmajorcommercialsaresentfortestingtotheaters10withvariouselectronicmeasuringdevices.Peopleregardedas11arebroughtinoffthestreet.Viewerscanpushbuttonsto12whethertheyareinterestedorbored. Newspaperandmagazinegroupsbecameintenselyinterestedintestingtheiradsforaproduct13TVadsforthesameproduct.Theywereinterestedbecausethemain14ofevidenceshowsthatpeople15alotmorementalactivitywhentheyread16whentheysitinfrontoftheTVset.TVbegantobe17"alow-involvement"18.Itiscontendedthatlowinvolvementmeansthatthereisless19thattheadmessagewillbe20. Notes:commercial广告pitch音调 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkA.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Millionsofdollarsoftendependonthechoiceofwhichcommercialtouseinlaunchinganewproduct.Soyoushowthecommercialstoa1oftypicalconsumersandasktheiropinion.Theanswersyougetcansometimesleadyouintoabig2.Respondentsmayliejusttobepolite. Nowsomecompaniesandmajoradvertising3havebeenhiringvoicedetectiveswhotestyournormalvoiceandthenrecordyouontape4commentingonaproduct.Acomputeranalyzesthedegreeanddirectionofchange5normal.Onekindofdivergenceofpitchmeansthesubject6Anotherkindmeanshewasreallyenthusiastic.Inatestingoftwocommercials7childrentheywere.vocallyaboutequally8ofboth.butthecomputerreportedtheiremotional9inthetwowastotallydifferent. Mostmajorcommercialsaresentfortestingtotheaters10withvariouselectronicmeasuringdevices.Peopleregardedas11arebroughtinoffthestreet.Viewerscanpushbuttonsto12whethertheyareinterestedorbored. Newspaperandmagazinegroupsbecameintenselyinterestedintestingtheiradsforaproduct13TVadsforthesameproduct.Theywereinterestedbecausethemain14ofevidenceshowsthatpeople15alotmorementalactivitywhentheyread16whentheysitinfrontoftheTVset.TVbegantobe17"alow-involvement"18.Itiscontendedthatlowinvolvementmeansthatthereisless19thattheadmessagewillbe20. Notes:commercial广告pitch音调 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkA.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
41Conflicts: Ifyoudogetaplaceinthestudentdormitoryitislikelythatyouwillhavetoshareyourlivingspacewithoneotherstudent.WhilehavinganAmericanroommatewillhelpyoutolearnmoreaboutAmericanwaystherewillprobablybemanytimesthatdiscomfortorconflictwillariseduetoculturaldifferences. 42Sex: WithregardtosexingeneralAmericanbehaviorisquiredifferentfromthenormsfoundinChina. 43RelationshipBetweenTeachers&Students: Onthecampusparticularlywhereclassesaresmall.Ifoundastrangeinformalitythatcharacterizedtherelationshipbetweenstudentsandtheirprofessors. 44Gifts: InmyinteractionwithAmericanfriends.Inoticedthattheconceptofagiftisquitedifferenthere.ManythingswegivetoeachotherinChinaarenotcalled"gifts"butareconsideredtobeareflectionofordinarydutiesandmutualobligations.Accustomedaswearetousingtheword"gift"torefertosomethingvaluablegivenonspecialoccasionsitcomesasasurprisetoseehowoftenthewordisusedinAmerica.IntheUnitedStates."gifts"givenonmanydifferentoccasionsareonlyservices. 45SocialIntercourse: WhenyoudoenterAmericanhomesyouwillhaveanopportunitytoobservedifferentwaysofgreetingpeople.Onthewhole.Americanstendtobefarmorephysicalthanweintheirgreetings: [A]Iwasastonishedforexamplewhenafriendtoldmethathewasofferingtocareforhisyoungerbrotherandsistersothathisfathercouldtakeavacationforhisbirthdaythiswasagifttohim.Forusthiswouldbeconsidereddutyratherthanagift.Evenbetweenfriendsgesturesofthissortmightbeconsidered"gifts"here. [B]Whilemanystudentsdocalltheirprofessors"Professor"soandsoor"Dr."soandso.someprofessorsprefertobecalledfamiliarlybytheirfirstnames.Andinthespiritofinformalitymanyprofessorsmayinvitestudentstotheirhomesorcanbeseenchattingwithstudentsoveramealoracupofcoffeeintheschoolcafeteria.Agoodnumberofinstructorsevenrequestthatstudentsfillourclassevaluationformswhichassessthecontentandpresentationofthecourse. [C]Myroommatewasverysociableandhadmanyboyfriendswhocametovisitoftenverylate.OnenightaftermidnightIhadtostayinthebathroomforanextra40minutesbecauseIhadheardaman’svoiceinmyroom.MyroommatedidnotrealizehowawkwardIwouldfeelmeetingamanwhileIwasinmynightgown.Yousee.Americanstudentstendtobemuchmorecasualaboutthesematters. [D]Onmanyoccasionsforinstanceclosefriendsorsometimesevencasualacquaintancesembraceorkisseachotheronthecheeksingreetingorbiddingfarewell.Itmayevenhappenthatwherecouplesareclosefriendsthetwohusbandswillkisstheotherman’swife! [E]IntheUnitedStates.forexampleifastudentwantstoinvitehisteachertoadinnerpartytheinvitationshouldbesentaweekorsobeforethepartydate.Iftheinvitationisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydate.theteacherwillfeelheisnothighlyregarded. [F]ForexamplemanyAmericanstudentsseemtoliketolistentopopularandsometimesloudmusicwhilestudyingintheirrooms.Sometimestheywillevenleavethemusiconwhentheyleavetheroom.ForsomereasonmanywilltellyoumusichelpsthemtorelaxandconcentrateanideawhichotherforeignstudentsandIfoundverystrangeanddisturbing.We’dliketostudyquietlywithoutanydisturbance. 44
Insperfectlyfreeandopenmarketeconomythetypeofemployer—governmentorprivateshouldhavelittleornoimpactontheearningsdifferentialsbetweenwomenandmen.However.ifthereisdiscriminationagainstonesex.itisunlikelythatthedegreeofdiscriminationbygovernmentandprivateemployerswillbethesame.Differencesinthedegreeofdiscriminationwouldresultinearningsdifferentialsassociatedwiththetypeofemployer.Giventhenatureofgovernmentandprivateemployersitseemsmostlikelythatdiscriminationbyprivateemployerswouldbegreater.Thusonewouldexpectthat.ifwomenarebeingdiscriminatedagainstgovernmentemploymentwouldhaveapositiveeffectonwomen’searningsascomparedwiththeirearningsfromprivateemployment.TheresultsofastudybyFuchssupportthisassumption.Fuchs’sresultssuggestthattheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedentirelyofgovernmentemployeeswouldbe14.6percentgreaterthantheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedexclusivelyofprivateemployeesotherthingsbeingequal.InadditionbothFuchsandSanbornhavesuggestedthattheeffectofdiscriminationbyconsumersontheearningsofself-employedwomenmaybegreaterthantheeffectofeithergovernmentorprivateemployerdiscriminationontheearningsofwomenemployees.Totestthishypothesis.BrownselectedalargesampleofWhitemaleandfemaleworkersfromthe1970Censusanddividedthemintothreecategories:privateemployeesgovernmentemployeesandself-employed.Blackworkerswereexcludedfromthesampletoavoidpickingupearningsdifferentialsthatweretheresultofracialdisparities.Brown’sresearchdesigncontrolledforeducationlabor-forceparticipationmobilitymotivationandageinordertoeliminatethesefactorsasexplanationsofthestudy’sresults.Brown’sresultssuggestthatmenandwomenarenottreatedthesamebyemployersandconsumers.Formenself-employmentisthehighestearningscategorywithprivateemploymentnextandgovernmentlowest.Forwomenthisorderisreversed.OnecaninferfromBrown’sresultsthatconsumersdiscriminateagainstself-employedwomen.Inadditionself-employedwomenmayhavemoredifficultythanmeningettinggoodemployeesandmayencounterdiscriminationfromsuppliersandfromfinancialinstitutions.Brown’sresultsareclearlyconsistentwithFuchs’sargumentthatdiscriminationbyconsumershasagreaterimpactontheearningsofwomenthandoesdiscriminationbyeithergovernmentorprivateemployers.Alsothefactthatwomendobetterworkingforgovernmentthanforprivateemployersimpliesthatprivateemployersarediscriminatingagainstwomen.Theresultsdonotprovethatgovernmentdoesnotdiscriminateagainstwomen.Theydohoweverdemonstratethatifgovernmentisdiscriminatingagainstwomenitsdiscriminationisnothavingasmucheffectonwomen’searningsasisdiscriminationintheprivatesector.AccordingtoBrown’sstudywomen’searningscategoriesoccurinwhichofthefollowingordersfromhighestearningstolowestearnings
InthepastAmericancollegesanduniversitieswerecreatedtoserveadualpurposetoadvancelearningandtoofferachancetobecomefamiliarwithbodiesofknowledgealreadydiscoveredtothosewhowishedit.TocreateandtoimpartthesewerethedistinctivefeaturesofAmericanhighereducationpriortothemostrecentdisorderlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury.Thesuccessfulinstitutionofhigherlearninghadneverbeenonewhosemissioncouldbedefinedintermsofprovidingvocationalskillsorasastrategyforresolvingsocietalproblems.InasubtlewayAmericansbelievedhighereducationtobeusefulbutnotnecessarilyofimmediateuse.AnotherpurposehasnowbeenassignedtothemissionofAmericancollegesanduniversities.Institutionsofhigherlearning--publicorprivate--commonlyfacethechallengeofdefiningtheirprogramsinsuchawayastocontributetotheserviceofthecommunity.Thisservicerolehasvariousapplications.Mostcommonareprogramstomeetthedemandsofregionalemploymentmarketstoprovideopportunitiesforupwardsocialandeconomicmobilitytoachieveracialethnicorsocialintegrationormoregenerallytoproduceproductiveascomparedtoeducatedgraduates.Regardlessofitsprecisedefinitiontheideaofaservice-universityhaswonacceptancewithintheacademiccommunity.Oneneedonlyberemindedofthechangeinlanguagedescribingthetwo-yearcollegetoappreciatethenewvaluecurrentlybeingattachedtotheconceptofaservice-relateduniversity.Thetraditionaltwo-yearcollegehassheditspejorativejuniorcollegelabelandisgenerallycalledacommunitycollegeaclearlyvalue-ladenexpressionrepresentingthelatestcommitmentinhighereducation.Eventhedoctoraldegreelongrecognizedasarequiredunioncardintheacademicworldhascomeunderseverecriticismasthepursuitoflearningforitsownsakeandtheaccumulationofknowledgewithoutimmediateapplicationtoaprofessor’sclassroomduties.Theideaofacollegeoruniversitythatperformsatriplefunction—communicatingknowledgetostudentsexpandingthecontentofvariousdisciplinesandinteractinginadirectrelationshipwithsocietyhasbeenthemostimportantchangeinhighereducationinrecentyears.Thisnoveldevelopmenthoweverisoftenoverlooked.Educatorshavealwaysbeenfamiliarwiththosepartsofthetwo-yearcollegecurriculumthathaveaserviceorvocationalorientation.Itisimportanttoknowthis.ButsomecommentariesonAmericanpostsecondaryeducationtendtounderplaytheimpactoftheattemptofcollegesanduniversitiestorelatetoifnotresolvetheproblemsofsociety.What’sworsetheyobscureafundamentalquestionposedbytheservice-university—whatishighereducationsupposedtodoTheserviceroleofcollegesspecificallyaimsto
Twomodesofargumentationhavebeenusedonbehalfofwomen’semancipationinWesternsocieties.46Argumentsinwhatcouldbecalledthe"relational"feministtraditionmaintainthedoctrineof"equalityindifference"orequityasdistinctfromequality.Theycontendthatbiologicaldistinctionsbetweenthesexesresultinanecessarysexualdivisionoflaborinthefamilyandthroughoutsocietyandthatwomen’sprocreativelaboriscurrentlyundervaluedbysocietytothedisadvantageofwomen.47Bycontrasttheindividualistfeministtraditionemphasizesindividualhumanrightsandcerebrateswomen’squestforpersonalautonomywhiledownplayingtheimportanceofgenderrolesandminimizingdiscussionofchildbearinganditsattendantresponsibilities.Beforethelatenineteenthcenturytheseviewscoexistedwithinthefeministmovementoftenwithinthewritingsofthesameindividual.48Between1890and1920howeverrelationalfeminismwhichhadbeenthedominantstraininfeministthoughtandwhichstillpredominatesamongEuropeanandnon-WesternfeministslostgroundinEnglandandtheUnitedStates.BecausetheconceptofindividualrightswasalreadywellestablishedintheAnglo-SaxonlegalandpoliticaltraditionindividualistfeminismcametopredominateinEnglishspeakingcountries.Atthesametimethegoalsofthetwoapproachesbegantoseemincreasinglyirreconcilable.Individualistfeministsbegantoadvocateatotallygender-blindsystemwithequalrightsforall.49Relationalfeministswhileagreeingthatequaleducationalandeconomicopportunitiesoutsidethehomeshouldbeavailableforallwomencontinuedtoemphasizewomen’sspecialcontributionstosocietyashomemakersandmothers.Theydemandedspecialtreatmentforwomenincludingprotectivelegislationforwomenworkersstate-sponsoredmaternitybenefitsandpaidcompensationforhousework. Relationalargumentshaveamajorpitfall.becausetheyunderlinewomen’sphysiologicalandpsychologicaldistinctivenesstheyareoftenappropriatedbypoliticaladversariesandusedtoendorsemaleprivilege.50Buttheindividualistapproachbyattackinggenderrolesdenyingthesignificanceofphysiologicaldifferenceandcondemningexistingfamilialinstitutionsashopelesslypatriarchalhasoftensimplytreatedasirrelevantthefamilyrolesimportanttomanywomen.Iftheindividualistframeworkwithitsclaimforwomen’sautonomycouldbeharmonizedwiththefamily-orientedconcernsofrelationalfeministsamorefruitfulmodelforcontemporaryfeministpoliticscouldemerge. Notes:emancipationn.解放equityn.公平procreative生育的celebratevt.颂扬questn.寻求downplayvt.贬低低估loseground退却失利maternitybenefit产妇津贴pitfalln.隐患appropriatevt.资用adversaryn.敌手endorsevt.赞同patriarchal家长制的 Argumentsinwhatcouldbecalledtherelationalfeministtraditionmaintainthedoctrineofequalityindifferenceorequityasdistinctfromequality.
InthepastAmericancollegesanduniversitieswerecreatedtoserveadualpurposetoadvancelearningandtoofferachancetobecomefamiliarwithbodiesofknowledgealreadydiscoveredtothosewhowishedit.TocreateandtoimpartthesewerethedistinctivefeaturesofAmericanhighereducationpriortothemostrecentdisorderlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury.Thesuccessfulinstitutionofhigherlearninghadneverbeenonewhosemissioncouldbedefinedintermsofprovidingvocationalskillsorasastrategyforresolvingsocietalproblems.InasubtlewayAmericansbelievedhighereducationtobeusefulbutnotnecessarilyofimmediateuse.AnotherpurposehasnowbeenassignedtothemissionofAmericancollegesanduniversities.Institutionsofhigherlearning--publicorprivate--commonlyfacethechallengeofdefiningtheirprogramsinsuchawayastocontributetotheserviceofthecommunity.Thisservicerolehasvariousapplications.Mostcommonareprogramstomeetthedemandsofregionalemploymentmarketstoprovideopportunitiesforupwardsocialandeconomicmobilitytoachieveracialethnicorsocialintegrationormoregenerallytoproduceproductiveascomparedtoeducatedgraduates.Regardlessofitsprecisedefinitiontheideaofaservice-universityhaswonacceptancewithintheacademiccommunity.Oneneedonlyberemindedofthechangeinlanguagedescribingthetwo-yearcollegetoappreciatethenewvaluecurrentlybeingattachedtotheconceptofaservice-relateduniversity.Thetraditionaltwo-yearcollegehassheditspejorativejuniorcollegelabelandisgenerallycalledacommunitycollegeaclearlyvalue-ladenexpressionrepresentingthelatestcommitmentinhighereducation.Eventhedoctoraldegreelongrecognizedasarequiredunioncardintheacademicworldhascomeunderseverecriticismasthepursuitoflearningforitsownsakeandtheaccumulationofknowledgewithoutimmediateapplicationtoaprofessor’sclassroomduties.Theideaofacollegeoruniversitythatperformsatriplefunction—communicatingknowledgetostudentsexpandingthecontentofvariousdisciplinesandinteractinginadirectrelationshipwithsocietyhasbeenthemostimportantchangeinhighereducationinrecentyears.Thisnoveldevelopmenthoweverisoftenoverlooked.Educatorshavealwaysbeenfamiliarwiththosepartsofthetwo-yearcollegecurriculumthathaveaserviceorvocationalorientation.Itisimportanttoknowthis.ButsomecommentariesonAmericanpostsecondaryeducationtendtounderplaytheimpactoftheattemptofcollegesanduniversitiestorelatetoifnotresolvetheproblemsofsociety.What’sworsetheyobscureafundamentalquestionposedbytheservice-university—whatishighereducationsupposedtodoTheopeningparagraphiswritteninordertostate
Directions: Studythefollowingphotocarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethephotobrieflyspeculatingaboutwhatsheisthinkingof 2statedifferentviewsonpart-timejobsand 3giveyourownopinion. Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
热门题库
更多
高考政治
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号