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(41)Conflicts: If you do get a place in the student dormitory, it is likely that you will have ...
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HowtoLivePeacefullywithYourParentsAsateenyouaregoi
—TheconflictsbetweenNorthandSouthKoreacallfortalks
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HowtoLivePeacefullywithYourParents?Asateenyouarego
MakingPeacewithYourParentsAsateenyouaregoingthroug
MakingPeacewithYourParentsAsateenyou’regoingthroug
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Aconflictatworkiscommon.Ifyoucanavoidconflictitmea
Wecanhaveconflictswithourimportantpersonslikefrien
MakingPeacewithYourParentsAsateenyou'regoingthroug
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Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanufacturingefficiencyintheworldautomobileindustry.46SomeobserversofJapanhaveassumedthatJapanesefirmsusethesamemanufacturingequipmentandtechniquesasUnitedStatesfirmsbuthavebenefitedfromtheuniquecharacteristicsofJavaneseemployeesandtheJavaneseculture.HoweverifthisweretruethenonewouldexpectJapaneseautoplantsintheUnitedStatestoperformnobetterthanfactoriesrunbyUnitedStatescompanies.Thisisnotthecase.47Japanese-runautomobileplantslocatedintheUnitedStatesandstaffedbylocalworkershavedemonstratedhigherlevelsofproductivitywhencomparedwithfactoriesownedbyUnitedStatescompanies. OtherobserverslinkhighJapaneseproductivitytohigherlevelsofcapitalinvestmentperworker.Butahistoricalperspectiveleadstoadifferentconclusion.48WhenthetwotopJapaneseautomobilemakersmatchedandthendoubledUnitedStatesproductivitylevelsinthemid-sixtiescapitalinvestmentperemployeewascomparabletothatofUnitedStatesfirms.FurthermorebythelateseventiestheamountoffixedassetsrequiredtoproduceonevehiclewasroughlyequivalentinJapanandintheUnitedStates.SincecapitalinvestmentwasnothigherinJapanithadtobeotherfactorsthatledtohigherproductivity. AmorefruitfulexplanationmayliewithJapaneseproductiontechniques.Japaneseautomobileproducersdidnotsimplyimplementconventionalprocessesmoreeffectively;theymadecriticalchangeinUnitedStatesprocedures.49Forinstancethemass-productionphilosophyofUnitedStatesautomakersencouragedtheproductionofhugelotsofcarsinordertoutilizefullyexpensivecomponent-specificequipmentandtooccupyfullyworkerswhohavebeentrainedtoexecuteoneoperationefficiently.Japaneseautomakerschosetomakesmall-lotproductionfeasiblebyintroducingseveraldeparturesfromUnitedStatespracticesincludingtheuseofflexibleequipmentthatcouldbealteredeasilytodoseveraldifferentproductiontasksandthetrainingofworkersinmultiplejobs.50Automakerscouldscheduletheproductionofdifferentcomponentsormodelsonsinglemachinestherebyeliminatingthe.needtostorethesparestocksofextracomponentsthatresultwhenspecializedequipmentandworkersarekeptconstantlyactive. Japanese-runautomobileplantslocatedintheUnitedStatesandstaffedbylocalworkershavedemonstratedhigherlevelsofproductivitywhencomparedwithfactoriesownedbyUnitedStatescompanies
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 5
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 3
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 1
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 7
Itishardlynecessarytopointoutthatweliveinaworldofincreasingindustrialization.Whilethisprocessenablesustoraiseourstandardoflivingatanever-acceleratingrateitalsoleadstoacorrespondinggrowthofinterdependencebetweenthedifferentregionsoftheworld. 41______. WhatthenistobedoneAlthoughitisdifficulttoknowwheretobegintodealwithsuchalargesubjectthefirststepisperhapstoconsiderthemaineconomicdifficultiesanunderdevelopedoremergingregionhastoface. 42______Anumberofquitecommonoccurrencesarethereforesufficienttocauseimmediate-andseriousinterferencewiththis.exportproduction:unfavorableweatherconditionsplantoranimalepidemicstheexhaustionofsoilfertilityormineraldepositsthedevelopmentofsubstituteproductsintheindustrializedregionsetc.Thesensitivityoftheeconomyisgreatlyintensifiedincaseswhereexportsareconfinedonlytooneortwoproducts--"monocultures"astheyaresometimescalled. 43______Thisalsoappliestothemanufacturedgoodsrequiredtoprovidetheirpopulationswiththe"necessitiesoflife".Thiseconomicstructuremakesitdifficultforthemtoavoidbeingpoliticallydependentonthecountrieswhichabsorbtheirexportsandprovidetheiressentialimports. Sinceundermodernconditionsarapidriseinpopulationisaphenomenoncloselyassociatedwithunderdevelopment.Thiscausealonecansubjecttheeconomytosevereandcontinuousstress. 44______Inthefirstplacetosetupmodernindustriesnecessitatescapitalonalargescalewhichonlyindustrializedregionsareabletoprovidersecondlytheylackthenecessarytrainedmanpower;thirdlytheirindustries--whenestablished--areusuallynotefficientenoughtocompetewithforeignimportsandanyrestrictionontheseimportsislikelytoleadtocounter-actionagainsttheirownexports. Fromanotherpointofviewitisnecessarytobearinmindthatthereareinvariablypoliticaleducationalsocialandpsychologicalobstacleswhichtendtointerfereseriouslywithanymeasurestakentodealwiththeeconomicdifficultiesoutlinedabove. 45______. Toconcludeitseemsclearthatifwearetosucceedinsolvingthemanyinter-relatedproblemsofunderdevelopmentonlythefullestandmostintelligentuseoftheresourcesofallbranchesofsciencewillenableustodoso. Notes:beorientated...toward被引导到......monoculture单一作物耕种 [A]Forexampletheeconomiesofsuchcountriesareorientatedprimarilytowardtheproductionofrawmaterialsi.e.agriculturalandmineralproducts;thesearethenexportedtotheindustrializedcountries. [B]Giventheseconditionsitiseasytoseethatanypermanenteconomicorpoliticalinstabilityinoneareaisboundtohaveanincreasinglyseriouseffectupontherestoftheworld.Sincethemainsourceofsuchinstabilityisunderdevelopmentitisclearthatthisnowconstitutesaproblemofinternationaldimensions. [C]Asfaras"necessitiesoflife"areconcernedtheyrepresentaconceptwhichiscontinuallybeingenlargedthroughthemassmediaofcommunicationsuchasnewspapersfilmstheradioandadvertising. [D]Althoughitisobviousthatindustrializationisthekeytodevelopmentitisusuallyverydifficultforemergingcountriestocarryoutplansofthisnature. [E]Beingunder-industrializedthesecountriesarelargelydependentonimportstosupplytheequipmentneededtoproducetherawmaterialstheyexport. [F]Toconsider0nlyonepoint:itisobviouslyuselesstodevotegreateffortsandexpensetoeducationtechnicaltrainingandplanningifforpsychologicalreasonsthepopulationasawholefailstoturntheoryintoeffectiveaction. [G]Thissuddenincreaseinthepopulationoftheunderdevelopedcountrieshascomeatadifficulttime.Eveniftheirpopulationhadnotgrownsofasttheywouldhavebeenfacingadesperatestruggletobringthestandardoflivingoftheirpeopleup. 45
Itishardlynecessarytopointoutthatweliveinaworldofincreasingindustrialization.Whilethisprocessenablesustoraiseourstandardoflivingatanever-acceleratingrateitalsoleadstoacorrespondinggrowthofinterdependencebetweenthedifferentregionsoftheworld. 41______. WhatthenistobedoneAlthoughitisdifficulttoknowwheretobegintodealwithsuchalargesubjectthefirststepisperhapstoconsiderthemaineconomicdifficultiesanunderdevelopedoremergingregionhastoface. 42______Anumberofquitecommonoccurrencesarethereforesufficienttocauseimmediate-andseriousinterferencewiththis.exportproduction:unfavorableweatherconditionsplantoranimalepidemicstheexhaustionofsoilfertilityormineraldepositsthedevelopmentofsubstituteproductsintheindustrializedregionsetc.Thesensitivityoftheeconomyisgreatlyintensifiedincaseswhereexportsareconfinedonlytooneortwoproducts--"monocultures"astheyaresometimescalled. 43______Thisalsoappliestothemanufacturedgoodsrequiredtoprovidetheirpopulationswiththe"necessitiesoflife".Thiseconomicstructuremakesitdifficultforthemtoavoidbeingpoliticallydependentonthecountrieswhichabsorbtheirexportsandprovidetheiressentialimports. Sinceundermodernconditionsarapidriseinpopulationisaphenomenoncloselyassociatedwithunderdevelopment.Thiscausealonecansubjecttheeconomytosevereandcontinuousstress. 44______Inthefirstplacetosetupmodernindustriesnecessitatescapitalonalargescalewhichonlyindustrializedregionsareabletoprovidersecondlytheylackthenecessarytrainedmanpower;thirdlytheirindustries--whenestablished--areusuallynotefficientenoughtocompetewithforeignimportsandanyrestrictionontheseimportsislikelytoleadtocounter-actionagainsttheirownexports. Fromanotherpointofviewitisnecessarytobearinmindthatthereareinvariablypoliticaleducationalsocialandpsychologicalobstacleswhichtendtointerfereseriouslywithanymeasurestakentodealwiththeeconomicdifficultiesoutlinedabove. 45______. Toconcludeitseemsclearthatifwearetosucceedinsolvingthemanyinter-relatedproblemsofunderdevelopmentonlythefullestandmostintelligentuseoftheresourcesofallbranchesofsciencewillenableustodoso. Notes:beorientated...toward被引导到......monoculture单一作物耕种 [A]Forexampletheeconomiesofsuchcountriesareorientatedprimarilytowardtheproductionofrawmaterialsi.e.agriculturalandmineralproducts;thesearethenexportedtotheindustrializedcountries. [B]Giventheseconditionsitiseasytoseethatanypermanenteconomicorpoliticalinstabilityinoneareaisboundtohaveanincreasinglyseriouseffectupontherestoftheworld.Sincethemainsourceofsuchinstabilityisunderdevelopmentitisclearthatthisnowconstitutesaproblemofinternationaldimensions. [C]Asfaras"necessitiesoflife"areconcernedtheyrepresentaconceptwhichiscontinuallybeingenlargedthroughthemassmediaofcommunicationsuchasnewspapersfilmstheradioandadvertising. [D]Althoughitisobviousthatindustrializationisthekeytodevelopmentitisusuallyverydifficultforemergingcountriestocarryoutplansofthisnature. [E]Beingunder-industrializedthesecountriesarelargelydependentonimportstosupplytheequipmentneededtoproducetherawmaterialstheyexport. [F]Toconsider0nlyonepoint:itisobviouslyuselesstodevotegreateffortsandexpensetoeducationtechnicaltrainingandplanningifforpsychologicalreasonsthepopulationasawholefailstoturntheoryintoeffectiveaction. [G]Thissuddenincreaseinthepopulationoftheunderdevelopedcountrieshascomeatadifficulttime.Eveniftheirpopulationhadnotgrownsofasttheywouldhavebeenfacingadesperatestruggletobringthestandardoflivingoftheirpeopleup. 41
[A]MarketData [B]MarketProsperity [C]SecretofSuccess [D]QuestionstoAsk [E]UnderstandingYourMarket [F]MarketResearch Successfulsmallbusinessexpansionsandnewjobformationleadthewayincreatingnewmarketsinnovationsandjobsthatfueleconomicgrowthandprosperity. InrecognitionoftheimportanceofsmallbusinesstoastrongeconomytheU.S.SmallBusinessAdministrationSBAispleasedtohelpmeettheinformationneedsofexistingbusinessownersandaspiringentrepreneurs. 41.______ Yourbusinesswillnotsucceedjustbecauseyouwantittosucceed.Determiningifthereisamarketforyourproductsorservicesisthemostcriticalitemofplanning.Onceyoudecideonyourproductorserviceyoumustanalyzeyourmarket--aprocessinvolvinginterviewingcompetitorssuppliersandnewcustomers. Beforeyoubeginresearchingyourmarkethoweveryoushouldtakeabriefbutcloselookatyourproductorservicefromanobjectivestandpoint.Youshouldaskyourselfthefollowingquestions: --Isthisproductorserviceinconstantdemand --Howmanycompetitorsprovidethesameserviceorproduct --CanIcreateademandformyproductorservice --CanIcompeteeffectivelyinpricequalityanddelivery —CanIpricemyproductorservicetoassureaprofit Onceyouaresatisfiedthatthesepreliminaryquestionsareansweredmoveontoperformingyourresearch. 42.______. Itisextremelybeneficialtoinvestigateamarketbecausetheinformationgatheredcanincreaseyourprofitpotential.Specificallyit: --Indicatesalternativesalesapproachestoyourmarket. --Providesamoreaccuratebaseformakingprofitassumptions. --Aidsintheorganizationofmarketingactivities. --Assistsinthedevelopmentofcriticalshort/mid-termgoals. --Helpsestablishyourmarket’sprofitboundaries. Unfortunatelymanyentrepreneursfailtocompletethiscriticalsectionoftheirbusinessplan.Collectingresearchdatacanbefrustratingunlessyouhavedefinedyourgoalsandorganizedthecollectionandanalysisprocess.Topreventthisfromhappeningyoumustplanhowyouwillcollectsortandanalyzetheinformation.Maintainanotebookandfileinwhichtostoreorganizeandretrievedataasneeded. 43.______. Yourresearchshouldaskthesequestions.. --Whoareyourcustomers --Wherearetheylocated --Whataretheirneedsandresources --Isyourserviceorproductessentialintheiroperationspractivities —Canthecustomeraffordyourserviceorproduct —Wherecanyoucreateademandforyourserviceorproduct --Whatareaswithinyourmarketaredecliningorgrowing --Whatisthegeneraleconomyofyourserviceorproductarea 44.______. Knowingyourmarketrequiresanunderstandingnotonlyofyourproductbutalsoofyourcustomers’socioeconomiccharacteristics.Thisinformationwillserveasamapinlettingyouknowwhatisahead. Moremarketinformationcanbefoundin --Librarylistingsoftradeassociationsandjournals. --Regionalplanningorganizations’studiesongrowthtrends. --Banksrealtorsandinsurancecompanies. —Competitors. --Customersurveysinyourmarketarea. Onceyouhaveobtainedandanalyzedthisinformationitwillbecomethefoundationofyourbusinessplan.Researchinformationisimportantbecauseitsupportsthebasicassumptionsinyourfinancialprojection--yourreasonforgoingintobusiness. 45.______ Tobesuccessfulasmallbusinessownermustknowthemarket.Marketresearchissimplyanorderlyobjectivewayoflearningaboutpeople--thepeoplewhowillbuyfromyou. 43
Directions:YouhavetroublewithreadingandareinneedofsomeadvicefromProfessorWang.Writealettertohimto1givehimyourpersonalinformation2stateyourproblemsand3askforthetimeandplaceofapossibleinterviewwithhim.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Howeverimportantwemayregardschoollifetobethereisnodenyingthefactthatchildrenspendmoretimeathomethanintheclassroom.Thereforethegreatinfluenceofparentscannotbeignoredordiscountedbytheteacher.Theycanbecomestrongalliesoftheschoolpersonnelortheycanconsciouslyorunconsciouslyhinderandfrustratecurricularobjectives.Administratorshavebeenawareoftheneedtokeepparentsinformedofthenewermethodsusedinschools.Manyprincipalshaveconductedworkshopsexplainingsuchmattersasthereadingreadinessprogrammanuscriptwritinganddevelopmentalmathematics.Moreovertheclassroomteacherwiththepermissionofthesupervisorscanalsoplayanimportantroleinenlighteningparents.Theinformalteaandthemanyinterviewscarriedonduringtheyearaswellasnewwaysofreportingpupils’progresscansignificantlyaidinachievingaharmoniousinterplaybetweenschoolandhome.ToillustratesupposethatafatherhasbeendrillingJuniorinarithmeticprocessesnightafternight.Inafriendlyinterviewtheteachercanhelptheparentsublimatehisnaturalpaternalinterestintoproductivechannels.HemightbepersuadedtoletJuniorparticipateindiscussingthefamilybudgetbuyingthefoodusingayardstickormeasuringcupathomesettingtheclockcalculatingmileageonatripandengaginginscoresofotheractivitiesthathaveamathematicalbasis.Ifthefatherfollowstheadviceitisreasonabletoassumethathewillsoonrealizehissonismakingsatisfactoryprogressinmathematicsandatthesametimeenjoyingthework.Toooftenhoweverteachers’conferenceswithparentsaredevotedtopettyaccountsofchildren’smisdemeanorscomplaintsaboutlazinessandpoorworkhabitsandsuggestionforpenaltiesandrewardsathome.Whatisneededisamorecreativeapproachinwhichtheteacherasaprofessionaladviserplantsideasinparents’mindsforthebestutilizationofthemanyhoursthatthechildspendsoutoftheclassroom.Inthiswaytheschoolandthehomejoinforcesinfosteringthefullestdevelopmentofyoungsters’capacities.Itcanreasonablybeinferredthattheauthor
Itishardlynecessarytopointoutthatweliveinaworldofincreasingindustrialization.Whilethisprocessenablesustoraiseourstandardoflivingatanever-acceleratingrateitalsoleadstoacorrespondinggrowthofinterdependencebetweenthedifferentregionsoftheworld. 41______. WhatthenistobedoneAlthoughitisdifficulttoknowwheretobegintodealwithsuchalargesubjectthefirststepisperhapstoconsiderthemaineconomicdifficultiesanunderdevelopedoremergingregionhastoface. 42______Anumberofquitecommonoccurrencesarethereforesufficienttocauseimmediate-andseriousinterferencewiththis.exportproduction:unfavorableweatherconditionsplantoranimalepidemicstheexhaustionofsoilfertilityormineraldepositsthedevelopmentofsubstituteproductsintheindustrializedregionsetc.Thesensitivityoftheeconomyisgreatlyintensifiedincaseswhereexportsareconfinedonlytooneortwoproducts--"monocultures"astheyaresometimescalled. 43______Thisalsoappliestothemanufacturedgoodsrequiredtoprovidetheirpopulationswiththe"necessitiesoflife".Thiseconomicstructuremakesitdifficultforthemtoavoidbeingpoliticallydependentonthecountrieswhichabsorbtheirexportsandprovidetheiressentialimports. Sinceundermodernconditionsarapidriseinpopulationisaphenomenoncloselyassociatedwithunderdevelopment.Thiscausealonecansubjecttheeconomytosevereandcontinuousstress. 44______Inthefirstplacetosetupmodernindustriesnecessitatescapitalonalargescalewhichonlyindustrializedregionsareabletoprovidersecondlytheylackthenecessarytrainedmanpower;thirdlytheirindustries--whenestablished--areusuallynotefficientenoughtocompetewithforeignimportsandanyrestrictionontheseimportsislikelytoleadtocounter-actionagainsttheirownexports. Fromanotherpointofviewitisnecessarytobearinmindthatthereareinvariablypoliticaleducationalsocialandpsychologicalobstacleswhichtendtointerfereseriouslywithanymeasurestakentodealwiththeeconomicdifficultiesoutlinedabove. 45______. Toconcludeitseemsclearthatifwearetosucceedinsolvingthemanyinter-relatedproblemsofunderdevelopmentonlythefullestandmostintelligentuseoftheresourcesofallbranchesofsciencewillenableustodoso. Notes:beorientated...toward被引导到......monoculture单一作物耕种 [A]Forexampletheeconomiesofsuchcountriesareorientatedprimarilytowardtheproductionofrawmaterialsi.e.agriculturalandmineralproducts;thesearethenexportedtotheindustrializedcountries. [B]Giventheseconditionsitiseasytoseethatanypermanenteconomicorpoliticalinstabilityinoneareaisboundtohaveanincreasinglyseriouseffectupontherestoftheworld.Sincethemainsourceofsuchinstabilityisunderdevelopmentitisclearthatthisnowconstitutesaproblemofinternationaldimensions. [C]Asfaras"necessitiesoflife"areconcernedtheyrepresentaconceptwhichiscontinuallybeingenlargedthroughthemassmediaofcommunicationsuchasnewspapersfilmstheradioandadvertising. [D]Althoughitisobviousthatindustrializationisthekeytodevelopmentitisusuallyverydifficultforemergingcountriestocarryoutplansofthisnature. [E]Beingunder-industrializedthesecountriesarelargelydependentonimportstosupplytheequipmentneededtoproducetherawmaterialstheyexport. [F]Toconsider0nlyonepoint:itisobviouslyuselesstodevotegreateffortsandexpensetoeducationtechnicaltrainingandplanningifforpsychologicalreasonsthepopulationasawholefailstoturntheoryintoeffectiveaction. [G]Thissuddenincreaseinthepopulationoftheunderdevelopedcountrieshascomeatadifficulttime.Eveniftheirpopulationhadnotgrownsofasttheywouldhavebeenfacingadesperatestruggletobringthestandardoflivingoftheirpeopleup. 43
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 9
Manfirstappearedontheearthabout2millionyearsago.Thenhewaslittlemorethanananimal;butearlymanhadabigadvantageovertheanimals.Hehadinhisbrainspecialgroupsofnervecellsnotpresentinanimalsthatenabledhimtoinventalanguageanduseittocommunicatewithhisfellowmen.46Thisabilitytospeakwasofgreatvaluebecauseitallowedmentoshareideasandtoplantogethersothattasksimpossibleforasinglepersoncouldbesuccessfullyundertakenbyintelligentteam-work.Speechalsoenabledideastobepassedonfromgenerationtogenerationsothatthestockofhumanknowledgeslowlyincreased. Itwasthisspecialabilitythatputmenfaraheadofotherlivingcreaturesinthestruggleforexistence.47Hemastereddarknessfirstwithdimlightsandlaterwithbrighterandbrighterlampsuntilhecannowmakeforhimselfsodazzlingalightwithanarelampthatlikethesunitistoostrongforhisnakedeyes. 48Manfoundthathisownmusclesweretooweakfortheworkwhichhewantedtodo;heexploredmanyotherformsofpoweruntilnowhehashishandsontheultimatesourceofphysicalenergythenuclearpower.Fromman’searliestdaystheflightofbirdshasraisedhiswonderanddesire.WhyshouldhenotflyastheydidThenhebegantoexperiment.Atlasthelearnthowtomaketherightmachinestocarryhimthroughtheair.Nowhecanflyfasterthansound.Alreadyhehasplansforconqueringspaceandaseriesofexperimentshasbeencompleted.49Itwillnotbelongnowbeforemantakesagiantstepawayfromhisplanetandvisitsthemoonlearningwhatitisliketohavenoweighttohisbodynoupwarddirectionandnodownward. Manalwaysawandererhastoovercomethedifficultyofadaptinghimselftodifferentclimates.50Fortunatelyinspiteofhavingno.thickskinorwarmfurtoprotecthimheispeculiarlystrongcomparedwithotherlivingcreaturesmostofwhomareunabletolivefaroutsidetheregionthatsuitsthembest. 47
In1575--over400yearsagotheFrenchscholarLouisLeRoypublishedalearnedbookinwhichhevoiceddespairoverthechangescausedbythesocialandtechnologicalinnovationsofhistimewhatwenowcalltheRenaissance.Wealsofeelthatourtimesareoutofjoint;weevenhavereasontobelievethatourdescendantswillbeworseoffthanweare.Theearthwillsoonbeovercrowdedanditsresourcesexhausted.Pollutionwillruintheenvironmentupsettheclimateandendangerhumanhealth.Thegapinlivingstandardsbetweentherichandthepoorwillwidenandleadtheangryhungrypeopleoftheworldtoactsofdesperationincludingtheuseofnuclearweaponsasblackmail.Sucharetheinevitableconsequencesofpopulationandtechnologicalgrowthifpresenttrendscontinue.Thefutureisneveraprojectionofthepast.Animalsprobablyhavenochancetoescapefromthetyrannyofbiologicalevolutionbuthumanbeingsareblessedwiththefreedomofsocialevolution.Forustrendisnotdestinyfate.Theescapefromexistingtrendsisnowfacilitatedbythefactthatsocietiesanticipatefuturedangersandtakepreventivestepsagainstexpectedchanges.Despitethewidespreadbeliefthattheworldhasbecometoocomplexforcomprehensionbythehumanbrain;modernsocietieshaveoftenrespondedeffectivelytocriticalsituations.Thedecreaseinbirthratesthepartialprohibitionofpesticidesandtherethinkingoftechnologiesfortheproductionanduseofenergyarebutafewexamplesillustratingasuddenreversaloftrendscausednotbypoliticalupsetsorscientificbreakthroughsbutbypublicawarenessofconsequences.Evenmorestrikingarethesituationsinwhichsocialattitudesconcerningfuturedifficultiesundergorapidchangesbeforetheproblemshavecometopass--witnesstheheatedargumentsabouttheproblemsofbehaviorcontrolandofgeneticengineeringeventhoughthereisasyetnoproofthateffectivemethodscanbedevelopedtomanipulatebehaviorandgenesonapopulationscale.Oneofthecharacteristicsofourtimesisthustherapiditywithwhichstepscanbetakentochangetheorientationofcertaintrendsandeventoreversethem.Suchchangesusuallyemergefromgrassrootmovementsratherthanfromofficialdirectives.Notes:Renaissance14--15世纪欧洲文艺复兴时期tyranny暴虐统治暴虐行为areblessedwith幸有有幸得到butafew只是几个cometopass发生实现asyet至今grassroot群众ThebestillustrationofthemeaningoftrendisnotdestinyinPara.3isthat
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 17
Within80yearssomescientistsestimatetheworldmustproducemorethaneighttimesthepresentworldfoodsupply.Theproductivenessofthesearaisesourhopesforanadequatefoodsupplyinthefuture.Aidedbymenofsciencewehavesetforthtofindoutthat70percentoftheearthremainsunexploredtheoceandepths.Thuswemaybetterdiscoverandutilizethesea’snaturalproductsfortheworld’shungry.Itisfishproteinconcentratethatissoughtfromtheseas.ByutilizingtheunharvestedfishinUnitedStateswatersaloneenoughfishproteinconcentratecanbeobtainedtoprovidesupplementalanimalproteinformorethanonebillionpeopleforoneyearatthecostoflessthanhalfacentperdayperperson.Themalnutritionofchildrenisterriblytragic.Butthecrimeliesinsociety’sunrestrainedbreedingnotinitsnegligenceinproducingfishpowder.Butwhereverthepopulationprojectsarecarefullyconsideredtheanswertotheproblemissomethinglikethis:Therearefewprojectsthatcoulddomoretoraisethenutritionallevelofmankindthanafull-scalescientificefforttodeveloptheresourcesofthesea.Eachyearsomethirtymilliontonsoffoodproductsaretakenfromtheseawhichaccountfor12percentoftheworld’sanimalproteins.Nationswiththeirswellingpopulationsmustpushforwardintotheseafrontiersforfoodsupplies.Privateindustrymuststepupitsmarineresearchandthefederalgovernmentmustmakenewattacksontheproblemsofmarineresearchdevelopment.Thereisatoneofdesperatenessinallthesedesignsonthesea.Butwhatismoststartlingistheassumptionthattheseasareanuntouchedresource.Thefactisthattheseashavebeenandarebeinghurtdirectlyandindirectlybythesameforcesthathaveabusedtheland.Inthebroadpatternofecologicalrelationshipstheseasarenotseparablefromwhathappensontheland.Thepoisonsthatpollutethesoilandtheairbringinmassivedosesintothecontinentalshelfwaters.Thedirtandpollutionthatspillsfromoururbansewersandindustrialoutfallsdespoilourbaysandcoastalwaters.Alltheborderseasarealreadyheavilypollutedbythesameexploitationdrivesthathaveunderminedthequalityoflifeonland.Notes:sewers下水道Themostappropriatetitleforthistextis
Howeverimportantwemayregardschoollifetobethereisnodenyingthefactthatchildrenspendmoretimeathomethanintheclassroom.Thereforethegreatinfluenceofparentscannotbeignoredordiscountedbytheteacher.Theycanbecomestrongalliesoftheschoolpersonnelortheycanconsciouslyorunconsciouslyhinderandfrustratecurricularobjectives.Administratorshavebeenawareoftheneedtokeepparentsinformedofthenewermethodsusedinschools.Manyprincipalshaveconductedworkshopsexplainingsuchmattersasthereadingreadinessprogrammanuscriptwritinganddevelopmentalmathematics.Moreovertheclassroomteacherwiththepermissionofthesupervisorscanalsoplayanimportantroleinenlighteningparents.Theinformalteaandthemanyinterviewscarriedonduringtheyearaswellasnewwaysofreportingpupils’progresscansignificantlyaidinachievingaharmoniousinterplaybetweenschoolandhome.ToillustratesupposethatafatherhasbeendrillingJuniorinarithmeticprocessesnightafternight.Inafriendlyinterviewtheteachercanhelptheparentsublimatehisnaturalpaternalinterestintoproductivechannels.HemightbepersuadedtoletJuniorparticipateindiscussingthefamilybudgetbuyingthefoodusingayardstickormeasuringcupathomesettingtheclockcalculatingmileageonatripandengaginginscoresofotheractivitiesthathaveamathematicalbasis.Ifthefatherfollowstheadviceitisreasonabletoassumethathewillsoonrealizehissonismakingsatisfactoryprogressinmathematicsandatthesametimeenjoyingthework.Toooftenhoweverteachers’conferenceswithparentsaredevotedtopettyaccountsofchildren’smisdemeanorscomplaintsaboutlazinessandpoorworkhabitsandsuggestionforpenaltiesandrewardsathome.Whatisneededisamorecreativeapproachinwhichtheteacherasaprofessionaladviserplantsideasinparents’mindsforthebestutilizationofthemanyhoursthatthechildspendsoutoftheclassroom.Inthiswaytheschoolandthehomejoinforcesinfosteringthefullestdevelopmentofyoungsters’capacities.Thecentralideaconveyedintheabovetextisthat
Manfirstappearedontheearthabout2millionyearsago.Thenhewaslittlemorethanananimal;butearlymanhadabigadvantageovertheanimals.Hehadinhisbrainspecialgroupsofnervecellsnotpresentinanimalsthatenabledhimtoinventalanguageanduseittocommunicatewithhisfellowmen.46Thisabilitytospeakwasofgreatvaluebecauseitallowedmentoshareideasandtoplantogethersothattasksimpossibleforasinglepersoncouldbesuccessfullyundertakenbyintelligentteam-work.Speechalsoenabledideastobepassedonfromgenerationtogenerationsothatthestockofhumanknowledgeslowlyincreased. Itwasthisspecialabilitythatputmenfaraheadofotherlivingcreaturesinthestruggleforexistence.47Hemastereddarknessfirstwithdimlightsandlaterwithbrighterandbrighterlampsuntilhecannowmakeforhimselfsodazzlingalightwithanarelampthatlikethesunitistoostrongforhisnakedeyes. 48Manfoundthathisownmusclesweretooweakfortheworkwhichhewantedtodo;heexploredmanyotherformsofpoweruntilnowhehashishandsontheultimatesourceofphysicalenergythenuclearpower.Fromman’searliestdaystheflightofbirdshasraisedhiswonderanddesire.WhyshouldhenotflyastheydidThenhebegantoexperiment.Atlasthelearnthowtomaketherightmachinestocarryhimthroughtheair.Nowhecanflyfasterthansound.Alreadyhehasplansforconqueringspaceandaseriesofexperimentshasbeencompleted.49Itwillnotbelongnowbeforemantakesagiantstepawayfromhisplanetandvisitsthemoonlearningwhatitisliketohavenoweighttohisbodynoupwarddirectionandnodownward. Manalwaysawandererhastoovercomethedifficultyofadaptinghimselftodifferentclimates.50Fortunatelyinspiteofhavingno.thickskinorwarmfurtoprotecthimheispeculiarlystrongcomparedwithotherlivingcreaturesmostofwhomareunabletolivefaroutsidetheregionthatsuitsthembest. 49
MosteconomistsintheUnitedStatesseemexcitedbythespellofthefreemarket.Consequentlynothingseemsgoodornormalthatdoesnotaccordwiththerequirementsofthefreemarket.Apricethatisdeterminedbythesellerorforthatmatterestablishedbyanyoneotherthantheaggregateofconsumersseemsharmful.Accordinglyitrequiresamajoractofwilltothinkofprice-fixingthedeterminationofpricesbytheSellerasbothnormalandhavingavaluableeconomicfunction.Infactprice-fixingisnormalinallindustrializedsocietiesbecausetheindustrialsystemitselfprovidesasaneffortlessconsequenceofitsowndevelopmenttheprice-fixingthatitrequires.Modernindustrialplanningrequiresandrewardsgreatsize.Henceacomparativelysmallnumberoflargefirmswillbecompetingforthesamegroupofconsumers.Thateachlargefirmwillactwithconsiderationofitsownneedsandthusavoidsellingitsproductsformorethanitscompetitorschargeiscommonlyrecognizedbyadvocatesoffree-marketeconomictheories.Buteachlargefirmwillalsoactwithfullconsiderationoftheneedsthatithasincommonwiththeotherlargefirmscompetingforthesamecustomers.Eachlargefirmwillthusavoidsignificantprice-cuttingbecauseprice-cuttingwouldbeprejudicialtothecommoninterestinastabledemandforproducts.Mosteconomistsdonotseeprice-fixingwhenitoccursbecausetheyexpectittobebroughtaboutbyanumberofexplicitagreementsamonglargefirms;itisnot.Moreoverthoseeconomistswhoarguethatallowingthefreemarkettooperatewithoutinterferenceisthemostefficientmethodofestablishingpriceshavenotconsideredtheeconomiesofnon-socialistcountriesotherthantheUnitedStates.Theseeconomiesemployintentionalprice-fixingusuallyinanovertfashion.Formalprice-fixingbycartelandinformalprice-fixingbyagreementscoveringthemembersofanindustryarecommonplace.Weretheresomethingpeculiarlyefficientaboutthefreemarketandinefficientaboutprice-fixingthecountriesthathaveavoidedthefirstandusedthesecondwouldhavesuffereddrasticallyintheireconomicdevelopment.Thereisnoindicationthattheyhave.Socialistindustryalsoworkswithinaframeworkofcontrolledprices.Intheearly1970’stheSovietUnionbegantogivefirmsandindustriessomeoftheflexibilityinadjustingpricesthatamoreinformalevolutionhasaccordedthecapitalistsystem.EconomistsintheUnitesStateshavehailedthechangeasareturntothefreemarket.ButSovietfirmsarenomoresubjecttopricesestablishedbyafreemarketoverwhichtheyexerciselittleinfluencethanarecapitalistfirms;ratherSovietfirmshavebeengiventhepowertofixprices.Notes:spell魔力;一阵aggregate总体Thesuggestioninthetextthatprice-fixinginindustrializedsocietiesisnormalarisesfromtheauthor’sstatementthatprice-fixingis
Within80yearssomescientistsestimatetheworldmustproducemorethaneighttimesthepresentworldfoodsupply.Theproductivenessofthesearaisesourhopesforanadequatefoodsupplyinthefuture.Aidedbymenofsciencewehavesetforthtofindoutthat70percentoftheearthremainsunexploredtheoceandepths.Thuswemaybetterdiscoverandutilizethesea’snaturalproductsfortheworld’shungry.Itisfishproteinconcentratethatissoughtfromtheseas.ByutilizingtheunharvestedfishinUnitedStateswatersaloneenoughfishproteinconcentratecanbeobtainedtoprovidesupplementalanimalproteinformorethanonebillionpeopleforoneyearatthecostoflessthanhalfacentperdayperperson.Themalnutritionofchildrenisterriblytragic.Butthecrimeliesinsociety’sunrestrainedbreedingnotinitsnegligenceinproducingfishpowder.Butwhereverthepopulationprojectsarecarefullyconsideredtheanswertotheproblemissomethinglikethis:Therearefewprojectsthatcoulddomoretoraisethenutritionallevelofmankindthanafull-scalescientificefforttodeveloptheresourcesofthesea.Eachyearsomethirtymilliontonsoffoodproductsaretakenfromtheseawhichaccountfor12percentoftheworld’sanimalproteins.Nationswiththeirswellingpopulationsmustpushforwardintotheseafrontiersforfoodsupplies.Privateindustrymuststepupitsmarineresearchandthefederalgovernmentmustmakenewattacksontheproblemsofmarineresearchdevelopment.Thereisatoneofdesperatenessinallthesedesignsonthesea.Butwhatismoststartlingistheassumptionthattheseasareanuntouchedresource.Thefactisthattheseashavebeenandarebeinghurtdirectlyandindirectlybythesameforcesthathaveabusedtheland.Inthebroadpatternofecologicalrelationshipstheseasarenotseparablefromwhathappensontheland.Thepoisonsthatpollutethesoilandtheairbringinmassivedosesintothecontinentalshelfwaters.Thedirtandpollutionthatspillsfromoururbansewersandindustrialoutfallsdespoilourbaysandcoastalwaters.Alltheborderseasarealreadyheavilypollutedbythesameexploitationdrivesthathaveunderminedthequalityoflifeonland.Notes:sewers下水道Accordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingstatementsistrue
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanufacturingefficiencyintheworldautomobileindustry.46SomeobserversofJapanhaveassumedthatJapanesefirmsusethesamemanufacturingequipmentandtechniquesasUnitedStatesfirmsbuthavebenefitedfromtheuniquecharacteristicsofJavaneseemployeesandtheJavaneseculture.HoweverifthisweretruethenonewouldexpectJapaneseautoplantsintheUnitedStatestoperformnobetterthanfactoriesrunbyUnitedStatescompanies.Thisisnotthecase.47Japanese-runautomobileplantslocatedintheUnitedStatesandstaffedbylocalworkershavedemonstratedhigherlevelsofproductivitywhencomparedwithfactoriesownedbyUnitedStatescompanies. OtherobserverslinkhighJapaneseproductivitytohigherlevelsofcapitalinvestmentperworker.Butahistoricalperspectiveleadstoadifferentconclusion.48WhenthetwotopJapaneseautomobilemakersmatchedandthendoubledUnitedStatesproductivitylevelsinthemid-sixtiescapitalinvestmentperemployeewascomparabletothatofUnitedStatesfirms.FurthermorebythelateseventiestheamountoffixedassetsrequiredtoproduceonevehiclewasroughlyequivalentinJapanandintheUnitedStates.SincecapitalinvestmentwasnothigherinJapanithadtobeotherfactorsthatledtohigherproductivity. AmorefruitfulexplanationmayliewithJapaneseproductiontechniques.Japaneseautomobileproducersdidnotsimplyimplementconventionalprocessesmoreeffectively;theymadecriticalchangeinUnitedStatesprocedures.49Forinstancethemass-productionphilosophyofUnitedStatesautomakersencouragedtheproductionofhugelotsofcarsinordertoutilizefullyexpensivecomponent-specificequipmentandtooccupyfullyworkerswhohavebeentrainedtoexecuteoneoperationefficiently.Japaneseautomakerschosetomakesmall-lotproductionfeasiblebyintroducingseveraldeparturesfromUnitedStatespracticesincludingtheuseofflexibleequipmentthatcouldbealteredeasilytodoseveraldifferentproductiontasksandthetrainingofworkersinmultiplejobs.50Automakerscouldscheduletheproductionofdifferentcomponentsormodelsonsinglemachinestherebyeliminatingthe.needtostorethesparestocksofextracomponentsthatresultwhenspecializedequipmentandworkersarekeptconstantlyactive. Forinstancethemass-productionphilosophyofUnitedStatesautomakersencouragedtheproductionofhugelotsofcarsinordertoutilizefullyexpensivecomponent-specificequipmentandtooccupyfullyworkerswhohavebeentrainedtoexecuteoneoperationefficiently
In1575--over400yearsagotheFrenchscholarLouisLeRoypublishedalearnedbookinwhichhevoiceddespairoverthechangescausedbythesocialandtechnologicalinnovationsofhistimewhatwenowcalltheRenaissance.Wealsofeelthatourtimesareoutofjoint;weevenhavereasontobelievethatourdescendantswillbeworseoffthanweare.Theearthwillsoonbeovercrowdedanditsresourcesexhausted.Pollutionwillruintheenvironmentupsettheclimateandendangerhumanhealth.Thegapinlivingstandardsbetweentherichandthepoorwillwidenandleadtheangryhungrypeopleoftheworldtoactsofdesperationincludingtheuseofnuclearweaponsasblackmail.Sucharetheinevitableconsequencesofpopulationandtechnologicalgrowthifpresenttrendscontinue.Thefutureisneveraprojectionofthepast.Animalsprobablyhavenochancetoescapefromthetyrannyofbiologicalevolutionbuthumanbeingsareblessedwiththefreedomofsocialevolution.Forustrendisnotdestinyfate.Theescapefromexistingtrendsisnowfacilitatedbythefactthatsocietiesanticipatefuturedangersandtakepreventivestepsagainstexpectedchanges.Despitethewidespreadbeliefthattheworldhasbecometoocomplexforcomprehensionbythehumanbrain;modernsocietieshaveoftenrespondedeffectivelytocriticalsituations.Thedecreaseinbirthratesthepartialprohibitionofpesticidesandtherethinkingoftechnologiesfortheproductionanduseofenergyarebutafewexamplesillustratingasuddenreversaloftrendscausednotbypoliticalupsetsorscientificbreakthroughsbutbypublicawarenessofconsequences.Evenmorestrikingarethesituationsinwhichsocialattitudesconcerningfuturedifficultiesundergorapidchangesbeforetheproblemshavecometopass--witnesstheheatedargumentsabouttheproblemsofbehaviorcontrolandofgeneticengineeringeventhoughthereisasyetnoproofthateffectivemethodscanbedevelopedtomanipulatebehaviorandgenesonapopulationscale.Oneofthecharacteristicsofourtimesisthustherapiditywithwhichstepscanbetakentochangetheorientationofcertaintrendsandeventoreversethem.Suchchangesusuallyemergefromgrassrootmovementsratherthanfromofficialdirectives.Notes:Renaissance14--15世纪欧洲文艺复兴时期tyranny暴虐统治暴虐行为areblessedwith幸有有幸得到butafew只是几个cometopass发生实现asyet至今grassroot群众Theauthorisinfavoroftheopinionthat
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 19
[A]MarketData [B]MarketProsperity [C]SecretofSuccess [D]QuestionstoAsk [E]UnderstandingYourMarket [F]MarketResearch Successfulsmallbusinessexpansionsandnewjobformationleadthewayincreatingnewmarketsinnovationsandjobsthatfueleconomicgrowthandprosperity. InrecognitionoftheimportanceofsmallbusinesstoastrongeconomytheU.S.SmallBusinessAdministrationSBAispleasedtohelpmeettheinformationneedsofexistingbusinessownersandaspiringentrepreneurs. 41.______ Yourbusinesswillnotsucceedjustbecauseyouwantittosucceed.Determiningifthereisamarketforyourproductsorservicesisthemostcriticalitemofplanning.Onceyoudecideonyourproductorserviceyoumustanalyzeyourmarket--aprocessinvolvinginterviewingcompetitorssuppliersandnewcustomers. Beforeyoubeginresearchingyourmarkethoweveryoushouldtakeabriefbutcloselookatyourproductorservicefromanobjectivestandpoint.Youshouldaskyourselfthefollowingquestions: --Isthisproductorserviceinconstantdemand --Howmanycompetitorsprovidethesameserviceorproduct --CanIcreateademandformyproductorservice --CanIcompeteeffectivelyinpricequalityanddelivery —CanIpricemyproductorservicetoassureaprofit Onceyouaresatisfiedthatthesepreliminaryquestionsareansweredmoveontoperformingyourresearch. 42.______. Itisextremelybeneficialtoinvestigateamarketbecausetheinformationgatheredcanincreaseyourprofitpotential.Specificallyit: --Indicatesalternativesalesapproachestoyourmarket. --Providesamoreaccuratebaseformakingprofitassumptions. --Aidsintheorganizationofmarketingactivities. --Assistsinthedevelopmentofcriticalshort/mid-termgoals. --Helpsestablishyourmarket’sprofitboundaries. Unfortunatelymanyentrepreneursfailtocompletethiscriticalsectionoftheirbusinessplan.Collectingresearchdatacanbefrustratingunlessyouhavedefinedyourgoalsandorganizedthecollectionandanalysisprocess.Topreventthisfromhappeningyoumustplanhowyouwillcollectsortandanalyzetheinformation.Maintainanotebookandfileinwhichtostoreorganizeandretrievedataasneeded. 43.______. Yourresearchshouldaskthesequestions.. --Whoareyourcustomers --Wherearetheylocated --Whataretheirneedsandresources --Isyourserviceorproductessentialintheiroperationspractivities —Canthecustomeraffordyourserviceorproduct —Wherecanyoucreateademandforyourserviceorproduct --Whatareaswithinyourmarketaredecliningorgrowing --Whatisthegeneraleconomyofyourserviceorproductarea 44.______. Knowingyourmarketrequiresanunderstandingnotonlyofyourproductbutalsoofyourcustomers’socioeconomiccharacteristics.Thisinformationwillserveasamapinlettingyouknowwhatisahead. Moremarketinformationcanbefoundin --Librarylistingsoftradeassociationsandjournals. --Regionalplanningorganizations’studiesongrowthtrends. --Banksrealtorsandinsurancecompanies. —Competitors. --Customersurveysinyourmarketarea. Onceyouhaveobtainedandanalyzedthisinformationitwillbecomethefoundationofyourbusinessplan.Researchinformationisimportantbecauseitsupportsthebasicassumptionsinyourfinancialprojection--yourreasonforgoingintobusiness. 45.______ Tobesuccessfulasmallbusinessownermustknowthemarket.Marketresearchissimplyanorderlyobjectivewayoflearningaboutpeople--thepeoplewhowillbuyfromyou. 45
MosteconomistsintheUnitedStatesseemexcitedbythespellofthefreemarket.Consequentlynothingseemsgoodornormalthatdoesnotaccordwiththerequirementsofthefreemarket.Apricethatisdeterminedbythesellerorforthatmatterestablishedbyanyoneotherthantheaggregateofconsumersseemsharmful.Accordinglyitrequiresamajoractofwilltothinkofprice-fixingthedeterminationofpricesbytheSellerasbothnormalandhavingavaluableeconomicfunction.Infactprice-fixingisnormalinallindustrializedsocietiesbecausetheindustrialsystemitselfprovidesasaneffortlessconsequenceofitsowndevelopmenttheprice-fixingthatitrequires.Modernindustrialplanningrequiresandrewardsgreatsize.Henceacomparativelysmallnumberoflargefirmswillbecompetingforthesamegroupofconsumers.Thateachlargefirmwillactwithconsiderationofitsownneedsandthusavoidsellingitsproductsformorethanitscompetitorschargeiscommonlyrecognizedbyadvocatesoffree-marketeconomictheories.Buteachlargefirmwillalsoactwithfullconsiderationoftheneedsthatithasincommonwiththeotherlargefirmscompetingforthesamecustomers.Eachlargefirmwillthusavoidsignificantprice-cuttingbecauseprice-cuttingwouldbeprejudicialtothecommoninterestinastabledemandforproducts.Mosteconomistsdonotseeprice-fixingwhenitoccursbecausetheyexpectittobebroughtaboutbyanumberofexplicitagreementsamonglargefirms;itisnot.Moreoverthoseeconomistswhoarguethatallowingthefreemarkettooperatewithoutinterferenceisthemostefficientmethodofestablishingpriceshavenotconsideredtheeconomiesofnon-socialistcountriesotherthantheUnitedStates.Theseeconomiesemployintentionalprice-fixingusuallyinanovertfashion.Formalprice-fixingbycartelandinformalprice-fixingbyagreementscoveringthemembersofanindustryarecommonplace.Weretheresomethingpeculiarlyefficientaboutthefreemarketandinefficientaboutprice-fixingthecountriesthathaveavoidedthefirstandusedthesecondwouldhavesuffereddrasticallyintheireconomicdevelopment.Thereisnoindicationthattheyhave.Socialistindustryalsoworkswithinaframeworkofcontrolledprices.Intheearly1970’stheSovietUnionbegantogivefirmsandindustriessomeoftheflexibilityinadjustingpricesthatamoreinformalevolutionhasaccordedthecapitalistsystem.EconomistsintheUnitesStateshavehailedthechangeasareturntothefreemarket.ButSovietfirmsarenomoresubjecttopricesestablishedbyafreemarketoverwhichtheyexerciselittleinfluencethanarecapitalistfirms;ratherSovietfirmshavebeengiventhepowertofixprices.Notes:spell魔力;一阵aggregate总体Withwhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingthebehavioroflargefirmsinindustrializedsocietieswouldtheauthoragree
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 15
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 11
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 13
Within80yearssomescientistsestimatetheworldmustproducemorethaneighttimesthepresentworldfoodsupply.Theproductivenessofthesearaisesourhopesforanadequatefoodsupplyinthefuture.Aidedbymenofsciencewehavesetforthtofindoutthat70percentoftheearthremainsunexploredtheoceandepths.Thuswemaybetterdiscoverandutilizethesea’snaturalproductsfortheworld’shungry.Itisfishproteinconcentratethatissoughtfromtheseas.ByutilizingtheunharvestedfishinUnitedStateswatersaloneenoughfishproteinconcentratecanbeobtainedtoprovidesupplementalanimalproteinformorethanonebillionpeopleforoneyearatthecostoflessthanhalfacentperdayperperson.Themalnutritionofchildrenisterriblytragic.Butthecrimeliesinsociety’sunrestrainedbreedingnotinitsnegligenceinproducingfishpowder.Butwhereverthepopulationprojectsarecarefullyconsideredtheanswertotheproblemissomethinglikethis:Therearefewprojectsthatcoulddomoretoraisethenutritionallevelofmankindthanafull-scalescientificefforttodeveloptheresourcesofthesea.Eachyearsomethirtymilliontonsoffoodproductsaretakenfromtheseawhichaccountfor12percentoftheworld’sanimalproteins.Nationswiththeirswellingpopulationsmustpushforwardintotheseafrontiersforfoodsupplies.Privateindustrymuststepupitsmarineresearchandthefederalgovernmentmustmakenewattacksontheproblemsofmarineresearchdevelopment.Thereisatoneofdesperatenessinallthesedesignsonthesea.Butwhatismoststartlingistheassumptionthattheseasareanuntouchedresource.Thefactisthattheseashavebeenandarebeinghurtdirectlyandindirectlybythesameforcesthathaveabusedtheland.Inthebroadpatternofecologicalrelationshipstheseasarenotseparablefromwhathappensontheland.Thepoisonsthatpollutethesoilandtheairbringinmassivedosesintothecontinentalshelfwaters.Thedirtandpollutionthatspillsfromoururbansewersandindustrialoutfallsdespoilourbaysandcoastalwaters.Alltheborderseasarealreadyheavilypollutedbythesameexploitationdrivesthathaveunderminedthequalityoflifeonland.Notes:sewers下水道Theauthorofthetextismostprobablyoftheopinionthat
Howeverimportantwemayregardschoollifetobethereisnodenyingthefactthatchildrenspendmoretimeathomethanintheclassroom.Thereforethegreatinfluenceofparentscannotbeignoredordiscountedbytheteacher.Theycanbecomestrongalliesoftheschoolpersonnelortheycanconsciouslyorunconsciouslyhinderandfrustratecurricularobjectives.Administratorshavebeenawareoftheneedtokeepparentsinformedofthenewermethodsusedinschools.Manyprincipalshaveconductedworkshopsexplainingsuchmattersasthereadingreadinessprogrammanuscriptwritinganddevelopmentalmathematics.Moreovertheclassroomteacherwiththepermissionofthesupervisorscanalsoplayanimportantroleinenlighteningparents.Theinformalteaandthemanyinterviewscarriedonduringtheyearaswellasnewwaysofreportingpupils’progresscansignificantlyaidinachievingaharmoniousinterplaybetweenschoolandhome.ToillustratesupposethatafatherhasbeendrillingJuniorinarithmeticprocessesnightafternight.Inafriendlyinterviewtheteachercanhelptheparentsublimatehisnaturalpaternalinterestintoproductivechannels.HemightbepersuadedtoletJuniorparticipateindiscussingthefamilybudgetbuyingthefoodusingayardstickormeasuringcupathomesettingtheclockcalculatingmileageonatripandengaginginscoresofotheractivitiesthathaveamathematicalbasis.Ifthefatherfollowstheadviceitisreasonabletoassumethathewillsoonrealizehissonismakingsatisfactoryprogressinmathematicsandatthesametimeenjoyingthework.Toooftenhoweverteachers’conferenceswithparentsaredevotedtopettyaccountsofchildren’smisdemeanorscomplaintsaboutlazinessandpoorworkhabitsandsuggestionforpenaltiesandrewardsathome.Whatisneededisamorecreativeapproachinwhichtheteacherasaprofessionaladviserplantsideasinparents’mindsforthebestutilizationofthemanyhoursthatthechildspendsoutoftheclassroom.Inthiswaytheschoolandthehomejoinforcesinfosteringthefullestdevelopmentofyoungsters’capacities.Theauthordoesnotdirectlystatebutimpliesthat
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