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Whiletheywereawayonvocationtheyallowedtheirmailtobeaccumulatedatthepostoffice.
UnitedNations AmajorsegmentoftheUntiedNationsistheGeneralAssemblywhichconsistsofrepresentativesfromallgovernmentsthathaveratifiedtheUNCharter.Asof1995185stateshadmembershipinthegeneralAssembly.AdditionallytheVaticanSwitzerlandandthePalestineLiberationOrganizationhavenonvotingobserverstatusintheGeneralAssembly.TheGeneralAssemblyapprovestheUN’’sbudgetactswiththeSecurityCounciltoselecttheSecretary-generalandjudgesoftheInternationalCourtofJusticeandpassesresolutionsonissuesrangingfromself-determinationandcolonialismtowomen’’srightsandtheglobaldistributionofwealth. TheGeneralAssemblycanmeetandvoteonanysubjectunlesstheSecurityCouncilisdealingwithitoratleastpretendingto.Howeveritsdecisionsonlycarrymoralforce—unliketheCouncil’’s.They’’renotbindingininternationallaws.ButtheAssemblyvotesareanimportantopinionpollonhowandwhatthemajorityoftheworldthinksaboutissues.Importantquestionsneedatwo-thirdsvoteoftheAssemblytopass. Thequestionofwhatisanimportantquestionisn’’timportant.Itsdecidedbythedelegatesthemselves—byasimplemajority. AlthoughtheGeneralAssemblyhasnotrecognizedauthoritytoenforceitsconclusionsonanythingotherthaninternalUNmattersitmakesitsviewpointsonissuesthatarebroughtbeforeitisknowninoneofthethreeways.AGeneralAssemblydeclarationisabroadstatementofgeneralprinciplesuchastheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightspassedin1948.Declarationsareoftenputforwardasanexpressionofanidealinpracticetheyareregularlyignored.AGeneralAssemblyresolutionisessentiallyadocumentthatrecommendsthatmemberstatestakeaparticularpolicyaction.StatesclaimsovereigntyandmaketheirowndecisionsastowhethertheywillfollowaGeneralAssemblyresolution.Insomecaseshoweverifmanystatesimplementaparticularresolutionotherstatesthatmaynotwishtoactontheresolutionmayfeelthemselvespressuredtodosoanyway.Attheveryleastaresolutionhastheeffectoflegitimizingthepoliciesofthosestatesthatwishtocomplywiththeresolution.FinallyaGeneralAssemblyconventionortreatyhastwomeanings.ThemorecomprehensiveconventionreferstomultilateraltreatiesvotedonbytheGeneralAssemblythatuponpassagebytheGeneralAssemblyarecarriedbacktothecapitalsofmemberstatesforratificationbywhatevermeanseachstateusesdomestically.InothercasesaGeneralAssemblyconventionrefersspecificallytoatreatysignedbetweentheUnitedNationsandthegovernmentofanation-stateaswhenin1956EgyptagreedtoallowUnitedNationspeacekeepingforcestoenterEgyptianterritory. ThePassageofimportantissuesisdecidedbyatwo-thirdsvoteoftheAssembly.
Thelocalgovernmentdecidedto{{U}}merge{{/U}}thetwofirmsintoabigone.
ThecurrenteditionofthatmagazinediscussestheancientcivilizationofLatinAmerica.
TheFunctionofTomatoes Howdowelovetomatoes?Let’’scounttheways:welovetheminpastaonpizzainjuiceinsaladandsoupslicedonsandwichesstuffedwithtunaevendriedandbakedinbagelsbutmostofallwelovethemrightoffvine—riperedanddelicious. Whiletomatoloversdon’’tneedanexcuseforeatingthembythebushel蒲式耳nowthere’’sevenmorereasontosavorthesedeliciousfruits.Evidenceismountingthatpeoplewhoeattomatoeshaveasubstantiallylowerriskforcancer. Inathousand-personstudyofeatinghabitsandhealthHarvardMedicalSchoolresearchersfoundthatthosewhoatetomatoeseveryweekhadthelowestchanceofdyingformcancer. Recentlyastudyof48000Americanmenshoweda21to34percentlowerriskforprostatecancer前列腺癌amongthosewhoconsumedtomatoestomatosauceorpizzamorethantwiceaweek.AndinstudyofmenandwomeninItalyeatingsevenormoreservingofrawtomatoesaweekwaslinkedtoa30to60percentreductionindigestivetractandprostatecancersdependingonthetypeofcancer. Theprotectivequalitiesofthetomatoarethoughttocomefromlycopene番茄红素apotentantioxidant抗氧化的plantchemicalthatisabundantintomatoes.Lycopeneisresponsiblefortheredcoloroftomatoes;thedarkerredthetomatoisthemorelycopeneitcontains.Greenandyellowtomatoesdonotcontainlycopene. Lycopoeneisalsofoundinwatermelonandpinkgrapefruitbuttomatoesarethemostabundantsource.Cookingenhancesthelycopenemoreavailable.Thustomatosauceandpasteisevenabettersourceforlycopenethanfreshrawtomatoes.Lycopeneisfatsolubleandmustbeconsumedwithacertainamountoffattobeabsorbedbythebody.Tomatorecipesmustcontainamoderateamountofoiltoensurethatalongwithadelicioustastetreatyouwillalsobereceivingallthehealthbenefitstomatoeshavetooffer. Whydoesthewritersaytomatoloversdon’tneedanexcuseforeatingthembythebushel?
Euthanasia:aHeatedlyDebatedTopic Wemustn’’tdelayanylonger...?swallowing吞咽isdifficult...andbreathingthat’’salsodifficult.Thosemusclesareweakeningtoo...wemustn’’tdelayanylonger. ThesewerethewordsofDutchman荷兰人CeesvanwendeldeJoodeaskinghisdoctortohelphimdie.AffectedwithaseriousdiseasevanVendelwasnolongerabletospeakclearlyandheknewtherewasnohopeofrecoveryandthathisconditionwasrapidlydeteriorating. VanVenderslastthreemonthsoflifebeforebeinggivenafinallethalinjectionbyhisdoctorwerefilmedandfirstshownontelevisionlastyearintheNetherlands.Theprogrammehassincebeenboughtby20countriesandeachtimeitisshownitstartsanationwidedebateonthesubject. TheNetherlandsistheonlycountryinEuropewhichpermitseuthanasia安乐死althoughitisnottechnicallylegalthere.HoweverdoctorswhocarryouteuthanasiaunderstrictguidelinesintroducedbytheDutchParliament议会twoyearsagoareusuallynotprosecuted.Theguidelinesdemandthatthepatientisexperiencingextremesufferingthatthereisnochanceofacureandthatthepatienthasmaderepeatedrequestsforeuthanasia.Inadditiontothisaseconddoctormustconfirm证实thatthesecriteriahavebeenmetandthedeathmustbereportedtothepolicedepartment. Shoulddoctorsbeallowedtotaketheliveofothers?Dr.WilfredVanOijenCeesvanVendel’’sdoctorexplainshowhelooksatthequestion: Wellit’’snotasifIinplanningtomurderacrowdofpeoplewithamachinegun.InthatcasekillingistheworstthingIcanimagine.Butthat’’sentirelydifferentfrommyworkasadoctor.IcareforpeopleandItrytoensurethattheydon’tsuffertoomuch.That’’sverydifferentthing. Manypeoplethougharetotallyagainstthepracticeofeuthanasia.Dr.AndrewFergusonChairmanoftheorganizationHealthcareopposedtoEuthanasiasaysthatinthevastmajorityofeuthanasiacaseswhatthepatientisactuallyaskingforissomethingelse.Theymaywantahealthprofessionaltoopenupcommunicationforthemwiththeirlovedonesorfamily—there’’snearlyalwaysanotherquestionbehindthequestion. Britainalsohasastrongtraditionofhospices—specialhospitalswhichcareonlyforthedyingandtheirspecialneeds.CicelySaundersPresidentoftheNationalHospiceCouncilandafoundermemberofthehospicemovementarguesthateuthanasiadoesn’’ttakeintoaccountthattherearewaysofcaringforthedying.Sheisalsoconcernedthatallowingeuthanasiawouldunderminetheneedforcareandconsiderationofawiderangeofpeople;It’’sveryeasyinsocietynowfortheelderlythedisabled伤残的andthedependenttofeelthattheyareburdensandthereforethattheyoughttoopt脱离out.Ithinkthatanythingthatlegallyallowstheshorteningoflifedoesmakethosepeoplemorevulnerable脆弱的. Manyfindthisprohibitionofanindividual’’srighttothepaternalistic家长式的.Althoughtheyagreethatlifeisimportantandshouldberespectedtheyfeelthatthequalityoflifeshouldnotbeignored.Dr.VanOijenbelievesthatpeoplehavethefundamentalrighttochooseforthemselvesiftheywanttodie:Whatthosepeoplewhoopposeeuthanasiaaretellingmeisthatdyingpeoplehaven’ttheright.Andthatwhenpeopleareveryillweareallafraidoftheirdeath.Buttherearesituationswheredeathisafriend.Andinthosecaseswhynot? Butwhynot?isaquestionwhichmightcausestrongemotion.ThefilmshowingCeesVanVendel’’sdeathwasbothmovingandsensitive.Hisdoctorwasclearlyafamilyfriend;hiswifehadonlyherhusband’’sinterestsatheart.Somehoweverwouldarguethatitwouldbedangeroustousethisparticularexampletosupportthecaseforeuthanasia.Notallpatientswouldreceivesuchahighlevelofindividualcareandattention. Dr.WilfredVanOijenmayagreethat______.
Hehasaveryoutgoing{{U}}personality{{/U}}andmakesfriendsveryeasily.
Hehasa{{U}}passionate{{/U}}interestinmusic.
UnitedNations AmajorsegmentoftheUntiedNationsistheGeneralAssemblywhichconsistsofrepresentativesfromallgovernmentsthathaveratifiedtheUNCharter.Asof1995185stateshadmembershipinthegeneralAssembly.AdditionallytheVaticanSwitzerlandandthePalestineLiberationOrganizationhavenonvotingobserverstatusintheGeneralAssembly.TheGeneralAssemblyapprovestheUN’’sbudgetactswiththeSecurityCounciltoselecttheSecretary-generalandjudgesoftheInternationalCourtofJusticeandpassesresolutionsonissuesrangingfromself-determinationandcolonialismtowomen’’srightsandtheglobaldistributionofwealth. TheGeneralAssemblycanmeetandvoteonanysubjectunlesstheSecurityCouncilisdealingwithitoratleastpretendingto.Howeveritsdecisionsonlycarrymoralforce—unliketheCouncil’’s.They’’renotbindingininternationallaws.ButtheAssemblyvotesareanimportantopinionpollonhowandwhatthemajorityoftheworldthinksaboutissues.Importantquestionsneedatwo-thirdsvoteoftheAssemblytopass. Thequestionofwhatisanimportantquestionisn’’timportant.Itsdecidedbythedelegatesthemselves—byasimplemajority. AlthoughtheGeneralAssemblyhasnotrecognizedauthoritytoenforceitsconclusionsonanythingotherthaninternalUNmattersitmakesitsviewpointsonissuesthatarebroughtbeforeitisknowninoneofthethreeways.AGeneralAssemblydeclarationisabroadstatementofgeneralprinciplesuchastheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightspassedin1948.Declarationsareoftenputforwardasanexpressionofanidealinpracticetheyareregularlyignored.AGeneralAssemblyresolutionisessentiallyadocumentthatrecommendsthatmemberstatestakeaparticularpolicyaction.StatesclaimsovereigntyandmaketheirowndecisionsastowhethertheywillfollowaGeneralAssemblyresolution.Insomecaseshoweverifmanystatesimplementaparticularresolutionotherstatesthatmaynotwishtoactontheresolutionmayfeelthemselvespressuredtodosoanyway.Attheveryleastaresolutionhastheeffectoflegitimizingthepoliciesofthosestatesthatwishtocomplywiththeresolution.FinallyaGeneralAssemblyconventionortreatyhastwomeanings.ThemorecomprehensiveconventionreferstomultilateraltreatiesvotedonbytheGeneralAssemblythatuponpassagebytheGeneralAssemblyarecarriedbacktothecapitalsofmemberstatesforratificationbywhatevermeanseachstateusesdomestically.InothercasesaGeneralAssemblyconventionrefersspecificallytoatreatysignedbetweentheUnitedNationsandthegovernmentofanation-stateaswhenin1956EgyptagreedtoallowUnitedNationspeacekeepingforcestoenterEgyptianterritory. AnanwaschosenasUNSecretary-generalontheGeneralAssembly.
Theroomwas{{U}}furnished{{/U}}withthesimplestessentialsabedachairandatable.
ReadingSomethingInEnglish WhenyoureadtolearnEnglishcompositionyou【51】regardthelanguageasthemainthing. Whenyoureada【52】inEnglishdoyoureaditforthestoryorfortheEnglish?Thisisaquestionthatisnotsofoolish【53】itmayseem【54】IfindthatmanystudentsofEnglish【55】farmoreattentiontothestorythantotheEnglish.Theyreadandenjoyand【56】alongtimeafterwardsrememberthestorybutdonotcaretostudytheuseofwordsand【57】init.Forinstancetheyknowtheplot情节ofthestory【58】butdonotremembera【59】sentenceinthestoryandcannottellwhatprepositionisusedbeforeor【60】acertainwordinthespeechofacertaincharacter人物. Ofcourseitisallrighttoreadand【61】andrememberastoryandsolongasone【62】toknowthestoryonlyoneneednotbotheraboutthelanguage.Butthecaseisquitedifferent【63】astudentofEnglish.ImeanastudentofEnglishasdistinguished区别于fromareaderofstoriesorwhatiscalledthegeneralreader.Asyoumayhave【64】formtheaboveastudentofEnglishshouldreadvery【65】andregardthelanguageasthemainthing.
ReadingSomethingInEnglish WhenyoureadtolearnEnglishcompositionyou【51】regardthelanguageasthemainthing. Whenyoureada【52】inEnglishdoyoureaditforthestoryorfortheEnglish?Thisisaquestionthatisnotsofoolish【53】itmayseem【54】IfindthatmanystudentsofEnglish【55】farmoreattentiontothestorythantotheEnglish.Theyreadandenjoyand【56】alongtimeafterwardsrememberthestorybutdonotcaretostudytheuseofwordsand【57】init.Forinstancetheyknowtheplot情节ofthestory【58】butdonotremembera【59】sentenceinthestoryandcannottellwhatprepositionisusedbeforeor【60】acertainwordinthespeechofacertaincharacter人物. Ofcourseitisallrighttoreadand【61】andrememberastoryandsolongasone【62】toknowthestoryonlyoneneednotbotheraboutthelanguage.Butthecaseisquitedifferent【63】astudentofEnglish.ImeanastudentofEnglishasdistinguished区别于fromareaderofstoriesorwhatiscalledthegeneralreader.Asyoumayhave【64】formtheaboveastudentofEnglishshouldreadvery【65】andregardthelanguageasthemainthing.
UnitedNations AmajorsegmentoftheUntiedNationsistheGeneralAssemblywhichconsistsofrepresentativesfromallgovernmentsthathaveratifiedtheUNCharter.Asof1995185stateshadmembershipinthegeneralAssembly.AdditionallytheVaticanSwitzerlandandthePalestineLiberationOrganizationhavenonvotingobserverstatusintheGeneralAssembly.TheGeneralAssemblyapprovestheUN’’sbudgetactswiththeSecurityCounciltoselecttheSecretary-generalandjudgesoftheInternationalCourtofJusticeandpassesresolutionsonissuesrangingfromself-determinationandcolonialismtowomen’’srightsandtheglobaldistributionofwealth. TheGeneralAssemblycanmeetandvoteonanysubjectunlesstheSecurityCouncilisdealingwithitoratleastpretendingto.Howeveritsdecisionsonlycarrymoralforce—unliketheCouncil’’s.They’’renotbindingininternationallaws.ButtheAssemblyvotesareanimportantopinionpollonhowandwhatthemajorityoftheworldthinksaboutissues.Importantquestionsneedatwo-thirdsvoteoftheAssemblytopass. Thequestionofwhatisanimportantquestionisn’’timportant.Itsdecidedbythedelegatesthemselves—byasimplemajority. AlthoughtheGeneralAssemblyhasnotrecognizedauthoritytoenforceitsconclusionsonanythingotherthaninternalUNmattersitmakesitsviewpointsonissuesthatarebroughtbeforeitisknowninoneofthethreeways.AGeneralAssemblydeclarationisabroadstatementofgeneralprinciplesuchastheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightspassedin1948.Declarationsareoftenputforwardasanexpressionofanidealinpracticetheyareregularlyignored.AGeneralAssemblyresolutionisessentiallyadocumentthatrecommendsthatmemberstatestakeaparticularpolicyaction.StatesclaimsovereigntyandmaketheirowndecisionsastowhethertheywillfollowaGeneralAssemblyresolution.Insomecaseshoweverifmanystatesimplementaparticularresolutionotherstatesthatmaynotwishtoactontheresolutionmayfeelthemselvespressuredtodosoanyway.Attheveryleastaresolutionhastheeffectoflegitimizingthepoliciesofthosestatesthatwishtocomplywiththeresolution.FinallyaGeneralAssemblyconventionortreatyhastwomeanings.ThemorecomprehensiveconventionreferstomultilateraltreatiesvotedonbytheGeneralAssemblythatuponpassagebytheGeneralAssemblyarecarriedbacktothecapitalsofmemberstatesforratificationbywhatevermeanseachstateusesdomestically.InothercasesaGeneralAssemblyconventionrefersspecificallytoatreatysignedbetweentheUnitedNationsandthegovernmentofanation-stateaswhenin1956EgyptagreedtoallowUnitedNationspeacekeepingforcestoenterEgyptianterritory. TheGeneralAssemblymakesitsviewpointsintheGeneralAssemblyratification.
ReadingSomethingInEnglish WhenyoureadtolearnEnglishcompositionyou【51】regardthelanguageasthemainthing. Whenyoureada【52】inEnglishdoyoureaditforthestoryorfortheEnglish?Thisisaquestionthatisnotsofoolish【53】itmayseem【54】IfindthatmanystudentsofEnglish【55】farmoreattentiontothestorythantotheEnglish.Theyreadandenjoyand【56】alongtimeafterwardsrememberthestorybutdonotcaretostudytheuseofwordsand【57】init.Forinstancetheyknowtheplot情节ofthestory【58】butdonotremembera【59】sentenceinthestoryandcannottellwhatprepositionisusedbeforeor【60】acertainwordinthespeechofacertaincharacter人物. Ofcourseitisallrighttoreadand【61】andrememberastoryandsolongasone【62】toknowthestoryonlyoneneednotbotheraboutthelanguage.Butthecaseisquitedifferent【63】astudentofEnglish.ImeanastudentofEnglishasdistinguished区别于fromareaderofstoriesorwhatiscalledthegeneralreader.Asyoumayhave【64】formtheaboveastudentofEnglishshouldreadvery【65】andregardthelanguageasthemainthing.
Soldiershaveto{{U}}obey{{/U}}orders.
Peterwasanenergeticandathleticyouth.
Heemphasizeda{{U}}feasible{{/U}}planwhichcanbeacceptedbythebothsides.
Euthanasia:aHeatedlyDebatedTopic Wemustn’’tdelayanylonger...?swallowing吞咽isdifficult...andbreathingthat’’salsodifficult.Thosemusclesareweakeningtoo...wemustn’’tdelayanylonger. ThesewerethewordsofDutchman荷兰人CeesvanwendeldeJoodeaskinghisdoctortohelphimdie.AffectedwithaseriousdiseasevanVendelwasnolongerabletospeakclearlyandheknewtherewasnohopeofrecoveryandthathisconditionwasrapidlydeteriorating. VanVenderslastthreemonthsoflifebeforebeinggivenafinallethalinjectionbyhisdoctorwerefilmedandfirstshownontelevisionlastyearintheNetherlands.Theprogrammehassincebeenboughtby20countriesandeachtimeitisshownitstartsanationwidedebateonthesubject. TheNetherlandsistheonlycountryinEuropewhichpermitseuthanasia安乐死althoughitisnottechnicallylegalthere.HoweverdoctorswhocarryouteuthanasiaunderstrictguidelinesintroducedbytheDutchParliament议会twoyearsagoareusuallynotprosecuted.Theguidelinesdemandthatthepatientisexperiencingextremesufferingthatthereisnochanceofacureandthatthepatienthasmaderepeatedrequestsforeuthanasia.Inadditiontothisaseconddoctormustconfirm证实thatthesecriteriahavebeenmetandthedeathmustbereportedtothepolicedepartment. Shoulddoctorsbeallowedtotaketheliveofothers?Dr.WilfredVanOijenCeesvanVendel’’sdoctorexplainshowhelooksatthequestion: Wellit’’snotasifIinplanningtomurderacrowdofpeoplewithamachinegun.InthatcasekillingistheworstthingIcanimagine.Butthat’’sentirelydifferentfrommyworkasadoctor.IcareforpeopleandItrytoensurethattheydon’tsuffertoomuch.That’’sverydifferentthing. Manypeoplethougharetotallyagainstthepracticeofeuthanasia.Dr.AndrewFergusonChairmanoftheorganizationHealthcareopposedtoEuthanasiasaysthatinthevastmajorityofeuthanasiacaseswhatthepatientisactuallyaskingforissomethingelse.Theymaywantahealthprofessionaltoopenupcommunicationforthemwiththeirlovedonesorfamily—there’’snearlyalwaysanotherquestionbehindthequestion. Britainalsohasastrongtraditionofhospices—specialhospitalswhichcareonlyforthedyingandtheirspecialneeds.CicelySaundersPresidentoftheNationalHospiceCouncilandafoundermemberofthehospicemovementarguesthateuthanasiadoesn’’ttakeintoaccountthattherearewaysofcaringforthedying.Sheisalsoconcernedthatallowingeuthanasiawouldunderminetheneedforcareandconsiderationofawiderangeofpeople;It’’sveryeasyinsocietynowfortheelderlythedisabled伤残的andthedependenttofeelthattheyareburdensandthereforethattheyoughttoopt脱离out.Ithinkthatanythingthatlegallyallowstheshorteningoflifedoesmakethosepeoplemorevulnerable脆弱的. Manyfindthisprohibitionofanindividual’’srighttothepaternalistic家长式的.Althoughtheyagreethatlifeisimportantandshouldberespectedtheyfeelthatthequalityoflifeshouldnotbeignored.Dr.VanOijenbelievesthatpeoplehavethefundamentalrighttochooseforthemselvesiftheywanttodie:Whatthosepeoplewhoopposeeuthanasiaaretellingmeisthatdyingpeoplehaven’ttheright.Andthatwhenpeopleareveryillweareallafraidoftheirdeath.Buttherearesituationswheredeathisafriend.Andinthosecaseswhynot? Butwhynot?isaquestionwhichmightcausestrongemotion.ThefilmshowingCeesVanVendel’’sdeathwasbothmovingandsensitive.Hisdoctorwasclearlyafamilyfriend;hiswifehadonlyherhusband’’sinterestsatheart.Somehoweverwouldarguethatitwouldbedangeroustousethisparticularexampletosupportthecaseforeuthanasia.Notallpatientswouldreceivesuchahighlevelofindividualcareandattention. WhentheauthorsaysButwhynot?isaquestionmightcausestrongemotionthelastpara.hemaymean______.
We{{U}}derive{{/U}}knowledgemainlyfrombooks.
Thecuriouslookfromthestrangersaroundhermadeherfeel{{U}}uneasy{{/U}}.
PrematureSmoking:ASeriousProblem ThethirdreportonsmokingandhealthfromtheRoyalCollegeofPhysicianswhichwaspublishedthismonthcontainsimportantnewsectionsonthesmokinghabitsofchildrenandthepossibleeffectontheirfuturehealth. Theseincludeatwentyfoldintheincreaseintheriskoflungcancerinheavysmokersandanincreaseofaboutthreeandahalftimesintheriskofdyingfromcoronary冠状的heartdisease;chronic慢性的oronchitis支气管炎andemphysema肺气肿arealsomuchcommoner.Teachersplayanimportantpartindeterminingtheattitudeofchildrentosmokingwhetherornotthechildrenstarttosmokeandinprovidingknowledgeabouttheconsequencesofsmoking. WheneverIseechildrenofschoolageopenlysmokinginpublicIwonderwhethertheyreallyunderstandwhattheyaredoing.Probablymostdonot.Iatleastknowthatmyclinicalpracticeinlungdiseasewillnotbeshortofpatientsfortherestofmyworkinglife.About34percentofboysaged15smokeandtwothirdsofthisnumberofgirls.Overthepasttenyearstherehasbeenasmallbutwelcomereductioninthenumberofboyswhosmokeatthisagebutanincreaseinthenumberofgirls. Onelargestudyhasshownthatofthosechildrenwhosmokemorethanonecigaretteasmanyas85percentbecomehabitual习惯的smokers.Thisispartlybecausenicotineisoneofthemostdependent—producingdrugsknownonaparwithheroinandotherharddrugsinthisrespect.Oneinthreesmokersstartbeforetheageofninesomeevenasyoungasfive. Thecausesofprematuredeathwhichone-thirdofsmokerswillsufferandoftheprolongedillnesseswhichaffectsomanyofthemaredescribedinthereport;itsenoughtosaythattheyoungerachildstartstosmokethegreaterarehischancesofdyingearly. Ithasbeenshownthatchildrenwhosmokehavecertaincharacteristics.Comparedwithnonsmokerstheyaremorerebellious__的theirworkdeteriorates使变坏astheymoveupschooltheyaremorelikelytoleaveschoolearlyandaremoreoftendelinquent违法的andsexually性的precocious早熟.Manyofthesefeaturescanbesummarizedasanticipationofadulthood. Thereareanumberoffactorswhichdeterminetheonset开始ofsmokingandthesearelargelypsychologicalandsocial.Theyincludeavailabilityofcigarettescuriosityrebelliousnessappearingtoughanticipationofadulthoodsocialconfidenceexampleofparentsandteachersandsmokingbyfriendsandolderbrothersandsisters. Itshouldbemucheasiertopreventchildrenfromstartingtosmokethantopersuadesadultstogiveupthehabitonceestablishedbutinfactthishasprovedverydifficult.Theexamplesetbypeopleinauthorityespeciallyparentshealthcareworkersandteachersisofprimeimportance.Schoolrulesshouldforbidsmokingbychildrenonthepremises场所.ThisrulehasevenbeenintroducedatSummerhillSchoolwhereIspentmyschooldays. Thereishoweverariskofchildrensmokingjusttorebelagainsttherulesandeveninthoseschoolswhichhavetriedtoenforcenosmokingbycorporeal肉体的punishmentthereismuchsmokingasinotherschoolsNeverthelessbanningsmokingisprobablyonbalancebeneficial.Teacherstooshouldnotsmokeonschoolpremisesatleastnotinfrontofchildren. Accordingtothepassageoneriskofbanningsmokingisthat______.
ReadingSomethingInEnglish WhenyoureadtolearnEnglishcompositionyou【51】regardthelanguageasthemainthing. Whenyoureada【52】inEnglishdoyoureaditforthestoryorfortheEnglish?Thisisaquestionthatisnotsofoolish【53】itmayseem【54】IfindthatmanystudentsofEnglish【55】farmoreattentiontothestorythantotheEnglish.Theyreadandenjoyand【56】alongtimeafterwardsrememberthestorybutdonotcaretostudytheuseofwordsand【57】init.Forinstancetheyknowtheplot情节ofthestory【58】butdonotremembera【59】sentenceinthestoryandcannottellwhatprepositionisusedbeforeor【60】acertainwordinthespeechofacertaincharacter人物. Ofcourseitisallrighttoreadand【61】andrememberastoryandsolongasone【62】toknowthestoryonlyoneneednotbotheraboutthelanguage.Butthecaseisquitedifferent【63】astudentofEnglish.ImeanastudentofEnglishasdistinguished区别于fromareaderofstoriesorwhatiscalledthegeneralreader.Asyoumayhave【64】formtheaboveastudentofEnglishshouldreadvery【65】andregardthelanguageasthemainthing.
ReadingSomethingInEnglish WhenyoureadtolearnEnglishcompositionyou【51】regardthelanguageasthemainthing. Whenyoureada【52】inEnglishdoyoureaditforthestoryorfortheEnglish?Thisisaquestionthatisnotsofoolish【53】itmayseem【54】IfindthatmanystudentsofEnglish【55】farmoreattentiontothestorythantotheEnglish.Theyreadandenjoyand【56】alongtimeafterwardsrememberthestorybutdonotcaretostudytheuseofwordsand【57】init.Forinstancetheyknowtheplot情节ofthestory【58】butdonotremembera【59】sentenceinthestoryandcannottellwhatprepositionisusedbeforeor【60】acertainwordinthespeechofacertaincharacter人物. Ofcourseitisallrighttoreadand【61】andrememberastoryandsolongasone【62】toknowthestoryonlyoneneednotbotheraboutthelanguage.Butthecaseisquitedifferent【63】astudentofEnglish.ImeanastudentofEnglishasdistinguished区别于fromareaderofstoriesorwhatiscalledthegeneralreader.Asyoumayhave【64】formtheaboveastudentofEnglishshouldreadvery【65】andregardthelanguageasthemainthing.
PrematureSmoking:ASeriousProblem ThethirdreportonsmokingandhealthfromtheRoyalCollegeofPhysicianswhichwaspublishedthismonthcontainsimportantnewsectionsonthesmokinghabitsofchildrenandthepossibleeffectontheirfuturehealth. Theseincludeatwentyfoldintheincreaseintheriskoflungcancerinheavysmokersandanincreaseofaboutthreeandahalftimesintheriskofdyingfromcoronary冠状的heartdisease;chronic慢性的oronchitis支气管炎andemphysema肺气肿arealsomuchcommoner.Teachersplayanimportantpartindeterminingtheattitudeofchildrentosmokingwhetherornotthechildrenstarttosmokeandinprovidingknowledgeabouttheconsequencesofsmoking. WheneverIseechildrenofschoolageopenlysmokinginpublicIwonderwhethertheyreallyunderstandwhattheyaredoing.Probablymostdonot.Iatleastknowthatmyclinicalpracticeinlungdiseasewillnotbeshortofpatientsfortherestofmyworkinglife.About34percentofboysaged15smokeandtwothirdsofthisnumberofgirls.Overthepasttenyearstherehasbeenasmallbutwelcomereductioninthenumberofboyswhosmokeatthisagebutanincreaseinthenumberofgirls. Onelargestudyhasshownthatofthosechildrenwhosmokemorethanonecigaretteasmanyas85percentbecomehabitual习惯的smokers.Thisispartlybecausenicotineisoneofthemostdependent—producingdrugsknownonaparwithheroinandotherharddrugsinthisrespect.Oneinthreesmokersstartbeforetheageofninesomeevenasyoungasfive. Thecausesofprematuredeathwhichone-thirdofsmokerswillsufferandoftheprolongedillnesseswhichaffectsomanyofthemaredescribedinthereport;itsenoughtosaythattheyoungerachildstartstosmokethegreaterarehischancesofdyingearly. Ithasbeenshownthatchildrenwhosmokehavecertaincharacteristics.Comparedwithnonsmokerstheyaremorerebellious__的theirworkdeteriorates使变坏astheymoveupschooltheyaremorelikelytoleaveschoolearlyandaremoreoftendelinquent违法的andsexually性的precocious早熟.Manyofthesefeaturescanbesummarizedasanticipationofadulthood. Thereareanumberoffactorswhichdeterminetheonset开始ofsmokingandthesearelargelypsychologicalandsocial.Theyincludeavailabilityofcigarettescuriosityrebelliousnessappearingtoughanticipationofadulthoodsocialconfidenceexampleofparentsandteachersandsmokingbyfriendsandolderbrothersandsisters. Itshouldbemucheasiertopreventchildrenfromstartingtosmokethantopersuadesadultstogiveupthehabitonceestablishedbutinfactthishasprovedverydifficult.Theexamplesetbypeopleinauthorityespeciallyparentshealthcareworkersandteachersisofprimeimportance.Schoolrulesshouldforbidsmokingbychildrenonthepremises场所.ThisrulehasevenbeenintroducedatSummerhillSchoolwhereIspentmyschooldays. Thereishoweverariskofchildrensmokingjusttorebelagainsttherulesandeveninthoseschoolswhichhavetriedtoenforcenosmokingbycorporeal肉体的punishmentthereismuchsmokingasinotherschoolsNeverthelessbanningsmokingisprobablyonbalancebeneficial.Teacherstooshouldnotsmokeonschoolpremisesatleastnotinfrontofchildren. Peoplewhosmokeheavily______.
TheFunctionofTomatoes Howdowelovetomatoes?Let’’scounttheways:welovetheminpastaonpizzainjuiceinsaladandsoupslicedonsandwichesstuffedwithtunaevendriedandbakedinbagelsbutmostofallwelovethemrightoffvine—riperedanddelicious. Whiletomatoloversdon’’tneedanexcuseforeatingthembythebushel蒲式耳nowthere’’sevenmorereasontosavorthesedeliciousfruits.Evidenceismountingthatpeoplewhoeattomatoeshaveasubstantiallylowerriskforcancer. Inathousand-personstudyofeatinghabitsandhealthHarvardMedicalSchoolresearchersfoundthatthosewhoatetomatoeseveryweekhadthelowestchanceofdyingformcancer. Recentlyastudyof48000Americanmenshoweda21to34percentlowerriskforprostatecancer前列腺癌amongthosewhoconsumedtomatoestomatosauceorpizzamorethantwiceaweek.AndinstudyofmenandwomeninItalyeatingsevenormoreservingofrawtomatoesaweekwaslinkedtoa30to60percentreductionindigestivetractandprostatecancersdependingonthetypeofcancer. Theprotectivequalitiesofthetomatoarethoughttocomefromlycopene番茄红素apotentantioxidant抗氧化的plantchemicalthatisabundantintomatoes.Lycopeneisresponsiblefortheredcoloroftomatoes;thedarkerredthetomatoisthemorelycopeneitcontains.Greenandyellowtomatoesdonotcontainlycopene. Lycopoeneisalsofoundinwatermelonandpinkgrapefruitbuttomatoesarethemostabundantsource.Cookingenhancesthelycopenemoreavailable.Thustomatosauceandpasteisevenabettersourceforlycopenethanfreshrawtomatoes.Lycopeneisfatsolubleandmustbeconsumedwithacertainamountoffattobeabsorbedbythebody.Tomatorecipesmustcontainamoderateamountofoiltoensurethatalongwithadelicioustastetreatyouwillalsobereceivingallthehealthbenefitstomatoeshavetooffer. Whatistherelationshipbetweenthecoloroftomatoesandlycopene?
Euthanasia:aHeatedlyDebatedTopic Wemustn’’tdelayanylonger...?swallowing吞咽isdifficult...andbreathingthat’’salsodifficult.Thosemusclesareweakeningtoo...wemustn’’tdelayanylonger. ThesewerethewordsofDutchman荷兰人CeesvanwendeldeJoodeaskinghisdoctortohelphimdie.AffectedwithaseriousdiseasevanVendelwasnolongerabletospeakclearlyandheknewtherewasnohopeofrecoveryandthathisconditionwasrapidlydeteriorating. VanVenderslastthreemonthsoflifebeforebeinggivenafinallethalinjectionbyhisdoctorwerefilmedandfirstshownontelevisionlastyearintheNetherlands.Theprogrammehassincebeenboughtby20countriesandeachtimeitisshownitstartsanationwidedebateonthesubject. TheNetherlandsistheonlycountryinEuropewhichpermitseuthanasia安乐死althoughitisnottechnicallylegalthere.HoweverdoctorswhocarryouteuthanasiaunderstrictguidelinesintroducedbytheDutchParliament议会twoyearsagoareusuallynotprosecuted.Theguidelinesdemandthatthepatientisexperiencingextremesufferingthatthereisnochanceofacureandthatthepatienthasmaderepeatedrequestsforeuthanasia.Inadditiontothisaseconddoctormustconfirm证实thatthesecriteriahavebeenmetandthedeathmustbereportedtothepolicedepartment. Shoulddoctorsbeallowedtotaketheliveofothers?Dr.WilfredVanOijenCeesvanVendel’’sdoctorexplainshowhelooksatthequestion: Wellit’’snotasifIinplanningtomurderacrowdofpeoplewithamachinegun.InthatcasekillingistheworstthingIcanimagine.Butthat’’sentirelydifferentfrommyworkasadoctor.IcareforpeopleandItrytoensurethattheydon’tsuffertoomuch.That’’sverydifferentthing. Manypeoplethougharetotallyagainstthepracticeofeuthanasia.Dr.AndrewFergusonChairmanoftheorganizationHealthcareopposedtoEuthanasiasaysthatinthevastmajorityofeuthanasiacaseswhatthepatientisactuallyaskingforissomethingelse.Theymaywantahealthprofessionaltoopenupcommunicationforthemwiththeirlovedonesorfamily—there’’snearlyalwaysanotherquestionbehindthequestion. Britainalsohasastrongtraditionofhospices—specialhospitalswhichcareonlyforthedyingandtheirspecialneeds.CicelySaundersPresidentoftheNationalHospiceCouncilandafoundermemberofthehospicemovementarguesthateuthanasiadoesn’’ttakeintoaccountthattherearewaysofcaringforthedying.Sheisalsoconcernedthatallowingeuthanasiawouldunderminetheneedforcareandconsiderationofawiderangeofpeople;It’’sveryeasyinsocietynowfortheelderlythedisabled伤残的andthedependenttofeelthattheyareburdensandthereforethattheyoughttoopt脱离out.Ithinkthatanythingthatlegallyallowstheshorteningoflifedoesmakethosepeoplemorevulnerable脆弱的. Manyfindthisprohibitionofanindividual’’srighttothepaternalistic家长式的.Althoughtheyagreethatlifeisimportantandshouldberespectedtheyfeelthatthequalityoflifeshouldnotbeignored.Dr.VanOijenbelievesthatpeoplehavethefundamentalrighttochooseforthemselvesiftheywanttodie:Whatthosepeoplewhoopposeeuthanasiaaretellingmeisthatdyingpeoplehaven’ttheright.Andthatwhenpeopleareveryillweareallafraidoftheirdeath.Buttherearesituationswheredeathisafriend.Andinthosecaseswhynot? Butwhynot?isaquestionwhichmightcausestrongemotion.ThefilmshowingCeesVanVendel’’sdeathwasbothmovingandsensitive.Hisdoctorwasclearlyafamilyfriend;hiswifehadonlyherhusband’’sinterestsatheart.Somehoweverwouldarguethatitwouldbedangeroustousethisparticularexampletosupportthecaseforeuthanasia.Notallpatientswouldreceivesuchahighlevelofindividualcareandattention. Whoisagainsteuthanasia?
PrematureSmoking:ASeriousProblem ThethirdreportonsmokingandhealthfromtheRoyalCollegeofPhysicianswhichwaspublishedthismonthcontainsimportantnewsectionsonthesmokinghabitsofchildrenandthepossibleeffectontheirfuturehealth. Theseincludeatwentyfoldintheincreaseintheriskoflungcancerinheavysmokersandanincreaseofaboutthreeandahalftimesintheriskofdyingfromcoronary冠状的heartdisease;chronic慢性的oronchitis支气管炎andemphysema肺气肿arealsomuchcommoner.Teachersplayanimportantpartindeterminingtheattitudeofchildrentosmokingwhetherornotthechildrenstarttosmokeandinprovidingknowledgeabouttheconsequencesofsmoking. WheneverIseechildrenofschoolageopenlysmokinginpublicIwonderwhethertheyreallyunderstandwhattheyaredoing.Probablymostdonot.Iatleastknowthatmyclinicalpracticeinlungdiseasewillnotbeshortofpatientsfortherestofmyworkinglife.About34percentofboysaged15smokeandtwothirdsofthisnumberofgirls.Overthepasttenyearstherehasbeenasmallbutwelcomereductioninthenumberofboyswhosmokeatthisagebutanincreaseinthenumberofgirls. Onelargestudyhasshownthatofthosechildrenwhosmokemorethanonecigaretteasmanyas85percentbecomehabitual习惯的smokers.Thisispartlybecausenicotineisoneofthemostdependent—producingdrugsknownonaparwithheroinandotherharddrugsinthisrespect.Oneinthreesmokersstartbeforetheageofninesomeevenasyoungasfive. Thecausesofprematuredeathwhichone-thirdofsmokerswillsufferandoftheprolongedillnesseswhichaffectsomanyofthemaredescribedinthereport;itsenoughtosaythattheyoungerachildstartstosmokethegreaterarehischancesofdyingearly. Ithasbeenshownthatchildrenwhosmokehavecertaincharacteristics.Comparedwithnonsmokerstheyaremorerebellious__的theirworkdeteriorates使变坏astheymoveupschooltheyaremorelikelytoleaveschoolearlyandaremoreoftendelinquent违法的andsexually性的precocious早熟.Manyofthesefeaturescanbesummarizedasanticipationofadulthood. Thereareanumberoffactorswhichdeterminetheonset开始ofsmokingandthesearelargelypsychologicalandsocial.Theyincludeavailabilityofcigarettescuriosityrebelliousnessappearingtoughanticipationofadulthoodsocialconfidenceexampleofparentsandteachersandsmokingbyfriendsandolderbrothersandsisters. Itshouldbemucheasiertopreventchildrenfromstartingtosmokethantopersuadesadultstogiveupthehabitonceestablishedbutinfactthishasprovedverydifficult.Theexamplesetbypeopleinauthorityespeciallyparentshealthcareworkersandteachersisofprimeimportance.Schoolrulesshouldforbidsmokingbychildrenonthepremises场所.ThisrulehasevenbeenintroducedatSummerhillSchoolwhereIspentmyschooldays. Thereishoweverariskofchildrensmokingjusttorebelagainsttherulesandeveninthoseschoolswhichhavetriedtoenforcenosmokingbycorporeal肉体的punishmentthereismuchsmokingasinotherschoolsNeverthelessbanningsmokingisprobablyonbalancebeneficial.Teacherstooshouldnotsmokeonschoolpremisesatleastnotinfrontofchildren. Accordingtothepassageacommoncharacteristicofyoungsmokersisthat______.
ReadingSomethingInEnglish WhenyoureadtolearnEnglishcompositionyou【51】regardthelanguageasthemainthing. Whenyoureada【52】inEnglishdoyoureaditforthestoryorfortheEnglish?Thisisaquestionthatisnotsofoolish【53】itmayseem【54】IfindthatmanystudentsofEnglish【55】farmoreattentiontothestorythantotheEnglish.Theyreadandenjoyand【56】alongtimeafterwardsrememberthestorybutdonotcaretostudytheuseofwordsand【57】init.Forinstancetheyknowtheplot情节ofthestory【58】butdonotremembera【59】sentenceinthestoryandcannottellwhatprepositionisusedbeforeor【60】acertainwordinthespeechofacertaincharacter人物. Ofcourseitisallrighttoreadand【61】andrememberastoryandsolongasone【62】toknowthestoryonlyoneneednotbotheraboutthelanguage.Butthecaseisquitedifferent【63】astudentofEnglish.ImeanastudentofEnglishasdistinguished区别于fromareaderofstoriesorwhatiscalledthegeneralreader.Asyoumayhave【64】formtheaboveastudentofEnglishshouldreadvery【65】andregardthelanguageasthemainthing.
ReadingSomethingInEnglish WhenyoureadtolearnEnglishcompositionyou【51】regardthelanguageasthemainthing. Whenyoureada【52】inEnglishdoyoureaditforthestoryorfortheEnglish?Thisisaquestionthatisnotsofoolish【53】itmayseem【54】IfindthatmanystudentsofEnglish【55】farmoreattentiontothestorythantotheEnglish.Theyreadandenjoyand【56】alongtimeafterwardsrememberthestorybutdonotcaretostudytheuseofwordsand【57】init.Forinstancetheyknowtheplot情节ofthestory【58】butdonotremembera【59】sentenceinthestoryandcannottellwhatprepositionisusedbeforeor【60】acertainwordinthespeechofacertaincharacter人物. Ofcourseitisallrighttoreadand【61】andrememberastoryandsolongasone【62】toknowthestoryonlyoneneednotbotheraboutthelanguage.Butthecaseisquitedifferent【63】astudentofEnglish.ImeanastudentofEnglishasdistinguished区别于fromareaderofstoriesorwhatiscalledthegeneralreader.Asyoumayhave【64】formtheaboveastudentofEnglishshouldreadvery【65】andregardthelanguageasthemainthing.
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