首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
Directions: Write a letter to your cousin, who is going to take the college entrance examination an...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《问答》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
Directions:Supposeyouareacollegestudentandyouinten
Directions:JackBlackmanagoodfriendofyoursisleaving
Directions: Afterbeinginvolvedinanaccidentyouwere
Directions:Youareinterestedinapositionofeditoroffe
Directions: WritealettertoMrTerryThompsonrecommen
Directions:Forsomereasonyoufailedtoansweryourfrien
Directions:Youareafreshmanandplanningtoapplyforaba
Directions:WritealettertoMrTerryThompsonrecommendi
Directions:Writealettertoyourcousinwhoisgoingtotak
Directions:Writealettertoyourcousinwhoisgoingtota
Directions:WritealettertoinviteafriendAnnatotravel
Directions:Youareafreshmanandplanningtoapplyforaba
Directions:Youjustcomebackfromyourholiday.Writeale
Directions:Youareinterestedinapositionofeditoroff
Directions: Writealettertoinquirewhetheryoumayboo
Directions:WritealettertoLiuXiangexpressingcongrat
Directions:WritealettertoLiuXiangexpressingcongrat
Directions:Youareinterestedinapositionofeditoroff
Directions: WritealettertoLiuXiangexpressingcongr
Directions:Youwereknockeddownbyataxitheotherday;ap
热门试题
更多
Everydaysome16mbarrelsofoilleavetheGulfthroughtheStraitofHormuz.Thatisenoughtofillasoft-drinkcanforeveryoneonearthortopowereverymotorvehicleontheplanetfor25miles40kin.Gulfoilaccountsfor40%ofglobaltradeinthestickystuff.Moreimportantitmakesuptwo-thirdsofknowndeposits.Whereasatpresentproductionratestherestoftheworld’soilreserveswilllastforamere25yearstheGulf’swilllastfor100.Inotherwordstheregion’sstrategicimportanceissettogrowandgrow. Oratleastsogoestheconventionalwisdomwhichisusuallyroundedoutwithscarytalkofunstablesuppliesspendthriftregimesandapotentialfundamentalistmenace.Yetallthosenumberscomewithcaveats.AgreatdealofoilisconsumedbythecountriesthatproduceitratherthantradedsoinrealitytheGulfaccountsforlessthanaquarteroftheworld’sdailyconsumption.Asforreservesthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedesert.ThemostcomprehensiveresearchavailableconductedbytheUSGeologicalSurveyreferstoan"expected"totalvolumeforglobalhydrocarbondepositsthatisaboutdoublecurrentknownreserves.UsingthatfigureandthrowinginnaturalgasalongwithoilitappearsthattheGulfcontainsamoremoderate30%orsooftheplanet’sfuturefossil-fuelsupplies.LeavingoutthetwoGulfstatesthatarenotcoveredinthissurvey--IranandIraq--theremainingsixbetweenthemholdsomethinglike20%ofworldhydrocarbonreservesnotmuchmorethanRussia. Allthesameitisstillaheftychunk;enoughyoumightthinktokeepthepeoplelivingatopthewellsincomfortfortheforeseeablefuture.Butyoumightbewrong.AtpresentthenationsoftheGulfCooperationCouncilhaveacombinednationalincomeroughlyequaltoSwitzerland’sbutapopulationwhichataround30mismorethanfourtimesasbig.Itisalsothefastest-growingonearthhavingincreasedatninetimestheSwissrateoverthepastquarter-century.Meanwhiletheregion’sshareofworldoiltradehasfallenashastheaveragepriceperbarrel. AsaresulttheincomeperpersongeneratedbyGCCoilexportshasbeendiminishingsincethe1970s.TruesurgingdemandfromAmericaandAsiahasrecentlyboostedtheGulf’sshareoftradebutthemedium-termoutlookforoilpriesremainsweak.Combinedwithcontinuedgrowthinoilconsumptionthisshouldcreatesustainedupwardpressureonprices.Andhighoilpriceswillspeedthesearchforalternatives.Whoknowsin20years’timefuelcellsandhydrogenpowermayhavestartedtobecomecommercialpropositions. ItisgenerallybelievedthatoilproducedintheGulf
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. 15
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. 13
Manypeopleareconcernedabouttheeconomicconditionofdevelopingcountries—countrieswhoseaveragepercapitaGNPisafractionofthatinmoreindustrializedcountries.Howeverforthedevelopingcountriesthereexistmanyobstaclestotheireconomicdevelopment.Onemajorobstacletoeconomicdevelopmentispopulationgrowth.46Thepopulationsofmostdevelopingcountriesgrowataratemuchfasterthanthoseofindustrializedcountriesandthepopulationofsomeofthemissolargethatthereisbarelyenoughfertilelandandotherresourcestosupportit.Manylessdevelopedcountriesdependextensivelyonagricultureaddingtotheproblem.Inthesecountriesanincentivetohavemanychildrenexists.47Mostfarmsareworkedbyfamiliesandchildrencanworkinthefieldsatanearlyagebecausemostfarmersbelievethatmorechildrenmeansmoreworkers.Inadditionhavingmanychildrenensurestheparentsthatsomeonewilllookafterthemintheiroldage.Anotherproblemfordevelopingcountriesisincreasingaveragelifeexpectancy—theaverageremaininglifetimeforpersonswhoreachacertainage.Bettereducationinternationalaidandemphasisonhealth-carefacilitieshelppeoplelivelonger.AhighlifeexpectancycoupledwithahighcrudebirthratemakesitdifficulttoincreasepercapitaGNP.Anotherobstacletoeconomicgrowthislimitednaturalresources.Nocountrycandevelopbeyonditsresourcepotential.Unproductivelandoraharshclimatecanlimiteconomicgrowth.48Somecountriesmaybefortunateenoughtodiscoveravaluablemineraltofinancetheireconomicdevelopmentbutmostfocusonagricultureandasaresulttheireconomicgrowthishinderedbytheshortageofnaturalresourcesorenergysourcesneededforindustry.Stillanotherobstacletoeconomicdevelopmentisalackofappropriateeducationandtechnology.Anydevelopingcountriesdonothaveahighlyliteratepopulationorthehighleveloftechnicalskillsneededtobuildanindustrialsociety.Inadditionmostdonothavemoneytotrainengineersandscientists.49Manydevelopingcountriescannotevenaffordtoprovidefreepubliceducationforschool-agechildrenandinthosethatcannoteverychildisabletotakeadvantageofitbecausemostofthemhavetoworktohelpfeedtheirfamilies.Asaresultmuchofthepopulationmaynothavethebasicskillsneededtocontinuewithhighereducationwhenitisoffered.Governmentalsocanbeanobstacletoeconomicdevelopment.Acountrywhosegovernmentoftenchangeswillhaveahardtimedevelopingeconomically.Suchconstantchangesimpedelong-termplanning.50Economicdevelopmentismadeevenmoredifficultifthepoliticalchangesoccurthroughviolentrevolutionwhereindustrialfacilitiesmaybedestroyed.
[A]MarketData[B]MarketProsperity[C]SecretofSuccess[D]QuestionstoAsk[E]UnderstandingYourMarket[F]MarketResearchSuccessfulsmallbusinessexpansionsandnewjobformationleadthewayincreatingnewmarketsinnovationsandjobsthatfueleconomicgrowthandprosperity.InrecognitionoftheimportanceofsmallbusinesstoastrongeconomytheU.S.SmallBusinessAdministrationSBAispleasedtohelpmeettheinformationneedsofexistingbusinessownersandaspiringentrepreneurs.41.______Yourbusinesswillnotsucceedjustbecauseyouwantittosucceed.Determiningifthereisamarketforyourproductsorservicesisthemostcriticalitemofplanning.Onceyoudecideonyourproductorserviceyoumustanalyzeyourmarket--aprocessinvolvinginterviewingcompetitorssuppliersandnewcustomers.Beforeyoubeginresearchingyourmarkethoweveryoushouldtakeabriefbutcloselookatyourproductorservicefromanobjectivestandpoint.Youshouldaskyourselfthefollowingquestions:--Isthisproductorserviceinconstantdemand--Howmanycompetitorsprovidethesameserviceorproduct--CanIcreateademandformyproductorservice--CanIcompeteeffectivelyinpricequalityanddelivery—CanIpricemyproductorservicetoassureaprofitOnceyouaresatisfiedthatthesepreliminaryquestionsareansweredmoveontoperformingyourresearch.42.______.Itisextremelybeneficialtoinvestigateamarketbecausetheinformationgatheredcanincreaseyourprofitpotential.Specificallyit:--Indicatesalternativesalesapproachestoyourmarket.--Providesamoreaccuratebaseformakingprofitassumptions.--Aidsintheorganizationofmarketingactivities.--Assistsinthedevelopmentofcriticalshort/mid-termgoals.--Helpsestablishyourmarket’sprofitboundaries.Unfortunatelymanyentrepreneursfailtocompletethiscriticalsectionoftheirbusinessplan.Collectingresearchdatacanbefrustratingunlessyouhavedefinedyourgoalsandorganizedthecollectionandanalysisprocess.Topreventthisfromhappeningyoumustplanhowyouwillcollectsortandanalyzetheinformation.Maintainanotebookandfileinwhichtostoreorganizeandretrievedataasneeded.43.______.Yourresearchshouldaskthesequestions..--Whoareyourcustomers--Wherearetheylocated--Whataretheirneedsandresources--Isyourserviceorproductessentialintheiroperationspractivities—Canthecustomeraffordyourserviceorproduct—Wherecanyoucreateademandforyourserviceorproduct--Whatareaswithinyourmarketaredecliningorgrowing--Whatisthegeneraleconomyofyourserviceorproductarea44.______.Knowingyourmarketrequiresanunderstandingnotonlyofyourproductbutalsoofyourcustomers’socioeconomiccharacteristics.Thisinformationwillserveasamapinlettingyouknowwhatisahead.Moremarketinformationcanbefoundin--Librarylistingsoftradeassociationsandjournals.--Regionalplanningorganizations’studiesongrowthtrends.--Banksrealtorsandinsurancecompanies.—Competitors.--Customersurveysinyourmarketarea.Onceyouhaveobtainedandanalyzedthisinformationitwillbecomethefoundationofyourbusinessplan.Researchinformationisimportantbecauseitsupportsthebasicassumptionsinyourfinancialprojection--yourreasonforgoingintobusiness.45.______Tobesuccessfulasmallbusinessownermustknowthemarket.Marketresearchissimplyanorderlyobjectivewayoflearningaboutpeople--thepeoplewhowillbuyfromyou.
46Along-heldviewofthehistoryoftheEnglishcoloniesthatbecametheUnitedStateshasbeenthatEngland’spolicytowardthesecoloniesbefore1763wasdictatedbycommercialinterestsandthatachangetoamoreimperialpolicydominatedbyexpansionistmilitaristobjectivesgeneratedthetensionsthatultimatelyledtotheAmericanRevolution.InarecentstudyStephenSaundersWebbhasresentedaformidablechallengetothisview.AccordingtoWebbEnglandalreadyhadamilitaryimperialpolicyformorethanacenturybeforetheAmericanRevolution.HeseesCharlesⅡtheEnglishmonarchbetween1660and1685asthepropersuccessoroftheTudormonarchsofthesixteenthcenturyandofOliverCromwellallofwhomwerebentonextendingcentralizedexecutivepoweroverEngland’spossessionsthroughtheuseofwhatWebbcallsgarrisongovernment.GarrisongovernmentallowedthecolonistsalegislativeassemblybutrealauthorityinWebb’sviewbelongedtothecolonialgovernorwhowasappointedbythekingandsupportedbythegarrisonthatis.bythelocalcontingentofEnglishtroopsunderthecolonialgovernor’scommand.AccordingtoWebbthepurposeofgarrisongovernmentwastoprovidemilitarysupportforaroyalpolicydesignedtolimitthepoweroftheupperclassesintheAmericancolonies.47Webbarguesthatthecoloniallegislativeassembliesrepresentedtheinterestsnotofthecommonpeoplebutofthecolonialupperclassesacoalitionofmerchantsandnobilitywhofavoredself-ruleandsoughttoelevatelegislativeauthorityattheexpenseoftheexecutive.ItwasaccordingtoWebbthecolonialgovernorswhofavoredthesmallfarmeropposedtheplantationsystemandtriedthroughtaxationtobreakuplargeholdingsofland.BackedbythemilitarypresenceofthegarrisonthesegovernorstriedtopreventthegentryandmerchantsalliedinthecolonialassembliesfromtransformingcolonialAmericaintoacapitalisticoligarchy.48Webb’sstudyilluminatesthepoliticalalignmentsthatexistedinthecoloniesinthecenturypriortotheAmericanRevolutionbuthisviewofthecrown’suseofthemilitaryasaninstrumentofcolonialpolicyisnotentirelyconvincing.Englandduringtheseventeenthcenturywasnotnotedforitsmilitaryachievements.CromwelldidmountEngland’smostambitiousoverseasmilitaryexpeditioninmorethanacenturybutitprovedtobeanutterfailure.UnderCharlesⅡtheEnglisharmywastoosmalltobeamajorinstrumentofgovernment.49NotuntilthewarinFrancein1697didWilliamⅢpersuadeParliamenttocreateaprofessionalstandingarmyandParliament’spricefordoingsowastokeepthearmyundertightlegislativecontrol.50WhileitmaybetruethatthecrownattemptedtodiminishthepowerofthecolonialupperclassesitishardtoimaginehowtheEnglisharmyduringtheseventeenthcenturycouldhaveprovidedsignificantmilitarysupportforsuchapolicy.
Thetopicofcloninghasbeenapoliticallyandethicallycontroversialonesinceitsverybeginning.Whilethemoralandphilosophicalaspectsoftheissuesareentirelyuptotheinterpretationoftheindividualtheapplicationofcloningtechnologycanbestudiedobjectively.Manyinthescientificcommunityadvocatetheuseofcloningforthepreservationandsupportofendangeredspeciesofanimalswhichasidefromcloninghavenootherpracticalhopeforavoidingextinction. Thegoaloftheuseofcloningtoavoidextinctionisthereintroductionofnewgenesintothegenepoolofspecieswithfewsurvivorsensuringthemaintenanceandexpansionofgeneticdiversity.LikelycandidatesforthistechniquearespeciesknowntohaveveryfewsurvivingmemberssuchastheAfricanBongoAntelopetheSumatranTigerandtheChineseGiantPanda.InthecaseofGiantPandasomeartificialtechniquesforcreatingoffspringhavealreadybeenperformedperhapspavingthewayforcloningasthenextstepintheprocess. Withtheestimatedpopulationofonlyabout1000GiantPandasleftintheworldtheurgencyofthesituationhasledtodesperatemeasures.OnepandawasbornthroughthetechniqueofartificialinseminationintheSanDiegoZoointheUnitedStates."HuaMei"wasbornin1999afterherparentsHsing-HsingandLing-Linghadtroubleconceivingnaturally. TheplantoincreasetheGiantPandapopulationthroughtheuseofcloninginvolvestheuseofaspeciesrelatedtotheGiantPandatheAmericanBlackBear.EggcellswillberemovedfromfemaleblackbearsandthenfertilizedwithPandacellssuchasthosefromLing-LingorHsing-Hsing.Thefertilizedembryowillthenre-implantedintotheblackbearwhereitwillgrowandmatureuntilanewpandaisdeliveredfromtheblackbearhost. Criticsofcloningtechnologyarguethattheemphasisoncloningasamethodbywhichtopreservespecieswilldrawfundingawayfromothermethodssuchashabitatpreservationandconservation.Proponentsofcloningcounterthatmanycountriesinwhichmanyendangeredspeciesexistaretoopoortoprotectandmaintainthespecies’habitatsanywaymakingcloningtechnologytheonlypracticalwaytoensurethatthosespeciessurvivetofuturegenerations.Theissueisstillhotlydebatedasbothsidesweighthebenefitsthatcouldbeachievedagainsttherisksandethicalconcernsthatconstantlyaccompanyanyargumentontheissue.402words Notes:ethically道德上genepool基因库inseminationn.受精fertilize使受精embryo胚胎proponent支持者拥护者weighAagainstB权衡A和B的利弊 Themainpurposeofthelastparagraphisto
Thetopicofcloninghasbeenapoliticallyandethicallycontroversialonesinceitsverybeginning.Whilethemoralandphilosophicalaspectsoftheissuesareentirelyuptotheinterpretationoftheindividualtheapplicationofcloningtechnologycanbestudiedobjectively.Manyinthescientificcommunityadvocatetheuseofcloningforthepreservationandsupportofendangeredspeciesofanimalswhichasidefromcloninghavenootherpracticalhopeforavoidingextinction. Thegoaloftheuseofcloningtoavoidextinctionisthereintroductionofnewgenesintothegenepoolofspecieswithfewsurvivorsensuringthemaintenanceandexpansionofgeneticdiversity.LikelycandidatesforthistechniquearespeciesknowntohaveveryfewsurvivingmemberssuchastheAfricanBongoAntelopetheSumatranTigerandtheChineseGiantPanda.InthecaseofGiantPandasomeartificialtechniquesforcreatingoffspringhavealreadybeenperformedperhapspavingthewayforcloningasthenextstepintheprocess. Withtheestimatedpopulationofonlyabout1000GiantPandasleftintheworldtheurgencyofthesituationhasledtodesperatemeasures.OnepandawasbornthroughthetechniqueofartificialinseminationintheSanDiegoZoointheUnitedStates."HuaMei"wasbornin1999afterherparentsHsing-HsingandLing-Linghadtroubleconceivingnaturally. TheplantoincreasetheGiantPandapopulationthroughtheuseofcloninginvolvestheuseofaspeciesrelatedtotheGiantPandatheAmericanBlackBear.EggcellswillberemovedfromfemaleblackbearsandthenfertilizedwithPandacellssuchasthosefromLing-LingorHsing-Hsing.Thefertilizedembryowillthenre-implantedintotheblackbearwhereitwillgrowandmatureuntilanewpandaisdeliveredfromtheblackbearhost. Criticsofcloningtechnologyarguethattheemphasisoncloningasamethodbywhichtopreservespecieswilldrawfundingawayfromothermethodssuchashabitatpreservationandconservation.Proponentsofcloningcounterthatmanycountriesinwhichmanyendangeredspeciesexistaretoopoortoprotectandmaintainthespecies’habitatsanywaymakingcloningtechnologytheonlypracticalwaytoensurethatthosespeciessurvivetofuturegenerations.Theissueisstillhotlydebatedasbothsidesweighthebenefitsthatcouldbeachievedagainsttherisksandethicalconcernsthatconstantlyaccompanyanyargumentontheissue.402words Notes:ethically道德上genepool基因库inseminationn.受精fertilize使受精embryo胚胎proponent支持者拥护者weighAagainstB权衡A和B的利弊 TheauthordirectsattentiontoHuaMeithebabypandabornintheSanDiegoZooinorderto
RealpolicemenbothBritainandtheUnitedStateshardlyrecognizeanyresemblancebetweentheirlivesandwhattheyseeonTV—iftheyevergethomeintime.Therearesimilaritiesofcoursebutthecopsdon’tthinkmuchofthem. Thefirstdifferenceisthatapoliceman’srealliferevolvesroundthelaw.Mostofhistrainingisincriminallaw.Hehastoknowexactlywhatactionsarecrimesandwhatevidencecanbeusedtoprovethemincourt.Hehastoknownearlyasmuchlawasaprofessionallawyerandwhatismorehehastoapplyitonhisfeetinthedarkandrainrunningdownanalleyaftersomeonehehastotalkto. Littleofhistimeisspentinchattingtoscantilycladladiesorindramaticconfrontationswithdesperatecriminal.Hewillspendmostofhisworkinglifetypingmillionsofwordsonthousandsofformsabouthundredsofsadunimportantpeoplewhoareguilty—ornot—ofstupidpettycrimes. Mosttelevisioncrimedramaisaboutfindingthecriminal;assoonashe’sarrestedthestoryisover.Inreallifefindingcriminalsisseldommuchofaproblem.Exceptinveryseriouscaseslikemurdersandterroristattacks—wherefailuretoproduceresultsreflectsonthestandingofthepolice—littleeffortisspentonsearching.Thepolicehaveanelaboratemachinerywhicheventuallyshowsupmostwantedmen. Havingmadeanarrestadetectivereallystartstowork.Hehastoprovehiscaseincourtandtodothatheoftenhastogatheralotofdifferentevidence.Muchofthishastobegivenbypeoplewhodon’twanttogetinvolvedinacourtcase.Soaswellasbeingoverworkedadetectivehastobeoutatallhoursofthedayandnightinterviewinghiswitnessesandpersuadingthemusuallyagainsttheirownbestintereststohelphim. Athirdbigdifferencebetweenthedramadetectiveandtherealoneistheunpleasantmoraltwilightinwhichtherealonelives.Detectivesaresubjecttotwoopposingpressures:firstasmembersofapoliceforcetheyalwayshavetobehavewithabsolutelegalitysecondlyasexpensivepublicservantstheyhavetogetresults.Theycanhardlyeverdoboth.Mostofthetimesomeofthemhavetobreaktherulesinsmallways. Ifthedetectivehastodeceivetheworldtheworldoftendeceiveshim.Hardlyanyonehemeetstellshimthetruth.Andthisseparationthedetectivefeelsbetweenhimselfandtherestoftheworldisdeepenedbythesimplemindedness—asheseesit—ofcitizenssocialworkersdoctorslawmakersandjudgeswhoinsteadofstampingoutcrimepunishthecriminalslessseverelyinthehopethatthiswillmakethemreform.Theresultdetectivesfeelisthatninetenthsoftheirworkisreachingpeoplewhoshouldhavestayedbehindbars.Thismakesthemrathercynical. Detectivesarerathercynicalbecause
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. 9
[A]MarketData[B]MarketProsperity[C]SecretofSuccess[D]QuestionstoAsk[E]UnderstandingYourMarket[F]MarketResearchSuccessfulsmallbusinessexpansionsandnewjobformationleadthewayincreatingnewmarketsinnovationsandjobsthatfueleconomicgrowthandprosperity.InrecognitionoftheimportanceofsmallbusinesstoastrongeconomytheU.S.SmallBusinessAdministrationSBAispleasedtohelpmeettheinformationneedsofexistingbusinessownersandaspiringentrepreneurs.41.______Yourbusinesswillnotsucceedjustbecauseyouwantittosucceed.Determiningifthereisamarketforyourproductsorservicesisthemostcriticalitemofplanning.Onceyoudecideonyourproductorserviceyoumustanalyzeyourmarket--aprocessinvolvinginterviewingcompetitorssuppliersandnewcustomers.Beforeyoubeginresearchingyourmarkethoweveryoushouldtakeabriefbutcloselookatyourproductorservicefromanobjectivestandpoint.Youshouldaskyourselfthefollowingquestions:--Isthisproductorserviceinconstantdemand--Howmanycompetitorsprovidethesameserviceorproduct--CanIcreateademandformyproductorservice--CanIcompeteeffectivelyinpricequalityanddelivery—CanIpricemyproductorservicetoassureaprofitOnceyouaresatisfiedthatthesepreliminaryquestionsareansweredmoveontoperformingyourresearch.42.______.Itisextremelybeneficialtoinvestigateamarketbecausetheinformationgatheredcanincreaseyourprofitpotential.Specificallyit:--Indicatesalternativesalesapproachestoyourmarket.--Providesamoreaccuratebaseformakingprofitassumptions.--Aidsintheorganizationofmarketingactivities.--Assistsinthedevelopmentofcriticalshort/mid-termgoals.--Helpsestablishyourmarket’sprofitboundaries.Unfortunatelymanyentrepreneursfailtocompletethiscriticalsectionoftheirbusinessplan.Collectingresearchdatacanbefrustratingunlessyouhavedefinedyourgoalsandorganizedthecollectionandanalysisprocess.Topreventthisfromhappeningyoumustplanhowyouwillcollectsortandanalyzetheinformation.Maintainanotebookandfileinwhichtostoreorganizeandretrievedataasneeded.43.______.Yourresearchshouldaskthesequestions..--Whoareyourcustomers--Wherearetheylocated--Whataretheirneedsandresources--Isyourserviceorproductessentialintheiroperationspractivities—Canthecustomeraffordyourserviceorproduct—Wherecanyoucreateademandforyourserviceorproduct--Whatareaswithinyourmarketaredecliningorgrowing--Whatisthegeneraleconomyofyourserviceorproductarea44.______.Knowingyourmarketrequiresanunderstandingnotonlyofyourproductbutalsoofyourcustomers’socioeconomiccharacteristics.Thisinformationwillserveasamapinlettingyouknowwhatisahead.Moremarketinformationcanbefoundin--Librarylistingsoftradeassociationsandjournals.--Regionalplanningorganizations’studiesongrowthtrends.--Banksrealtorsandinsurancecompanies.—Competitors.--Customersurveysinyourmarketarea.Onceyouhaveobtainedandanalyzedthisinformationitwillbecomethefoundationofyourbusinessplan.Researchinformationisimportantbecauseitsupportsthebasicassumptionsinyourfinancialprojection--yourreasonforgoingintobusiness.45.______Tobesuccessfulasmallbusinessownermustknowthemarket.Marketresearchissimplyanorderlyobjectivewayoflearningaboutpeople--thepeoplewhowillbuyfromyou.
RealpolicemenbothBritainandtheUnitedStateshardlyrecognizeanyresemblancebetweentheirlivesandwhattheyseeonTV—iftheyevergethomeintime.Therearesimilaritiesofcoursebutthecopsdon’tthinkmuchofthem. Thefirstdifferenceisthatapoliceman’srealliferevolvesroundthelaw.Mostofhistrainingisincriminallaw.Hehastoknowexactlywhatactionsarecrimesandwhatevidencecanbeusedtoprovethemincourt.Hehastoknownearlyasmuchlawasaprofessionallawyerandwhatismorehehastoapplyitonhisfeetinthedarkandrainrunningdownanalleyaftersomeonehehastotalkto. Littleofhistimeisspentinchattingtoscantilycladladiesorindramaticconfrontationswithdesperatecriminal.Hewillspendmostofhisworkinglifetypingmillionsofwordsonthousandsofformsabouthundredsofsadunimportantpeoplewhoareguilty—ornot—ofstupidpettycrimes. Mosttelevisioncrimedramaisaboutfindingthecriminal;assoonashe’sarrestedthestoryisover.Inreallifefindingcriminalsisseldommuchofaproblem.Exceptinveryseriouscaseslikemurdersandterroristattacks—wherefailuretoproduceresultsreflectsonthestandingofthepolice—littleeffortisspentonsearching.Thepolicehaveanelaboratemachinerywhicheventuallyshowsupmostwantedmen. Havingmadeanarrestadetectivereallystartstowork.Hehastoprovehiscaseincourtandtodothatheoftenhastogatheralotofdifferentevidence.Muchofthishastobegivenbypeoplewhodon’twanttogetinvolvedinacourtcase.Soaswellasbeingoverworkedadetectivehastobeoutatallhoursofthedayandnightinterviewinghiswitnessesandpersuadingthemusuallyagainsttheirownbestintereststohelphim. Athirdbigdifferencebetweenthedramadetectiveandtherealoneistheunpleasantmoraltwilightinwhichtherealonelives.Detectivesaresubjecttotwoopposingpressures:firstasmembersofapoliceforcetheyalwayshavetobehavewithabsolutelegalitysecondlyasexpensivepublicservantstheyhavetogetresults.Theycanhardlyeverdoboth.Mostofthetimesomeofthemhavetobreaktherulesinsmallways. Ifthedetectivehastodeceivetheworldtheworldoftendeceiveshim.Hardlyanyonehemeetstellshimthetruth.Andthisseparationthedetectivefeelsbetweenhimselfandtherestoftheworldisdeepenedbythesimplemindedness—asheseesit—ofcitizenssocialworkersdoctorslawmakersandjudgeswhoinsteadofstampingoutcrimepunishthecriminalslessseverelyinthehopethatthiswillmakethemreform.Theresultdetectivesfeelisthatninetenthsoftheirworkisreachingpeoplewhoshouldhavestayedbehindbars.Thismakesthemrathercynical. Itisessentialforapolicemantobetrainedincriminallaw
FeelinganxiousYourmoodmayactuallychangehowyourdinnertastesmakingthebitterandsaltyflavorsrecedeaccordingtonewresearch.Thislinkbetweenthechemicalbalanceinyourbrainandyoursenseoftastecouldonedayhelpdoctorstotreatdepression.Therearecurrentlynoon-the-spottestsfordecidingwhichmedicationwillworkbestinindividualpatientswiththiscondition.Researchershopethatatestbasedonflavordetectioncouldhelpdoctorstogetmoreprescriptionsrightfirsttime. Ithaslongbeenknownthatpeoplewhoaredepressedhavelower-than-usuallevelsofthebrainchemicalsserotoninornoradrenalineorinsomecasesboth.Manyalsohaveabluntedsenseoftastewhichispresumablycausedbychangesinbrainchemistry.TounpicktherelationshipbetweenthetwoLucyDonaldsonandhercolleaguesattheUniversityofBristolUKgave20healthyvolunteerstwoantidepressantdrugsandcheckedtheirsensitivitytodifferenttastes.ThedrugthatraisedserotoninlevelsmadepeoplemoresensitivetosweetandbittertastestheteamreportsintheJournalofNeuroscience.Theotherwhichincreasednoradrenalineenhancedrecognitionofbitterandsourtastes. Inhealthypeoplevolunteerswhoseanxietylevelswerenaturallyhigherwerelesssensitivetobitterandsaltytastes."Whathasn’tbeendonebeoreistolookpreciselyatwhichtastesareaffectedindepression"saysDonaldson.Nowtheresultsarein"wecandiscriminatebetweenthechemicalsandthetastesthatseemtobealtered"shesays.Testingsensitivitytosweetandsourtastescouldpotentiallyhelpdoctorstopickuponwhichchemicalsaredippingguidingthemwhenchoosingwhichdrugtorectifytheproblem. Currentlydoctorsrelyonphysicalandemotionalsymptomstomakeabestguessatanindividual’simbalanceprescribeadrugandwaitaboutamonthtocheckonanyimprovement.Gooddoctorshaveabouta60-80%successrateinselectingtherightdrugthefirsttimesayspsychiatristJanMelicharaco-authoronthepaper.Arethereanydecenttestsforprescribingdrugsfordepression"No.Wedoabestguesstimate"saysMelichar."I’mexcitedbythisfindingbecausein35or7yearswecouldhaveasimpletastetest." Nexttheteamplanstoperformsimilartestsindepressedpeopleandinhealthyvolunteersgivenanotherbrainchemicalcalledtryptophan.Thischemicalwouldlowerthehealthysubjects’levelsofserotoninasactuallyhappensindepressedpatients. Theworkhasalsogeneratedinterestfromflavorhouses--companiesthatdevelopchemicalsforthefoodanddrinkindustry--whoareinterestedinmakingfoodstastejustassweetwithhalftheamountofsugar."Theoreticallytherewouldbethepossibilityofenhancingyourmealwithdrugsthataffectbrainchemicalssothatthingswouldtastebetter--youcouidhavea’designertastetablet’"Donaldsonsays. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. 17
46Along-heldviewofthehistoryoftheEnglishcoloniesthatbecametheUnitedStateshasbeenthatEngland’spolicytowardthesecoloniesbefore1763wasdictatedbycommercialinterestsandthatachangetoamoreimperialpolicydominatedbyexpansionistmilitaristobjectivesgeneratedthetensionsthatultimatelyledtotheAmericanRevolution.InarecentstudyStephenSaundersWebbhasresentedaformidablechallengetothisview.AccordingtoWebbEnglandalreadyhadamilitaryimperialpolicyformorethanacenturybeforetheAmericanRevolution.HeseesCharlesⅡtheEnglishmonarchbetween1660and1685asthepropersuccessoroftheTudormonarchsofthesixteenthcenturyandofOliverCromwellallofwhomwerebentonextendingcentralizedexecutivepoweroverEngland’spossessionsthroughtheuseofwhatWebbcallsgarrisongovernment.GarrisongovernmentallowedthecolonistsalegislativeassemblybutrealauthorityinWebb’sviewbelongedtothecolonialgovernorwhowasappointedbythekingandsupportedbythegarrisonthatis.bythelocalcontingentofEnglishtroopsunderthecolonialgovernor’scommand.AccordingtoWebbthepurposeofgarrisongovernmentwastoprovidemilitarysupportforaroyalpolicydesignedtolimitthepoweroftheupperclassesintheAmericancolonies.47Webbarguesthatthecoloniallegislativeassembliesrepresentedtheinterestsnotofthecommonpeoplebutofthecolonialupperclassesacoalitionofmerchantsandnobilitywhofavoredself-ruleandsoughttoelevatelegislativeauthorityattheexpenseoftheexecutive.ItwasaccordingtoWebbthecolonialgovernorswhofavoredthesmallfarmeropposedtheplantationsystemandtriedthroughtaxationtobreakuplargeholdingsofland.BackedbythemilitarypresenceofthegarrisonthesegovernorstriedtopreventthegentryandmerchantsalliedinthecolonialassembliesfromtransformingcolonialAmericaintoacapitalisticoligarchy.48Webb’sstudyilluminatesthepoliticalalignmentsthatexistedinthecoloniesinthecenturypriortotheAmericanRevolutionbuthisviewofthecrown’suseofthemilitaryasaninstrumentofcolonialpolicyisnotentirelyconvincing.Englandduringtheseventeenthcenturywasnotnotedforitsmilitaryachievements.CromwelldidmountEngland’smostambitiousoverseasmilitaryexpeditioninmorethanacenturybutitprovedtobeanutterfailure.UnderCharlesⅡtheEnglisharmywastoosmalltobeamajorinstrumentofgovernment.49NotuntilthewarinFrancein1697didWilliamⅢpersuadeParliamenttocreateaprofessionalstandingarmyandParliament’spricefordoingsowastokeepthearmyundertightlegislativecontrol.50WhileitmaybetruethatthecrownattemptedtodiminishthepowerofthecolonialupperclassesitishardtoimaginehowtheEnglisharmyduringtheseventeenthcenturycouldhaveprovidedsignificantmilitarysupportforsuchapolicy.
FeelinganxiousYourmoodmayactuallychangehowyourdinnertastesmakingthebitterandsaltyflavorsrecedeaccordingtonewresearch.Thislinkbetweenthechemicalbalanceinyourbrainandyoursenseoftastecouldonedayhelpdoctorstotreatdepression.Therearecurrentlynoon-the-spottestsfordecidingwhichmedicationwillworkbestinindividualpatientswiththiscondition.Researchershopethatatestbasedonflavordetectioncouldhelpdoctorstogetmoreprescriptionsrightfirsttime. Ithaslongbeenknownthatpeoplewhoaredepressedhavelower-than-usuallevelsofthebrainchemicalsserotoninornoradrenalineorinsomecasesboth.Manyalsohaveabluntedsenseoftastewhichispresumablycausedbychangesinbrainchemistry.TounpicktherelationshipbetweenthetwoLucyDonaldsonandhercolleaguesattheUniversityofBristolUKgave20healthyvolunteerstwoantidepressantdrugsandcheckedtheirsensitivitytodifferenttastes.ThedrugthatraisedserotoninlevelsmadepeoplemoresensitivetosweetandbittertastestheteamreportsintheJournalofNeuroscience.Theotherwhichincreasednoradrenalineenhancedrecognitionofbitterandsourtastes. Inhealthypeoplevolunteerswhoseanxietylevelswerenaturallyhigherwerelesssensitivetobitterandsaltytastes."Whathasn’tbeendonebeoreistolookpreciselyatwhichtastesareaffectedindepression"saysDonaldson.Nowtheresultsarein"wecandiscriminatebetweenthechemicalsandthetastesthatseemtobealtered"shesays.Testingsensitivitytosweetandsourtastescouldpotentiallyhelpdoctorstopickuponwhichchemicalsaredippingguidingthemwhenchoosingwhichdrugtorectifytheproblem. Currentlydoctorsrelyonphysicalandemotionalsymptomstomakeabestguessatanindividual’simbalanceprescribeadrugandwaitaboutamonthtocheckonanyimprovement.Gooddoctorshaveabouta60-80%successrateinselectingtherightdrugthefirsttimesayspsychiatristJanMelicharaco-authoronthepaper.Arethereanydecenttestsforprescribingdrugsfordepression"No.Wedoabestguesstimate"saysMelichar."I’mexcitedbythisfindingbecausein35or7yearswecouldhaveasimpletastetest." Nexttheteamplanstoperformsimilartestsindepressedpeopleandinhealthyvolunteersgivenanotherbrainchemicalcalledtryptophan.Thischemicalwouldlowerthehealthysubjects’levelsofserotoninasactuallyhappensindepressedpatients. Theworkhasalsogeneratedinterestfromflavorhouses--companiesthatdevelopchemicalsforthefoodanddrinkindustry--whoareinterestedinmakingfoodstastejustassweetwithhalftheamountofsugar."Theoreticallytherewouldbethepossibilityofenhancingyourmealwithdrugsthataffectbrainchemicalssothatthingswouldtastebetter--youcouidhavea’designertastetablet’"Donaldsonsays. Thestudyofthelinkbetweenmoodandtastecanhelp
FeelinganxiousYourmoodmayactuallychangehowyourdinnertastesmakingthebitterandsaltyflavorsrecedeaccordingtonewresearch.Thislinkbetweenthechemicalbalanceinyourbrainandyoursenseoftastecouldonedayhelpdoctorstotreatdepression.Therearecurrentlynoon-the-spottestsfordecidingwhichmedicationwillworkbestinindividualpatientswiththiscondition.Researchershopethatatestbasedonflavordetectioncouldhelpdoctorstogetmoreprescriptionsrightfirsttime. Ithaslongbeenknownthatpeoplewhoaredepressedhavelower-than-usuallevelsofthebrainchemicalsserotoninornoradrenalineorinsomecasesboth.Manyalsohaveabluntedsenseoftastewhichispresumablycausedbychangesinbrainchemistry.TounpicktherelationshipbetweenthetwoLucyDonaldsonandhercolleaguesattheUniversityofBristolUKgave20healthyvolunteerstwoantidepressantdrugsandcheckedtheirsensitivitytodifferenttastes.ThedrugthatraisedserotoninlevelsmadepeoplemoresensitivetosweetandbittertastestheteamreportsintheJournalofNeuroscience.Theotherwhichincreasednoradrenalineenhancedrecognitionofbitterandsourtastes. Inhealthypeoplevolunteerswhoseanxietylevelswerenaturallyhigherwerelesssensitivetobitterandsaltytastes."Whathasn’tbeendonebeoreistolookpreciselyatwhichtastesareaffectedindepression"saysDonaldson.Nowtheresultsarein"wecandiscriminatebetweenthechemicalsandthetastesthatseemtobealtered"shesays.Testingsensitivitytosweetandsourtastescouldpotentiallyhelpdoctorstopickuponwhichchemicalsaredippingguidingthemwhenchoosingwhichdrugtorectifytheproblem. Currentlydoctorsrelyonphysicalandemotionalsymptomstomakeabestguessatanindividual’simbalanceprescribeadrugandwaitaboutamonthtocheckonanyimprovement.Gooddoctorshaveabouta60-80%successrateinselectingtherightdrugthefirsttimesayspsychiatristJanMelicharaco-authoronthepaper.Arethereanydecenttestsforprescribingdrugsfordepression"No.Wedoabestguesstimate"saysMelichar."I’mexcitedbythisfindingbecausein35or7yearswecouldhaveasimpletastetest." Nexttheteamplanstoperformsimilartestsindepressedpeopleandinhealthyvolunteersgivenanotherbrainchemicalcalledtryptophan.Thischemicalwouldlowerthehealthysubjects’levelsofserotoninasactuallyhappensindepressedpatients. Theworkhasalsogeneratedinterestfromflavorhouses--companiesthatdevelopchemicalsforthefoodanddrinkindustry--whoareinterestedinmakingfoodstastejustassweetwithhalftheamountofsugar."Theoreticallytherewouldbethepossibilityofenhancingyourmealwithdrugsthataffectbrainchemicalssothatthingswouldtastebetter--youcouidhavea’designertastetablet’"Donaldsonsays. WhichofthefollowingisTRUEastotheresultsoftheresearch
Directions: Youareplanningtostudyinaforeignuniversity.Writealetterofapplicationtoaskforsomematerials.Writetotellthem 1youreducationalbackgroundand 2whatmajoryouwanttostudy. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdon’thavetowritetheaddress.
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. 19
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. 11
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. 7
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. 3
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. 5
Directions: Afterbeinginvolvedinanaccidentyouwerelookedafterbyanotherperson. Writeaspeciallettertoexpressyourthanks. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.AlthoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectioninI999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. 1
RealpolicemenbothBritainandtheUnitedStateshardlyrecognizeanyresemblancebetweentheirlivesandwhattheyseeonTV—iftheyevergethomeintime.Therearesimilaritiesofcoursebutthecopsdon’tthinkmuchofthem. Thefirstdifferenceisthatapoliceman’srealliferevolvesroundthelaw.Mostofhistrainingisincriminallaw.Hehastoknowexactlywhatactionsarecrimesandwhatevidencecanbeusedtoprovethemincourt.Hehastoknownearlyasmuchlawasaprofessionallawyerandwhatismorehehastoapplyitonhisfeetinthedarkandrainrunningdownanalleyaftersomeonehehastotalkto. Littleofhistimeisspentinchattingtoscantilycladladiesorindramaticconfrontationswithdesperatecriminal.Hewillspendmostofhisworkinglifetypingmillionsofwordsonthousandsofformsabouthundredsofsadunimportantpeoplewhoareguilty—ornot—ofstupidpettycrimes. Mosttelevisioncrimedramaisaboutfindingthecriminal;assoonashe’sarrestedthestoryisover.Inreallifefindingcriminalsisseldommuchofaproblem.Exceptinveryseriouscaseslikemurdersandterroristattacks—wherefailuretoproduceresultsreflectsonthestandingofthepolice—littleeffortisspentonsearching.Thepolicehaveanelaboratemachinerywhicheventuallyshowsupmostwantedmen. Havingmadeanarrestadetectivereallystartstowork.Hehastoprovehiscaseincourtandtodothatheoftenhastogatheralotofdifferentevidence.Muchofthishastobegivenbypeoplewhodon’twanttogetinvolvedinacourtcase.Soaswellasbeingoverworkedadetectivehastobeoutatallhoursofthedayandnightinterviewinghiswitnessesandpersuadingthemusuallyagainsttheirownbestintereststohelphim. Athirdbigdifferencebetweenthedramadetectiveandtherealoneistheunpleasantmoraltwilightinwhichtherealonelives.Detectivesaresubjecttotwoopposingpressures:firstasmembersofapoliceforcetheyalwayshavetobehavewithabsolutelegalitysecondlyasexpensivepublicservantstheyhavetogetresults.Theycanhardlyeverdoboth.Mostofthetimesomeofthemhavetobreaktherulesinsmallways. Ifthedetectivehastodeceivetheworldtheworldoftendeceiveshim.Hardlyanyonehemeetstellshimthetruth.Andthisseparationthedetectivefeelsbetweenhimselfandtherestoftheworldisdeepenedbythesimplemindedness—asheseesit—ofcitizenssocialworkersdoctorslawmakersandjudgeswhoinsteadofstampingoutcrimepunishthecriminalslessseverelyinthehopethatthiswillmakethemreform.Theresultdetectivesfeelisthatninetenthsoftheirworkisreachingpeoplewhoshouldhavestayedbehindbars.Thismakesthemrathercynical. Whenmurdersandterroristattacksoccurthepolice
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. 1
Manypeopleareconcernedabouttheeconomicconditionofdevelopingcountries—countrieswhoseaveragepercapitaGNPisafractionofthatinmoreindustrializedcountries.Howeverforthedevelopingcountriesthereexistmanyobstaclestotheireconomicdevelopment.Onemajorobstacletoeconomicdevelopmentispopulationgrowth.46Thepopulationsofmostdevelopingcountriesgrowataratemuchfasterthanthoseofindustrializedcountriesandthepopulationofsomeofthemissolargethatthereisbarelyenoughfertilelandandotherresourcestosupportit.Manylessdevelopedcountriesdependextensivelyonagricultureaddingtotheproblem.Inthesecountriesanincentivetohavemanychildrenexists.47Mostfarmsareworkedbyfamiliesandchildrencanworkinthefieldsatanearlyagebecausemostfarmersbelievethatmorechildrenmeansmoreworkers.Inadditionhavingmanychildrenensurestheparentsthatsomeonewilllookafterthemintheiroldage.Anotherproblemfordevelopingcountriesisincreasingaveragelifeexpectancy—theaverageremaininglifetimeforpersonswhoreachacertainage.Bettereducationinternationalaidandemphasisonhealth-carefacilitieshelppeoplelivelonger.AhighlifeexpectancycoupledwithahighcrudebirthratemakesitdifficulttoincreasepercapitaGNP.Anotherobstacletoeconomicgrowthislimitednaturalresources.Nocountrycandevelopbeyonditsresourcepotential.Unproductivelandoraharshclimatecanlimiteconomicgrowth.48Somecountriesmaybefortunateenoughtodiscoveravaluablemineraltofinancetheireconomicdevelopmentbutmostfocusonagricultureandasaresulttheireconomicgrowthishinderedbytheshortageofnaturalresourcesorenergysourcesneededforindustry.Stillanotherobstacletoeconomicdevelopmentisalackofappropriateeducationandtechnology.Anydevelopingcountriesdonothaveahighlyliteratepopulationorthehighleveloftechnicalskillsneededtobuildanindustrialsociety.Inadditionmostdonothavemoneytotrainengineersandscientists.49Manydevelopingcountriescannotevenaffordtoprovidefreepubliceducationforschool-agechildrenandinthosethatcannoteverychildisabletotakeadvantageofitbecausemostofthemhavetoworktohelpfeedtheirfamilies.Asaresultmuchofthepopulationmaynothavethebasicskillsneededtocontinuewithhighereducationwhenitisoffered.Governmentalsocanbeanobstacletoeconomicdevelopment.Acountrywhosegovernmentoftenchangeswillhaveahardtimedevelopingeconomically.Suchconstantchangesimpedelong-termplanning.50Economicdevelopmentismadeevenmoredifficultifthepoliticalchangesoccurthroughviolentrevolutionwhereindustrialfacilitiesmaybedestroyed.
Everydaysome16mbarrelsofoilleavetheGulfthroughtheStraitofHormuz.Thatisenoughtofillasoft-drinkcanforeveryoneonearthortopowereverymotorvehicleontheplanetfor25miles40kin.Gulfoilaccountsfor40%ofglobaltradeinthestickystuff.Moreimportantitmakesuptwo-thirdsofknowndeposits.Whereasatpresentproductionratestherestoftheworld’soilreserveswilllastforamere25yearstheGulf’swilllastfor100.Inotherwordstheregion’sstrategicimportanceissettogrowandgrow. Oratleastsogoestheconventionalwisdomwhichisusuallyroundedoutwithscarytalkofunstablesuppliesspendthriftregimesandapotentialfundamentalistmenace.Yetallthosenumberscomewithcaveats.AgreatdealofoilisconsumedbythecountriesthatproduceitratherthantradedsoinrealitytheGulfaccountsforlessthanaquarteroftheworld’sdailyconsumption.Asforreservesthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedesert.ThemostcomprehensiveresearchavailableconductedbytheUSGeologicalSurveyreferstoan"expected"totalvolumeforglobalhydrocarbondepositsthatisaboutdoublecurrentknownreserves.UsingthatfigureandthrowinginnaturalgasalongwithoilitappearsthattheGulfcontainsamoremoderate30%orsooftheplanet’sfuturefossil-fuelsupplies.LeavingoutthetwoGulfstatesthatarenotcoveredinthissurvey--IranandIraq--theremainingsixbetweenthemholdsomethinglike20%ofworldhydrocarbonreservesnotmuchmorethanRussia. Allthesameitisstillaheftychunk;enoughyoumightthinktokeepthepeoplelivingatopthewellsincomfortfortheforeseeablefuture.Butyoumightbewrong.AtpresentthenationsoftheGulfCooperationCouncilhaveacombinednationalincomeroughlyequaltoSwitzerland’sbutapopulationwhichataround30mismorethanfourtimesasbig.Itisalsothefastest-growingonearthhavingincreasedatninetimestheSwissrateoverthepastquarter-century.Meanwhiletheregion’sshareofworldoiltradehasfallenashastheaveragepriceperbarrel. AsaresulttheincomeperpersongeneratedbyGCCoilexportshasbeendiminishingsincethe1970s.TruesurgingdemandfromAmericaandAsiahasrecentlyboostedtheGulf’sshareoftradebutthemedium-termoutlookforoilpriesremainsweak.Combinedwithcontinuedgrowthinoilconsumptionthisshouldcreatesustainedupwardpressureonprices.Andhighoilpriceswillspeedthesearchforalternatives.Whoknowsin20years’timefuelcellsandhydrogenpowermayhavestartedtobecomecommercialpropositions. Bymentioningthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedeserttheauthoristalkingabout
[A]MarketData[B]MarketProsperity[C]SecretofSuccess[D]QuestionstoAsk[E]UnderstandingYourMarket[F]MarketResearchSuccessfulsmallbusinessexpansionsandnewjobformationleadthewayincreatingnewmarketsinnovationsandjobsthatfueleconomicgrowthandprosperity.InrecognitionoftheimportanceofsmallbusinesstoastrongeconomytheU.S.SmallBusinessAdministrationSBAispleasedtohelpmeettheinformationneedsofexistingbusinessownersandaspiringentrepreneurs.41.______Yourbusinesswillnotsucceedjustbecauseyouwantittosucceed.Determiningifthereisamarketforyourproductsorservicesisthemostcriticalitemofplanning.Onceyoudecideonyourproductorserviceyoumustanalyzeyourmarket--aprocessinvolvinginterviewingcompetitorssuppliersandnewcustomers.Beforeyoubeginresearchingyourmarkethoweveryoushouldtakeabriefbutcloselookatyourproductorservicefromanobjectivestandpoint.Youshouldaskyourselfthefollowingquestions:--Isthisproductorserviceinconstantdemand--Howmanycompetitorsprovidethesameserviceorproduct--CanIcreateademandformyproductorservice--CanIcompeteeffectivelyinpricequalityanddelivery—CanIpricemyproductorservicetoassureaprofitOnceyouaresatisfiedthatthesepreliminaryquestionsareansweredmoveontoperformingyourresearch.42.______.Itisextremelybeneficialtoinvestigateamarketbecausetheinformationgatheredcanincreaseyourprofitpotential.Specificallyit:--Indicatesalternativesalesapproachestoyourmarket.--Providesamoreaccuratebaseformakingprofitassumptions.--Aidsintheorganizationofmarketingactivities.--Assistsinthedevelopmentofcriticalshort/mid-termgoals.--Helpsestablishyourmarket’sprofitboundaries.Unfortunatelymanyentrepreneursfailtocompletethiscriticalsectionoftheirbusinessplan.Collectingresearchdatacanbefrustratingunlessyouhavedefinedyourgoalsandorganizedthecollectionandanalysisprocess.Topreventthisfromhappeningyoumustplanhowyouwillcollectsortandanalyzetheinformation.Maintainanotebookandfileinwhichtostoreorganizeandretrievedataasneeded.43.______.Yourresearchshouldaskthesequestions..--Whoareyourcustomers--Wherearetheylocated--Whataretheirneedsandresources--Isyourserviceorproductessentialintheiroperationspractivities—Canthecustomeraffordyourserviceorproduct—Wherecanyoucreateademandforyourserviceorproduct--Whatareaswithinyourmarketaredecliningorgrowing--Whatisthegeneraleconomyofyourserviceorproductarea44.______.Knowingyourmarketrequiresanunderstandingnotonlyofyourproductbutalsoofyourcustomers’socioeconomiccharacteristics.Thisinformationwillserveasamapinlettingyouknowwhatisahead.Moremarketinformationcanbefoundin--Librarylistingsoftradeassociationsandjournals.--Regionalplanningorganizations’studiesongrowthtrends.--Banksrealtorsandinsurancecompanies.—Competitors.--Customersurveysinyourmarketarea.Onceyouhaveobtainedandanalyzedthisinformationitwillbecomethefoundationofyourbusinessplan.Researchinformationisimportantbecauseitsupportsthebasicassumptionsinyourfinancialprojection--yourreasonforgoingintobusiness.45.______Tobesuccessfulasmallbusinessownermustknowthemarket.Marketresearchissimplyanorderlyobjectivewayoflearningaboutpeople--thepeoplewhowillbuyfromyou.
热门题库
更多
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
行政法与行政诉讼法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号