首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
产业资本在循环过程中采取的职能形式有
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《简单单选》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
保证产业资本循环顺利进行的条件是
产业资本必须经过三个阶段的运动
产业资本必须有三种循环形式
产业资本的三种职能形式在空间上并存
产业资本的三种职能形式在时间上继起
产业资本在循环过程中所采取的职能形式有
不变资本
可变资本
货币资本
生产资本
商品资本
产业资本运动过程中采取的职能形式有
货币资本
生息资本
生产资本
商品资本
商业资本
生产资本是以______的形式存在的资本它是产业资本在其循环过程中所采取的一种职能形式
简述产业资本在循环中采取的不同的职能形式所执行的职能
产业资本运动过程中采取的职能形式有
货币资本
生息资本
生产资本
商品资本
产业资本实现循环运动的基本条件有
产业资本的三种职能形式必须在空间上同时并存
产业资本的三种职能形式必须在时间上先后继起
生产过程和流通过程的统一
三种循环形式的统一
产业资本在循环过程中执行着不同的职能
货币资本的职能
固定资本的职能
生产资本的职能
商品资本的职能
产业资本运动过程中采取的职能形式有______________________________
产业资本在循环中所采取的职能形式有
货币资本
生产资本
商品资本
商业资本
简述产业资本循环的三个阶段和采取的三种职能形式
产业资本循环的职能形式有______________________________
产业资本循环顺次采取的三种职能形式是货币资本生产资本商品资本
货币资本是以货币形式存在的资本它是产业资本在其循环过程中所采取的一种职能形式它的职能是购买生产资料和
产业资本在其循环运动过程中依次经过三个阶段相应采取三种职能形式三种职能形式分别为货币资本和商品资本
借贷资本
预付资本
不变资本
生产资本
简述产业资本循环的几个阶段采取的职能形式和执行的职能
产业资本连续顺利循环的条件是
产业资本必须依次经历三个阶段，顺序采取三种职能形式
必须保持产业资本三种职能形式在空间上的并存性
必须保持产业资本三种职能形式在时间上的继起性
三种职能资本的每一种都必须执行生产或实现剩余价值的职能
______是以商品形式存在的资本它是产业资本在循环过程中采取的一种职能形式
产业资本运动过程中采取的职能形式有
货币资本
生产资本
商业资本
不变资本
产业资本循环是
产业资本依次经过三个阶段， 并采取三种职能形式， 带着增殖回到出发点的运动过程；
生产资本的运动；
生产过程和流通过程的统一；
三种循环形式的统一；
热门试题
更多
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethephotosbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningand 3supportyourviewwithanexample/examples. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. 20
Itisafavoritepastimeofolderpeopletolamentthedefectsoftheyoung.Everygenerationseemstobeconvincedthatinitsdaystandardswerehigherschoolsweretougherandkidsweresmarter.ButifI.Q.scoresareanymeasureandeventheircriticsagreetheymeasuresomethingpeoplearegettingsmarter.Researcherswhostudyintelligencesayscoresaroundtheworldhavebeenincreasingsofastthatahighproportionofpeopleregardedasnormalattheturnofthecenturywouldbeconsideredwaybelowaveragebytoday’stests. Psychologistsofferavarietyofpossibleexplanationsfortheincreaseincludingbetternutritionurbanizationmoreexperiencewithtesttakingandsmallerfamilies.Someevensaythattelevisionandvideogameshavemadechildren’sbrainsmoreagile.Butnoexplanationiswithoutitscriticsandnoonecansaywithcertaintywhateffectsifanythechangeishavingonhowpeopleleadtheirdailylives.Itisallthemoremysteriousbecauseitseemstobehappeningintheabsenceofasimultaneousincreaseinscoresonachievementtests.Oneexplanationfortheriseisruledout:genetics.Becausetheincreasehastakenplaceinarelativelyshortperiodoftimeitcannotbeduetogeneticfactors. TheworldwidepatternofrisingscoresinindustrializednationswasdiscoveredbyDr.JamesR.FlynnnowaprofessorattheUniversityofOtegoNewZealand.Hebeganlookingintothesubjectinthe1980’sinanefforttorebutDr.ArthurJensentheprofessorfromtheUCBerkeleywhoarguedthateveniftheenvironmentsofblacksandwhiteswereequalizedthe15-pointgapinI.Q.scoresbetweentheraceswouldonlybepartlyeliminated. AsDr.FlynninvestigatedhefoundthatI.Q.scoresweregoingupalmosteverywherehelooked.AlthoughthegapremainsDr.Flynnsaidthemovementinscoressuggeststhatthegapneednotbepermanent.Ifblacksin1995hadthesamemeanI.Q.thatwhiteshadin1945hesaiditmaybethattheaverageblackenvironmentof1995wasequivalentinqualitytotheaveragewhiteenvironmentof1945."Isthatreallysoimplausible"Dr.Flynnasked.MeanwhilethekindsofintelligencethatarepromotedandrespectedvaryfromtimetotimesaidDr.PatriciaGreenfieldapsychologyprofessorattheUCLA.PlayingcomputergameslikeTetrispromotesverydifferentskillsfromreadingnovels.Thenewskillsshesaidaremanifestedintheworld."Flynnwilltellyouwedon’thavemoreMozartsandBeethovens"Dr.Greenfieldsaid"IsaylookattheachievementsofsciencelikeDNA.Orlookatallthetechnologicaldevelopmentsofthiscentury. Welearnfromthelastparagraphthatintelligence
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. 2
In1880SirJoshuaWaddiloveaVictorianphilanthropistfoundedProvidentFinancialtoprovideaffordableloanstoworking-classfamiliesinandaroundBradfordinnorthernEngland.ThismonthhiscompanynowoneofBritain’sleadingprovidersof"homecredit"—smallshort-termunsecuredloans—beganthenationwiderolloutofVanquisacreditcardaimedatpeoplethatmainstreamlendersshun.Thecardoffersupto￡200$380ofcreditataprice:fortheriskiestcustomerstheannualinterestratewillbe69%. Providentsaysthatthetypicalinterestrateiscloserto50%andthatitchargesnofeesforlatepaymentsorbreachingcreditlimits.Stillthatistripletherateonregularcreditcardsandfarabovethe30%chargedbystorecards.AndtheVanquiscardisbeinglaunchedjustwhenBritain’spoliticiansandmediaarefullofworryaboutsoaringconsumerdebt.Lastmonthamantookhisownlifeafterrunningupdebtsof￡130000on22differentcreditcards. Creditcardsfor"sub-prime"borrowersastheindustrydelicatelycallsthosewithpoorcreditrecordsarenewinBritainbuthavebeencommoninAmericaforawhile.Lendersbeganissuingthemwhentheprimemarketbecamesaturatedpromptingthemtolookfornewsourcesofprofit.EveninAmericathesub-primemarkethasplentyofroomforgrowth.DavidRobertsonoftheNilsonReportatrademagazinereckonsthatoutstandingsub-primecredit-carddebtaccountsforonly3%ofthe$597billionthatAmericansoweonplastic.Thesub-primesectorgrewby7.9%lastyearcomparedwithonly2.6%fortheindustryasawhole. Youmightwonderthoughhowcompaniescanmakemoneyfromlendingtocustomerstheyknowtobebadrisks—oratanyratehowtheycandoitlegitimately.Whereasdelinquenciesinthecredit-cardindustryasawholearearound4%-5%thoseinthesub-primemarketarealmosttwiceashighandcanreach15%inhardtimes. Obviouslyissuerschargehigherinterestratestocompensatethemforthehigherriskofnotbeingrepaid.Andallacrossthecredit-cardindustrytheassessmentandpricingofriskshasbeengettingmoreandmorerefinedthankslargelytoadvancesintechnologyanddataprocessing.Companiesalsousesophisticatedcomputerprogramstotrackslowerpaymentorothersignsofincreasedrisk.Sub-primeissuerspayasmuchattentiontocollectingdebtastomanagingrisk;theyimposeextrachargessuchasapplicationfees;andtheycaptheirpotentiallossesbylendingonlysmallamounts$500isatypicalcreditlimit.Allthisiseasiertodescribethantodoespeciallywhentheeconomyslows.Aftertheburstingofthetechnologybubblein2000severalsub-primecredit-cardprovidersfailed.Nowthereareonlyaround100ofwhichnineissuecreditcards.SurvivorssuchasMetrisandProvidiantwoofthebiggersub-primecardcompanieshavebecomechoosierabouttheircustomers’credithistories.Astheeconomyrecoveredsodidlenders’fortunes.Fitcharatingagencysaysthattheproportionofsub-primecredit-cardborrowerswhoaremorethan60daysinarrearsagoodpredictorofeventualdefaultisthelowestsinceNovember2001.ButwithAmericaninterestratesrisingagainsomeworryaboutanothersqueeze.AsFitch’sMichaelDeanpointsoutsub-primeborrowerstendtohavenotjusthigher-ratecreditcardsbutdearerautoloansandvariable-ratemortgagesaswell.Thatmakesariskybusinessevenriskier. SirJoshuaWaddiloveismentionedinthefirstparagraphto
[A]DrDanielStanleyanoceanographerhasfoundvolcanicshardsinEgyptthathebelievesarelinkedtotheexplosion.ComputersimulationsbyMikeRampinoaclimatemodelerfromNewYorkUniversityshowthattheresultingashcloudcouldhaveplungedtheareaintodarknessaswellasgeneratinglightningandhailtwoofthe10plagues. [B]Thecloudcouldhavealsoreducedtherainfallcausingadrought.IftheNilehadthenbeenpoisonedbytheeffectsoftheeruptionpollutioncouldhaveturneditredashappenedinarecentenvironmentaldisasterinAmerica.Thesamepollutioncouldhavedrivenmillionsoffrogsontothelandthesecondplague.Onlandthefrogswoulddieremovingtheonlyobstacletoanexplosionoffliesandlice-thethirdandfourthplagues.Thefliescouldhavetransmittedfataldiseasestocattlethefifthplagueandboilsandblisterstohumansthesixthplague. [C]MoseswhichwillbebroadcastinDecember2002willsuggestthatmuchoftheBiblestorycanbeexplainedbyasinglenaturaldisasterahugevolcaniceruptionontheGreekislandofSantoriniinthe16thcenturyBC. [D]Thehour-longdocumentaryarguesthateventhestoryofthepartingoftheRedSeawhichallowedMosestoleadtheHebrewstosafetywhilethepursuingEgyptianarmywasdrownedmayhaveitsoriginsintheeruption.Itrepeatsthetheorythat"RedSea"isamistranslationoftheSeaofReedsamuchshallowerswamp. [E]TheprogrammetellsthestoryofhowMosesledtheHebrewsoutofEgyptafteraseriesofplagueshaddevastatedthecountry.Butitalsousesnewscientificresearchtoarguethatmanyoftheeventssurroundingtheexoduscouldhavebeentriggeredbytheeruptionwhichwouldhavebeenathousandtimesmorepowerfulthananuclearbomb. [F]ComputersimulationsshowthattheSantorinieruptioncouldhavetriggereda600ft-hightidalwavetravelingatabout400milesanhourwhichwouldhavebeen6fthighandahundredmileslongwhenitreachedtheEgyptiandelta.Suchaneventwouldhavebeenrememberedforgenerationsandmayhaveprovidedtheinspirationforthestory. [G]FreshevidencethattheBiblicalplaguesandthepartingoftheRedSeawerenaturaleventsratherthanmythsormiraclesistobepresentedinanewBBCdocumentary. Order: 44
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. 14
Itisafavoritepastimeofolderpeopletolamentthedefectsoftheyoung.Everygenerationseemstobeconvincedthatinitsdaystandardswerehigherschoolsweretougherandkidsweresmarter.ButifI.Q.scoresareanymeasureandeventheircriticsagreetheymeasuresomethingpeoplearegettingsmarter.Researcherswhostudyintelligencesayscoresaroundtheworldhavebeenincreasingsofastthatahighproportionofpeopleregardedasnormalattheturnofthecenturywouldbeconsideredwaybelowaveragebytoday’stests. Psychologistsofferavarietyofpossibleexplanationsfortheincreaseincludingbetternutritionurbanizationmoreexperiencewithtesttakingandsmallerfamilies.Someevensaythattelevisionandvideogameshavemadechildren’sbrainsmoreagile.Butnoexplanationiswithoutitscriticsandnoonecansaywithcertaintywhateffectsifanythechangeishavingonhowpeopleleadtheirdailylives.Itisallthemoremysteriousbecauseitseemstobehappeningintheabsenceofasimultaneousincreaseinscoresonachievementtests.Oneexplanationfortheriseisruledout:genetics.Becausetheincreasehastakenplaceinarelativelyshortperiodoftimeitcannotbeduetogeneticfactors. TheworldwidepatternofrisingscoresinindustrializednationswasdiscoveredbyDr.JamesR.FlynnnowaprofessorattheUniversityofOtegoNewZealand.Hebeganlookingintothesubjectinthe1980’sinanefforttorebutDr.ArthurJensentheprofessorfromtheUCBerkeleywhoarguedthateveniftheenvironmentsofblacksandwhiteswereequalizedthe15-pointgapinI.Q.scoresbetweentheraceswouldonlybepartlyeliminated. AsDr.FlynninvestigatedhefoundthatI.Q.scoresweregoingupalmosteverywherehelooked.AlthoughthegapremainsDr.Flynnsaidthemovementinscoressuggeststhatthegapneednotbepermanent.Ifblacksin1995hadthesamemeanI.Q.thatwhiteshadin1945hesaiditmaybethattheaverageblackenvironmentof1995wasequivalentinqualitytotheaveragewhiteenvironmentof1945."Isthatreallysoimplausible"Dr.Flynnasked.MeanwhilethekindsofintelligencethatarepromotedandrespectedvaryfromtimetotimesaidDr.PatriciaGreenfieldapsychologyprofessorattheUCLA.PlayingcomputergameslikeTetrispromotesverydifferentskillsfromreadingnovels.Thenewskillsshesaidaremanifestedintheworld."Flynnwilltellyouwedon’thavemoreMozartsandBeethovens"Dr.Greenfieldsaid"IsaylookattheachievementsofsciencelikeDNA.Orlookatallthetechnologicaldevelopmentsofthiscentury. Whichofthefollowingistrueoftheintelligenceincreaseaccordingtothetext
In1880SirJoshuaWaddiloveaVictorianphilanthropistfoundedProvidentFinancialtoprovideaffordableloanstoworking-classfamiliesinandaroundBradfordinnorthernEngland.ThismonthhiscompanynowoneofBritain’sleadingprovidersof"homecredit"—smallshort-termunsecuredloans—beganthenationwiderolloutofVanquisacreditcardaimedatpeoplethatmainstreamlendersshun.Thecardoffersupto￡200$380ofcreditataprice:fortheriskiestcustomerstheannualinterestratewillbe69%. Providentsaysthatthetypicalinterestrateiscloserto50%andthatitchargesnofeesforlatepaymentsorbreachingcreditlimits.Stillthatistripletherateonregularcreditcardsandfarabovethe30%chargedbystorecards.AndtheVanquiscardisbeinglaunchedjustwhenBritain’spoliticiansandmediaarefullofworryaboutsoaringconsumerdebt.Lastmonthamantookhisownlifeafterrunningupdebtsof￡130000on22differentcreditcards. Creditcardsfor"sub-prime"borrowersastheindustrydelicatelycallsthosewithpoorcreditrecordsarenewinBritainbuthavebeencommoninAmericaforawhile.Lendersbeganissuingthemwhentheprimemarketbecamesaturatedpromptingthemtolookfornewsourcesofprofit.EveninAmericathesub-primemarkethasplentyofroomforgrowth.DavidRobertsonoftheNilsonReportatrademagazinereckonsthatoutstandingsub-primecredit-carddebtaccountsforonly3%ofthe$597billionthatAmericansoweonplastic.Thesub-primesectorgrewby7.9%lastyearcomparedwithonly2.6%fortheindustryasawhole. Youmightwonderthoughhowcompaniescanmakemoneyfromlendingtocustomerstheyknowtobebadrisks—oratanyratehowtheycandoitlegitimately.Whereasdelinquenciesinthecredit-cardindustryasawholearearound4%-5%thoseinthesub-primemarketarealmosttwiceashighandcanreach15%inhardtimes. Obviouslyissuerschargehigherinterestratestocompensatethemforthehigherriskofnotbeingrepaid.Andallacrossthecredit-cardindustrytheassessmentandpricingofriskshasbeengettingmoreandmorerefinedthankslargelytoadvancesintechnologyanddataprocessing.Companiesalsousesophisticatedcomputerprogramstotrackslowerpaymentorothersignsofincreasedrisk.Sub-primeissuerspayasmuchattentiontocollectingdebtastomanagingrisk;theyimposeextrachargessuchasapplicationfees;andtheycaptheirpotentiallossesbylendingonlysmallamounts$500isatypicalcreditlimit.Allthisiseasiertodescribethantodoespeciallywhentheeconomyslows.Aftertheburstingofthetechnologybubblein2000severalsub-primecredit-cardprovidersfailed.Nowthereareonlyaround100ofwhichnineissuecreditcards.SurvivorssuchasMetrisandProvidiantwoofthebiggersub-primecardcompanieshavebecomechoosierabouttheircustomers’credithistories.Astheeconomyrecoveredsodidlenders’fortunes.Fitcharatingagencysaysthattheproportionofsub-primecredit-cardborrowerswhoaremorethan60daysinarrearsagoodpredictorofeventualdefaultisthelowestsinceNovember2001.ButwithAmericaninterestratesrisingagainsomeworryaboutanothersqueeze.AsFitch’sMichaelDeanpointsoutsub-primeborrowerstendtohavenotjusthigher-ratecreditcardsbutdearerautoloansandvariable-ratemortgagesaswell.Thatmakesariskybusinessevenriskier. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. 18
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. 16
TheswinefluwillprobablyreturninforceearlierthanseasonalfluusuallybeginsfederalhealthofficialspredictedFridaysayingtheyexpectedittoeruptassoonasschoolsopenratherthaninOctoberorNovember.TheswinefluisstillcirculatingintheUnitedStatesespeciallyinsummercampseventhoughhotweatherhasarrivedandtheregularfluseasonendedmonthsagosoweexpectchallengeswhenpeoplereturntoschoolwhenkidsarecongregatingtogetherDr.AnneSchuchatdirectorofrespiratorydiseasesattheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionsaidinatelephonenewsconferenceheldjointlywithvaccineexpertsfromtheFoodandDrugAdministrationandtheDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.Itisstillunclearhowmanydosesofaswinefluvaccinewillbeavailablebythenandofficialshavebeenreluctanttomakefirmpredictionsbeyondsayingthattheyexpecttensofmillionsratherthanhundredsofmillionsandtheyplantodistributethemtopeoplewhoarethemostvulnerablelikepregnantwomenandpeoplewhoarethemostlikelytoencountertheflulikehealthcareworkers.Thenumberofdosesavailablewilldependonhowfastseedstrainsgrowhowmuchprotectionasmalldoseprovidesandwhetherimmune-systemboosterscalledadjuvantsareneededandprovetobesafe;adjuvantsarenotusedinAmericanfluvaccinesnow.ClinicaltrialstestingthosequestionsareexpectedtotakeanothercoupleofmonthssaidDr.JesseL.GoodmandirectoroftheF.D．A．’sCenterforBiologicsEvaluationandResearch.WhichofthefollowingquestionsisnotincludedinthosequestionsPara5Line1[A]Howfastdoseedstrainsgrow[B]Howmuchprotectiondoesasmalldoseprovide[C]Areadjuvantsneededandprovetobesafe[D]Howmuchwillsuchdosescost
TheswinefluwillprobablyreturninforceearlierthanseasonalfluusuallybeginsfederalhealthofficialspredictedFridaysayingtheyexpectedittoeruptassoonasschoolsopenratherthaninOctoberorNovember.TheswinefluisstillcirculatingintheUnitedStatesespeciallyinsummercampseventhoughhotweatherhasarrivedandtheregularfluseasonendedmonthsagosoweexpectchallengeswhenpeoplereturntoschoolwhenkidsarecongregatingtogetherDr.AnneSchuchatdirectorofrespiratorydiseasesattheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionsaidinatelephonenewsconferenceheldjointlywithvaccineexpertsfromtheFoodandDrugAdministrationandtheDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.Itisstillunclearhowmanydosesofaswinefluvaccinewillbeavailablebythenandofficialshavebeenreluctanttomakefirmpredictionsbeyondsayingthattheyexpecttensofmillionsratherthanhundredsofmillionsandtheyplantodistributethemtopeoplewhoarethemostvulnerablelikepregnantwomenandpeoplewhoarethemostlikelytoencountertheflulikehealthcareworkers.Thenumberofdosesavailablewilldependonhowfastseedstrainsgrowhowmuchprotectionasmalldoseprovidesandwhetherimmune-systemboosterscalledadjuvantsareneededandprovetobesafe;adjuvantsarenotusedinAmericanfluvaccinesnow.ClinicaltrialstestingthosequestionsareexpectedtotakeanothercoupleofmonthssaidDr.JesseL.GoodmandirectoroftheF.D．A．’sCenterforBiologicsEvaluationandResearch.Whatmeasureswillbetakenduetothepotentialinsufficiencyofswinefludoses[A]Urgethefactorytoaccelerateproduction.[B]Speeduptheclinictrials.[C]Distributethevaccinestopeoplewhoarethemostvulnerable.[D]Stillencouragepeopletoreducetheirpublicactivitiesandremainathome.
In1880SirJoshuaWaddiloveaVictorianphilanthropistfoundedProvidentFinancialtoprovideaffordableloanstoworking-classfamiliesinandaroundBradfordinnorthernEngland.ThismonthhiscompanynowoneofBritain’sleadingprovidersof"homecredit"—smallshort-termunsecuredloans—beganthenationwiderolloutofVanquisacreditcardaimedatpeoplethatmainstreamlendersshun.Thecardoffersupto￡200$380ofcreditataprice:fortheriskiestcustomerstheannualinterestratewillbe69%. Providentsaysthatthetypicalinterestrateiscloserto50%andthatitchargesnofeesforlatepaymentsorbreachingcreditlimits.Stillthatistripletherateonregularcreditcardsandfarabovethe30%chargedbystorecards.AndtheVanquiscardisbeinglaunchedjustwhenBritain’spoliticiansandmediaarefullofworryaboutsoaringconsumerdebt.Lastmonthamantookhisownlifeafterrunningupdebtsof￡130000on22differentcreditcards. Creditcardsfor"sub-prime"borrowersastheindustrydelicatelycallsthosewithpoorcreditrecordsarenewinBritainbuthavebeencommoninAmericaforawhile.Lendersbeganissuingthemwhentheprimemarketbecamesaturatedpromptingthemtolookfornewsourcesofprofit.EveninAmericathesub-primemarkethasplentyofroomforgrowth.DavidRobertsonoftheNilsonReportatrademagazinereckonsthatoutstandingsub-primecredit-carddebtaccountsforonly3%ofthe$597billionthatAmericansoweonplastic.Thesub-primesectorgrewby7.9%lastyearcomparedwithonly2.6%fortheindustryasawhole. Youmightwonderthoughhowcompaniescanmakemoneyfromlendingtocustomerstheyknowtobebadrisks—oratanyratehowtheycandoitlegitimately.Whereasdelinquenciesinthecredit-cardindustryasawholearearound4%-5%thoseinthesub-primemarketarealmosttwiceashighandcanreach15%inhardtimes. Obviouslyissuerschargehigherinterestratestocompensatethemforthehigherriskofnotbeingrepaid.Andallacrossthecredit-cardindustrytheassessmentandpricingofriskshasbeengettingmoreandmorerefinedthankslargelytoadvancesintechnologyanddataprocessing.Companiesalsousesophisticatedcomputerprogramstotrackslowerpaymentorothersignsofincreasedrisk.Sub-primeissuerspayasmuchattentiontocollectingdebtastomanagingrisk;theyimposeextrachargessuchasapplicationfees;andtheycaptheirpotentiallossesbylendingonlysmallamounts$500isatypicalcreditlimit.Allthisiseasiertodescribethantodoespeciallywhentheeconomyslows.Aftertheburstingofthetechnologybubblein2000severalsub-primecredit-cardprovidersfailed.Nowthereareonlyaround100ofwhichnineissuecreditcards.SurvivorssuchasMetrisandProvidiantwoofthebiggersub-primecardcompanieshavebecomechoosierabouttheircustomers’credithistories.Astheeconomyrecoveredsodidlenders’fortunes.Fitcharatingagencysaysthattheproportionofsub-primecredit-cardborrowerswhoaremorethan60daysinarrearsagoodpredictorofeventualdefaultisthelowestsinceNovember2001.ButwithAmericaninterestratesrisingagainsomeworryaboutanothersqueeze.AsFitch’sMichaelDeanpointsoutsub-primeborrowerstendtohavenotjusthigher-ratecreditcardsbutdearerautoloansandvariable-ratemortgagesaswell.Thatmakesariskybusinessevenriskier. CreditcardssuchasVanquisareissuedbecause
Itisnolongerjustdirtyblue-collarjobsinmanufacturingthatarebeingsuckedoffshorebutalsowhite-collarservicejobswhichusedtobeconsideredsafefromforeigncompetition.Telecomschargeshavetumbledallowingworkersinfar-flunglocationstobeconnectedcheaplytocustomersinthedevelopedworld.Thishasmadeitpossibletooffshoreservicesthatwereoncenon-tradable.MorganStanley’sMr.Roachhasbeendrawingattentiontothefactthatthegloballabourarbitrageismovingrapidlytothebetterkindsofjobs.Itisnolongerjustbasicdataprocessingandcallcentresthatarebeingoutsourcedtolow-wagecountriesbutalsosoftwareprogrammingmedicaldiagnosticsengineeringdesignlawaccountingfinanceandbusinessconsulting.Thesecannowbedeliveredelectronicallyfromanywhereintheworldexposingskilledwhite-collarworkerstogreatercompetition.Thestandardretorttosuchargumentsisthatoutsourcingabroadistoosmalltomattermuch.SofarfewerthanlmAmericanservice-sectorjobshavebeenlosttooff-shoring.ForresterResearchforecaststhatby2015atotalof3.4mjobsinserviceswillhavemovedabroadbutthatistinycomparedwiththe30mjobsdestroyedandcreatedinAmericaeveryyear.Thetroubleisthatsuchstudiesallowonlyforthesortsofjobsthatarealreadybeingoff-shoredwheninrealitytheproportionofjobsthatcanbemovedwillriseasITadvancesandeducationimprovesinemergingeconomies.Whichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttitleforthetext[A]Businessconsulting.[B]Blue-collarjobs.[C]Non-tradableservices.[D]White-collarblues.
AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.”But1someclaimstothecontrarylaughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes2short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels3heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto4agoodlaughisunlikelytohave5benefitsthewaysaywalkingorjoggingdoes. 6insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthemasexercisedoeslaughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe7studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter8musclesdecreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown. Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp9theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anywaytheactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof10feedbackthatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.11oneclassicaltheoryofemotionourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry13theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow. Althoughsadnessalso14tearsevidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow15muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto16apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile-orwiththeirlipswhichwouldproducean17expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown19thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround20thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood. 2
Directions: A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan160-200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow. 1Describethepicture 2interpretitsmeaningand 3giveyourcomments.
Itisnolongerjustdirtyblue-collarjobsinmanufacturingthatarebeingsuckedoffshorebutalsowhite-collarservicejobswhichusedtobeconsideredsafefromforeigncompetition.Telecomschargeshavetumbledallowingworkersinfar-flunglocationstobeconnectedcheaplytocustomersinthedevelopedworld.Thishasmadeitpossibletooffshoreservicesthatwereoncenon-tradable.MorganStanley’sMr.Roachhasbeendrawingattentiontothefactthatthegloballabourarbitrageismovingrapidlytothebetterkindsofjobs.Itisnolongerjustbasicdataprocessingandcallcentresthatarebeingoutsourcedtolow-wagecountriesbutalsosoftwareprogrammingmedicaldiagnosticsengineeringdesignlawaccountingfinanceandbusinessconsulting.Thesecannowbedeliveredelectronicallyfromanywhereintheworldexposingskilledwhite-collarworkerstogreatercompetition.Thestandardretorttosuchargumentsisthatoutsourcingabroadistoosmalltomattermuch.SofarfewerthanlmAmericanservice-sectorjobshavebeenlosttooff-shoring.ForresterResearchforecaststhatby2015atotalof3.4mjobsinserviceswillhavemovedabroadbutthatistinycomparedwiththe30mjobsdestroyedandcreatedinAmericaeveryyear.Thetroubleisthatsuchstudiesallowonlyforthesortsofjobsthatarealreadybeingoff-shoredwheninrealitytheproportionofjobsthatcanbemovedwillriseasITadvancesandeducationimprovesinemergingeconomies.AccordingtothetextForresterResearchPredictionmightbedifferentif______.[A]outsourcingabroadislargeenoughtomattermuch[B]theproportionofjobsthatcanbemovedwillrise[C]morecomprehensivefactorsaretakenintoaccount[D]educationimprovementinemergingeconomiesplaysarole
[A]DrDanielStanleyanoceanographerhasfoundvolcanicshardsinEgyptthathebelievesarelinkedtotheexplosion.ComputersimulationsbyMikeRampinoaclimatemodelerfromNewYorkUniversityshowthattheresultingashcloudcouldhaveplungedtheareaintodarknessaswellasgeneratinglightningandhailtwoofthe10plagues. [B]Thecloudcouldhavealsoreducedtherainfallcausingadrought.IftheNilehadthenbeenpoisonedbytheeffectsoftheeruptionpollutioncouldhaveturneditredashappenedinarecentenvironmentaldisasterinAmerica.Thesamepollutioncouldhavedrivenmillionsoffrogsontothelandthesecondplague.Onlandthefrogswoulddieremovingtheonlyobstacletoanexplosionoffliesandlice-thethirdandfourthplagues.Thefliescouldhavetransmittedfataldiseasestocattlethefifthplagueandboilsandblisterstohumansthesixthplague. [C]MoseswhichwillbebroadcastinDecember2002willsuggestthatmuchoftheBiblestorycanbeexplainedbyasinglenaturaldisasterahugevolcaniceruptionontheGreekislandofSantoriniinthe16thcenturyBC. [D]Thehour-longdocumentaryarguesthateventhestoryofthepartingoftheRedSeawhichallowedMosestoleadtheHebrewstosafetywhilethepursuingEgyptianarmywasdrownedmayhaveitsoriginsintheeruption.Itrepeatsthetheorythat"RedSea"isamistranslationoftheSeaofReedsamuchshallowerswamp. [E]TheprogrammetellsthestoryofhowMosesledtheHebrewsoutofEgyptafteraseriesofplagueshaddevastatedthecountry.Butitalsousesnewscientificresearchtoarguethatmanyoftheeventssurroundingtheexoduscouldhavebeentriggeredbytheeruptionwhichwouldhavebeenathousandtimesmorepowerfulthananuclearbomb. [F]ComputersimulationsshowthattheSantorinieruptioncouldhavetriggereda600ft-hightidalwavetravelingatabout400milesanhourwhichwouldhavebeen6fthighandahundredmileslongwhenitreachedtheEgyptiandelta.Suchaneventwouldhavebeenrememberedforgenerationsandmayhaveprovidedtheinspirationforthestory. [G]FreshevidencethattheBiblicalplaguesandthepartingoftheRedSeawerenaturaleventsratherthanmythsormiraclesistobepresentedinanewBBCdocumentary. Order: 42
Onceacirclemissedawedge.Thecirclewantedtobewholesoitwentaroundlookingforitsmissingpiece.Butbecauseitwasincompleteandthereforecouldrollonlyveryslowlyitadmiredtheflowersalongtheway.Itchattedwithworms.Itenjoyedthesunshine.Itfoundlotsofdifferentpiecesbutnoneofthemfit.Soitleftthemallbythesideoftheroadandkeptonsearching.Thenonedaythecirclefoundapiecethatfitperfectly.Itwassohappy.Nowitcouldbewholewithnothingmissing.Itincorporatedthemissingpieceintoitselfandbegantoroll.Nowthatitwasaperfectcircleitcouldrollveryfasttoofasttonoticeflowersortalktotheworms.46Whenitrealizedhowdifferenttheworldseemedwhenitrolledsoquicklyitstoppedleftitsfoundpiecebythesideoftheroadandrolledslowlyaway.47ThelessonofthestoryIsuggestedwasthatinsomestrangesensewearemorewholewhenwearemissingsomething.Themanwhohaseverythingisinsomewaysapoorman.Hewillneverknowwhatitfeelsliketoyearntohopetonourishhissoulwiththedreamofsomethingbetter.Hewillneverknowtheexperienceofhavingsomeonewholoveshimgivehimsomethinghehasalwayswantedorneverhad.48Thereisawholenessaboutthepersonwhohascronetotermswithhislimitationswhohasbeenbraveenoughtoletgoofhisunrealisticdreamsandnotfeellikeafailurefordoingso.Thereisawholenessaboutthemanorwomanwhohaslearnedthatheorsheisstrongenoughtogothroughatragedyandsurviveshecanlosesomeoneandstillfeellikeacompleteperson.LifeisnotatrapsetforusbyGodsothathecancondemnusforfailing.Lifeisnotaspellingbeewherenomatterhowmanywordsyou’vegottenright;you’redisqualifiedifyoumakeonemistake.49Lifeismorelikeabaseballseasonwhereeventhebestteamlosesonethirdofitsgamesandeventheworstteamhasitsdaysofbrilliance.Ourgoalistowinmoregamesthanwelose.Whenweacceptthatimperfectionispartofbeinghumanandwhenwecancontinuerollingthroughlifeandappreciateitwewillhaveachievedawholenessthatotherscanonlyaspireto.50ThatIbelieveiswhatGodasksofus—notBeperfectnotDon’tevenmakeamistakebutBewhole.
Onceacirclemissedawedge.Thecirclewantedtobewholesoitwentaroundlookingforitsmissingpiece.Butbecauseitwasincompleteandthereforecouldrollonlyveryslowlyitadmiredtheflowersalongtheway.Itchattedwithworms.Itenjoyedthesunshine.Itfoundlotsofdifferentpiecesbutnoneofthemfit.Soitleftthemallbythesideoftheroadandkeptonsearching.Thenonedaythecirclefoundapiecethatfitperfectly.Itwassohappy.Nowitcouldbewholewithnothingmissing.Itincorporatedthemissingpieceintoitselfandbegantoroll.Nowthatitwasaperfectcircleitcouldrollveryfasttoofasttonoticeflowersortalktotheworms.46Whenitrealizedhowdifferenttheworldseemedwhenitrolledsoquicklyitstoppedleftitsfoundpiecebythesideoftheroadandrolledslowlyaway.47ThelessonofthestoryIsuggestedwasthatinsomestrangesensewearemorewholewhenwearemissingsomething.Themanwhohaseverythingisinsomewaysapoorman.Hewillneverknowwhatitfeelsliketoyearntohopetonourishhissoulwiththedreamofsomethingbetter.Hewillneverknowtheexperienceofhavingsomeonewholoveshimgivehimsomethinghehasalwayswantedorneverhad.48Thereisawholenessaboutthepersonwhohascronetotermswithhislimitationswhohasbeenbraveenoughtoletgoofhisunrealisticdreamsandnotfeellikeafailurefordoingso.Thereisawholenessaboutthemanorwomanwhohaslearnedthatheorsheisstrongenoughtogothroughatragedyandsurviveshecanlosesomeoneandstillfeellikeacompleteperson.LifeisnotatrapsetforusbyGodsothathecancondemnusforfailing.Lifeisnotaspellingbeewherenomatterhowmanywordsyou’vegottenright;you’redisqualifiedifyoumakeonemistake.49Lifeismorelikeabaseballseasonwhereeventhebestteamlosesonethirdofitsgamesandeventheworstteamhasitsdaysofbrilliance.Ourgoalistowinmoregamesthanwelose.Whenweacceptthatimperfectionispartofbeinghumanandwhenwecancontinuerollingthroughlifeandappreciateitwewillhaveachievedawholenessthatotherscanonlyaspireto.50ThatIbelieveiswhatGodasksofus—notBeperfectnotDon’tevenmakeamistakebutBewhole.
AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.”But1someclaimstothecontrarylaughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes2short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels3heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto4agoodlaughisunlikelytohave5benefitsthewaysaywalkingorjoggingdoes. 6insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthemasexercisedoeslaughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe7studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter8musclesdecreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown. Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp9theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anywaytheactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof10feedbackthatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.11oneclassicaltheoryofemotionourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry13theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow. Althoughsadnessalso14tearsevidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow15muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto16apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile-orwiththeirlipswhichwouldproducean17expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown19thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround20thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood. 6
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. 6
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. 12
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. 4
Itisnolongerjustdirtyblue-collarjobsinmanufacturingthatarebeingsuckedoffshorebutalsowhite-collarservicejobswhichusedtobeconsideredsafefromforeigncompetition.Telecomschargeshavetumbledallowingworkersinfar-flunglocationstobeconnectedcheaplytocustomersinthedevelopedworld.Thishasmadeitpossibletooffshoreservicesthatwereoncenon-tradable.MorganStanley’sMr.Roachhasbeendrawingattentiontothefactthatthegloballabourarbitrageismovingrapidlytothebetterkindsofjobs.Itisnolongerjustbasicdataprocessingandcallcentresthatarebeingoutsourcedtolow-wagecountriesbutalsosoftwareprogrammingmedicaldiagnosticsengineeringdesignlawaccountingfinanceandbusinessconsulting.Thesecannowbedeliveredelectronicallyfromanywhereintheworldexposingskilledwhite-collarworkerstogreatercompetition.Thestandardretorttosuchargumentsisthatoutsourcingabroadistoosmalltomattermuch.SofarfewerthanlmAmericanservice-sectorjobshavebeenlosttooff-shoring.ForresterResearchforecaststhatby2015atotalof3.4mjobsinserviceswillhavemovedabroadbutthatistinycomparedwiththe30mjobsdestroyedandcreatedinAmericaeveryyear.Thetroubleisthatsuchstudiesallowonlyforthesortsofjobsthatarealreadybeingoff-shoredwheninrealitytheproportionofjobsthatcanbemovedwillriseasITadvancesandeducationimprovesinemergingeconomies.Tooffshoreservicesthatwereoncenon-tradableresultsfrom______.[A]theblue-collarjobmarket[B]thegeographiclocationoftheunderdevelopedworld[C]thefiercecompetitionamongskilledworkers[D]thediveoftelecomsfee
Onceacirclemissedawedge.Thecirclewantedtobewholesoitwentaroundlookingforitsmissingpiece.Butbecauseitwasincompleteandthereforecouldrollonlyveryslowlyitadmiredtheflowersalongtheway.Itchattedwithworms.Itenjoyedthesunshine.Itfoundlotsofdifferentpiecesbutnoneofthemfit.Soitleftthemallbythesideoftheroadandkeptonsearching.Thenonedaythecirclefoundapiecethatfitperfectly.Itwassohappy.Nowitcouldbewholewithnothingmissing.Itincorporatedthemissingpieceintoitselfandbegantoroll.Nowthatitwasaperfectcircleitcouldrollveryfasttoofasttonoticeflowersortalktotheworms.46Whenitrealizedhowdifferenttheworldseemedwhenitrolledsoquicklyitstoppedleftitsfoundpiecebythesideoftheroadandrolledslowlyaway.47ThelessonofthestoryIsuggestedwasthatinsomestrangesensewearemorewholewhenwearemissingsomething.Themanwhohaseverythingisinsomewaysapoorman.Hewillneverknowwhatitfeelsliketoyearntohopetonourishhissoulwiththedreamofsomethingbetter.Hewillneverknowtheexperienceofhavingsomeonewholoveshimgivehimsomethinghehasalwayswantedorneverhad.48Thereisawholenessaboutthepersonwhohascronetotermswithhislimitationswhohasbeenbraveenoughtoletgoofhisunrealisticdreamsandnotfeellikeafailurefordoingso.Thereisawholenessaboutthemanorwomanwhohaslearnedthatheorsheisstrongenoughtogothroughatragedyandsurviveshecanlosesomeoneandstillfeellikeacompleteperson.LifeisnotatrapsetforusbyGodsothathecancondemnusforfailing.Lifeisnotaspellingbeewherenomatterhowmanywordsyou’vegottenright;you’redisqualifiedifyoumakeonemistake.49Lifeismorelikeabaseballseasonwhereeventhebestteamlosesonethirdofitsgamesandeventheworstteamhasitsdaysofbrilliance.Ourgoalistowinmoregamesthanwelose.Whenweacceptthatimperfectionispartofbeinghumanandwhenwecancontinuerollingthroughlifeandappreciateitwewillhaveachievedawholenessthatotherscanonlyaspireto.50ThatIbelieveiswhatGodasksofus—notBeperfectnotDon’tevenmakeamistakebutBewhole.
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. 8
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. 10
AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.”But1someclaimstothecontrarylaughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes2short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels3heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto4agoodlaughisunlikelytohave5benefitsthewaysaywalkingorjoggingdoes. 6insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthemasexercisedoeslaughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe7studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter8musclesdecreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown. Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp9theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anywaytheactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof10feedbackthatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.11oneclassicaltheoryofemotionourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry13theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow. Althoughsadnessalso14tearsevidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow15muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto16apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile-orwiththeirlipswhichwouldproducean17expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown19thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround20thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood. 4
热门题库
更多
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
行政法与行政诉讼法
仲裁法学
湘公网安备 43130202000226号