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Generally speaking, a British is widely regarded as a quiet, shy and conservative person who is (...
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______parentslovetheirchildren.
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Dogsareconstantlylearningfromthereactionofhumanownerspickingupfacialcuesandanticipatingtheirowner’sbehavioranewresearchsuggests.ThefindingspublishedonlineinthejournalLearningandBehaviorshowthatdogsessentiallyarealwaysintrainingandhelpexplainhowmanyownersunknowinglyteachandrewardtheirdog’sbadbehavior. ResearchconductedattheUniversityofFloridafocusedontheroleofeyecontactandfacialcuesininfluencingcaninebehavior.Earlierstudieshavesuggestedthatdogsseemtoknowwhentheyarebeingwatchedandevenwaittoperformforbiddenbehaviorlikedigginginthegardenwhentheyknowtheirownersaren’tlooking.Inthisstudyresearchersstudiedhowhumancuestriggeredbeggingbehavioramong35petdogs18shelterdogsand8wolvesraisedincaptivity.Firsttheanimalsweretaughtthatthehumanstrangershelpingwiththeexperimentwerereliablesourcesoftastytreats.ThetestersstoodclosetogetherandcalledtotheanimalandbothofferedrewardsofSpamcubesorBeggin’Stripstreats. Afterfourrewardstheexperimentbegan.Twotestersstoodagainstafenceorwallabout20feetapartandwithfoodintheirpockets.Thedogwasheldabout20feetawayequidistantfrombothtesters.Inoneconditiononetesterfacedthedogwhiletheotherturnedherback.Inanotheratesterheldabooknearherfacewhiletheothertesterheldthebookinfrontofherfaceasifshewerereading.Inathirdconditiononetesterheldabucketneartheshoulderwhiletheotherputthebucketoverherheadblockinghereyes. Thenbothtesterscalledouttothedogs.Alltheanimals—petdogsshelterdogsandwolves—ignoredthepersonwhosebackwasturnedandsoughtfoodfromthepersonwhowaslookingatthem."Thequestionwasaredogsandwolvesresponsivetoahuman’sattentionalstate"saidMoniqueUdellanassistantprofessorofpsychologyatFlaglerCollegeFla.Butwhenthetestersheldbooksitwasonlythedomesticdogswhoavoidedthepersonwhoappearedtobereadingthebook."Inahousewherethey’reusedtopeoplereadingbookstheyaresensitivetothosetypesofcues"saidDr.Udell.Interestinglyinthebucketexperimenttheanimalsforthemostpartwereequallylikelytoseekfoodfromthepersonwiththebucketoverherheadasthepersonholdingthebucket. Theexperimentshowsthatdogsaretunedintowhetherhumansarepayingattention."Dogsdon’thavetoreadourminds.Dogsreadourbehavior"saidDr.Udell.Petownersoftengetfrustratedwithbaddogbehaviorwithoutrealizingthattheythemselveshavereinforcediteitherbygivingthedogatreatwhentheybegskippingabathwhentheyprotestorlettingthemsleeponthebedorcouch. Theexperimentshowsthatdomesticanimals
Whereonestageofchilddevelopmenthasbeenleftoutornotsufficientlyexperiencedthechildmayhavetogobackandcapturetheexperienceofit.Agoodhomemakesthispossibleforexamplebyprovidingtheopportunityforthechildtoplaywithaclockworkcarortoyrailwaytrainuptoanyageifhestillneedstodoso.46Thisprincipleinfactunderliesallpsychologicaltreatmentofchildrenindifficultieswiththeirdevelopmentandisthebasisofworkinchildclinics.Thebeginningsofdisciplineareinthenursery.Eventheyoungestbabyistaughtbygradualstagestowaitforfoodtosleepandwakeatregularintervalsandsoon.Ifthechildfeelstheworldaroundhimisawarmandfriendlyoneheslowlyacceptsitsrhythmandaccustomshimselftoconformingtoitsdemands.47Learningtowaitforthingsparticularlyforfoodisaveryimportantelementinupbringingandisachievedsuccessfullyonlyiftoogreatdemandsarenotmadebeforethechildcanunderstandthem.Everyparentwatcheseagerlythechild’sacquisitionofeachnewskill—thefirstspokenwordsthefirstindependentstepsorthebeginningofreadingandwriting.48Itisoftentemptingtohurrythechildbeyondhisnaturallearningratebutthiscansetupdangerousfeelingoffailureandstatesofanxietyinthechild.Thismighthappenatanystage.Ababymightbeforcedtouseatoilettooearly;ayoungchildmightbeencouragedtolearntoreadbeforeheknowsthemeaningofthewordshereads.49Ontheotherhandthoughifachildisleftalonetoomuchorwithoutanylearningopportunitiesheloseshisnaturalzestforlifeandhisdesiretofindoutnewthingsforhimself.Learningtogetherisafruitsourceofrelationshipbetweenchildrenandparents.Byplayingtogetherparentslearnmoreabouttheirchildrenandchildrenlearnmorefromtheirparents.Toysandgameswhichbothparentsandchildrencanshareareanimportantmeansofachievingthisco-operation.Building-blocktoysjigsawpuzzlesandcrosswordaregoodexamples.Parentsvarygreatlyintheirdegreeofstrictnessorindulgencetowardstheirchildren.Somemaybeespeciallystrictinmoneymatters;othersaresevereovertimesofcominghomeatnightpunctualityformealsorpersonalcleanliness.50Ingeneralthecontrolsimposedrepresenttheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthecommunityasmuchasthechild’sownhappinessandwell-being.
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 20
TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusiness.Eventhebest-designedpublic-healthcampaignscannotseemtocompetewiththetemptingflavorsofthesnack-foodandfast-foodindustriesandtheirfat-andsugar-ladenproducts.TheresultsareapparentonawalkdownanyAmericanstreet—morethan60%ofAmericansareoverweightandafullquarterofthemareoverweighttothepointofobesity. Nowhealthadvocatessayanill-conceivedredesignhastakenoneofthemoresuccessfulpublic-healthcampaigns—theFoodGuidePyramid—andrendereditconfusingtothepointofuselessness.SomeofthesecriticsworrythatAmerica’sDepartmentofAgriculturecavedintopressurefrompartsofthefoodindustryanxioustoprotecttheirproducts. TheFoodGuidePyramidwasagraphicwhichemphasizesthatahealthydietisbuiltonabaseofgrainsvegetablesandfruitsfollowedbyever-decreasingamountsofdairyproducts.meatsweetsandoils.Theagriculturedepartmentlaunchedthepyramidin1992toreplaceitspreviousprogramwhichwascenteredontheideaoffourbasicfoodgroups.The"BasicFour"campaignshowedaplatedividedintoquartersandseemedtoimplythatmeatanddairyproductsshouldmakeuphalfofahealthydietwithgrainsfruitsandvegetablesmakinguptheotherhalf.Itwasreplacedonlyoverthestrenuousobjectionsofthemeatanddairyindustries. Theoldpyramidwasundoubtedlyimperfect.Itfailedtodistinguishbetweenadoughnutandawhole-grainrollorahamburgerandaskinlesschickenbreastanditdidnotmakeclearexactlyhowmuchofeachfoodstufftoeat.Itdidhowevermanagetoconveythebasicideaofproperproportionsinaneasilyunderstanableway.Thenewpyramidcalled"MyPyramid"abandonstheefforttoprovidethisinformation.Insteadithasbeensimplifiedtoamerelogo.Thefoodgroupsarereplacedwithunlabelledmulti-coloredverticalstripeswhichinsomeversionsriseoutofacartoonjumbleoffoodsthatlookliketheaftermathofariotatagrocerystore.AnyonewhowantstoseehowthistranslatesintoahealthydietisinvitedtogotoawebsiteputintheirageSexandactivitylevelandgetaCustom.designedpyramidcompletewithhealthyfoodchoicesandsuggestedportionsizes.Thisisfineforthosewhoaremotivatedbutmightprovetoomucheffortforthosewhomostneedsuchinformation. Admittedlythedesignersofthenewpyramidhadatoughjobtodo.Theyweresupposedtocondensetheadviceinthe84-pageUnitedStates’DietaryGuidelinesintoasimplemeaningfulgraphicsuitableforprintingonthebackofacerealbox.Andtheyhadtodothisinthefaceofpressurefromdozensofspecialinterestgroups—fromthecountry’sPotatoBoardwhichthoughtpotatoeswouldlookniceinthepicturetotheAlmondBoardofCaliforniawhichfeltthesamewayaboutalmonds.EventheNationalWatermelonPromotionBoardandtheCaliforniaAvocadoCommissionwereeagertosectheirproductsrecognized. Neverthelessmanyhealthadvocatesbelievethenewgraphicisamissedopportunity.Althoughofficialsinsistindustrypressurehadnothingtodowith:theeventualdesignsomecriticssuspectthatpoliticalinfluencewasatwork:Ontheotherhanditisnotclearhowmuchgoodeventhebestgraphiccoulddo.Surveysfoundthat80%ofAmericansrecognizedtheoldFoodGuidePyramid—abigsuccessintheworldofpublichealthcampaigns.Yetonly16%followeditsadvice. WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUEabouttheFoodGuidePyramidin1992
Whereonestageofchilddevelopmenthasbeenleftoutornotsufficientlyexperiencedthechildmayhavetogobackandcapturetheexperienceofit.Agoodhomemakesthispossibleforexamplebyprovidingtheopportunityforthechildtoplaywithaclockworkcarortoyrailwaytrainuptoanyageifhestillneedstodoso.46Thisprincipleinfactunderliesallpsychologicaltreatmentofchildrenindifficultieswiththeirdevelopmentandisthebasisofworkinchildclinics.Thebeginningsofdisciplineareinthenursery.Eventheyoungestbabyistaughtbygradualstagestowaitforfoodtosleepandwakeatregularintervalsandsoon.Ifthechildfeelstheworldaroundhimisawarmandfriendlyoneheslowlyacceptsitsrhythmandaccustomshimselftoconformingtoitsdemands.47Learningtowaitforthingsparticularlyforfoodisaveryimportantelementinupbringingandisachievedsuccessfullyonlyiftoogreatdemandsarenotmadebeforethechildcanunderstandthem.Everyparentwatcheseagerlythechild’sacquisitionofeachnewskill—thefirstspokenwordsthefirstindependentstepsorthebeginningofreadingandwriting.48Itisoftentemptingtohurrythechildbeyondhisnaturallearningratebutthiscansetupdangerousfeelingoffailureandstatesofanxietyinthechild.Thismighthappenatanystage.Ababymightbeforcedtouseatoilettooearly;ayoungchildmightbeencouragedtolearntoreadbeforeheknowsthemeaningofthewordshereads.49Ontheotherhandthoughifachildisleftalonetoomuchorwithoutanylearningopportunitiesheloseshisnaturalzestforlifeandhisdesiretofindoutnewthingsforhimself.Learningtogetherisafruitsourceofrelationshipbetweenchildrenandparents.Byplayingtogetherparentslearnmoreabouttheirchildrenandchildrenlearnmorefromtheirparents.Toysandgameswhichbothparentsandchildrencanshareareanimportantmeansofachievingthisco-operation.Building-blocktoysjigsawpuzzlesandcrosswordaregoodexamples.Parentsvarygreatlyintheirdegreeofstrictnessorindulgencetowardstheirchildren.Somemaybeespeciallystrictinmoneymatters;othersaresevereovertimesofcominghomeatnightpunctualityformealsorpersonalcleanliness.50Ingeneralthecontrolsimposedrepresenttheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthecommunityasmuchasthechild’sownhappinessandwell-being.
Halfwaythrough"TheRebelSell"theauthorspausetomakefunof"free-range"chicken.Payingovertheoddstoensurethatdinnerwasnotinapreviouslifeconfinedtotinycagesisallwellandgood.But"afree-rangechickenisaboutasplausibleasasun-lovingearthworm":givenachoicechickensprefertocurlupinanicedarkcornerofthebarn.Onlyabout15%of"free-range"chickensactuallyusethespaceavailabletothem. ThisisjustonecaseinwhichJosephHeathwhoteachesphilosophyattheUniversityofTorontoandAndrewPotterajournalistandresearcherbasedinMontrealfindfaultwithwell-meaningbutintheirviewultimatelynaiveconsumerswhohopetodistancethemselvesfromconsumerismbybuyingtheirshoesfromMotherJonesmagazineinsteadofNike.MrHeathandMrPotterarguethat"thecounterculture"inallitsattemptstobesubversivehasdonenothingmorethancreatenewsegmentsofthemarketandthusendsupfeedingtheverymonsterofconsumerismandconformityithopestodestroy.IntheprocesstheycoverMarxFreudtheexperimentsonobedienceofStanleyMilgramthefilms"Pleasantville""TheMatrix"and"AmericanBeauty"15th-centurytablemannersNormanMailertheUnabomberreal-estatepricesincentralTorontomorethanoncethevoluntary-simplicitymovementandtheworld’sfunniestjoke. WhyrangesowidelyTheauthors’beefiswithaverysmallgroup:left-wingactivistswhoeschewsmallerpotentiallyusefulcampaignsinfavorofgrandstatementsaboutthehopelessnessofconsumercultureandthedangersof"sellingout".Insteadofencouragingusefulactivitiessuchaspushingfornewlegislationwould-beleftistsarelefttoparticipateinunstructuredpointlessdemonstrationsagainst"globalization"orbuyfair-tradecoffeeandfree-rangechickenwhichonlysubstitutessnobberyforactivism.TwoauthorsofbooksthatrailedagainstbrandsNaomiKlein"NoLogo"andAlissaQuart"Branded"comeinforspecialderisionfordiagnosingtheproblemsofconsumerismbutrefusingtoofferpracticalsolutions. AnticipatingcriticismperhapsMessrsHeathandPottermakesuretoputforthafewoftheirownsolutionssuchasthe35-hourworkingweekandschooluniformstokeepteenagersfromcompetingwitheachothertowearever-more-expensiveclothes.Increasingconsumptiontheyarguethroughoutisnotimposeduponstupidworkersbyoverbearingcompaniesbutarisesasaresultofacultural"armsrace":eachpersonbuysmoretokeephisstandardoflivinghighrelativetohisneighbors’.Imposingsomerestrictionssuchasashorterworkingweekmightnotstopthearmsracebutitwouldatleastcurbitsmostoffensiveexcesses.Thisassumesonefindsexcessconsumptionoffensive;eventheauthorsdonotseementirelysure. Butonthewaytosuchmodestsuggestionstheauthorswanttocriticiseeveryaspectofthecounterculturefromitsdisdainforhomogenisationfranchisesandbrandstoitspoliticaloffshoots.Asaresultthebookwanders:chaptersonuniformsandonthesearchfor"cool"couldhavebeencut.Moreovertheauthorsmakethemistakeofassumingthattheconsumerstheysympathisewith--theoneswhobuybrandsandliveintracthouses--knowenoughtoseparatethemselvesfromtheirpurchaseswhereasthefree-trade-coffeebuyersswallowthebrandmessageswholeasitwere. Stillitwouldbeashameifthebook’sramblingskeptitfromgettingread.Whenitfocusesonexplaininghowthecounterculturegrewoutofpost-WorldWarⅡcritiquesofmodernsociety"TheRebelSell"isalivelyreadwithenoughhumourtokeepthemoretheoreticalstretchesofitsargumentinteresting.Attheveryleastitputsitsfingeronatrend:therewillbeplentyoffuturecriticsofcapitalismliningupfortheirfree-rangechicken. Mr.HeathandMr.Potterseemtobelievethatcounterculture
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 4
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 14
[A]Variousdefinitionsandinterpretationsofhappiness.[B]Oneepisodeofenjoyinghappiness.[C]Somemisconceptionsabouthappiness.[D]Wheretoseekhappiness[E]Happinessisequivalenttotheabilitytorejoice.[F]Thecomplexityofhowtodefinehappiness.AreyouhappyIaskedmybrotherIanoneday.Yes.No.Itdependswhatyoumeanhesaid.ThentellmeIsaidwhenwasthelasttimeyouthinkyouwerehappyApril1967hesaid.Itservedmerightforputtingaseriousquestiontosomeonewhohasjokedhiswaythroughlife.ButIan’sanswerremindedmethatwhenwethinkabouthappinessweusuallythinkofsomethingextraordinaryapinnacleofsheerdelight--andthosepinnaclesseemtogetrarertheolderweget.41.__________.Forachildhappinesshasamagicalquality.Iremembermakinghide-outsinnewlycuthayplayingcopsandrobbersinthewoodsgettingaspeakingpartintheschoolplay.Ofcoursekidsalsoexperiencelowsbuttheirdelightatsuchpeaksofpleasureaswinningaraceorgettinganewbikeisunreserved.Intheteenageyearstheconceptofhappinesschanges.Suddenlyit’sconditionalonsuchthingsasexcitementlovepopularityandwhetherthatzitwillclearupbeforepromnightIcanstillfeeltheagonyofnotbeinginvitedtoapartythatalmosteveryoneelsewasgoingto.ButIalsorecalltheecstasyofbeingpluckedfromobscurityatanothereventtodancewithaJohnTravoltalook-alike.Inadulthoodthethingsthatbringprofoundjoy--birthlovemarriage--alsobringresponsibilityandtheriskofloss.Lovemaynotlastsexisn’talwaysgoodlovedonesdie.Foradultshappinessiscomplicated.42.__________.MydictionarydefineshappyasluckyorfortunatebutIthinkabetterdefinitionofhappinessisthecapacityforenjoyment.Themorewecanenjoywhatwehavethehappierweare.It’seasytooverlookthepleasurewegetfromlovingandbeinglovedthecompanyoffriendsthefreedomtolivewherewepleaseevengoodhealth.Iaddedupmylittlemomentsofpleasureyesterday.FirsttherewassheerblisswhenIshutthelastlunchboxandhadthehousetomyself.ThenIspentanuninterruptedmorningwritingwhichIlove.WhenthekidscamehomeIenjoyedtheirnoiseafterthequietoftheday.LaterpeacedescendedagainandmyhusbandandIenjoyedanotherpleasure-intimacy.Sometimesjusttheknowledgethathewantsmecanbringmejoy.43.__________.Youneverknowwherehappinesswillturnupnext.WhenIaskedfriendswhatmakesthemhappysomementionedseeminglyinsignificantmoments.Ihateshoppingonefriendsaid.Butthere’sthisclerkwhoalwayschatsandreallycheersmeup.Anotherfriendlovesthetelephone.EverytimeitringsIknowsomeoneisthinkingaboutme.44.__________.Igetathrillfromdriving.OnedayIstoppedtoletaschoolbusturnontoasideroad.Thedrivergrinnedandgavemeathumbs-upsign.Weweretwoalliesinaworldofmadmotorists.Itmademesmile.Weallexperiencemomentslikethese.Toofewofusregisterthenashappiness.45.__________.Psychologiststellusthattobehappyweneedablendofenjoyableleisuretimeandsatisfyingwork.Idoubtthatmygreat-grandmotherwhoraised14childrenandtookinwashinghadmuchofeither.Shedidhaveanet-workofclosefriendsandfamilyandmaybethisiswhatfulfilledher.Ifshewashappywithwhatshehad’perhapsitwasbecauseshedidn’texpectlifetobeverydifferent.Weontheotherhandwithsomanychoicesandsuchpressuretosucceedineveryareahaveturnedhappinessintoonemorethingwegottahave.We’resoself-consciousaboutourrighttoitthatit’smakingusmiserable.Sowechaseitandequateitwithwealthandsuccesswithoutnoticingthatthepeoplewhohavethosethingsaren’tnecessarilyhappier.Whilehappinessmaybemorecomplexforusthesolutionisthesameasever.Happinessisn’taboutwhathappenstous--it’sabouthowweperceivewhathappenstous.It’stheknackoffindingapositiveforeverynegativeandviewingasetbackasachallenge.It’snotwishingforwhatwedon’thavebutenjoyingwhatwedopossess.
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 12
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 2处填
Foryearssmokershavebeenexhortedtotaketheinitiativeandquit:useanicotinepatchchewnicotinegumtakeaprescriptionmedicationthatcanhelpcallahelplinejustsayno.Butanewstudyfindsthatstoppingisseldomanindividualdecision.Smokerstendtoquitingroupsthestudyfindswhichmeanssmokingcessationprogramsshouldworkbestiftheyfocusongroupsratherthanindividuals.Italsomeansthatpeoplemayhelpmanymorethanjustthemselvesbyquitting:quittingcanhavearippleeffectpromptinganentiresocialnetworktobreakthehabit. ThestudybyDr.NicholasChristakisofHarvardMedicalSchoolandJamesFowleroftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiegofollowedthousandsofsmokersandnonsmokersfor32yearsfrom1971until2003studyingthemaspartofalargenetworkofrelativesco-workersneighborsfriendsandfriendsoffriends. ItwasatimewhenthepercentageofadultsmokersintheUnitedStatesfellto21percentfrom45percent.Astheinvestigatorswatchedthesmokersandtheirsocialnetworkstheysawwhattheysaidwasastrikingeffect—smokershadformedlittlesocialclustersandastheyearswentbyentireclustersofsmokerswerestoppingenmasse.Sowereclustersofclustersthatwereonlylooselyconnected.Dr.Christakisdescribedwatchingthevanishingclustersaslikelyingonyourbackinafieldlookingupatstarsthatwereburningout."It’snotlikeonelittlestarturningoffatatime"hesaid"Wholeconstellationsareblinkingoffatonce." Asclusterafterclusterofsmokersdisappearedthosethatremainedwerepushedtothemarginsofsocietyisolatedwithfewerfriendsfewersocialconnections."Smokersusedtobethecenteroftheparty"Dr.Fowlersaid"butnowthey’vebecomewallflowers.""We’veknownsmokingwasbadforyourphysicalhealth"hesaid"Butthisshowsitalsoisbadforyoursocialhealth.Smokersarelikelytodrivefriendsaway." "Thereisanessentialpublichealthmessage"saidRichardSuzmandirectoroftheofficeofbehavioralandsocialresearchattheNationalInstituteonAgingwhichfinancedthestudy."Obviouslypeoplehavetotakeresponsibilityfortheirbehavior"Mr.Suzmansaid."Butasocialenvironment"headded"canjustoverpowerfreewill."Withsmokingthatcanbeagoodthingresearchersnoted.Buttherealsoisasadside.AsDr.StevenSehroederoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFranciscopointedoutinaneditorialaccompanyingthepaper"ariskofthemarginalizationofsmokingisthatitfurtherisolatesthegroupofpeoplewiththehighestrateofsmoking—personswithmentalillnessproblemswithsubstanceabuseorboth. Bysayingbutnowthey’vebecomewallflowersLine3Paragraph4Dr.Fowlerintendstoshowthat
[A]Variousdefinitionsandinterpretationsofhappiness.[B]Oneepisodeofenjoyinghappiness.[C]Somemisconceptionsabouthappiness.[D]Wheretoseekhappiness[E]Happinessisequivalenttotheabilitytorejoice.[F]Thecomplexityofhowtodefinehappiness.AreyouhappyIaskedmybrotherIanoneday.Yes.No.Itdependswhatyoumeanhesaid.ThentellmeIsaidwhenwasthelasttimeyouthinkyouwerehappyApril1967hesaid.Itservedmerightforputtingaseriousquestiontosomeonewhohasjokedhiswaythroughlife.ButIan’sanswerremindedmethatwhenwethinkabouthappinessweusuallythinkofsomethingextraordinaryapinnacleofsheerdelight--andthosepinnaclesseemtogetrarertheolderweget.41.__________.Forachildhappinesshasamagicalquality.Iremembermakinghide-outsinnewlycuthayplayingcopsandrobbersinthewoodsgettingaspeakingpartintheschoolplay.Ofcoursekidsalsoexperiencelowsbuttheirdelightatsuchpeaksofpleasureaswinningaraceorgettinganewbikeisunreserved.Intheteenageyearstheconceptofhappinesschanges.Suddenlyit’sconditionalonsuchthingsasexcitementlovepopularityandwhetherthatzitwillclearupbeforepromnightIcanstillfeeltheagonyofnotbeinginvitedtoapartythatalmosteveryoneelsewasgoingto.ButIalsorecalltheecstasyofbeingpluckedfromobscurityatanothereventtodancewithaJohnTravoltalook-alike.Inadulthoodthethingsthatbringprofoundjoy--birthlovemarriage--alsobringresponsibilityandtheriskofloss.Lovemaynotlastsexisn’talwaysgoodlovedonesdie.Foradultshappinessiscomplicated.42.__________.MydictionarydefineshappyasluckyorfortunatebutIthinkabetterdefinitionofhappinessisthecapacityforenjoyment.Themorewecanenjoywhatwehavethehappierweare.It’seasytooverlookthepleasurewegetfromlovingandbeinglovedthecompanyoffriendsthefreedomtolivewherewepleaseevengoodhealth.Iaddedupmylittlemomentsofpleasureyesterday.FirsttherewassheerblisswhenIshutthelastlunchboxandhadthehousetomyself.ThenIspentanuninterruptedmorningwritingwhichIlove.WhenthekidscamehomeIenjoyedtheirnoiseafterthequietoftheday.LaterpeacedescendedagainandmyhusbandandIenjoyedanotherpleasure-intimacy.Sometimesjusttheknowledgethathewantsmecanbringmejoy.43.__________.Youneverknowwherehappinesswillturnupnext.WhenIaskedfriendswhatmakesthemhappysomementionedseeminglyinsignificantmoments.Ihateshoppingonefriendsaid.Butthere’sthisclerkwhoalwayschatsandreallycheersmeup.Anotherfriendlovesthetelephone.EverytimeitringsIknowsomeoneisthinkingaboutme.44.__________.Igetathrillfromdriving.OnedayIstoppedtoletaschoolbusturnontoasideroad.Thedrivergrinnedandgavemeathumbs-upsign.Weweretwoalliesinaworldofmadmotorists.Itmademesmile.Weallexperiencemomentslikethese.Toofewofusregisterthenashappiness.45.__________.Psychologiststellusthattobehappyweneedablendofenjoyableleisuretimeandsatisfyingwork.Idoubtthatmygreat-grandmotherwhoraised14childrenandtookinwashinghadmuchofeither.Shedidhaveanet-workofclosefriendsandfamilyandmaybethisiswhatfulfilledher.Ifshewashappywithwhatshehad’perhapsitwasbecauseshedidn’texpectlifetobeverydifferent.Weontheotherhandwithsomanychoicesandsuchpressuretosucceedineveryareahaveturnedhappinessintoonemorethingwegottahave.We’resoself-consciousaboutourrighttoitthatit’smakingusmiserable.Sowechaseitandequateitwithwealthandsuccesswithoutnoticingthatthepeoplewhohavethosethingsaren’tnecessarilyhappier.Whilehappinessmaybemorecomplexforusthesolutionisthesameasever.Happinessisn’taboutwhathappenstous--it’sabouthowweperceivewhathappenstous.It’stheknackoffindingapositiveforeverynegativeandviewingasetbackasachallenge.It’snotwishingforwhatwedon’thavebutenjoyingwhatwedopossess.
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 6
Directions: Writeanessayofabout160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inthisessayyoushould: 1describethepicturesbriefly 2interpretthemeaningand 3giveyourcomment. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Halfwaythrough"TheRebelSell"theauthorspausetomakefunof"free-range"chicken.Payingovertheoddstoensurethatdinnerwasnotinapreviouslifeconfinedtotinycagesisallwellandgood.But"afree-rangechickenisaboutasplausibleasasun-lovingearthworm":givenachoicechickensprefertocurlupinanicedarkcornerofthebarn.Onlyabout15%of"free-range"chickensactuallyusethespaceavailabletothem. ThisisjustonecaseinwhichJosephHeathwhoteachesphilosophyattheUniversityofTorontoandAndrewPotterajournalistandresearcherbasedinMontrealfindfaultwithwell-meaningbutintheirviewultimatelynaiveconsumerswhohopetodistancethemselvesfromconsumerismbybuyingtheirshoesfromMotherJonesmagazineinsteadofNike.MrHeathandMrPotterarguethat"thecounterculture"inallitsattemptstobesubversivehasdonenothingmorethancreatenewsegmentsofthemarketandthusendsupfeedingtheverymonsterofconsumerismandconformityithopestodestroy.IntheprocesstheycoverMarxFreudtheexperimentsonobedienceofStanleyMilgramthefilms"Pleasantville""TheMatrix"and"AmericanBeauty"15th-centurytablemannersNormanMailertheUnabomberreal-estatepricesincentralTorontomorethanoncethevoluntary-simplicitymovementandtheworld’sfunniestjoke. WhyrangesowidelyTheauthors’beefiswithaverysmallgroup:left-wingactivistswhoeschewsmallerpotentiallyusefulcampaignsinfavorofgrandstatementsaboutthehopelessnessofconsumercultureandthedangersof"sellingout".Insteadofencouragingusefulactivitiessuchaspushingfornewlegislationwould-beleftistsarelefttoparticipateinunstructuredpointlessdemonstrationsagainst"globalization"orbuyfair-tradecoffeeandfree-rangechickenwhichonlysubstitutessnobberyforactivism.TwoauthorsofbooksthatrailedagainstbrandsNaomiKlein"NoLogo"andAlissaQuart"Branded"comeinforspecialderisionfordiagnosingtheproblemsofconsumerismbutrefusingtoofferpracticalsolutions. AnticipatingcriticismperhapsMessrsHeathandPottermakesuretoputforthafewoftheirownsolutionssuchasthe35-hourworkingweekandschooluniformstokeepteenagersfromcompetingwitheachothertowearever-more-expensiveclothes.Increasingconsumptiontheyarguethroughoutisnotimposeduponstupidworkersbyoverbearingcompaniesbutarisesasaresultofacultural"armsrace":eachpersonbuysmoretokeephisstandardoflivinghighrelativetohisneighbors’.Imposingsomerestrictionssuchasashorterworkingweekmightnotstopthearmsracebutitwouldatleastcurbitsmostoffensiveexcesses.Thisassumesonefindsexcessconsumptionoffensive;eventheauthorsdonotseementirelysure. Butonthewaytosuchmodestsuggestionstheauthorswanttocriticiseeveryaspectofthecounterculturefromitsdisdainforhomogenisationfranchisesandbrandstoitspoliticaloffshoots.Asaresultthebookwanders:chaptersonuniformsandonthesearchfor"cool"couldhavebeencut.Moreovertheauthorsmakethemistakeofassumingthattheconsumerstheysympathisewith--theoneswhobuybrandsandliveintracthouses--knowenoughtoseparatethemselvesfromtheirpurchaseswhereasthefree-trade-coffeebuyersswallowthebrandmessageswholeasitwere. Stillitwouldbeashameifthebook’sramblingskeptitfromgettingread.Whenitfocusesonexplaininghowthecounterculturegrewoutofpost-WorldWarⅡcritiquesofmodernsociety"TheRebelSell"isalivelyreadwithenoughhumourtokeepthemoretheoreticalstretchesofitsargumentinteresting.Attheveryleastitputsitsfingeronatrend:therewillbeplentyoffuturecriticsofcapitalismliningupfortheirfree-rangechicken. AccordingtoMr.HeathandMr.Potterconsumerismcanbetracedbackto
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 2
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 16
Manfirstappearedonearthabout2millionyearsago.Thenhewaslittlemorethanananimal;butearlymanhadabigadvantageovertheanimals.Hehadinhisbrainspecialgroupsofnervecellsnotpresentinanimalsthatenabledhimtoinventalanguageanduseittocommunicatewithhisfellowmen.46Thisabilitytospeakwasofgreatvaluebecauseitallowedmentoshareideasandtoplantogethersothattasksimpossibleforasinglepersoncouldbesuccessfullyundertakenbyintelligentteam-work.Speechalsoenabledideastobepassedonfromgenerationtogenerationsothatthestockofhumanknowledgeslowlyincreased.Itwasthisspecialabilitythatputmenfaraheadofotherlivingcreaturesinthestruggleforexistence.47Hemastereddarknessfirstwithdimlightsandlaterwithbrighterandbrighterlampsuntilhecannowmakeforhimselfsodazzlingalightwithanarclampthatlikethesunitistoostrongforhisnakedeyes.48Manfoundthathisownmusclesweretooweakfortheworkwhichhewantedtodo;heexploredmanyotherformsofpoweruntilnowhehashishandsontheultimatesourceofphysicalenergythenuclearpower.Fromman’searliestdaystheflightofbirdshasraisedhiswonderanddesire.WhyshouldhenotflyastheydidThenhebegantoexperiment.Atlasthelearnthowtomaketherightmachinestocarryhimthroughtheair.Nowhecanflyfasterthansound.Alreadyhehasplansforconqueringspaceandaseriesofexperimentshasbeencompleted.49Itwillnotbelongnowbeforemantakesagiantstepawayfromhisplanetandvisitsthemoonlearningwhatitisliketohavenoweighttohisbodynoupwarddirectionandnodownward.Manalwaysawandererhastoovercomethedifficultyofadaptinghimselftodifferentclimates.50Fortunatelyinspiteofhavingnothickskinorwarmfurtoprotecthimheispeculiarlystrongcomparedwithotherlivingcreaturesmostofwhomareunabletolivefaroutsidetheregionthatsuitsthembest.
TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusiness.Eventhebest-designedpublic-healthcampaignscannotseemtocompetewiththetemptingflavorsofthesnack-foodandfast-foodindustriesandtheirfat-andsugar-ladenproducts.TheresultsareapparentonawalkdownanyAmericanstreet—morethan60%ofAmericansareoverweightandafullquarterofthemareoverweighttothepointofobesity. Nowhealthadvocatessayanill-conceivedredesignhastakenoneofthemoresuccessfulpublic-healthcampaigns—theFoodGuidePyramid—andrendereditconfusingtothepointofuselessness.SomeofthesecriticsworrythatAmerica’sDepartmentofAgriculturecavedintopressurefrompartsofthefoodindustryanxioustoprotecttheirproducts. TheFoodGuidePyramidwasagraphicwhichemphasizesthatahealthydietisbuiltonabaseofgrainsvegetablesandfruitsfollowedbyever-decreasingamountsofdairyproducts.meatsweetsandoils.Theagriculturedepartmentlaunchedthepyramidin1992toreplaceitspreviousprogramwhichwascenteredontheideaoffourbasicfoodgroups.The"BasicFour"campaignshowedaplatedividedintoquartersandseemedtoimplythatmeatanddairyproductsshouldmakeuphalfofahealthydietwithgrainsfruitsandvegetablesmakinguptheotherhalf.Itwasreplacedonlyoverthestrenuousobjectionsofthemeatanddairyindustries. Theoldpyramidwasundoubtedlyimperfect.Itfailedtodistinguishbetweenadoughnutandawhole-grainrollorahamburgerandaskinlesschickenbreastanditdidnotmakeclearexactlyhowmuchofeachfoodstufftoeat.Itdidhowevermanagetoconveythebasicideaofproperproportionsinaneasilyunderstanableway.Thenewpyramidcalled"MyPyramid"abandonstheefforttoprovidethisinformation.Insteadithasbeensimplifiedtoamerelogo.Thefoodgroupsarereplacedwithunlabelledmulti-coloredverticalstripeswhichinsomeversionsriseoutofacartoonjumbleoffoodsthatlookliketheaftermathofariotatagrocerystore.AnyonewhowantstoseehowthistranslatesintoahealthydietisinvitedtogotoawebsiteputintheirageSexandactivitylevelandgetaCustom.designedpyramidcompletewithhealthyfoodchoicesandsuggestedportionsizes.Thisisfineforthosewhoaremotivatedbutmightprovetoomucheffortforthosewhomostneedsuchinformation. Admittedlythedesignersofthenewpyramidhadatoughjobtodo.Theyweresupposedtocondensetheadviceinthe84-pageUnitedStates’DietaryGuidelinesintoasimplemeaningfulgraphicsuitableforprintingonthebackofacerealbox.Andtheyhadtodothisinthefaceofpressurefromdozensofspecialinterestgroups—fromthecountry’sPotatoBoardwhichthoughtpotatoeswouldlookniceinthepicturetotheAlmondBoardofCaliforniawhichfeltthesamewayaboutalmonds.EventheNationalWatermelonPromotionBoardandtheCaliforniaAvocadoCommissionwereeagertosectheirproductsrecognized. Neverthelessmanyhealthadvocatesbelievethenewgraphicisamissedopportunity.Althoughofficialsinsistindustrypressurehadnothingtodowith:theeventualdesignsomecriticssuspectthatpoliticalinfluencewasatwork:Ontheotherhanditisnotclearhowmuchgoodeventhebestgraphiccoulddo.Surveysfoundthat80%ofAmericansrecognizedtheoldFoodGuidePyramid—abigsuccessintheworldofpublichealthcampaigns.Yetonly16%followeditsadvice. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
Directions: Therehasbeenadiscussionrecentlyontheissueofchangesinfamilyinanewspaper.Writeanessayof160-200wordstothenewspaperto 1.showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow ·thecontentofthepicture ·thesymbolicmeaning ·thespecialunderstanding 2.givepossiblereasonsforthisphenomenonand 3.drawaconclusion. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. 下面有两张全家福照片一张照片上是一个大家庭有爷爷奶奶爸爸妈妈小孩子还有叔叔姑姑等一些亲戚照片下面有拍摄的日期1949年另一张照片上只有爸爸妈妈和一个孩子是个典型的核心家庭照片下面的日期是2002年
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 10
Foryearssmokershavebeenexhortedtotaketheinitiativeandquit:useanicotinepatchchewnicotinegumtakeaprescriptionmedicationthatcanhelpcallahelplinejustsayno.Butanewstudyfindsthatstoppingisseldomanindividualdecision.Smokerstendtoquitingroupsthestudyfindswhichmeanssmokingcessationprogramsshouldworkbestiftheyfocusongroupsratherthanindividuals.Italsomeansthatpeoplemayhelpmanymorethanjustthemselvesbyquitting:quittingcanhavearippleeffectpromptinganentiresocialnetworktobreakthehabit. ThestudybyDr.NicholasChristakisofHarvardMedicalSchoolandJamesFowleroftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiegofollowedthousandsofsmokersandnonsmokersfor32yearsfrom1971until2003studyingthemaspartofalargenetworkofrelativesco-workersneighborsfriendsandfriendsoffriends. ItwasatimewhenthepercentageofadultsmokersintheUnitedStatesfellto21percentfrom45percent.Astheinvestigatorswatchedthesmokersandtheirsocialnetworkstheysawwhattheysaidwasastrikingeffect—smokershadformedlittlesocialclustersandastheyearswentbyentireclustersofsmokerswerestoppingenmasse.Sowereclustersofclustersthatwereonlylooselyconnected.Dr.Christakisdescribedwatchingthevanishingclustersaslikelyingonyourbackinafieldlookingupatstarsthatwereburningout."It’snotlikeonelittlestarturningoffatatime"hesaid"Wholeconstellationsareblinkingoffatonce." Asclusterafterclusterofsmokersdisappearedthosethatremainedwerepushedtothemarginsofsocietyisolatedwithfewerfriendsfewersocialconnections."Smokersusedtobethecenteroftheparty"Dr.Fowlersaid"butnowthey’vebecomewallflowers.""We’veknownsmokingwasbadforyourphysicalhealth"hesaid"Butthisshowsitalsoisbadforyoursocialhealth.Smokersarelikelytodrivefriendsaway." "Thereisanessentialpublichealthmessage"saidRichardSuzmandirectoroftheofficeofbehavioralandsocialresearchattheNationalInstituteonAgingwhichfinancedthestudy."Obviouslypeoplehavetotakeresponsibilityfortheirbehavior"Mr.Suzmansaid."Butasocialenvironment"headded"canjustoverpowerfreewill."Withsmokingthatcanbeagoodthingresearchersnoted.Buttherealsoisasadside.AsDr.StevenSehroederoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFranciscopointedoutinaneditorialaccompanyingthepaper"ariskofthemarginalizationofsmokingisthatitfurtherisolatesthegroupofpeoplewiththehighestrateofsmoking—personswithmentalillnessproblemswithsubstanceabuseorboth. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtotheopeningparagraph
Foryearssmokershavebeenexhortedtotaketheinitiativeandquit:useanicotinepatchchewnicotinegumtakeaprescriptionmedicationthatcanhelpcallahelplinejustsayno.Butanewstudyfindsthatstoppingisseldomanindividualdecision.Smokerstendtoquitingroupsthestudyfindswhichmeanssmokingcessationprogramsshouldworkbestiftheyfocusongroupsratherthanindividuals.Italsomeansthatpeoplemayhelpmanymorethanjustthemselvesbyquitting:quittingcanhavearippleeffectpromptinganentiresocialnetworktobreakthehabit. ThestudybyDr.NicholasChristakisofHarvardMedicalSchoolandJamesFowleroftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiegofollowedthousandsofsmokersandnonsmokersfor32yearsfrom1971until2003studyingthemaspartofalargenetworkofrelativesco-workersneighborsfriendsandfriendsoffriends. ItwasatimewhenthepercentageofadultsmokersintheUnitedStatesfellto21percentfrom45percent.Astheinvestigatorswatchedthesmokersandtheirsocialnetworkstheysawwhattheysaidwasastrikingeffect—smokershadformedlittlesocialclustersandastheyearswentbyentireclustersofsmokerswerestoppingenmasse.Sowereclustersofclustersthatwereonlylooselyconnected.Dr.Christakisdescribedwatchingthevanishingclustersaslikelyingonyourbackinafieldlookingupatstarsthatwereburningout."It’snotlikeonelittlestarturningoffatatime"hesaid"Wholeconstellationsareblinkingoffatonce." Asclusterafterclusterofsmokersdisappearedthosethatremainedwerepushedtothemarginsofsocietyisolatedwithfewerfriendsfewersocialconnections."Smokersusedtobethecenteroftheparty"Dr.Fowlersaid"butnowthey’vebecomewallflowers.""We’veknownsmokingwasbadforyourphysicalhealth"hesaid"Butthisshowsitalsoisbadforyoursocialhealth.Smokersarelikelytodrivefriendsaway." "Thereisanessentialpublichealthmessage"saidRichardSuzmandirectoroftheofficeofbehavioralandsocialresearchattheNationalInstituteonAgingwhichfinancedthestudy."Obviouslypeoplehavetotakeresponsibilityfortheirbehavior"Mr.Suzmansaid."Butasocialenvironment"headded"canjustoverpowerfreewill."Withsmokingthatcanbeagoodthingresearchersnoted.Buttherealsoisasadside.AsDr.StevenSehroederoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFranciscopointedoutinaneditorialaccompanyingthepaper"ariskofthemarginalizationofsmokingisthatitfurtherisolatesthegroupofpeoplewiththehighestrateofsmoking—personswithmentalillnessproblemswithsubstanceabuseorboth. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 18
TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusiness.Eventhebest-designedpublic-healthcampaignscannotseemtocompetewiththetemptingflavorsofthesnack-foodandfast-foodindustriesandtheirfat-andsugar-ladenproducts.TheresultsareapparentonawalkdownanyAmericanstreet—morethan60%ofAmericansareoverweightandafullquarterofthemareoverweighttothepointofobesity. Nowhealthadvocatessayanill-conceivedredesignhastakenoneofthemoresuccessfulpublic-healthcampaigns—theFoodGuidePyramid—andrendereditconfusingtothepointofuselessness.SomeofthesecriticsworrythatAmerica’sDepartmentofAgriculturecavedintopressurefrompartsofthefoodindustryanxioustoprotecttheirproducts. TheFoodGuidePyramidwasagraphicwhichemphasizesthatahealthydietisbuiltonabaseofgrainsvegetablesandfruitsfollowedbyever-decreasingamountsofdairyproducts.meatsweetsandoils.Theagriculturedepartmentlaunchedthepyramidin1992toreplaceitspreviousprogramwhichwascenteredontheideaoffourbasicfoodgroups.The"BasicFour"campaignshowedaplatedividedintoquartersandseemedtoimplythatmeatanddairyproductsshouldmakeuphalfofahealthydietwithgrainsfruitsandvegetablesmakinguptheotherhalf.Itwasreplacedonlyoverthestrenuousobjectionsofthemeatanddairyindustries. Theoldpyramidwasundoubtedlyimperfect.Itfailedtodistinguishbetweenadoughnutandawhole-grainrollorahamburgerandaskinlesschickenbreastanditdidnotmakeclearexactlyhowmuchofeachfoodstufftoeat.Itdidhowevermanagetoconveythebasicideaofproperproportionsinaneasilyunderstanableway.Thenewpyramidcalled"MyPyramid"abandonstheefforttoprovidethisinformation.Insteadithasbeensimplifiedtoamerelogo.Thefoodgroupsarereplacedwithunlabelledmulti-coloredverticalstripeswhichinsomeversionsriseoutofacartoonjumbleoffoodsthatlookliketheaftermathofariotatagrocerystore.AnyonewhowantstoseehowthistranslatesintoahealthydietisinvitedtogotoawebsiteputintheirageSexandactivitylevelandgetaCustom.designedpyramidcompletewithhealthyfoodchoicesandsuggestedportionsizes.Thisisfineforthosewhoaremotivatedbutmightprovetoomucheffortforthosewhomostneedsuchinformation. Admittedlythedesignersofthenewpyramidhadatoughjobtodo.Theyweresupposedtocondensetheadviceinthe84-pageUnitedStates’DietaryGuidelinesintoasimplemeaningfulgraphicsuitableforprintingonthebackofacerealbox.Andtheyhadtodothisinthefaceofpressurefromdozensofspecialinterestgroups—fromthecountry’sPotatoBoardwhichthoughtpotatoeswouldlookniceinthepicturetotheAlmondBoardofCaliforniawhichfeltthesamewayaboutalmonds.EventheNationalWatermelonPromotionBoardandtheCaliforniaAvocadoCommissionwereeagertosectheirproductsrecognized. Neverthelessmanyhealthadvocatesbelievethenewgraphicisamissedopportunity.Althoughofficialsinsistindustrypressurehadnothingtodowith:theeventualdesignsomecriticssuspectthatpoliticalinfluencewasatwork:Ontheotherhanditisnotclearhowmuchgoodeventhebestgraphiccoulddo.Surveysfoundthat80%ofAmericansrecognizedtheoldFoodGuidePyramid—abigsuccessintheworldofpublichealthcampaigns.Yetonly16%followeditsadvice. TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusinesscanbeeasilyprovedbythefactthat
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 4处填
Whereonestageofchilddevelopmenthasbeenleftoutornotsufficientlyexperiencedthechildmayhavetogobackandcapturetheexperienceofit.Agoodhomemakesthispossibleforexamplebyprovidingtheopportunityforthechildtoplaywithaclockworkcarortoyrailwaytrainuptoanyageifhestillneedstodoso.46Thisprincipleinfactunderliesallpsychologicaltreatmentofchildrenindifficultieswiththeirdevelopmentandisthebasisofworkinchildclinics.Thebeginningsofdisciplineareinthenursery.Eventheyoungestbabyistaughtbygradualstagestowaitforfoodtosleepandwakeatregularintervalsandsoon.Ifthechildfeelstheworldaroundhimisawarmandfriendlyoneheslowlyacceptsitsrhythmandaccustomshimselftoconformingtoitsdemands.47Learningtowaitforthingsparticularlyforfoodisaveryimportantelementinupbringingandisachievedsuccessfullyonlyiftoogreatdemandsarenotmadebeforethechildcanunderstandthem.Everyparentwatcheseagerlythechild’sacquisitionofeachnewskill—thefirstspokenwordsthefirstindependentstepsorthebeginningofreadingandwriting.48Itisoftentemptingtohurrythechildbeyondhisnaturallearningratebutthiscansetupdangerousfeelingoffailureandstatesofanxietyinthechild.Thismighthappenatanystage.Ababymightbeforcedtouseatoilettooearly;ayoungchildmightbeencouragedtolearntoreadbeforeheknowsthemeaningofthewordshereads.49Ontheotherhandthoughifachildisleftalonetoomuchorwithoutanylearningopportunitiesheloseshisnaturalzestforlifeandhisdesiretofindoutnewthingsforhimself.Learningtogetherisafruitsourceofrelationshipbetweenchildrenandparents.Byplayingtogetherparentslearnmoreabouttheirchildrenandchildrenlearnmorefromtheirparents.Toysandgameswhichbothparentsandchildrencanshareareanimportantmeansofachievingthisco-operation.Building-blocktoysjigsawpuzzlesandcrosswordaregoodexamples.Parentsvarygreatlyintheirdegreeofstrictnessorindulgencetowardstheirchildren.Somemaybeespeciallystrictinmoneymatters;othersaresevereovertimesofcominghomeatnightpunctualityformealsorpersonalcleanliness.50Ingeneralthecontrolsimposedrepresenttheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthecommunityasmuchasthechild’sownhappinessandwell-being.
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 8
Dogsareconstantlylearningfromthereactionofhumanownerspickingupfacialcuesandanticipatingtheirowner’sbehavioranewresearchsuggests.ThefindingspublishedonlineinthejournalLearningandBehaviorshowthatdogsessentiallyarealwaysintrainingandhelpexplainhowmanyownersunknowinglyteachandrewardtheirdog’sbadbehavior. ResearchconductedattheUniversityofFloridafocusedontheroleofeyecontactandfacialcuesininfluencingcaninebehavior.Earlierstudieshavesuggestedthatdogsseemtoknowwhentheyarebeingwatchedandevenwaittoperformforbiddenbehaviorlikedigginginthegardenwhentheyknowtheirownersaren’tlooking.Inthisstudyresearchersstudiedhowhumancuestriggeredbeggingbehavioramong35petdogs18shelterdogsand8wolvesraisedincaptivity.Firsttheanimalsweretaughtthatthehumanstrangershelpingwiththeexperimentwerereliablesourcesoftastytreats.ThetestersstoodclosetogetherandcalledtotheanimalandbothofferedrewardsofSpamcubesorBeggin’Stripstreats. Afterfourrewardstheexperimentbegan.Twotestersstoodagainstafenceorwallabout20feetapartandwithfoodintheirpockets.Thedogwasheldabout20feetawayequidistantfrombothtesters.Inoneconditiononetesterfacedthedogwhiletheotherturnedherback.Inanotheratesterheldabooknearherfacewhiletheothertesterheldthebookinfrontofherfaceasifshewerereading.Inathirdconditiononetesterheldabucketneartheshoulderwhiletheotherputthebucketoverherheadblockinghereyes. Thenbothtesterscalledouttothedogs.Alltheanimals—petdogsshelterdogsandwolves—ignoredthepersonwhosebackwasturnedandsoughtfoodfromthepersonwhowaslookingatthem."Thequestionwasaredogsandwolvesresponsivetoahuman’sattentionalstate"saidMoniqueUdellanassistantprofessorofpsychologyatFlaglerCollegeFla.Butwhenthetestersheldbooksitwasonlythedomesticdogswhoavoidedthepersonwhoappearedtobereadingthebook."Inahousewherethey’reusedtopeoplereadingbookstheyaresensitivetothosetypesofcues"saidDr.Udell.Interestinglyinthebucketexperimenttheanimalsforthemostpartwereequallylikelytoseekfoodfromthepersonwiththebucketoverherheadasthepersonholdingthebucket. Theexperimentshowsthatdogsaretunedintowhetherhumansarepayingattention."Dogsdon’thavetoreadourminds.Dogsreadourbehavior"saidDr.Udell.Petownersoftengetfrustratedwithbaddogbehaviorwithoutrealizingthattheythemselveshavereinforcediteitherbygivingthedogatreatwhentheybegskippingabathwhentheyprotestorlettingthemsleeponthebedorcouch. Theexpressionaretunedintoprobablymeans
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