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Once a circle missed a wedge. The circle wanted to be whole, so it went around looking for its missi...
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Onceacirclemissedawedge.Thecirclewantedtobewhol
Onceacirclemissedawedge.Thecirclewantedtobewhol
Onceacirclemissedawedge.Thecirclewantedtobewhol
Onceacirclemissedawedge.Thecirclewantedtobewhol
Onceacirclemissedawedge.Thecirclewantedtobewhol
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must have missed
might have missed
would have missed
could have missed
Onceacirclemissedawedge.Thecirclewantedtobewhol
Onceacirclemissedawedge.Thecirclewantedtobewhol
Onceacirclemissedawedge.Thecirclewantedtobewhol
Onceacirclemissedawedge楔子.Thecirclewantedtobe76soi
Onceacirclemissedawedge.Thecirclewantedtobewhol
Onceacirclemissedawedge.Thecirclewantedtobewhol
Onceacirclemissedawedge.Thecirclewantedtobewhol
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Onceacirclemissedawedge.Thecirclewantedtobewhol
Onceacirclemissedawedge.Thecirclewantedtobewhol
Onceacirclemissedawedge.Thecirclewantedtobewhol
Onceacirclemissedawedge.Thecirclewantedtobewhol
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Onceacirclemissedawedge.Thecirclewantedtobewhol
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Whereonestageofchilddevelopmenthasbeenleftoutornotsufficientlyexperiencedthechildmayhavetogobackandcapturetheexperienceofit.Agoodhomemakesthispossibleforexamplebyprovidingtheopportunityforthechildtoplaywithaclockworkcarortoyrailwaytrainuptoanyageifhestillneedstodoso.46Thisprincipleinfactunderliesallpsychologicaltreatmentofchildrenindifficultieswiththeirdevelopmentandisthebasisofworkinchildclinics.Thebeginningsofdisciplineareinthenursery.Eventheyoungestbabyistaughtbygradualstagestowaitforfoodtosleepandwakeatregularintervalsandsoon.Ifthechildfeelstheworldaroundhimisawarmandfriendlyoneheslowlyacceptsitsrhythmandaccustomshimselftoconformingtoitsdemands.47Learningtowaitforthingsparticularlyforfoodisaveryimportantelementinupbringingandisachievedsuccessfullyonlyiftoogreatdemandsarenotmadebeforethechildcanunderstandthem.Everyparentwatcheseagerlythechild’sacquisitionofeachnewskill—thefirstspokenwordsthefirstindependentstepsorthebeginningofreadingandwriting.48Itisoftentemptingtohurrythechildbeyondhisnaturallearningratebutthiscansetupdangerousfeelingoffailureandstatesofanxietyinthechild.Thismighthappenatanystage.Ababymightbeforcedtouseatoilettooearly;ayoungchildmightbeencouragedtolearntoreadbeforeheknowsthemeaningofthewordshereads.49Ontheotherhandthoughifachildisleftalonetoomuchorwithoutanylearningopportunitiesheloseshisnaturalzestforlifeandhisdesiretofindoutnewthingsforhimself.Learningtogetherisafruitsourceofrelationshipbetweenchildrenandparents.Byplayingtogetherparentslearnmoreabouttheirchildrenandchildrenlearnmorefromtheirparents.Toysandgameswhichbothparentsandchildrencanshareareanimportantmeansofachievingthisco-operation.Building-blocktoysjigsawpuzzlesandcrosswordaregoodexamples.Parentsvarygreatlyintheirdegreeofstrictnessorindulgencetowardstheirchildren.Somemaybeespeciallystrictinmoneymatters;othersaresevereovertimesofcominghomeatnightpunctualityformealsorpersonalcleanliness.50Ingeneralthecontrolsimposedrepresenttheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthecommunityasmuchasthechild’sownhappinessandwell-being.
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 18处填
Nuclearpower’sdangertohealthsafetyandevenlifeitselfcanbesummedupinoneword:radiation. Nuclearradiationhasacertainmysteryaboutitpartlybecauseitcannotbedetectedbyhumansenses.Itcan’tbeseenorheardortouchedortastedeventhoughitmaybeallaroundus.Thereareotherthingslikethat.Forexampleradiowavesareallaroundusbutwecan’tdetectthemsensethemwithoutaradioreceiver.Similarlywecan’tsenseradioactivitywithoutaradiationdetector.Butunlikecommonradiowavesnuclearradiationisnotharmlesstohumanbeingsandotherlivingthings. Atveryhighlevelsradiationcankillananimalorhumanbeingoutrightbykillingmassesofcellsinvitalorgans.Buteventhelowestlevelscandoseriousdamage.Thereisnolevelofradiationthatiscompletelysafe.Iftheradiationdoesnothitanythingimportantthedamagemaynotbesignificant.Thisisthecasewhenonlyafewcellsarehit.Andiftheyarekilledoutrightyourbodywillreplacethedeadcellswithhealthyones.Butifthefewcellsareonlydamagedandiftheyreproducethemselvesyoumaybeintrouble.Theyreproducethemselvesinadeformedway.Theycangrowintocancer.Sometimesthisdoesnotshowupformanyyears. Thisisanotherreasonforsomeofthemysteryaboutnuclearradiation.Seriousdamagecanbedonewithoutthevictimbeingawareatthetimethatdamagehasoccurred.Apersoncanheirradiatedandfeelfinethendieofcancerfivetenortwentyyearslaterasaresult.Orachildcanbebornweakorliabletoseriousillnessasaresultofradiationabsorbedbyitsgrandparents. Radiationcanhurtus.Wemustknowthetruth. ThewordsignificantinParagraph3mostprobablymeans
Ifthereisonethingscientistshavetohearitisthatthegameisover.Raisedonthebeliefofanendlessvoyageofdiscoverytheyrecoilfromthesuggestionthatmostofthebestthingshavealreadybeenlocated.Iftheyhavetoday’sscientistscanhopetocontributenomorethanafewgracenotestothesymphonyofscience. AbooktobepublishedinBritainthisweekTheEndofSciencearguespersuasivelythatthisisthecase.ItsauthorJohnHorganisaseniorwriterforScientificAmericanmagazinewhohasinterviewedmanyoftoday’sleadingscientistsandsciencephilosophers.TheshockofrealizingthatsciencemightbeovercametohimhesayswhenhewastalkingtoOxfordmathematicianandphysicistSirRogerPenrose. TheEndofScienceprovokedawaveofdenunciationintheUnitedStateslastyear."Thereactionhasbeenoneofcompleteshockanddisbelief"Mr.Horgansays. Therealquestioniswhetheranyremainingunsolvedproblemsofwhichthereareplentylendthemselvestouniversalsolutions.Iftheydonotthenthefocusofscientificdiscoveryisalreadynarrowing.Sincethetriumphsofthe1960s—thegeneticcodeplatetectonicsandthemicrowavebackgroundradiationthatwentalongwaytowardsprovingtheBigBang—genuinescientificrevolutionshavebeenscarce.Morescientistsarenowalivespendingmoremoneyonresearchthatever.Yetmostofthegreatdiscoveriesofthe19thand20thcenturiesweremadebeforetheappearanceofstatesponsorshipwhenthescientificenterprisewasafractionofitspresentsize. Werethescientistswhomadethesediscoveriesbrighterthantoday’sThatseemsunlikely.Afarmorereasonableexplanationisthatfundamentalsciencehasalreadyenteredaperiodofdiminishedreturns."Lookdon’tgetmewrong"saysMrHorgan."Therearelotsofimportantthingsstilltostudyandappliedscienceandengineeringcangoonforever.Ihopewegetacureforcancerandformentaldiseasethoughtherearefewrealsignsofprogress./ Thesentencemostofthebestthingshavealreadybeenlocatedcouldmean
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 10处填
Whereonestageofchilddevelopmenthasbeenleftoutornotsufficientlyexperiencedthechildmayhavetogobackandcapturetheexperienceofit.Agoodhomemakesthispossibleforexamplebyprovidingtheopportunityforthechildtoplaywithaclockworkcarortoyrailwaytrainuptoanyageifhestillneedstodoso.46Thisprincipleinfactunderliesallpsychologicaltreatmentofchildrenindifficultieswiththeirdevelopmentandisthebasisofworkinchildclinics.Thebeginningsofdisciplineareinthenursery.Eventheyoungestbabyistaughtbygradualstagestowaitforfoodtosleepandwakeatregularintervalsandsoon.Ifthechildfeelstheworldaroundhimisawarmandfriendlyoneheslowlyacceptsitsrhythmandaccustomshimselftoconformingtoitsdemands.47Learningtowaitforthingsparticularlyforfoodisaveryimportantelementinupbringingandisachievedsuccessfullyonlyiftoogreatdemandsarenotmadebeforethechildcanunderstandthem.Everyparentwatcheseagerlythechild’sacquisitionofeachnewskill—thefirstspokenwordsthefirstindependentstepsorthebeginningofreadingandwriting.48Itisoftentemptingtohurrythechildbeyondhisnaturallearningratebutthiscansetupdangerousfeelingoffailureandstatesofanxietyinthechild.Thismighthappenatanystage.Ababymightbeforcedtouseatoilettooearly;ayoungchildmightbeencouragedtolearntoreadbeforeheknowsthemeaningofthewordshereads.49Ontheotherhandthoughifachildisleftalonetoomuchorwithoutanylearningopportunitiesheloseshisnaturalzestforlifeandhisdesiretofindoutnewthingsforhimself.Learningtogetherisafruitsourceofrelationshipbetweenchildrenandparents.Byplayingtogetherparentslearnmoreabouttheirchildrenandchildrenlearnmorefromtheirparents.Toysandgameswhichbothparentsandchildrencanshareareanimportantmeansofachievingthisco-operation.Building-blocktoysjigsawpuzzlesandcrosswordaregoodexamples.Parentsvarygreatlyintheirdegreeofstrictnessorindulgencetowardstheirchildren.Somemaybeespeciallystrictinmoneymatters;othersaresevereovertimesofcominghomeatnightpunctualityformealsorpersonalcleanliness.50Ingeneralthecontrolsimposedrepresenttheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthecommunityasmuchasthechild’sownhappinessandwell-being.
Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnoutandifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynewtheyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoicesinthismatter.46Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon’tandifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformationalongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits.TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictruthaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweareprofoundlyignorantaboutnature.IndeedIregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology.Itisinitswayanilluminatingpieceofnews.47Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmenttobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingthewayaheadseems.48Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethat’representsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.Inearliertimesweeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblemorsimplymadeupstoriestofillthegaps.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnestwearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsareandhowfarfrombeinganswered.Becauseofthiswearedepressed.49Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorantthehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorancetheworstspotsandhereandtherethenotsobadspotsbutnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted.Butwearemakingabeginningandthereoughttobesomesatisfaction.Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan’tbeansweredsoonerorlaterincludingeventhematterofconsciousness.50Tobesuretheremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkupeverandthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellectbutthatisanothermatter.Withinourlimitsweshouldbeabletoworkourwaythroughtoallouranswersifwekeepatitlongenoughandpayattention.
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 16处填
Ifthereisonethingscientistshavetohearitisthatthegameisover.Raisedonthebeliefofanendlessvoyageofdiscoverytheyrecoilfromthesuggestionthatmostofthebestthingshavealreadybeenlocated.Iftheyhavetoday’sscientistscanhopetocontributenomorethanafewgracenotestothesymphonyofscience. AbooktobepublishedinBritainthisweekTheEndofSciencearguespersuasivelythatthisisthecase.ItsauthorJohnHorganisaseniorwriterforScientificAmericanmagazinewhohasinterviewedmanyoftoday’sleadingscientistsandsciencephilosophers.TheshockofrealizingthatsciencemightbeovercametohimhesayswhenhewastalkingtoOxfordmathematicianandphysicistSirRogerPenrose. TheEndofScienceprovokedawaveofdenunciationintheUnitedStateslastyear."Thereactionhasbeenoneofcompleteshockanddisbelief"Mr.Horgansays. Therealquestioniswhetheranyremainingunsolvedproblemsofwhichthereareplentylendthemselvestouniversalsolutions.Iftheydonotthenthefocusofscientificdiscoveryisalreadynarrowing.Sincethetriumphsofthe1960s—thegeneticcodeplatetectonicsandthemicrowavebackgroundradiationthatwentalongwaytowardsprovingtheBigBang—genuinescientificrevolutionshavebeenscarce.Morescientistsarenowalivespendingmoremoneyonresearchthatever.Yetmostofthegreatdiscoveriesofthe19thand20thcenturiesweremadebeforetheappearanceofstatesponsorshipwhenthescientificenterprisewasafractionofitspresentsize. Werethescientistswhomadethesediscoveriesbrighterthantoday’sThatseemsunlikely.Afarmorereasonableexplanationisthatfundamentalsciencehasalreadyenteredaperiodofdiminishedreturns."Lookdon’tgetmewrong"saysMrHorgan."Therearelotsofimportantthingsstilltostudyandappliedscienceandengineeringcangoonforever.Ihopewegetacureforcancerandformentaldiseasethoughtherearefewrealsignsofprogress./ Therehavenotbeenmanygenuinescientificrevolutionsinthepastfewdecadesbecause
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 8处填
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 2处填
ItisincongruousthatthenumberofBritishinstitutionsofferingMBAcoursesshouldhavegrownby254percentduringaperiodwhentheeconomyhasbeenslidingintodeeperrecession.Optimistsorthosegiventospeedassumptionsmightthinkitmarveloustohavesucharesourceofbusinessschoolgraduatesreadyfortherecovery.UnfortunatelythereisnowmuchdoubtaboutthevalueofthedegreenotleastamongMBAgraduatesthemselvessufferingastheyarefromtheeffectsofrecessionandfacingtheprospectofshrinkingmanagementstructures. Whatwastakensomeyearsagoasaticketofcertainadmissiontosuccessisnowbeingexposedtothescrutinyofcost-consciousemployerswhoseek"can-dos"ratherthan"might-dos"andwhofeelthatacademiabasnotbeensufficientlyappreciativeoftheneedsofindustryoroftheemployers’possiblecontribution. ItiscuriousgiventhenameofthedegreethatthereshouldbenoleaguetableforUKbusinessschools;nounanimityaboutwhatthedegreeshouldencompass;andnoagreedsystemofaccreditation.Surelythereissomethingwrong.Onewonderswhereallthetutorsforthismassiveinfusionofbusinessexpertisecamefromandwhyallthismushroomingtookplace. PerhapscompaniesthatmadelargeinvestmentswouldhavebeenwisertoinvestinalreadyexistingmanagersperchedanxiouslyontheirowninternalladdersTheInstituteofManagement’s1992surveywhichrevealedthateighty-onepercentofmanagersthoughttheypersonallywouldbemoreeffectiveiftheyreceivedmoretrainingsuggeststhatthismightbethecase.Thereistoothefactthattrainingalonedoesnotmakesuccessfulmanagers.Theyneedtheinherentqualifications.Ofcharacter;adegreeofself-subjugation;andabovealltheabilitytocommunicateandlead;moresonowwhenempowermentisabuzzwordthatisatleastgeneratinggenuflexionsifnottotalconviction. Onecaneasilythinkofpeoplesomecomparativelyunletteredwhoarenotlaudedcaptainsofindustry.WemaythereforenotneedtobetooconcernedaboutthefallinapplicationsforbusinessschoolplacesoreventhedoubtaboutMBAs.Theproliferationandsubsequentquestioningmayhavebeenaninevitableevolution.IftheManagementCharterInitiativenowexploringtheintroductionofaseniormanagementqualificationissuccessfultherewillbeapowerfulcorrective. Webelievenowthatmanagementisallaboutchange.Onehopestherewillbesomeofthatinrelationshipbetweenmanagementandsciencewithinindustrycurrentlycausingconcernandwhichisoverdueforattention.No-onedoubtsthatweneedmorescientistsandinnovationtogiveusanedgeinanincreasinglycompetitiveworld.Ifscientistsfeelthemselvesundervaluedandunder-usedworkinginindustrialghettosthatisnotapromisingauguryforthefuture.Itseemswehavetoresolvethesemisapprehensionsbetweenscienceand.industry.Aboveallwehavetomakesurethatmanagementisnotitselfsmugaboutitsstatusandthatitdoesnotissuemissionstatementsaboutcommunicationwithoutrealizingthattheessenceofitisadialogue.Moreempowermentisrequiredandweshouldstrivetoachieveit. Accordingtothepassageemployers
[A]Variousdefinitionsandinterpretationsofhappiness.[B]Oneepisodeofenjoyinghappiness.[C]Somemisconceptionsabouthappiness.[D]Wheretoseekhappiness[E]Happinessisequivalenttotheabilitytorejoice.[F]Thecomplexityofhowtodefinehappiness.AreyouhappyIaskedmybrotherIanoneday.Yes.No.Itdependswhatyoumeanhesaid.ThentellmeIsaidwhenwasthelasttimeyouthinkyouwerehappyApril1967hesaid.Itservedmerightforputtingaseriousquestiontosomeonewhohasjokedhiswaythroughlife.ButIan’sanswerremindedmethatwhenwethinkabouthappinessweusuallythinkofsomethingextraordinaryapinnacleofsheerdelight--andthosepinnaclesseemtogetrarertheolderweget.41.__________.Forachildhappinesshasamagicalquality.Iremembermakinghide-outsinnewlycuthayplayingcopsandrobbersinthewoodsgettingaspeakingpartintheschoolplay.Ofcoursekidsalsoexperiencelowsbuttheirdelightatsuchpeaksofpleasureaswinningaraceorgettinganewbikeisunreserved.Intheteenageyearstheconceptofhappinesschanges.Suddenlyit’sconditionalonsuchthingsasexcitementlovepopularityandwhetherthatzitwillclearupbeforepromnightIcanstillfeeltheagonyofnotbeinginvitedtoapartythatalmosteveryoneelsewasgoingto.ButIalsorecalltheecstasyofbeingpluckedfromobscurityatanothereventtodancewithaJohnTravoltalook-alike.Inadulthoodthethingsthatbringprofoundjoy--birthlovemarriage--alsobringresponsibilityandtheriskofloss.Lovemaynotlastsexisn’talwaysgoodlovedonesdie.Foradultshappinessiscomplicated.42.__________.MydictionarydefineshappyasluckyorfortunatebutIthinkabetterdefinitionofhappinessisthecapacityforenjoyment.Themorewecanenjoywhatwehavethehappierweare.It’seasytooverlookthepleasurewegetfromlovingandbeinglovedthecompanyoffriendsthefreedomtolivewherewepleaseevengoodhealth.Iaddedupmylittlemomentsofpleasureyesterday.FirsttherewassheerblisswhenIshutthelastlunchboxandhadthehousetomyself.ThenIspentanuninterruptedmorningwritingwhichIlove.WhenthekidscamehomeIenjoyedtheirnoiseafterthequietoftheday.LaterpeacedescendedagainandmyhusbandandIenjoyedanotherpleasure-intimacy.Sometimesjusttheknowledgethathewantsmecanbringmejoy.43.__________.Youneverknowwherehappinesswillturnupnext.WhenIaskedfriendswhatmakesthemhappysomementionedseeminglyinsignificantmoments.Ihateshoppingonefriendsaid.Butthere’sthisclerkwhoalwayschatsandreallycheersmeup.Anotherfriendlovesthetelephone.EverytimeitringsIknowsomeoneisthinkingaboutme.44.__________.Igetathrillfromdriving.OnedayIstoppedtoletaschoolbusturnontoasideroad.Thedrivergrinnedandgavemeathumbs-upsign.Weweretwoalliesinaworldofmadmotorists.Itmademesmile.Weallexperiencemomentslikethese.Toofewofusregisterthenashappiness.45.__________.Psychologiststellusthattobehappyweneedablendofenjoyableleisuretimeandsatisfyingwork.Idoubtthatmygreat-grandmotherwhoraised14childrenandtookinwashinghadmuchofeither.Shedidhaveanet-workofclosefriendsandfamilyandmaybethisiswhatfulfilledher.Ifshewashappywithwhatshehad’perhapsitwasbecauseshedidn’texpectlifetobeverydifferent.Weontheotherhandwithsomanychoicesandsuchpressuretosucceedineveryareahaveturnedhappinessintoonemorethingwegottahave.We’resoself-consciousaboutourrighttoitthatit’smakingusmiserable.Sowechaseitandequateitwithwealthandsuccesswithoutnoticingthatthepeoplewhohavethosethingsaren’tnecessarilyhappier.Whilehappinessmaybemorecomplexforusthesolutionisthesameasever.Happinessisn’taboutwhathappenstous--it’sabouthowweperceivewhathappenstous.It’stheknackoffindingapositiveforeverynegativeandviewingasetbackasachallenge.It’snotwishingforwhatwedon’thavebutenjoyingwhatwedopossess.
Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnoutandifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynewtheyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoicesinthismatter.46Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon’tandifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformationalongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits.TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictruthaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweareprofoundlyignorantaboutnature.IndeedIregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology.Itisinitswayanilluminatingpieceofnews.47Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmenttobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingthewayaheadseems.48Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethat’representsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.Inearliertimesweeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblemorsimplymadeupstoriestofillthegaps.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnestwearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsareandhowfarfrombeinganswered.Becauseofthiswearedepressed.49Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorantthehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorancetheworstspotsandhereandtherethenotsobadspotsbutnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted.Butwearemakingabeginningandthereoughttobesomesatisfaction.Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan’tbeansweredsoonerorlaterincludingeventhematterofconsciousness.50Tobesuretheremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkupeverandthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellectbutthatisanothermatter.Withinourlimitsweshouldbeabletoworkourwaythroughtoallouranswersifwekeepatitlongenoughandpayattention.
Directions: Writeanessayofabout160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inthisessayyoushould: 1describethepicturesbriefly 2interpretthemeaningand 3giveyourcomment. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Saygoodbyetotheworld’stropicalglaciersandicecaps.Manywillvanishwithin20years.WhenLonnieThompsonvisitedPeru’sQuelccayaicecapin1977hecouldn’thelpnoticingaschool-bus-sizeboulderthatwasupendedbyicepushingagainstit.Thompsonreturnedtothesamespotlastyearandtheboulderwasstilltherebutitwaslyingonitsside.Theicethatoncesupportedthemassiverockhadretreatedfarintothedistanceleavingbehindagiantlakeasitmeltedaway.FoeThompsonageologistwithOhioStateUniversity’sByrdPolarResearchCentertherolled-backrockwasanobvioussignofclimatechangeintheAndesMountains.Observingthatover25yearspersonallyreallybringsithomehesays.Yourdon’thavetobeabelieveringlobalwarmingtoseewhat’shappening.41.Thawedicecapsinthetropics.Quelccayaisthelargesticecapinthetropicsbutitisn’ttheonlyonethatismeltingaccordingtodecadesofresearchbyThompson’steam.NotropicalglaciersarecurrentlyknowntobeadvancingandThompsonpredictsthatmanymountaintopswillbecompletelymeltedwithinthenext20years.42.Situationinareasotherthanthetropics.Thephenomenonisn’tconfinedtothetropics.GlaciersinEuropeRussianewZealandtheUnitedStatesandelsewherearealsomelting.43.Theworseningeffectsofglobalwarming.Formanyscientiststhewidespreadmelt-downisaclearsignthathumansareaffectingglobalclimateprimarilybyraisingthelevelsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.44.Recedingicecaps.That’snottosaythatglacierscurrentlyfoundoneverycontinentexceptAustraliahaven’tmeltedinthepastasaresultofnaturalvariability.Theseriversoficeexistinadelicatebalancebetweeninputsaccumulatingsnowandiceandoutputsmeltingandcalvingoflargechunksofice.Overtimethebalancecantiltineitherdirectioncausingglacierstoadvanceorretreat.What’sdifferentnowisthespeedatwhichthescaleshavetipped.We’vebeensurprisedathowrapidtherateofretreathasbeensaysThompson.HisteambeganmappingoneofthemainglaciersflowingoutoftheQuelccayaicecapin1978usingsatelliteimagesandgroundsurveys.45.Thinningicecores.Andits’notjustthemarginoftheicecapthatismelting.AtQuelccayaandMountKilimanjarotheresearchershavefoundthattheicefieldsarethinningaswell.BesidesmappingicecapsandglaciersThompsonandhiscolleagueshavetakencoresamplesfromQuelccayasince1976whentheiceatthedrillinglocationwas154metersthick.ThompsonandhiscolleagueshavealsodrilledicecoresfromotherlocationsinSouthAmericaAfricaandChina.Trappedwithineachofthesecoresisaclimaterecordspanningmorethan8000years.Itshowsthatthepast50yearsarethewarmestinhistory.The4-inch-thickicecoresarenowstoredinfreezersatOhioState.OnthefuturesaysThompsonthatmaybetheonlyplacetoseewhat’sleftoftheglaciersofAfricaandPeru.[A]ThelatestreportfromtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangepreparedbyhundredsofscientistsandapprovedbygovernmentdelegatesfrommorethan100nationsstates.Thereisnewandstrongerevidencethatmostofthewarmingobservedoverthelast50yearsisattributabletohumanactivities.ThereportreleasedinJanuarysaysthattheplanet’saveragesurfacetemperatureincreasedbyabout0.6℃duringthe20thcenturyandisprojectedtoincreaseanother1.4℃to5.8℃by2100.Thatrateofwarmingiswith-outprecedentduringatleastthelast10000yearssaystheIPCC.[B]Alaska’smassiveBeringandColumbiaGlacierslocatedinnontropicalregionsforexamplehaverecededbymorethan10kilometersduringthepastcentury.AndastudybygeologistsattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderpredictsthatGlacierNationalParkinMontanaundertheinfluenceofmeltingwillloseallofitsglaciersby2070.[C]Forexampleabout97percentoftheplanet’swaterisseawater.Another2percentislockedinicecapsandglaciers.Therearealsoreservesoffreshwaterundertheearth’ssurfacebutthesearetoodeepforustouseeconomically.[D]ForexampleAfrica’sMountKilimanjarointropicalareashaslost82percentofitsicefieldsinceitwasfirstmappedin1912.ThatyearKilimanjarohad12.1squarekilometersofice.Bylastyeartheicecoveredonly2.2squarekilometers.AtthecurrentrateofmeltingthesnowsofKilimanjarothatErnestHemingwaywroteaboutwillbegonewithin15yearsThompsonestimates.Butitprobablywillhappensoonerbecausetherateisspeedingup.[E]IfullyexpecttobeabletoreturnthereinadozenyearsorsoandseethemarksontherockwhereourdrillbitpunchedthroughtheicesaysThompson.Ifthathappensitwillmeanthatalayeroficemorethan500feetthickhasvanishedintothinair.[F]TheglacierQoriKaliswasthenretreatingby4.9metersperyear.EverytimethescientistsreturnedQoriKaliswasmeltingfaster.Between1998and2000itwasretreatingatarateof155metersperyearsmorethanafootperday32timesfasterthanin1978.YoucanalmostsitthereandwatchitmovesaysThompson.
Addictionissuchaharmfulbehaviorinfactthatevolutionshouldhavelongagoweededitoutofthepopulation:ifit’shardtodrivesafelyundertheinfluenceimaginetryingtorunfromasaber-toothedtigerorcatchasquirrelforlunch.AndyetsaysDr.NoraVolkowdirectorofNIDAandapioneerintheuseofimagingtounderstandaddiction"theuseofdrugshasbeenrecordedsincethebeginningofcivilization.Humansinmyviewwillalwayswanttoexperimentwiththingstomakethemfeelgood." That’sbecausedrugsofabuseco-opttheverybrainfunctionsthatallowedourdistantancestorstosurviveinahostileworld.Ourmindsareprogrammedtopayextraattentiontowhatneurologistscallsalience—thatisspecialrelevance.Threatsforexamplearehighlysalientwhichiswhyweinstinctivelytrytogetawayfromthem.Butsoarefoodandsexbecausetheyhelptheindividualandthespeciessurvive.Drugsofabusecapitalizeonthisready-madeprogramming.Whenexposedtodrugsourmemorysystemsrewardcircuitsdecisionmakingskillsandconditioningkickin—salienceinoverdrive—tocreateanallconsumingpatternofuncontrollablecraving."Somepeoplehaveageneticpredispositiontoaddiction"saysVolkow."Butbecauseitinvolvesthesebasicbrainfunctionseveryonewillbecomeanaddictifsufficientlyexposedtodrugsoralcohol." Thatcangofornonchemicaladdictionsaswell.Behaviorsfromgamblingtoshoppingtosexmaystartoutashabitsbutslideintoaddictions.Sometimestheremightbeabehavior-specificrootoftheproblem.Volkow’sresearchgroupforexamplehasshownthatpathologicallyobesepeoplewhoarecompulsiveeatersexhibithyperactivityintheareasofthebrainthatprocessfoodstimuli—includingthemouthlipsandtongue.Forthemactivatingtheseregionsislikeopeningthefloodgatestothepleasurecenter.Almostanythingdeeplyenjoyablecanturnintoanaddictionthough. Ofcoursenoteveryonebecomesanaddict.That’sbecausewehaveothermoreanalyticalregionsthatcanevaluateconsequencesandoverridemerepleasureseeking.Brainimagingisshowingexactlyhowthathappens.PaulusforexamplelookedatdrugaddictsenrolledinaVAhospital’sintensivefour-weekrehabilitationprogram.Thosewhoweremorelikelytorelapseinthefirstyearaftercompletingtheprogramwerealsolessabletocompletetasksinvolvingcognitiveskillsandlessabletoadjusttonewrulesquickly.Thissuggestedthatthosepatientsmightalsobelessadeptatusinganalyticalareasofthebrainwhileperformingdecision-makingtasks.Sureenoughbrainscansshowedthattherewerereducedlevelsofactivationintheprefrontalcortexwhererationalthoughtcanoverrideimpulsivebehavior.It’simpossibletosayifthedrugsmighthavedamagedtheseabilitiesintherelapsersaneffectratherthanacauseofthechemicalabuse—butthefactthatthecognitivedeficitexistedinonlysomeofthedruguserssuggeststhattherewassomethinginnatethatwasuniquetothem.TohissurprisePaulusfoundthat80%to90%ofthetimehecouldaccuratelypredict:whowouldrelapsewithinayearsimplybyexaminingthescans. Anotherareaoffocusforresearchersinvolvesthebrain’srewardsystempoweredlargelybytheneurotransmitterdopamine.Investigatorsarelookingspecificallyatthefamilyofdopaminereceptorsthatpopulatenervecellsandbindtothecompound.Thehopeisthatifyoucanreducetheeffectofthebrainchemicalthatcarriesthepleasurablesignalyoucanloosenthedrug’shold. Pauluscouldaccuratelypredicttherelapsersbecause
Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnoutandifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynewtheyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoicesinthismatter.46Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon’tandifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformationalongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits.TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictruthaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweareprofoundlyignorantaboutnature.IndeedIregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology.Itisinitswayanilluminatingpieceofnews.47Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmenttobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingthewayaheadseems.48Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethat’representsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.Inearliertimesweeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblemorsimplymadeupstoriestofillthegaps.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnestwearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsareandhowfarfrombeinganswered.Becauseofthiswearedepressed.49Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorantthehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorancetheworstspotsandhereandtherethenotsobadspotsbutnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted.Butwearemakingabeginningandthereoughttobesomesatisfaction.Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan’tbeansweredsoonerorlaterincludingeventhematterofconsciousness.50Tobesuretheremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkupeverandthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellectbutthatisanothermatter.Withinourlimitsweshouldbeabletoworkourwaythroughtoallouranswersifwekeepatitlongenoughandpayattention.
Addictionissuchaharmfulbehaviorinfactthatevolutionshouldhavelongagoweededitoutofthepopulation:ifit’shardtodrivesafelyundertheinfluenceimaginetryingtorunfromasaber-toothedtigerorcatchasquirrelforlunch.AndyetsaysDr.NoraVolkowdirectorofNIDAandapioneerintheuseofimagingtounderstandaddiction"theuseofdrugshasbeenrecordedsincethebeginningofcivilization.Humansinmyviewwillalwayswanttoexperimentwiththingstomakethemfeelgood." That’sbecausedrugsofabuseco-opttheverybrainfunctionsthatallowedourdistantancestorstosurviveinahostileworld.Ourmindsareprogrammedtopayextraattentiontowhatneurologistscallsalience—thatisspecialrelevance.Threatsforexamplearehighlysalientwhichiswhyweinstinctivelytrytogetawayfromthem.Butsoarefoodandsexbecausetheyhelptheindividualandthespeciessurvive.Drugsofabusecapitalizeonthisready-madeprogramming.Whenexposedtodrugsourmemorysystemsrewardcircuitsdecisionmakingskillsandconditioningkickin—salienceinoverdrive—tocreateanallconsumingpatternofuncontrollablecraving."Somepeoplehaveageneticpredispositiontoaddiction"saysVolkow."Butbecauseitinvolvesthesebasicbrainfunctionseveryonewillbecomeanaddictifsufficientlyexposedtodrugsoralcohol." Thatcangofornonchemicaladdictionsaswell.Behaviorsfromgamblingtoshoppingtosexmaystartoutashabitsbutslideintoaddictions.Sometimestheremightbeabehavior-specificrootoftheproblem.Volkow’sresearchgroupforexamplehasshownthatpathologicallyobesepeoplewhoarecompulsiveeatersexhibithyperactivityintheareasofthebrainthatprocessfoodstimuli—includingthemouthlipsandtongue.Forthemactivatingtheseregionsislikeopeningthefloodgatestothepleasurecenter.Almostanythingdeeplyenjoyablecanturnintoanaddictionthough. Ofcoursenoteveryonebecomesanaddict.That’sbecausewehaveothermoreanalyticalregionsthatcanevaluateconsequencesandoverridemerepleasureseeking.Brainimagingisshowingexactlyhowthathappens.PaulusforexamplelookedatdrugaddictsenrolledinaVAhospital’sintensivefour-weekrehabilitationprogram.Thosewhoweremorelikelytorelapseinthefirstyearaftercompletingtheprogramwerealsolessabletocompletetasksinvolvingcognitiveskillsandlessabletoadjusttonewrulesquickly.Thissuggestedthatthosepatientsmightalsobelessadeptatusinganalyticalareasofthebrainwhileperformingdecision-makingtasks.Sureenoughbrainscansshowedthattherewerereducedlevelsofactivationintheprefrontalcortexwhererationalthoughtcanoverrideimpulsivebehavior.It’simpossibletosayifthedrugsmighthavedamagedtheseabilitiesintherelapsersaneffectratherthanacauseofthechemicalabuse—butthefactthatthecognitivedeficitexistedinonlysomeofthedruguserssuggeststhattherewassomethinginnatethatwasuniquetothem.TohissurprisePaulusfoundthat80%to90%ofthetimehecouldaccuratelypredict:whowouldrelapsewithinayearsimplybyexaminingthescans. Anotherareaoffocusforresearchersinvolvesthebrain’srewardsystempoweredlargelybytheneurotransmitterdopamine.Investigatorsarelookingspecificallyatthefamilyofdopaminereceptorsthatpopulatenervecellsandbindtothecompound.Thehopeisthatifyoucanreducetheeffectofthebrainchemicalthatcarriesthepleasurablesignalyoucanloosenthedrug’shold. Accordingtothetextanyonemaybeaddictedtodrugsifthey
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 20处填
Saygoodbyetotheworld’stropicalglaciersandicecaps.Manywillvanishwithin20years.WhenLonnieThompsonvisitedPeru’sQuelccayaicecapin1977hecouldn’thelpnoticingaschool-bus-sizeboulderthatwasupendedbyicepushingagainstit.Thompsonreturnedtothesamespotlastyearandtheboulderwasstilltherebutitwaslyingonitsside.Theicethatoncesupportedthemassiverockhadretreatedfarintothedistanceleavingbehindagiantlakeasitmeltedaway.FoeThompsonageologistwithOhioStateUniversity’sByrdPolarResearchCentertherolled-backrockwasanobvioussignofclimatechangeintheAndesMountains.Observingthatover25yearspersonallyreallybringsithomehesays.Yourdon’thavetobeabelieveringlobalwarmingtoseewhat’shappening.41.Thawedicecapsinthetropics.Quelccayaisthelargesticecapinthetropicsbutitisn’ttheonlyonethatismeltingaccordingtodecadesofresearchbyThompson’steam.NotropicalglaciersarecurrentlyknowntobeadvancingandThompsonpredictsthatmanymountaintopswillbecompletelymeltedwithinthenext20years.42.Situationinareasotherthanthetropics.Thephenomenonisn’tconfinedtothetropics.GlaciersinEuropeRussianewZealandtheUnitedStatesandelsewherearealsomelting.43.Theworseningeffectsofglobalwarming.Formanyscientiststhewidespreadmelt-downisaclearsignthathumansareaffectingglobalclimateprimarilybyraisingthelevelsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.44.Recedingicecaps.That’snottosaythatglacierscurrentlyfoundoneverycontinentexceptAustraliahaven’tmeltedinthepastasaresultofnaturalvariability.Theseriversoficeexistinadelicatebalancebetweeninputsaccumulatingsnowandiceandoutputsmeltingandcalvingoflargechunksofice.Overtimethebalancecantiltineitherdirectioncausingglacierstoadvanceorretreat.What’sdifferentnowisthespeedatwhichthescaleshavetipped.We’vebeensurprisedathowrapidtherateofretreathasbeensaysThompson.HisteambeganmappingoneofthemainglaciersflowingoutoftheQuelccayaicecapin1978usingsatelliteimagesandgroundsurveys.45.Thinningicecores.Andits’notjustthemarginoftheicecapthatismelting.AtQuelccayaandMountKilimanjarotheresearchershavefoundthattheicefieldsarethinningaswell.BesidesmappingicecapsandglaciersThompsonandhiscolleagueshavetakencoresamplesfromQuelccayasince1976whentheiceatthedrillinglocationwas154metersthick.ThompsonandhiscolleagueshavealsodrilledicecoresfromotherlocationsinSouthAmericaAfricaandChina.Trappedwithineachofthesecoresisaclimaterecordspanningmorethan8000years.Itshowsthatthepast50yearsarethewarmestinhistory.The4-inch-thickicecoresarenowstoredinfreezersatOhioState.OnthefuturesaysThompsonthatmaybetheonlyplacetoseewhat’sleftoftheglaciersofAfricaandPeru.[A]ThelatestreportfromtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangepreparedbyhundredsofscientistsandapprovedbygovernmentdelegatesfrommorethan100nationsstates.Thereisnewandstrongerevidencethatmostofthewarmingobservedoverthelast50yearsisattributabletohumanactivities.ThereportreleasedinJanuarysaysthattheplanet’saveragesurfacetemperatureincreasedbyabout0.6℃duringthe20thcenturyandisprojectedtoincreaseanother1.4℃to5.8℃by2100.Thatrateofwarmingiswith-outprecedentduringatleastthelast10000yearssaystheIPCC.[B]Alaska’smassiveBeringandColumbiaGlacierslocatedinnontropicalregionsforexamplehaverecededbymorethan10kilometersduringthepastcentury.AndastudybygeologistsattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderpredictsthatGlacierNationalParkinMontanaundertheinfluenceofmeltingwillloseallofitsglaciersby2070.[C]Forexampleabout97percentoftheplanet’swaterisseawater.Another2percentislockedinicecapsandglaciers.Therearealsoreservesoffreshwaterundertheearth’ssurfacebutthesearetoodeepforustouseeconomically.[D]ForexampleAfrica’sMountKilimanjarointropicalareashaslost82percentofitsicefieldsinceitwasfirstmappedin1912.ThatyearKilimanjarohad12.1squarekilometersofice.Bylastyeartheicecoveredonly2.2squarekilometers.AtthecurrentrateofmeltingthesnowsofKilimanjarothatErnestHemingwaywroteaboutwillbegonewithin15yearsThompsonestimates.Butitprobablywillhappensoonerbecausetherateisspeedingup.[E]IfullyexpecttobeabletoreturnthereinadozenyearsorsoandseethemarksontherockwhereourdrillbitpunchedthroughtheicesaysThompson.Ifthathappensitwillmeanthatalayeroficemorethan500feetthickhasvanishedintothinair.[F]TheglacierQoriKaliswasthenretreatingby4.9metersperyear.EverytimethescientistsreturnedQoriKaliswasmeltingfaster.Between1998and2000itwasretreatingatarateof155metersperyearsmorethanafootperday32timesfasterthanin1978.YoucanalmostsitthereandwatchitmovesaysThompson.
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 12处填
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 6处填
Ifthereisonethingscientistshavetohearitisthatthegameisover.Raisedonthebeliefofanendlessvoyageofdiscoverytheyrecoilfromthesuggestionthatmostofthebestthingshavealreadybeenlocated.Iftheyhavetoday’sscientistscanhopetocontributenomorethanafewgracenotestothesymphonyofscience. AbooktobepublishedinBritainthisweekTheEndofSciencearguespersuasivelythatthisisthecase.ItsauthorJohnHorganisaseniorwriterforScientificAmericanmagazinewhohasinterviewedmanyoftoday’sleadingscientistsandsciencephilosophers.TheshockofrealizingthatsciencemightbeovercametohimhesayswhenhewastalkingtoOxfordmathematicianandphysicistSirRogerPenrose. TheEndofScienceprovokedawaveofdenunciationintheUnitedStateslastyear."Thereactionhasbeenoneofcompleteshockanddisbelief"Mr.Horgansays. Therealquestioniswhetheranyremainingunsolvedproblemsofwhichthereareplentylendthemselvestouniversalsolutions.Iftheydonotthenthefocusofscientificdiscoveryisalreadynarrowing.Sincethetriumphsofthe1960s—thegeneticcodeplatetectonicsandthemicrowavebackgroundradiationthatwentalongwaytowardsprovingtheBigBang—genuinescientificrevolutionshavebeenscarce.Morescientistsarenowalivespendingmoremoneyonresearchthatever.Yetmostofthegreatdiscoveriesofthe19thand20thcenturiesweremadebeforetheappearanceofstatesponsorshipwhenthescientificenterprisewasafractionofitspresentsize. Werethescientistswhomadethesediscoveriesbrighterthantoday’sThatseemsunlikely.Afarmorereasonableexplanationisthatfundamentalsciencehasalreadyenteredaperiodofdiminishedreturns."Lookdon’tgetmewrong"saysMrHorgan."Therearelotsofimportantthingsstilltostudyandappliedscienceandengineeringcangoonforever.Ihopewegetacureforcancerandformentaldiseasethoughtherearefewrealsignsofprogress./ Thebesttitleofthispassagecanbe
Nuclearpower’sdangertohealthsafetyandevenlifeitselfcanbesummedupinoneword:radiation. Nuclearradiationhasacertainmysteryaboutitpartlybecauseitcannotbedetectedbyhumansenses.Itcan’tbeseenorheardortouchedortastedeventhoughitmaybeallaroundus.Thereareotherthingslikethat.Forexampleradiowavesareallaroundusbutwecan’tdetectthemsensethemwithoutaradioreceiver.Similarlywecan’tsenseradioactivitywithoutaradiationdetector.Butunlikecommonradiowavesnuclearradiationisnotharmlesstohumanbeingsandotherlivingthings. Atveryhighlevelsradiationcankillananimalorhumanbeingoutrightbykillingmassesofcellsinvitalorgans.Buteventhelowestlevelscandoseriousdamage.Thereisnolevelofradiationthatiscompletelysafe.Iftheradiationdoesnothitanythingimportantthedamagemaynotbesignificant.Thisisthecasewhenonlyafewcellsarehit.Andiftheyarekilledoutrightyourbodywillreplacethedeadcellswithhealthyones.Butifthefewcellsareonlydamagedandiftheyreproducethemselvesyoumaybeintrouble.Theyreproducethemselvesinadeformedway.Theycangrowintocancer.Sometimesthisdoesnotshowupformanyyears. Thisisanotherreasonforsomeofthemysteryaboutnuclearradiation.Seriousdamagecanbedonewithoutthevictimbeingawareatthetimethatdamagehasoccurred.Apersoncanheirradiatedandfeelfinethendieofcancerfivetenortwentyyearslaterasaresult.Orachildcanbebornweakorliabletoseriousillnessasaresultofradiationabsorbedbyitsgrandparents. Radiationcanhurtus.Wemustknowthetruth. Accordingtothepassagethedangerofnuclearpowerliesin
ItisincongruousthatthenumberofBritishinstitutionsofferingMBAcoursesshouldhavegrownby254percentduringaperiodwhentheeconomyhasbeenslidingintodeeperrecession.Optimistsorthosegiventospeedassumptionsmightthinkitmarveloustohavesucharesourceofbusinessschoolgraduatesreadyfortherecovery.UnfortunatelythereisnowmuchdoubtaboutthevalueofthedegreenotleastamongMBAgraduatesthemselvessufferingastheyarefromtheeffectsofrecessionandfacingtheprospectofshrinkingmanagementstructures. Whatwastakensomeyearsagoasaticketofcertainadmissiontosuccessisnowbeingexposedtothescrutinyofcost-consciousemployerswhoseek"can-dos"ratherthan"might-dos"andwhofeelthatacademiabasnotbeensufficientlyappreciativeoftheneedsofindustryoroftheemployers’possiblecontribution. ItiscuriousgiventhenameofthedegreethatthereshouldbenoleaguetableforUKbusinessschools;nounanimityaboutwhatthedegreeshouldencompass;andnoagreedsystemofaccreditation.Surelythereissomethingwrong.Onewonderswhereallthetutorsforthismassiveinfusionofbusinessexpertisecamefromandwhyallthismushroomingtookplace. PerhapscompaniesthatmadelargeinvestmentswouldhavebeenwisertoinvestinalreadyexistingmanagersperchedanxiouslyontheirowninternalladdersTheInstituteofManagement’s1992surveywhichrevealedthateighty-onepercentofmanagersthoughttheypersonallywouldbemoreeffectiveiftheyreceivedmoretrainingsuggeststhatthismightbethecase.Thereistoothefactthattrainingalonedoesnotmakesuccessfulmanagers.Theyneedtheinherentqualifications.Ofcharacter;adegreeofself-subjugation;andabovealltheabilitytocommunicateandlead;moresonowwhenempowermentisabuzzwordthatisatleastgeneratinggenuflexionsifnottotalconviction. Onecaneasilythinkofpeoplesomecomparativelyunletteredwhoarenotlaudedcaptainsofindustry.WemaythereforenotneedtobetooconcernedaboutthefallinapplicationsforbusinessschoolplacesoreventhedoubtaboutMBAs.Theproliferationandsubsequentquestioningmayhavebeenaninevitableevolution.IftheManagementCharterInitiativenowexploringtheintroductionofaseniormanagementqualificationissuccessfultherewillbeapowerfulcorrective. Webelievenowthatmanagementisallaboutchange.Onehopestherewillbesomeofthatinrelationshipbetweenmanagementandsciencewithinindustrycurrentlycausingconcernandwhichisoverdueforattention.No-onedoubtsthatweneedmorescientistsandinnovationtogiveusanedgeinanincreasinglycompetitiveworld.Ifscientistsfeelthemselvesundervaluedandunder-usedworkinginindustrialghettosthatisnotapromisingauguryforthefuture.Itseemswehavetoresolvethesemisapprehensionsbetweenscienceand.industry.Aboveallwehavetomakesurethatmanagementisnotitselfsmugaboutitsstatusandthatitdoesnotissuemissionstatementsaboutcommunicationwithoutrealizingthattheessenceofitisadialogue.Moreempowermentisrequiredandweshouldstrivetoachieveit. Inthewriter’sopinion
Nuclearpower’sdangertohealthsafetyandevenlifeitselfcanbesummedupinoneword:radiation. Nuclearradiationhasacertainmysteryaboutitpartlybecauseitcannotbedetectedbyhumansenses.Itcan’tbeseenorheardortouchedortastedeventhoughitmaybeallaroundus.Thereareotherthingslikethat.Forexampleradiowavesareallaroundusbutwecan’tdetectthemsensethemwithoutaradioreceiver.Similarlywecan’tsenseradioactivitywithoutaradiationdetector.Butunlikecommonradiowavesnuclearradiationisnotharmlesstohumanbeingsandotherlivingthings. Atveryhighlevelsradiationcankillananimalorhumanbeingoutrightbykillingmassesofcellsinvitalorgans.Buteventhelowestlevelscandoseriousdamage.Thereisnolevelofradiationthatiscompletelysafe.Iftheradiationdoesnothitanythingimportantthedamagemaynotbesignificant.Thisisthecasewhenonlyafewcellsarehit.Andiftheyarekilledoutrightyourbodywillreplacethedeadcellswithhealthyones.Butifthefewcellsareonlydamagedandiftheyreproducethemselvesyoumaybeintrouble.Theyreproducethemselvesinadeformedway.Theycangrowintocancer.Sometimesthisdoesnotshowupformanyyears. Thisisanotherreasonforsomeofthemysteryaboutnuclearradiation.Seriousdamagecanbedonewithoutthevictimbeingawareatthetimethatdamagehasoccurred.Apersoncanheirradiatedandfeelfinethendieofcancerfivetenortwentyyearslaterasaresult.Orachildcanbebornweakorliabletoseriousillnessasaresultofradiationabsorbedbyitsgrandparents. Radiationcanhurtus.Wemustknowthetruth. Whichofthefollowingcanbebestinferredfromthepassage
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 4处填
Whereonestageofchilddevelopmenthasbeenleftoutornotsufficientlyexperiencedthechildmayhavetogobackandcapturetheexperienceofit.Agoodhomemakesthispossibleforexamplebyprovidingtheopportunityforthechildtoplaywithaclockworkcarortoyrailwaytrainuptoanyageifhestillneedstodoso.46Thisprincipleinfactunderliesallpsychologicaltreatmentofchildrenindifficultieswiththeirdevelopmentandisthebasisofworkinchildclinics.Thebeginningsofdisciplineareinthenursery.Eventheyoungestbabyistaughtbygradualstagestowaitforfoodtosleepandwakeatregularintervalsandsoon.Ifthechildfeelstheworldaroundhimisawarmandfriendlyoneheslowlyacceptsitsrhythmandaccustomshimselftoconformingtoitsdemands.47Learningtowaitforthingsparticularlyforfoodisaveryimportantelementinupbringingandisachievedsuccessfullyonlyiftoogreatdemandsarenotmadebeforethechildcanunderstandthem.Everyparentwatcheseagerlythechild’sacquisitionofeachnewskill—thefirstspokenwordsthefirstindependentstepsorthebeginningofreadingandwriting.48Itisoftentemptingtohurrythechildbeyondhisnaturallearningratebutthiscansetupdangerousfeelingoffailureandstatesofanxietyinthechild.Thismighthappenatanystage.Ababymightbeforcedtouseatoilettooearly;ayoungchildmightbeencouragedtolearntoreadbeforeheknowsthemeaningofthewordshereads.49Ontheotherhandthoughifachildisleftalonetoomuchorwithoutanylearningopportunitiesheloseshisnaturalzestforlifeandhisdesiretofindoutnewthingsforhimself.Learningtogetherisafruitsourceofrelationshipbetweenchildrenandparents.Byplayingtogetherparentslearnmoreabouttheirchildrenandchildrenlearnmorefromtheirparents.Toysandgameswhichbothparentsandchildrencanshareareanimportantmeansofachievingthisco-operation.Building-blocktoysjigsawpuzzlesandcrosswordaregoodexamples.Parentsvarygreatlyintheirdegreeofstrictnessorindulgencetowardstheirchildren.Somemaybeespeciallystrictinmoneymatters;othersaresevereovertimesofcominghomeatnightpunctualityformealsorpersonalcleanliness.50Ingeneralthecontrolsimposedrepresenttheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthecommunityasmuchasthechild’sownhappinessandwell-being.
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 14处填
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