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Electronic or "cyber" warfare holds the promise of destroying an army’s-or even a whole nation’s-...
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Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestroy
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestroy
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestroyin
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
CyberCafé网吧orcomputercentersarefoundinmanycitiesar
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
CyberCafecomputercentersarefoundinmanycitiesaround
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
CCyberCafecomputercentersarefoundinmanycitiesaroun
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestro
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41__________.Buttrafficexpertssaybuildingmoreroadsisaquick-fixsolutionthatwillnotalleviatethetrafficprobleminthelongrun.Soaringlandcostsincreasingconcernoversocialandenvironmentaldisruptionscausedbyroadbuildingandthelikelihoodthatmoreroadscanonlyleadtomorecarsandtrafficarepowerfulfactorsbearingdownona1950s-styleconstructionprogram. 42__________.Proponentsofthisadvancedtechnologysayelectronicdetectionsystemsclosed-circuittelevisionradiocommunicationrampmeteringvariablemessagesingingandothersmart-highwaytechnologycannowbeusedatareasonablecosttoimprovecommunicationbetweendriversandthepeoplewhomonitortraffic. PathfinderaSantaMonicaCalifornia-basedsmart-highwayprojectinwhicha14-milestretchoftheSantaMonicaFreewaymakingupwhatiscalleda"smartcorridor"isbeinginstrumentedwithburiedloopsinthepavement.Closedcircuittelevisioncamerassurveytheflowoftrafficwhilecommunicationslinkedtoproperlyequippedautomobilesadvisemotoristsoftheleastcongestedroutesordetours. 43__________. "ElectronicsonthehighwayaddressesjustoneaspectoftheProblem:howtoregulatetrafficmoreefficiently"explainsMichaelRennetseniorresearcherattheWorldwatchInstitute."Itdoesn’tdealwiththecentralproblemoftoomanycarsforroadsthatcan’tbebuiltfastenough.Itsendspeoplethewrongmessage:Theystartthinking’Yesthereusedtobeatrafficcongestionproblembutthat’sbeensolvednowbecausewehaveanadvancedhigh-techsysteminplace.’"Larsonagreesandadds44"__________". Othertrafficproblem-solvingoptionsbeingstudiedandexperimentedwithincludecarpoolingrapidmass-transitsystemsstaggeredorflexibleworkhoursandroadpricingasystemwherebymotoristspayacertainamountforthetimetheyuseahighway. 45__________. [A]Smarthighwaysarejustoneofthetoolsthatwewillusetodealwithourtrafficproblems.It’snotthesolutionitselfjustpartofthepackage.Therearedifferentstrategies [B]Itseemsthatweneedanewmajorthrusttodealwiththetrafficproblemsofthenext20years.Therehastobeabigchange. [C]It’stakingadvantageofthetechnologyyouuseinyoureverydaylivesandputtingittoworkonhighways. [D]Trafficstatisticspaintagloomypicture.TohelpsolvetheirtrafficwoessomerapidlygrowingU.S.citieshavesimplybuiltmoreroads. [E]Thegoalofsmart-highwaytechnologyistomaketrafficsystemsworkatoptimumefficiencybytreatingtheroadandthevehiclestravelingonthemasanintegraltransportationsystem. [F]Smarthighwaysthatwillallowadrivertoprogramadestinationonadashboardcomputerthensitbackandenjoytheride. [G]Notalltrafficexpertshoweverlooktosmart-highwaytechnologyastheultimatesolutiontotrafficgridlock.Somesaythehigh-techapproachislimitedandcanonlyoffertemporarysolutionstoaseriousproblem. 41
Thefunctionoftheofficeistoperformadministrativework.Firstitmustprovidethenecessarycommunicationswithcustomersbanksgovernmentdepartmentsandotheroutsideorganizations.Seconditmustservicetheinformationrequirementswithinthecompanyitself.InordertomeettheseneedsefficientlytheOfficeManagermustemploythemostappropriatebusinessmethodssystemsandequipment.Inanefficientadministrativestructureclericaloperationsareorganizedsothattheyaddtotheprofitabilityofthebusiness.Howeverinmanycountriesthenumberofclericalstaffhasincreasedwhilethetotalnumberofworkersemployedinproductionhasfallen.InBritainforexamplethetotalworkforceintheyears1919-1976wentupby25%whilethenumberofpeoplewhowereemployedinclericalworkincreasedby150%.ForacountrysuchasBritainwhichdependsonamanufacturingbasethatcanmeaninefficiency.Toensurethatofficeservicesrunsmoothlytheremustbethemeanstochecksortcopyandfilecorrespondenceandotherpaperwork.Todaythereisagrowingrangeofmachinesthatcanbeusedtodosuchjobs.Thesizeandresourcesofacompanywilldeterminehowmechanizedorcomputerizeditsofficesystemsare.Theofficemustgivemaximumserviceatminimumcost.Abalancemustbekeptbetweenproductionmarketingandadministration.Asacompanydevelopsandgrowsthecontributionofadministrationwillvaryinkindandinvalue.Themostimportantobjectiveinmodernofficesistheprocessingofdatainordertoprovideameansofbusinesscontrolbutinmanycompaniesthereareweaknessesintheabilitytomanagecommunicationsefficiently.Forexamplesomedataareoftenusedonlybyindividualmanagersanddifferentdepartmentsinthesamecompanymayusedifferentdataprocessingsystems.InordertocontributetobusinessefficiencyhoweverdataprocessingmustbeacentralizedserviceThesystemwhichisrequiredisonethatlooksatthetotalneedsofabusinessandthereforeassistsmanagementinmakingappropriatedecisionsquickly.Thedegreeofcomputerizationinacompany’sofficeislimitedby______.
Scientistshaduntilveryrecentlybelievedthattherewerearound100000humangenesavailabletomakeeachandeveryoneofusinoursplendiddiversity.41__________.Sothatgrandpanjandrumthehumanmaynotmanagetoboasttwiceasmanygenesasthatmicroscopicnowhere—wormwithits18000genesthenematode.Eventhefruitflyconsideredsonegligiblethateventhemostextremeofanimalrightsactivistsdon’tkickupafussaboutitsextensiveuseingeneticexperimentationhas16000genes.42__________. Withoutunderstandingintheleastwhatthescientificimplicationsofthisdiscoverymightbeanybodywiththesmallestcuriosityaboutpeople—andthat’sprettymuchallofus—canseethatitisprettysignificant.43__________.HumancomplexityonthisinformationcanheBestexplainedinthemanneritlookstobebestexplainedbeforescientificevidencebecomesinvolvedatall.Inotherwordsinthenatureversusnurturedebatetheanswerthankfullyis"both". 44__________.Nurturedoeshaveahugeparttoplayinhumandestiny.Lovecantransformhumans.Trustcanmakeadifference.Secondchancesareworthtrying.Lifetoafargreaterextentthansciencethoughtupuntilnowiswhatwemakeit.Onedaywemayknowexactlywhatwecanalterandwhatwecannot.Knowingthatthereisagreatdealthatwecanalterorimproveaswellasagreatdealthatwemustacceptandvalueforitsownsakemakesthehumanjourneyprogressiveratherthandeterministiccomplexandopenratherthansimpleandunchangeable. Fornoonecansuggestthat30000genesdoesnt’tgivethehumanracemuchroomformanoeuver.Lookhowmanytunesafterallwe’reabletosqueezeoutofeightnotes.ButitsurelymustgivethelietotherathersinisterbeliefthathasbeengainingcredenceintheWestthatthereisahardwiredno-prisoners-takengeneforabsolutelyeverythingandthatwholesectionsofthepopulationcanbelabelledas"stupid"or"lazy"or"criminal"orsomehoworothersub-human.45__________. [A]Insteadliketheeightnoteswhichcanonlymakemusicalbeitinastoundingdiversitythe30000genescanonlymakepeople.Therestisuptous. [B]Nowthetworivalteamsdecodingthebooklifehaveeachfoundthatinsteadthereareonlysomewherebetween30000and40000genes. [C]There’snothingwrongwithourgenes:it’sthatourmodernfoodsupplyhasgivenusfartoomanycaloriesandfarmorefoodprocessingthanourbodiesevolvedtohandle. [D]Themostobviousconclusiontobedrawnfromthelimitednumberofgenesavailabletoprogrammeahumanisthatbiologicaldeterninationgoessofarandnofurther. [E]WhyisthissoimportantBecauseitshouldmeanthatwecanacceptoneanother’sdifferencesmoreeasilyandhelpeachotherwhenappropriate. [F]Somegeneswereidentifiedinbothofthepreviousstudieswhichmadetheresearchersfeelprettysurethattheywereindeedlookingatagene. [G]Notforthefirsttimeithastobeadmittedthatit’safunnyoldworldandthatwehumansarethebeingswhomakeitsuch. 45
TheU.S.BureauhasestimatedthatthepopulationoftheUnitedStatescouldapproach300millionin2000andwillbe400millionin2020.AndtheU.S.DepartmentofCommerceestimatesthattheaverageU.S.percapitaincomewillincreasefrom＄3400in1969totheequivalentof＄8300assuminga1967pricelevelintheyear20002.5timesasmuchasthatof1969.AccordingtogovernmentstatisticsintheUnitedStatesthereareover110millioncarsandmorepeoplemeansmorecars.BytheendoftwentiesofnextcenturythepopulationoftheUnitedStateswillhavedoubledthatoftodayandthenumberofautomobileswillbedoubledaswell.Andintwenty-year’stimethepercapitaincomewillalsobe2.5timeshigherthanitis.Ifthisincreaseincomeisspentonmoreandlargerautomobileslargerhousesandincreasedconsumptionofothermaterialgoodstheresultscouldcausecatastrophicresourceexhaustionandpollution.Taketheincreaseoftheconsumptionofoilforinstance.Theconsumptionissohugethatthereservesmightlastonlyadecadeortwoifnotsupplementedbyimports.Tenyearsagoitappearedthatnuclearpowerwouldsolvetheanticipatedenergycrisis.Althoughsuppliesofuraniumfuelwereknowntobelimitedandmightbecomeexhaustedinhalfacenturythenuclearpowerplanthasforalongtimebeenafavoriteproject.Butworkonithasmetwithgraveproblems.Thefearofpossibleatomicexplosionandtheproblemofdisposingofpollutingby-productwastehavesloweddowntheconstructionoffurthernuclearplants.Eventuallyatomictechnologymaybeabletocontroltheseproblemsbutatpresentthereseemstobelittleagreementamongatomicscientistsaboutwhenthiscanbeachieved.Accordingtothepassagewhatisthepopulationofthetimewhenthepassageiswritten
Directions:Yourneighboroftenplaysrecordssoloudlydeepintothenight.Writeanotetoconveyyourcomplaint.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.
Theinitialfundofgeneralscientificknowledgeisaninvaluableasset财产buttheyoungresearchworkershouldhavenoillusion错觉abouthowlittleitiscomparedwithwhatheorsheshouldacquireduringsucceedingyears.Astotheprecisevalueofthisinitialfundofknowledgethisdependstoagreatdegreeonhowithasbeenacquiredandonwhohasbeenimparting传授it.46Youngscientistscannotrealizetoosoonthatexistingscientificknowledgeisnotnearlysocompletecertainandunalterableasmanytextbooksseemtoimply.Theoriginalpapersofgreatscientistsdescribingtheirdiscoveriesandexplainingtheirtheoriesareneverasrigidandself-confidentastheresumes摘要说明ofthesediscoveriesandtheoriesintextbooksbyothermenoftensuggest.Youngscientistsconsultingtheseoriginalworkswillfindinthem"itappearsthat""itprobablymeans""itseemslikelythat"morethanonceasexpressionsofelementsofdoubtwhichgreatmenfeltandhonestlyputonrecord.47Manystatementswhichhaveappearedintextbooksasuniversalandabsolutetruthshaveintheiroriginalformbeenputforwordasonlyapproximatelytrueortrueonlyincertaincircumstances. Immediatelyuponstartingonthefirstseriouspieceofresearchayoungscientistmustthereforedotwothings.48Thefirstoftheseshouldbeacarefulreadingoforiginalpapersorbooksrelatingtotheproblemwrittenbyinvestigatorswhosetechniqueandjudgementhecantrust.Whilereadingthesepublicationsinamostattentiveandreceptivemannertheyoungscientistmustnotfallintotheerrorofplacinginthemagreaterconfidencethantheirauthorwouldwishhimtodo.49Nogreatscientisteverwantshispupilstobemeregramophonerecordsfaithfullyreproducinghisremarksneverquestioninganythingneverwantingtoaddtoorsubtractfromwhathehasgiventhem. Thesecondthingayoungscientistmustdoalmostbutnotquitesimultaneouslywiththefirstistoproceedwithobservationsandexperiments.50Theinitialobservationsandexperimentswillbefailuresbuttheywillhelpthedevelopmentofappropriateexperimentaltechniqueandtheywillgiveagreaterunderstandingoftheliteraturetheyoungscientistisstudying. 49
Scientistshaduntilveryrecentlybelievedthattherewerearound100000humangenesavailabletomakeeachandeveryoneofusinoursplendiddiversity.41__________.Sothatgrandpanjandrumthehumanmaynotmanagetoboasttwiceasmanygenesasthatmicroscopicnowhere—wormwithits18000genesthenematode.Eventhefruitflyconsideredsonegligiblethateventhemostextremeofanimalrightsactivistsdon’tkickupafussaboutitsextensiveuseingeneticexperimentationhas16000genes.42__________. Withoutunderstandingintheleastwhatthescientificimplicationsofthisdiscoverymightbeanybodywiththesmallestcuriosityaboutpeople—andthat’sprettymuchallofus—canseethatitisprettysignificant.43__________.HumancomplexityonthisinformationcanheBestexplainedinthemanneritlookstobebestexplainedbeforescientificevidencebecomesinvolvedatall.Inotherwordsinthenatureversusnurturedebatetheanswerthankfullyis"both". 44__________.Nurturedoeshaveahugeparttoplayinhumandestiny.Lovecantransformhumans.Trustcanmakeadifference.Secondchancesareworthtrying.Lifetoafargreaterextentthansciencethoughtupuntilnowiswhatwemakeit.Onedaywemayknowexactlywhatwecanalterandwhatwecannot.Knowingthatthereisagreatdealthatwecanalterorimproveaswellasagreatdealthatwemustacceptandvalueforitsownsakemakesthehumanjourneyprogressiveratherthandeterministiccomplexandopenratherthansimpleandunchangeable. Fornoonecansuggestthat30000genesdoesnt’tgivethehumanracemuchroomformanoeuver.Lookhowmanytunesafterallwe’reabletosqueezeoutofeightnotes.ButitsurelymustgivethelietotherathersinisterbeliefthathasbeengainingcredenceintheWestthatthereisahardwiredno-prisoners-takengeneforabsolutelyeverythingandthatwholesectionsofthepopulationcanbelabelledas"stupid"or"lazy"or"criminal"orsomehoworothersub-human.45__________. [A]Insteadliketheeightnoteswhichcanonlymakemusicalbeitinastoundingdiversitythe30000genescanonlymakepeople.Therestisuptous. [B]Nowthetworivalteamsdecodingthebooklifehaveeachfoundthatinsteadthereareonlysomewherebetween30000and40000genes. [C]There’snothingwrongwithourgenes:it’sthatourmodernfoodsupplyhasgivenusfartoomanycaloriesandfarmorefoodprocessingthanourbodiesevolvedtohandle. [D]Themostobviousconclusiontobedrawnfromthelimitednumberofgenesavailabletoprogrammeahumanisthatbiologicaldeterninationgoessofarandnofurther. [E]WhyisthissoimportantBecauseitshouldmeanthatwecanacceptoneanother’sdifferencesmoreeasilyandhelpeachotherwhenappropriate. [F]Somegeneswereidentifiedinbothofthepreviousstudieswhichmadetheresearchersfeelprettysurethattheywereindeedlookingatagene. [G]Notforthefirsttimeithastobeadmittedthatit’safunnyoldworldandthatwehumansarethebeingswhomakeitsuch. 43
TheU.S.BureauhasestimatedthatthepopulationoftheUnitedStatescouldapproach300millionin2000andwillbe400millionin2020.AndtheU.S.DepartmentofCommerceestimatesthattheaverageU.S.percapitaincomewillincreasefrom＄3400in1969totheequivalentof＄8300assuminga1967pricelevelintheyear20002.5timesasmuchasthatof1969.AccordingtogovernmentstatisticsintheUnitedStatesthereareover110millioncarsandmorepeoplemeansmorecars.BytheendoftwentiesofnextcenturythepopulationoftheUnitedStateswillhavedoubledthatoftodayandthenumberofautomobileswillbedoubledaswell.Andintwenty-year’stimethepercapitaincomewillalsobe2.5timeshigherthanitis.Ifthisincreaseincomeisspentonmoreandlargerautomobileslargerhousesandincreasedconsumptionofothermaterialgoodstheresultscouldcausecatastrophicresourceexhaustionandpollution.Taketheincreaseoftheconsumptionofoilforinstance.Theconsumptionissohugethatthereservesmightlastonlyadecadeortwoifnotsupplementedbyimports.Tenyearsagoitappearedthatnuclearpowerwouldsolvetheanticipatedenergycrisis.Althoughsuppliesofuraniumfuelwereknowntobelimitedandmightbecomeexhaustedinhalfacenturythenuclearpowerplanthasforalongtimebeenafavoriteproject.Butworkonithasmetwithgraveproblems.Thefearofpossibleatomicexplosionandtheproblemofdisposingofpollutingby-productwastehavesloweddowntheconstructionoffurthernuclearplants.Eventuallyatomictechnologymaybeabletocontroltheseproblemsbutatpresentthereseemstobelittleagreementamongatomicscientistsaboutwhenthiscanbeachieved.Thenuclearenergy______.
Everybodydances.Ifyouhave1swervedtoavoidsteppingonacrackinthesidewalkyouhavedanced.Ifyouhaveeverkneeledtoprayyouhavedanced.Fortheseactionshavefiguredimportantly2thehistoryofdance.Dancegoes3tothebeginningsofcivilization—4thetribe—wherenativesdancedtoget5theywanted.Primitivedancewas6allpracticalnotthesocialdancingweknowtoday.Nativesapproacheddancewith7seriousnessasawaytohelpthetribeinthecrucialprocess8survival.Dancewasbelievedtobethe9directwaytorepellocuststo10raintofalltoinsurethatamaleheirwouldbebornand11guaranteevictoryinaforthcomingbattle. Primitive12wasgenerallydonebymanypeoplemovinginthesamemanneranddirection.13alldanceshadleaderssolodances14rare.Muchusewasmadeof15partofthebody.Andso16werethesetribaldancesthatifanative17missasinglestephewouldbeputtodeath18thespot.Fortunatelythesamerigid19thatgovernedthelivesofthesepeopledonotapplyinthe20relaxedsettingsoftoday’sdiscotheques. 3
41__________.Buttrafficexpertssaybuildingmoreroadsisaquick-fixsolutionthatwillnotalleviatethetrafficprobleminthelongrun.Soaringlandcostsincreasingconcernoversocialandenvironmentaldisruptionscausedbyroadbuildingandthelikelihoodthatmoreroadscanonlyleadtomorecarsandtrafficarepowerfulfactorsbearingdownona1950s-styleconstructionprogram. 42__________.Proponentsofthisadvancedtechnologysayelectronicdetectionsystemsclosed-circuittelevisionradiocommunicationrampmeteringvariablemessagesingingandothersmart-highwaytechnologycannowbeusedatareasonablecosttoimprovecommunicationbetweendriversandthepeoplewhomonitortraffic. PathfinderaSantaMonicaCalifornia-basedsmart-highwayprojectinwhicha14-milestretchoftheSantaMonicaFreewaymakingupwhatiscalleda"smartcorridor"isbeinginstrumentedwithburiedloopsinthepavement.Closedcircuittelevisioncamerassurveytheflowoftrafficwhilecommunicationslinkedtoproperlyequippedautomobilesadvisemotoristsoftheleastcongestedroutesordetours. 43__________. "ElectronicsonthehighwayaddressesjustoneaspectoftheProblem:howtoregulatetrafficmoreefficiently"explainsMichaelRennetseniorresearcherattheWorldwatchInstitute."Itdoesn’tdealwiththecentralproblemoftoomanycarsforroadsthatcan’tbebuiltfastenough.Itsendspeoplethewrongmessage:Theystartthinking’Yesthereusedtobeatrafficcongestionproblembutthat’sbeensolvednowbecausewehaveanadvancedhigh-techsysteminplace.’"Larsonagreesandadds44"__________". Othertrafficproblem-solvingoptionsbeingstudiedandexperimentedwithincludecarpoolingrapidmass-transitsystemsstaggeredorflexibleworkhoursandroadpricingasystemwherebymotoristspayacertainamountforthetimetheyuseahighway. 45__________. [A]Smarthighwaysarejustoneofthetoolsthatwewillusetodealwithourtrafficproblems.It’snotthesolutionitselfjustpartofthepackage.Therearedifferentstrategies [B]Itseemsthatweneedanewmajorthrusttodealwiththetrafficproblemsofthenext20years.Therehastobeabigchange. [C]It’stakingadvantageofthetechnologyyouuseinyoureverydaylivesandputtingittoworkonhighways. [D]Trafficstatisticspaintagloomypicture.TohelpsolvetheirtrafficwoessomerapidlygrowingU.S.citieshavesimplybuiltmoreroads. [E]Thegoalofsmart-highwaytechnologyistomaketrafficsystemsworkatoptimumefficiencybytreatingtheroadandthevehiclestravelingonthemasanintegraltransportationsystem. [F]Smarthighwaysthatwillallowadrivertoprogramadestinationonadashboardcomputerthensitbackandenjoytheride. [G]Notalltrafficexpertshoweverlooktosmart-highwaytechnologyastheultimatesolutiontotrafficgridlock.Somesaythehigh-techapproachislimitedandcanonlyoffertemporarysolutionstoaseriousproblem. 45
Everybodydances.Ifyouhave1swervedtoavoidsteppingonacrackinthesidewalkyouhavedanced.Ifyouhaveeverkneeledtoprayyouhavedanced.Fortheseactionshavefiguredimportantly2thehistoryofdance.Dancegoes3tothebeginningsofcivilization—4thetribe—wherenativesdancedtoget5theywanted.Primitivedancewas6allpracticalnotthesocialdancingweknowtoday.Nativesapproacheddancewith7seriousnessasawaytohelpthetribeinthecrucialprocess8survival.Dancewasbelievedtobethe9directwaytorepellocuststo10raintofalltoinsurethatamaleheirwouldbebornand11guaranteevictoryinaforthcomingbattle. Primitive12wasgenerallydonebymanypeoplemovinginthesamemanneranddirection.13alldanceshadleaderssolodances14rare.Muchusewasmadeof15partofthebody.Andso16werethesetribaldancesthatifanative17missasinglestephewouldbeputtodeath18thespot.Fortunatelythesamerigid19thatgovernedthelivesofthesepeopledonotapplyinthe20relaxedsettingsoftoday’sdiscotheques. 15
Peoplebelievedforalongtimethattheheartwasthecenterofaperson’semotions.Thatiswhytheheartisusedinsomanyexpressionsaboutemotionalsituations. 46Onesuchexpressionisto"loseyourheart"tosomeone.Whenthathappensyouhavefalleninlove.Butifthepersonwho"wonyourheart"doesnotloveyouthenyouaresuretohavea"brokenheart".Inyourpainandsadnessyoumaydecidethatpersonis"hard-hearted"andinfacthasa"heartofstone". Youmaydecideto"pouroutyourheart"toafriend.Tellingsomeoneaboutyourpersonalproblemscanmakeyoufeelbetter. 47Ifyourfrienddoesnotseemtounderstandhowpainfulyourbrokenheartisyoumayaskhimto"haveaheart".Youareaskinghimtoshowsomesympathytounderstandhowimportantallthisistoyou.Yourfriend"hashisheartintherightplace"ifhesaysheissorryandshowsgreatconcernforyoursituation. 48Hemayhoweverwarnyou"nottowearyourheartonyoursleeve".Inotherwordsdonotleteveryoneseehowlovesickyouare.Whenyourheartisonyoursleeveyouareshowingyourdeepestemotions. Ifyourfriendsays"myheartbleedsforyou"thenheisacold-heartedpersonwhodoesnotreallycareabouthisfriends.Whatheisreallysayingisthathisheartdoesnotbleedforyou.Heisuncaring. Letusturnfrom"affairsoftheheart"ormattersoflovetosomeotherheartexpressionsaboutotheremotions;courageforexample. ThewordcouragecomesfromtheLatinword"cor"meaningheart.Someonewhoislackingcourageissaidto"lackheart". 49ThecowardlylioninthemotionpictureTheWizardofOzbelievedhelackedhearthewasalwaysafraid.SohemadeadifficulttriptoseekthemightyWizardofOztoaskforaheart. Youcouldsaythatthecowardlylionwas"chicken-hearted".Thatisanotherwayofdescribingsomeonewhoisnotverybrave.Achickenisnotnotedforitsbravery.Thussomeonewhoischicken-heartedisnotverybraveorbold. Whenyouarefrightenedorconcernedyour"heartisinyourmouth".Youmightsayforexamplethatyourheartwasinyourmouthwhenyouaskedthebankformoremoney. 50Ifthebanksaysnottoyoudonot"loseheart".Be"stronghearted".Gotothebank.Sitdownwiththebankerandhavea"hearttoheart"talk.Beopenandhonest.Explainyoursituation. Asaresultofthismeetingthebankmayhavea"changeofheart".Itmayagreetolendyouthemoney.Thisworld"putyourheartatrest".Youcouldstopworrying. 49
Theinitialfundofgeneralscientificknowledgeisaninvaluableasset财产buttheyoungresearchworkershouldhavenoillusion错觉abouthowlittleitiscomparedwithwhatheorsheshouldacquireduringsucceedingyears.Astotheprecisevalueofthisinitialfundofknowledgethisdependstoagreatdegreeonhowithasbeenacquiredandonwhohasbeenimparting传授it.46Youngscientistscannotrealizetoosoonthatexistingscientificknowledgeisnotnearlysocompletecertainandunalterableasmanytextbooksseemtoimply.Theoriginalpapersofgreatscientistsdescribingtheirdiscoveriesandexplainingtheirtheoriesareneverasrigidandself-confidentastheresumes摘要说明ofthesediscoveriesandtheoriesintextbooksbyothermenoftensuggest.Youngscientistsconsultingtheseoriginalworkswillfindinthem"itappearsthat""itprobablymeans""itseemslikelythat"morethanonceasexpressionsofelementsofdoubtwhichgreatmenfeltandhonestlyputonrecord.47Manystatementswhichhaveappearedintextbooksasuniversalandabsolutetruthshaveintheiroriginalformbeenputforwordasonlyapproximatelytrueortrueonlyincertaincircumstances. Immediatelyuponstartingonthefirstseriouspieceofresearchayoungscientistmustthereforedotwothings.48Thefirstoftheseshouldbeacarefulreadingoforiginalpapersorbooksrelatingtotheproblemwrittenbyinvestigatorswhosetechniqueandjudgementhecantrust.Whilereadingthesepublicationsinamostattentiveandreceptivemannertheyoungscientistmustnotfallintotheerrorofplacinginthemagreaterconfidencethantheirauthorwouldwishhimtodo.49Nogreatscientisteverwantshispupilstobemeregramophonerecordsfaithfullyreproducinghisremarksneverquestioninganythingneverwantingtoaddtoorsubtractfromwhathehasgiventhem. Thesecondthingayoungscientistmustdoalmostbutnotquitesimultaneouslywiththefirstistoproceedwithobservationsandexperiments.50Theinitialobservationsandexperimentswillbefailuresbuttheywillhelpthedevelopmentofappropriateexperimentaltechniqueandtheywillgiveagreaterunderstandingoftheliteraturetheyoungscientistisstudying. 47
41__________.Buttrafficexpertssaybuildingmoreroadsisaquick-fixsolutionthatwillnotalleviatethetrafficprobleminthelongrun.Soaringlandcostsincreasingconcernoversocialandenvironmentaldisruptionscausedbyroadbuildingandthelikelihoodthatmoreroadscanonlyleadtomorecarsandtrafficarepowerfulfactorsbearingdownona1950s-styleconstructionprogram. 42__________.Proponentsofthisadvancedtechnologysayelectronicdetectionsystemsclosed-circuittelevisionradiocommunicationrampmeteringvariablemessagesingingandothersmart-highwaytechnologycannowbeusedatareasonablecosttoimprovecommunicationbetweendriversandthepeoplewhomonitortraffic. PathfinderaSantaMonicaCalifornia-basedsmart-highwayprojectinwhicha14-milestretchoftheSantaMonicaFreewaymakingupwhatiscalleda"smartcorridor"isbeinginstrumentedwithburiedloopsinthepavement.Closedcircuittelevisioncamerassurveytheflowoftrafficwhilecommunicationslinkedtoproperlyequippedautomobilesadvisemotoristsoftheleastcongestedroutesordetours. 43__________. "ElectronicsonthehighwayaddressesjustoneaspectoftheProblem:howtoregulatetrafficmoreefficiently"explainsMichaelRennetseniorresearcherattheWorldwatchInstitute."Itdoesn’tdealwiththecentralproblemoftoomanycarsforroadsthatcan’tbebuiltfastenough.Itsendspeoplethewrongmessage:Theystartthinking’Yesthereusedtobeatrafficcongestionproblembutthat’sbeensolvednowbecausewehaveanadvancedhigh-techsysteminplace.’"Larsonagreesandadds44"__________". Othertrafficproblem-solvingoptionsbeingstudiedandexperimentedwithincludecarpoolingrapidmass-transitsystemsstaggeredorflexibleworkhoursandroadpricingasystemwherebymotoristspayacertainamountforthetimetheyuseahighway. 45__________. [A]Smarthighwaysarejustoneofthetoolsthatwewillusetodealwithourtrafficproblems.It’snotthesolutionitselfjustpartofthepackage.Therearedifferentstrategies [B]Itseemsthatweneedanewmajorthrusttodealwiththetrafficproblemsofthenext20years.Therehastobeabigchange. [C]It’stakingadvantageofthetechnologyyouuseinyoureverydaylivesandputtingittoworkonhighways. [D]Trafficstatisticspaintagloomypicture.TohelpsolvetheirtrafficwoessomerapidlygrowingU.S.citieshavesimplybuiltmoreroads. [E]Thegoalofsmart-highwaytechnologyistomaketrafficsystemsworkatoptimumefficiencybytreatingtheroadandthevehiclestravelingonthemasanintegraltransportationsystem. [F]Smarthighwaysthatwillallowadrivertoprogramadestinationonadashboardcomputerthensitbackandenjoytheride. [G]Notalltrafficexpertshoweverlooktosmart-highwaytechnologyastheultimatesolutiontotrafficgridlock.Somesaythehigh-techapproachislimitedandcanonlyoffertemporarysolutionstoaseriousproblem. 43
Everybodydances.Ifyouhave1swervedtoavoidsteppingonacrackinthesidewalkyouhavedanced.Ifyouhaveeverkneeledtoprayyouhavedanced.Fortheseactionshavefiguredimportantly2thehistoryofdance.Dancegoes3tothebeginningsofcivilization—4thetribe—wherenativesdancedtoget5theywanted.Primitivedancewas6allpracticalnotthesocialdancingweknowtoday.Nativesapproacheddancewith7seriousnessasawaytohelpthetribeinthecrucialprocess8survival.Dancewasbelievedtobethe9directwaytorepellocuststo10raintofalltoinsurethatamaleheirwouldbebornand11guaranteevictoryinaforthcomingbattle. Primitive12wasgenerallydonebymanypeoplemovinginthesamemanneranddirection.13alldanceshadleaderssolodances14rare.Muchusewasmadeof15partofthebody.Andso16werethesetribaldancesthatifanative17missasinglestephewouldbeputtodeath18thespot.Fortunatelythesamerigid19thatgovernedthelivesofthesepeopledonotapplyinthe20relaxedsettingsoftoday’sdiscotheques. 13
Thefunctionoftheofficeistoperformadministrativework.Firstitmustprovidethenecessarycommunicationswithcustomersbanksgovernmentdepartmentsandotheroutsideorganizations.Seconditmustservicetheinformationrequirementswithinthecompanyitself.InordertomeettheseneedsefficientlytheOfficeManagermustemploythemostappropriatebusinessmethodssystemsandequipment.Inanefficientadministrativestructureclericaloperationsareorganizedsothattheyaddtotheprofitabilityofthebusiness.Howeverinmanycountriesthenumberofclericalstaffhasincreasedwhilethetotalnumberofworkersemployedinproductionhasfallen.InBritainforexamplethetotalworkforceintheyears1919-1976wentupby25%whilethenumberofpeoplewhowereemployedinclericalworkincreasedby150%.ForacountrysuchasBritainwhichdependsonamanufacturingbasethatcanmeaninefficiency.Toensurethatofficeservicesrunsmoothlytheremustbethemeanstochecksortcopyandfilecorrespondenceandotherpaperwork.Todaythereisagrowingrangeofmachinesthatcanbeusedtodosuchjobs.Thesizeandresourcesofacompanywilldeterminehowmechanizedorcomputerizeditsofficesystemsare.Theofficemustgivemaximumserviceatminimumcost.Abalancemustbekeptbetweenproductionmarketingandadministration.Asacompanydevelopsandgrowsthecontributionofadministrationwillvaryinkindandinvalue.Themostimportantobjectiveinmodernofficesistheprocessingofdatainordertoprovideameansofbusinesscontrolbutinmanycompaniesthereareweaknessesintheabilitytomanagecommunicationsefficiently.Forexamplesomedataareoftenusedonlybyindividualmanagersanddifferentdepartmentsinthesamecompanymayusedifferentdataprocessingsystems.InordertocontributetobusinessefficiencyhoweverdataprocessingmustbeacentralizedserviceThesystemwhichisrequiredisonethatlooksatthetotalneedsofabusinessandthereforeassistsmanagementinmakingappropriatedecisionsquickly.Accordingtothepassagethefunctionoftheofficemanageristo______.
Everybodydances.Ifyouhave1swervedtoavoidsteppingonacrackinthesidewalkyouhavedanced.Ifyouhaveeverkneeledtoprayyouhavedanced.Fortheseactionshavefiguredimportantly2thehistoryofdance.Dancegoes3tothebeginningsofcivilization—4thetribe—wherenativesdancedtoget5theywanted.Primitivedancewas6allpracticalnotthesocialdancingweknowtoday.Nativesapproacheddancewith7seriousnessasawaytohelpthetribeinthecrucialprocess8survival.Dancewasbelievedtobethe9directwaytorepellocuststo10raintofalltoinsurethatamaleheirwouldbebornand11guaranteevictoryinaforthcomingbattle. Primitive12wasgenerallydonebymanypeoplemovinginthesamemanneranddirection.13alldanceshadleaderssolodances14rare.Muchusewasmadeof15partofthebody.Andso16werethesetribaldancesthatifanative17missasinglestephewouldbeputtodeath18thespot.Fortunatelythesamerigid19thatgovernedthelivesofthesepeopledonotapplyinthe20relaxedsettingsoftoday’sdiscotheques. 19
ThepollutionofHongKong’sbeachesbyoilfromadamagedtankerlastyearrecallsasimilarincidentwhichtookplaceinBritainin1967whentheTorreyCanyonahugeoiltankersplitintwoandcauseddisasterincoastalareas.Shoalsoffisheswerekilledseabirdshopelesslyfouledwithoilandcoastalholidayresortsputoutofbusinessforseveralweeks.AsaresultofthisparticularincidentscientistsarebecomingrestlessatthethoughtofBritain’sinabilitytocopewithnationaldisastersonalargescale.Thereasonfortheirconcernisthattechnologyisrapidlyoutstripping超越man’sabilitytocontrolit.Oiltankersforinstancehavebeenallowedtogetbiggerandbiggerwithoutsufficientthoughtbeinggiventoemergencybrakingandmanoeuvringarrangement.Collisionsatseacontinuebutlittleeffecthasbeenmadetodevelopsafetydevicesaseffectiveasthoseusedforaircraft.ScientistswereoutspokeninexpressingtheirconcernduringarecentmeetingoftheBritishAssociation.Unanimousapprovalwasvoicedwhentheleadingspeakerurgedthatapermanentnationalrescueservicesshouldbeestablishedequippedforanyemergencyandreadytomoveoffimmediately.Ofallthepossibledisastersmentionedtheonepromotingmostdiscussionwasamajorreleaseofradioactivityfromanuclearpowerstation.Onedoesnotneedaparticularlyvividimaginationtovisualizetheotherpossibilitiesdiscussed.Whatwouldbetheeffectofajumbo-jetcrashingonalargechemicalplanthandlingdestroyingliquidsCouldthetappingofnaturalgasleadtoanyformofcollapseSupposealorryfullofahighlypoisonouschemicalcrashedunseenintoalargereservoirDamscanburstabnormalconditionscanleadtomassiveelectricalblackouts.Anintensivestudyofsuchpossibilitiescouldatleastreducetheeffectsoffuturedisasters.Forexampleitwouldmeanthatanumberoftechnicalalternativessuchasthechoicebetweendetergentorchalkfordispersingoilcouldbeexaminedandtestedinadvancesothatspeciallytrainedexpertwouldknowexactlywhatactionwasneededinagivenemergency.Themainideaofthesecondparagraphisthat______.
Whentheyadviseyourkidstogetaneducationifyouwanttoraiseyourincometheytellyouonlyhalfthetruth.Whattheyreallymeanistogetjustenougheducationtoprovidemanpowerforyoursocietybutnottoomuchthatproveanembarrassmenttoyoursociety.Gethighschooldiplomaatleast.WithoutthatyouareoccupationallydeadunlessyournamehappenstobeGeorgeBernardShaworThomasAlvaEdisonandyoucansuccessfullydropoutingradeschool.Getacollegedegreeifpossible.WithaB.A.youareonthelaunchingpad发射台.Butnowyouhavetostarttoputonthebrakes.Ifyougoforamaster’sdegreemakesureitisaM.B.A.andonlyfromafirst-rateuniversity.Beyondthisthefamouslawofdiminishingreturnsbeginstotakeeffect.Doyouknowforinstancethatlong-haultruckdriversearnmoreayearthanfullprofessorsYestheaverage1977salaryforthosetruckerswas＄24000whilethefullprofessorsmanagedtoaveragejust＄23930.APh.D.isthehighestdegreeyoucangetbutexceptinafewspecializedfieldssuchasphysicsorchemistrywherethedegreecanquicklybeturnedtoindustrialorcommercialpurposesyouarefacingadimfuture.TherearemorePh.D.sunemployedorunderemployedinthiscountrythaninanyotherpartoftheworldbyfar.IfyoubecomeadoctorofphilosophyinEnglishorhistoryoranthropologyorpoliticalscienceorlanguageor—worstofall—inphilosophyyouruntheriskofbecomingovereducatedforournationaldemands.Notforourneedsmindyoubutforourdemands.ThousandsofPh.D.saresellingshoesdrivingcabswaitingontablesandfillingoutfruitlessapplicationsmonthaftermonth.Andthenmaybetakingajobinsomehighschoolorbackwatercollegethatpaysmuchlessthanthejanitor看门人earns.Youcanequatethelevelofincomewiththelevelofeductiononlysofar.Farenoughthatistomakeyouusefultothegrossnationalproductbutnotsofarthatnobodycanturnmuchofaprofitonyou.Thewriteriscriticalof______.
Whentheyadviseyourkidstogetaneducationifyouwanttoraiseyourincometheytellyouonlyhalfthetruth.Whattheyreallymeanistogetjustenougheducationtoprovidemanpowerforyoursocietybutnottoomuchthatproveanembarrassmenttoyoursociety.Gethighschooldiplomaatleast.WithoutthatyouareoccupationallydeadunlessyournamehappenstobeGeorgeBernardShaworThomasAlvaEdisonandyoucansuccessfullydropoutingradeschool.Getacollegedegreeifpossible.WithaB.A.youareonthelaunchingpad发射台.Butnowyouhavetostarttoputonthebrakes.Ifyougoforamaster’sdegreemakesureitisaM.B.A.andonlyfromafirst-rateuniversity.Beyondthisthefamouslawofdiminishingreturnsbeginstotakeeffect.Doyouknowforinstancethatlong-haultruckdriversearnmoreayearthanfullprofessorsYestheaverage1977salaryforthosetruckerswas＄24000whilethefullprofessorsmanagedtoaveragejust＄23930.APh.D.isthehighestdegreeyoucangetbutexceptinafewspecializedfieldssuchasphysicsorchemistrywherethedegreecanquicklybeturnedtoindustrialorcommercialpurposesyouarefacingadimfuture.TherearemorePh.D.sunemployedorunderemployedinthiscountrythaninanyotherpartoftheworldbyfar.IfyoubecomeadoctorofphilosophyinEnglishorhistoryoranthropologyorpoliticalscienceorlanguageor—worstofall—inphilosophyyouruntheriskofbecomingovereducatedforournationaldemands.Notforourneedsmindyoubutforourdemands.ThousandsofPh.D.saresellingshoesdrivingcabswaitingontablesandfillingoutfruitlessapplicationsmonthaftermonth.Andthenmaybetakingajobinsomehighschoolorbackwatercollegethatpaysmuchlessthanthejanitor看门人earns.Youcanequatethelevelofincomewiththelevelofeductiononlysofar.Farenoughthatistomakeyouusefultothegrossnationalproductbutnotsofarthatnobodycanturnmuchofaprofitonyou.Ph.D.aremostlikelyto______.
Everybodydances.Ifyouhave1swervedtoavoidsteppingonacrackinthesidewalkyouhavedanced.Ifyouhaveeverkneeledtoprayyouhavedanced.Fortheseactionshavefiguredimportantly2thehistoryofdance.Dancegoes3tothebeginningsofcivilization—4thetribe—wherenativesdancedtoget5theywanted.Primitivedancewas6allpracticalnotthesocialdancingweknowtoday.Nativesapproacheddancewith7seriousnessasawaytohelpthetribeinthecrucialprocess8survival.Dancewasbelievedtobethe9directwaytorepellocuststo10raintofalltoinsurethatamaleheirwouldbebornand11guaranteevictoryinaforthcomingbattle. Primitive12wasgenerallydonebymanypeoplemovinginthesamemanneranddirection.13alldanceshadleaderssolodances14rare.Muchusewasmadeof15partofthebody.Andso16werethesetribaldancesthatifanative17missasinglestephewouldbeputtodeath18thespot.Fortunatelythesamerigid19thatgovernedthelivesofthesepeopledonotapplyinthe20relaxedsettingsoftoday’sdiscotheques. 11
ThepollutionofHongKong’sbeachesbyoilfromadamagedtankerlastyearrecallsasimilarincidentwhichtookplaceinBritainin1967whentheTorreyCanyonahugeoiltankersplitintwoandcauseddisasterincoastalareas.Shoalsoffisheswerekilledseabirdshopelesslyfouledwithoilandcoastalholidayresortsputoutofbusinessforseveralweeks.AsaresultofthisparticularincidentscientistsarebecomingrestlessatthethoughtofBritain’sinabilitytocopewithnationaldisastersonalargescale.Thereasonfortheirconcernisthattechnologyisrapidlyoutstripping超越man’sabilitytocontrolit.Oiltankersforinstancehavebeenallowedtogetbiggerandbiggerwithoutsufficientthoughtbeinggiventoemergencybrakingandmanoeuvringarrangement.Collisionsatseacontinuebutlittleeffecthasbeenmadetodevelopsafetydevicesaseffectiveasthoseusedforaircraft.ScientistswereoutspokeninexpressingtheirconcernduringarecentmeetingoftheBritishAssociation.Unanimousapprovalwasvoicedwhentheleadingspeakerurgedthatapermanentnationalrescueservicesshouldbeestablishedequippedforanyemergencyandreadytomoveoffimmediately.Ofallthepossibledisastersmentionedtheonepromotingmostdiscussionwasamajorreleaseofradioactivityfromanuclearpowerstation.Onedoesnotneedaparticularlyvividimaginationtovisualizetheotherpossibilitiesdiscussed.Whatwouldbetheeffectofajumbo-jetcrashingonalargechemicalplanthandlingdestroyingliquidsCouldthetappingofnaturalgasleadtoanyformofcollapseSupposealorryfullofahighlypoisonouschemicalcrashedunseenintoalargereservoirDamscanburstabnormalconditionscanleadtomassiveelectricalblackouts.Anintensivestudyofsuchpossibilitiescouldatleastreducetheeffectsoffuturedisasters.Forexampleitwouldmeanthatanumberoftechnicalalternativessuchasthechoicebetweendetergentorchalkfordispersingoilcouldbeexaminedandtestedinadvancesothatspeciallytrainedexpertwouldknowexactlywhatactionwasneededinagivenemergency.Themainideaofthefinalparagraphisthat______.
ThepollutionofHongKong’sbeachesbyoilfromadamagedtankerlastyearrecallsasimilarincidentwhichtookplaceinBritainin1967whentheTorreyCanyonahugeoiltankersplitintwoandcauseddisasterincoastalareas.Shoalsoffisheswerekilledseabirdshopelesslyfouledwithoilandcoastalholidayresortsputoutofbusinessforseveralweeks.AsaresultofthisparticularincidentscientistsarebecomingrestlessatthethoughtofBritain’sinabilitytocopewithnationaldisastersonalargescale.Thereasonfortheirconcernisthattechnologyisrapidlyoutstripping超越man’sabilitytocontrolit.Oiltankersforinstancehavebeenallowedtogetbiggerandbiggerwithoutsufficientthoughtbeinggiventoemergencybrakingandmanoeuvringarrangement.Collisionsatseacontinuebutlittleeffecthasbeenmadetodevelopsafetydevicesaseffectiveasthoseusedforaircraft.ScientistswereoutspokeninexpressingtheirconcernduringarecentmeetingoftheBritishAssociation.Unanimousapprovalwasvoicedwhentheleadingspeakerurgedthatapermanentnationalrescueservicesshouldbeestablishedequippedforanyemergencyandreadytomoveoffimmediately.Ofallthepossibledisastersmentionedtheonepromotingmostdiscussionwasamajorreleaseofradioactivityfromanuclearpowerstation.Onedoesnotneedaparticularlyvividimaginationtovisualizetheotherpossibilitiesdiscussed.Whatwouldbetheeffectofajumbo-jetcrashingonalargechemicalplanthandlingdestroyingliquidsCouldthetappingofnaturalgasleadtoanyformofcollapseSupposealorryfullofahighlypoisonouschemicalcrashedunseenintoalargereservoirDamscanburstabnormalconditionscanleadtomassiveelectricalblackouts.Anintensivestudyofsuchpossibilitiescouldatleastreducetheeffectsoffuturedisasters.Forexampleitwouldmeanthatanumberoftechnicalalternativessuchasthechoicebetweendetergentorchalkfordispersingoilcouldbeexaminedandtestedinadvancesothatspeciallytrainedexpertwouldknowexactlywhatactionwasneededinagivenemergency.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardtherapiddevelopmentoftechnology
Everybodydances.Ifyouhave1swervedtoavoidsteppingonacrackinthesidewalkyouhavedanced.Ifyouhaveeverkneeledtoprayyouhavedanced.Fortheseactionshavefiguredimportantly2thehistoryofdance.Dancegoes3tothebeginningsofcivilization—4thetribe—wherenativesdancedtoget5theywanted.Primitivedancewas6allpracticalnotthesocialdancingweknowtoday.Nativesapproacheddancewith7seriousnessasawaytohelpthetribeinthecrucialprocess8survival.Dancewasbelievedtobethe9directwaytorepellocuststo10raintofalltoinsurethatamaleheirwouldbebornand11guaranteevictoryinaforthcomingbattle. Primitive12wasgenerallydonebymanypeoplemovinginthesamemanneranddirection.13alldanceshadleaderssolodances14rare.Muchusewasmadeof15partofthebody.Andso16werethesetribaldancesthatifanative17missasinglestephewouldbeputtodeath18thespot.Fortunatelythesamerigid19thatgovernedthelivesofthesepeopledonotapplyinthe20relaxedsettingsoftoday’sdiscotheques. 1
Peoplebelievedforalongtimethattheheartwasthecenterofaperson’semotions.Thatiswhytheheartisusedinsomanyexpressionsaboutemotionalsituations. 46Onesuchexpressionisto"loseyourheart"tosomeone.Whenthathappensyouhavefalleninlove.Butifthepersonwho"wonyourheart"doesnotloveyouthenyouaresuretohavea"brokenheart".Inyourpainandsadnessyoumaydecidethatpersonis"hard-hearted"andinfacthasa"heartofstone". Youmaydecideto"pouroutyourheart"toafriend.Tellingsomeoneaboutyourpersonalproblemscanmakeyoufeelbetter. 47Ifyourfrienddoesnotseemtounderstandhowpainfulyourbrokenheartisyoumayaskhimto"haveaheart".Youareaskinghimtoshowsomesympathytounderstandhowimportantallthisistoyou.Yourfriend"hashisheartintherightplace"ifhesaysheissorryandshowsgreatconcernforyoursituation. 48Hemayhoweverwarnyou"nottowearyourheartonyoursleeve".Inotherwordsdonotleteveryoneseehowlovesickyouare.Whenyourheartisonyoursleeveyouareshowingyourdeepestemotions. Ifyourfriendsays"myheartbleedsforyou"thenheisacold-heartedpersonwhodoesnotreallycareabouthisfriends.Whatheisreallysayingisthathisheartdoesnotbleedforyou.Heisuncaring. Letusturnfrom"affairsoftheheart"ormattersoflovetosomeotherheartexpressionsaboutotheremotions;courageforexample. ThewordcouragecomesfromtheLatinword"cor"meaningheart.Someonewhoislackingcourageissaidto"lackheart". 49ThecowardlylioninthemotionpictureTheWizardofOzbelievedhelackedhearthewasalwaysafraid.SohemadeadifficulttriptoseekthemightyWizardofOztoaskforaheart. Youcouldsaythatthecowardlylionwas"chicken-hearted".Thatisanotherwayofdescribingsomeonewhoisnotverybrave.Achickenisnotnotedforitsbravery.Thussomeonewhoischicken-heartedisnotverybraveorbold. Whenyouarefrightenedorconcernedyour"heartisinyourmouth".Youmightsayforexamplethatyourheartwasinyourmouthwhenyouaskedthebankformoremoney. 50Ifthebanksaysnottoyoudonot"loseheart".Be"stronghearted".Gotothebank.Sitdownwiththebankerandhavea"hearttoheart"talk.Beopenandhonest.Explainyoursituation. Asaresultofthismeetingthebankmayhavea"changeofheart".Itmayagreetolendyouthemoney.Thisworld"putyourheartatrest".Youcouldstopworrying. 47
Everybodydances.Ifyouhave1swervedtoavoidsteppingonacrackinthesidewalkyouhavedanced.Ifyouhaveeverkneeledtoprayyouhavedanced.Fortheseactionshavefiguredimportantly2thehistoryofdance.Dancegoes3tothebeginningsofcivilization—4thetribe—wherenativesdancedtoget5theywanted.Primitivedancewas6allpracticalnotthesocialdancingweknowtoday.Nativesapproacheddancewith7seriousnessasawaytohelpthetribeinthecrucialprocess8survival.Dancewasbelievedtobethe9directwaytorepellocuststo10raintofalltoinsurethatamaleheirwouldbebornand11guaranteevictoryinaforthcomingbattle. Primitive12wasgenerallydonebymanypeoplemovinginthesamemanneranddirection.13alldanceshadleaderssolodances14rare.Muchusewasmadeof15partofthebody.Andso16werethesetribaldancesthatifanative17missasinglestephewouldbeputtodeath18thespot.Fortunatelythesamerigid19thatgovernedthelivesofthesepeopledonotapplyinthe20relaxedsettingsoftoday’sdiscotheques. 17
Whentheyadviseyourkidstogetaneducationifyouwanttoraiseyourincometheytellyouonlyhalfthetruth.Whattheyreallymeanistogetjustenougheducationtoprovidemanpowerforyoursocietybutnottoomuchthatproveanembarrassmenttoyoursociety.Gethighschooldiplomaatleast.WithoutthatyouareoccupationallydeadunlessyournamehappenstobeGeorgeBernardShaworThomasAlvaEdisonandyoucansuccessfullydropoutingradeschool.Getacollegedegreeifpossible.WithaB.A.youareonthelaunchingpad发射台.Butnowyouhavetostarttoputonthebrakes.Ifyougoforamaster’sdegreemakesureitisaM.B.A.andonlyfromafirst-rateuniversity.Beyondthisthefamouslawofdiminishingreturnsbeginstotakeeffect.Doyouknowforinstancethatlong-haultruckdriversearnmoreayearthanfullprofessorsYestheaverage1977salaryforthosetruckerswas＄24000whilethefullprofessorsmanagedtoaveragejust＄23930.APh.D.isthehighestdegreeyoucangetbutexceptinafewspecializedfieldssuchasphysicsorchemistrywherethedegreecanquicklybeturnedtoindustrialorcommercialpurposesyouarefacingadimfuture.TherearemorePh.D.sunemployedorunderemployedinthiscountrythaninanyotherpartoftheworldbyfar.IfyoubecomeadoctorofphilosophyinEnglishorhistoryoranthropologyorpoliticalscienceorlanguageor—worstofall—inphilosophyyouruntheriskofbecomingovereducatedforournationaldemands.Notforourneedsmindyoubutforourdemands.ThousandsofPh.D.saresellingshoesdrivingcabswaitingontablesandfillingoutfruitlessapplicationsmonthaftermonth.Andthenmaybetakingajobinsomehighschoolorbackwatercollegethatpaysmuchlessthanthejanitor看门人earns.Youcanequatethelevelofincomewiththelevelofeductiononlysofar.Farenoughthatistomakeyouusefultothegrossnationalproductbutnotsofarthatnobodycanturnmuchofaprofitonyou.Accordingtothewriterwhatthesocietyexpectsofeducationistoturnoutpeoplewho______.
Everybodydances.Ifyouhave1swervedtoavoidsteppingonacrackinthesidewalkyouhavedanced.Ifyouhaveeverkneeledtoprayyouhavedanced.Fortheseactionshavefiguredimportantly2thehistoryofdance.Dancegoes3tothebeginningsofcivilization—4thetribe—wherenativesdancedtoget5theywanted.Primitivedancewas6allpracticalnotthesocialdancingweknowtoday.Nativesapproacheddancewith7seriousnessasawaytohelpthetribeinthecrucialprocess8survival.Dancewasbelievedtobethe9directwaytorepellocuststo10raintofalltoinsurethatamaleheirwouldbebornand11guaranteevictoryinaforthcomingbattle. Primitive12wasgenerallydonebymanypeoplemovinginthesamemanneranddirection.13alldanceshadleaderssolodances14rare.Muchusewasmadeof15partofthebody.Andso16werethesetribaldancesthatifanative17missasinglestephewouldbeputtodeath18thespot.Fortunatelythesamerigid19thatgovernedthelivesofthesepeopledonotapplyinthe20relaxedsettingsoftoday’sdiscotheques. 5
Everybodydances.Ifyouhave1swervedtoavoidsteppingonacrackinthesidewalkyouhavedanced.Ifyouhaveeverkneeledtoprayyouhavedanced.Fortheseactionshavefiguredimportantly2thehistoryofdance.Dancegoes3tothebeginningsofcivilization—4thetribe—wherenativesdancedtoget5theywanted.Primitivedancewas6allpracticalnotthesocialdancingweknowtoday.Nativesapproacheddancewith7seriousnessasawaytohelpthetribeinthecrucialprocess8survival.Dancewasbelievedtobethe9directwaytorepellocuststo10raintofalltoinsurethatamaleheirwouldbebornand11guaranteevictoryinaforthcomingbattle. Primitive12wasgenerallydonebymanypeoplemovinginthesamemanneranddirection.13alldanceshadleaderssolodances14rare.Muchusewasmadeof15partofthebody.Andso16werethesetribaldancesthatifanative17missasinglestephewouldbeputtodeath18thespot.Fortunatelythesamerigid19thatgovernedthelivesofthesepeopledonotapplyinthe20relaxedsettingsoftoday’sdiscotheques. 7
Everybodydances.Ifyouhave1swervedtoavoidsteppingonacrackinthesidewalkyouhavedanced.Ifyouhaveeverkneeledtoprayyouhavedanced.Fortheseactionshavefiguredimportantly2thehistoryofdance.Dancegoes3tothebeginningsofcivilization—4thetribe—wherenativesdancedtoget5theywanted.Primitivedancewas6allpracticalnotthesocialdancingweknowtoday.Nativesapproacheddancewith7seriousnessasawaytohelpthetribeinthecrucialprocess8survival.Dancewasbelievedtobethe9directwaytorepellocuststo10raintofalltoinsurethatamaleheirwouldbebornand11guaranteevictoryinaforthcomingbattle. Primitive12wasgenerallydonebymanypeoplemovinginthesamemanneranddirection.13alldanceshadleaderssolodances14rare.Muchusewasmadeof15partofthebody.Andso16werethesetribaldancesthatifanative17missasinglestephewouldbeputtodeath18thespot.Fortunatelythesamerigid19thatgovernedthelivesofthesepeopledonotapplyinthe20relaxedsettingsoftoday’sdiscotheques. 9
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