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[A] In our time women have an average lifespan of almost 80 years; double of what it was in the l...
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[A]Inourtimewomenhaveanaveragelifespanofalmost8
[A]Inourtimewomenhaveanaveragelifespanofalmost8
[A]Inourtimewomenhaveanaveragelifespanofalmost8
[A]Inourtimewomenhaveanaveragelifespanofalmost8
[A]Inourtimewomenhaveanaveragelifespanofalmost8
[A]Inourtimewomenhaveanaveragelifespanofalmost8
[A]Inourtimewomenhaveanaveragelifespanofalmost8
[A]Inourtimewomenhaveanaveragelifespanofalmost8
[A]Inourtimewomenhaveanaveragelifespanofalmost8
[A]Inourtimewomenhaveanaveragelifespanofalmost8
[A]Inourtimewomenhaveanaveragelifespanofalmost8
[A]Inourtimewomenhaveanaveragelifespanofalmost8
[A]Inourtimewomenhaveanaveragelifespanofalmost8
[A]Inourtimewomenhaveanaveragelifespanofalmost8
[A]Inourtimewomenhaveanaveragelifespanofalmost8
Itistrueasthemovementcriticsassertthatthepresentwo
Middle Class women are not married and have no children.
Middle Class women are not afraid of their husbands.
other women have less control of their own lives.
other women grow up with no rights to vote.
[A]Inourtimewomenhaveanaveragelifespanofalmost8
[A]Inourtimewomenhaveanaveragelifespanofalmost8
[A]Inourtimewomenhaveanaveragelifespanofalmost8
[A]Inourtimewomenhaveanaveragelifespanofalmost8
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Text3 WhenitcomestosuingdoctorsPhiladelphiaishardlythecityofbrotherlylove.AcombinationofsprightlylawyersandsympatheticjurieshasmadePhiladelphiaahotspotformedical-malpracticelawsuits.Since1995Pennsylvaniastatecourtshaveawardedanaverageof$2minsuchcasesaccordingtoJuryVerdictResearchasurveyfirm.Somemedicalspecialistshaveseentheirmalpracticeinsurancepremiumsnearlydoubleoverthepastyear.Obstetriciansarenowpayingupto$104000ayeartoprotectthemselves. Theinsuranceindustryislargelytoblame.CarolGolintheMonitor’seditorarguesthatinthe1990sinsurerstriedtograbmarketsharebyofferingartificiallylowratesbettingthatanylosseswouldbecoveredbygainsontheirinvestments.Thestock-marketcorrectioncoupledwiththelargelegalawardshaserodedtheinsurers’reserves.ThreeinPennsylvaniaalonehavegonebust. Afewdoctors--particularlyolderoneswillquit.Therestareadapting.Someareabandoninglitigation-proneproceduressuchasdeliveringbabies.Othersaremovingpartsoftheirpracticetoneighboringstateswhereinsuranceratesarelower.SomefromPennsylvaniahaveopenedofficesinNewJersey.Newdoctorsmayalsobedeterredfromsettingupshopinlitigationhavenshoweverprestigious. DespiteaRepublicanpresidenttortreformhasgotnowhereatthefederallevel.IndeeddoctorscouldgetclobberedindirectlybyaPatients’BillofRightswhichwouldfurtherexposemanagedcarecompaniestolawsuits.ThisprospecthasfuelledinterestamongdoctorsinPennsylvania’snewmedicalmalpracticereformbillwhichwassignedintolawonMarch20th.Itwillamongotherthingsgivedoctors$40mofstatefundstooffsettheirinsurancepremiumsspreadthepaymentofawardsoutovertimeandprohibitindividualsfromdoubledippingthatissuingadoctorfordamagesthathavealreadybeenpaidbytheirhealthinsurer. ButwillitreallyhelpRandallBovbjergahealthpolicyexpertattheUrbanInstitutearguesthattheonlyproperwaytoslowdownthelitigationmachinewouldbetolimitthecompensationforpainandsufferingso-called"non-monetarydamages".Needlesstosayafixedcaponsuchawardsisresistedbymosttriallawyers.ButMr.Bovbjergreckonsamorenuancedapproachwithaslidingscaleofpaymentsbasedonwell-definedmeasuresofinjuryisabetterwayforward.Inthemeantimedoctorsandinsurersarebracingthemselvesforacouplemoreroughyearsbeforetheinsurancecycleturns. Nobodydisputesthathospitalstaffmakemistakes:a1999InstituteofMedicinereportclaimedthaterrorskillatleast44000patientsayear.Butthereislittleevidencethatmalpracticelawsuitsontheirownwillsolvetheproblem. AtthetimewhenthisarticlewaswrittenthesituationfordoctorsinPhiladelphiaseemedtobe
Text3 WhenitcomestosuingdoctorsPhiladelphiaishardlythecityofbrotherlylove.AcombinationofsprightlylawyersandsympatheticjurieshasmadePhiladelphiaahotspotformedical-malpracticelawsuits.Since1995Pennsylvaniastatecourtshaveawardedanaverageof$2minsuchcasesaccordingtoJuryVerdictResearchasurveyfirm.Somemedicalspecialistshaveseentheirmalpracticeinsurancepremiumsnearlydoubleoverthepastyear.Obstetriciansarenowpayingupto$104000ayeartoprotectthemselves. Theinsuranceindustryislargelytoblame.CarolGolintheMonitor’seditorarguesthatinthe1990sinsurerstriedtograbmarketsharebyofferingartificiallylowratesbettingthatanylosseswouldbecoveredbygainsontheirinvestments.Thestock-marketcorrectioncoupledwiththelargelegalawardshaserodedtheinsurers’reserves.ThreeinPennsylvaniaalonehavegonebust. Afewdoctors--particularlyolderoneswillquit.Therestareadapting.Someareabandoninglitigation-proneproceduressuchasdeliveringbabies.Othersaremovingpartsoftheirpracticetoneighboringstateswhereinsuranceratesarelower.SomefromPennsylvaniahaveopenedofficesinNewJersey.Newdoctorsmayalsobedeterredfromsettingupshopinlitigationhavenshoweverprestigious. DespiteaRepublicanpresidenttortreformhasgotnowhereatthefederallevel.IndeeddoctorscouldgetclobberedindirectlybyaPatients’BillofRightswhichwouldfurtherexposemanagedcarecompaniestolawsuits.ThisprospecthasfuelledinterestamongdoctorsinPennsylvania’snewmedicalmalpracticereformbillwhichwassignedintolawonMarch20th.Itwillamongotherthingsgivedoctors$40mofstatefundstooffsettheirinsurancepremiumsspreadthepaymentofawardsoutovertimeandprohibitindividualsfromdoubledippingthatissuingadoctorfordamagesthathavealreadybeenpaidbytheirhealthinsurer. ButwillitreallyhelpRandallBovbjergahealthpolicyexpertattheUrbanInstitutearguesthattheonlyproperwaytoslowdownthelitigationmachinewouldbetolimitthecompensationforpainandsufferingso-called"non-monetarydamages".Needlesstosayafixedcaponsuchawardsisresistedbymosttriallawyers.ButMr.Bovbjergreckonsamorenuancedapproachwithaslidingscaleofpaymentsbasedonwell-definedmeasuresofinjuryisabetterwayforward.Inthemeantimedoctorsandinsurersarebracingthemselvesforacouplemoreroughyearsbeforetheinsurancecycleturns. Nobodydisputesthathospitalstaffmakemistakes:a1999InstituteofMedicinereportclaimedthaterrorskillatleast44000patientsayear.Butthereislittleevidencethatmalpracticelawsuitsontheirownwillsolvetheproblem. Bymentioningdouble-dippingParagraph4theauthoristalkingabout
41Whatdoyouneedinordertobearecordbreaker Sportsexpertsagreethatthesinglemostimportantfactorincreatingachampionisgeneticmake-up.thepossessionofgenesthatimpartaninnateabilitytostrideleapburnenergyefficientlyorsucklotsofoxygenfromtheair."Thegreatathletesaregenuinestatisticaloutliers...physiologicalfreaks"sayssportsscientistCraigSharpofBrunelUniversityinMiddlesexUK. 42Howwillwefindorcreatethenextgenerationofchampionathletes Themostlikelywayistowidenoursearchtofindsomeonewithageneticmakeupthatallowshimorhertosurpassotherathletes.WhenEastAfricanrunnersbegancompetinginternationallyforexampleitbecameapparentthattheirlightframemakethemuniquelyeconomicalintheiruseofenergy. 43Havewereachedthelimitofhumanperformance Nobutrecordsarebeingbrokenbyevernarrowermargins.Whenstatisticiansplothowthebestperformanceinagiveneventchangesovertimetheyseethegraphlevelingoff.Andtheshortertheeventthesmallerarethesliversoftimebeingshavedoff.SoalthoughPaulaRadcliffehasslicedwholesecondsoffthemarathonworldrecordsprintersareimprovingbymerehundredthsofasecond. 44Willweeverreachanabsolutelimit Theoreticallyanabsolutetimetohowfarorfastthehumanbodycangodoesbut"whereitiswedon’tknow"saysMillar.Perhapstheonlywaywecanrecognizetheultimateperformancewillberetrospectivelyafterarecordhasstoodforyears. 45Infuturewillathletessimplytesttheirlimitsinnewways Asrecordsbecomeharderandhardertobreakwemaystartcomparingathletesbyotherstandardssuchasthenumberofgoldmedalsortheirperformanceovertime.LanceArmstrong’ssixconsecutivewinsintheTourdeFranceforexamplemayneverbesurpassed."Theelitemightbedefinedbyhowmanytimestheywin"saysMillar. [A]Athletesmightalsoinventnewsportstotestthemselves.Theemergenceofthetriathloninthe1970swasfuelledbyrunnersswimmersandcyclistslookingforanewchallenge;itmadeitsdebutasanOlympiceventin2000. [B]Oncescientistshaveidentifiedthegenesthatconferageneticadvantageinsportathletesmightalsobescreenedtopickouttheoneswithmostgeneticpotential."Thereareallsortsofpeopleoutthereandwedon’tknowwhattheycando"saysexerciseandsportsscientistCarlFosteroftheUniversityofWisconsininLaCrosse.Becausetherewardsaregrowingandcompetitionisbecomingmoreintenseathletesarebeingdrivenmoreandmoretowardsdrugstogaintheedge.Expertspredictthatthenextgenerationofchampionswillincludemanydopedones.Theyareparticularlyfearfulof"genedoping"inwhichathletesboosttheperformanceofkeygenes. [C]Psychologyisvital.Athletesneedenormousfocusanddrivetowin.Manypeoplethinkthatthemainbarriertobreakingthefour-minutemilewasapsychologicalone:onceRogerBannisterdiditin1954severalothersclockedsub-four-minutetimesshortlyafterwards.Sometimesbreakingarecordinvolvestakingariskinaneventsuchasbreakingfromthepackwithafulllaptogoandthattakesacertainstate. [D]Noteverysportcanbeaccuratelymeasuredofcourse.Runningandjumpingcanbequantifiedwithstickorstopwatchbutfootballandtennisperformancesaremuchhardertogauge. [E]Ontopofthishowevertrainingandtechniquearevital.Theyallowathletestosculptmusclesforexamplesothattheyburnlessenergywhileachievingthesamespeedsasothers.State-of-the-arttechnologycanbeessentialparticularlyinsportsthatrelyonspecializedequipmentsuchastennisorpolevaulting.Chancealsoplaysapart:cooltemperaturesorwindmightaddthatextrapushforarunnerorlongjumper.Ultimatelyarecordbreakingperformancedependsonbringingallofthesefactorstogetherontherightday. [F]Someexpertshavetriedtocalculatetheabsolutelimitofperformance.Theytakethehighestvalueforeachcrucialphysiologicalfactoreverrecordedinanathletesuchasthemaximumoxygenuptakethegreatestefficiencywithwhichenergyisburnedandthebeststamina.Thentheyfigureouthowfastsomeonemightgoifthesewereallcombinedinonebody.Bythesecalculationswemayonedayseeasubtwohourmarathonorevenathree-and-a-half-minutemile.Buttheprobabilityoffindingsomeonewiththeseexceptionalabilitiesisprettylow. 45
41Whatdoyouneedinordertobearecordbreaker Sportsexpertsagreethatthesinglemostimportantfactorincreatingachampionisgeneticmake-up.thepossessionofgenesthatimpartaninnateabilitytostrideleapburnenergyefficientlyorsucklotsofoxygenfromtheair."Thegreatathletesaregenuinestatisticaloutliers...physiologicalfreaks"sayssportsscientistCraigSharpofBrunelUniversityinMiddlesexUK. 42Howwillwefindorcreatethenextgenerationofchampionathletes Themostlikelywayistowidenoursearchtofindsomeonewithageneticmakeupthatallowshimorhertosurpassotherathletes.WhenEastAfricanrunnersbegancompetinginternationallyforexampleitbecameapparentthattheirlightframemakethemuniquelyeconomicalintheiruseofenergy. 43Havewereachedthelimitofhumanperformance Nobutrecordsarebeingbrokenbyevernarrowermargins.Whenstatisticiansplothowthebestperformanceinagiveneventchangesovertimetheyseethegraphlevelingoff.Andtheshortertheeventthesmallerarethesliversoftimebeingshavedoff.SoalthoughPaulaRadcliffehasslicedwholesecondsoffthemarathonworldrecordsprintersareimprovingbymerehundredthsofasecond. 44Willweeverreachanabsolutelimit Theoreticallyanabsolutetimetohowfarorfastthehumanbodycangodoesbut"whereitiswedon’tknow"saysMillar.Perhapstheonlywaywecanrecognizetheultimateperformancewillberetrospectivelyafterarecordhasstoodforyears. 45Infuturewillathletessimplytesttheirlimitsinnewways Asrecordsbecomeharderandhardertobreakwemaystartcomparingathletesbyotherstandardssuchasthenumberofgoldmedalsortheirperformanceovertime.LanceArmstrong’ssixconsecutivewinsintheTourdeFranceforexamplemayneverbesurpassed."Theelitemightbedefinedbyhowmanytimestheywin"saysMillar. [A]Athletesmightalsoinventnewsportstotestthemselves.Theemergenceofthetriathloninthe1970swasfuelledbyrunnersswimmersandcyclistslookingforanewchallenge;itmadeitsdebutasanOlympiceventin2000. [B]Oncescientistshaveidentifiedthegenesthatconferageneticadvantageinsportathletesmightalsobescreenedtopickouttheoneswithmostgeneticpotential."Thereareallsortsofpeopleoutthereandwedon’tknowwhattheycando"saysexerciseandsportsscientistCarlFosteroftheUniversityofWisconsininLaCrosse.Becausetherewardsaregrowingandcompetitionisbecomingmoreintenseathletesarebeingdrivenmoreandmoretowardsdrugstogaintheedge.Expertspredictthatthenextgenerationofchampionswillincludemanydopedones.Theyareparticularlyfearfulof"genedoping"inwhichathletesboosttheperformanceofkeygenes. [C]Psychologyisvital.Athletesneedenormousfocusanddrivetowin.Manypeoplethinkthatthemainbarriertobreakingthefour-minutemilewasapsychologicalone:onceRogerBannisterdiditin1954severalothersclockedsub-four-minutetimesshortlyafterwards.Sometimesbreakingarecordinvolvestakingariskinaneventsuchasbreakingfromthepackwithafulllaptogoandthattakesacertainstate. [D]Noteverysportcanbeaccuratelymeasuredofcourse.Runningandjumpingcanbequantifiedwithstickorstopwatchbutfootballandtennisperformancesaremuchhardertogauge. [E]Ontopofthishowevertrainingandtechniquearevital.Theyallowathletestosculptmusclesforexamplesothattheyburnlessenergywhileachievingthesamespeedsasothers.State-of-the-arttechnologycanbeessentialparticularlyinsportsthatrelyonspecializedequipmentsuchastennisorpolevaulting.Chancealsoplaysapart:cooltemperaturesorwindmightaddthatextrapushforarunnerorlongjumper.Ultimatelyarecordbreakingperformancedependsonbringingallofthesefactorstogetherontherightday. [F]Someexpertshavetriedtocalculatetheabsolutelimitofperformance.Theytakethehighestvalueforeachcrucialphysiologicalfactoreverrecordedinanathletesuchasthemaximumoxygenuptakethegreatestefficiencywithwhichenergyisburnedandthebeststamina.Thentheyfigureouthowfastsomeonemightgoifthesewereallcombinedinonebody.Bythesecalculationswemayonedayseeasubtwohourmarathonorevenathree-and-a-half-minutemile.Buttheprobabilityoffindingsomeonewiththeseexceptionalabilitiesisprettylow. 41
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.Howwouldyou1Unlesstherewas2definitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutitto3theleast.Itisallthe4surprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuch5conditions6theirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute! Anydiscussionofthistopicis7toquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeis8beingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationisto9futurecitizenswithalltheyrequireto10theirplaceinadultsociety.Nowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschool11offertherightkindofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinfora12. Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothing13atrue14ofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventhe15togettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachother16academicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextracurricularactivitieswhichare17ofschoollife.Whata18advantageitistogivejustanexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!What19co-educationmakesoftheargumentthatboysareclevererthangirlsorvice-versa.Whensegregatedboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.20betweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.Howwouldyou1Unlesstherewas2definitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutitto3theleast.Itisallthe4surprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuch5conditions6theirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute! Anydiscussionofthistopicis7toquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeis8beingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationisto9futurecitizenswithalltheyrequireto10theirplaceinadultsociety.Nowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschool11offertherightkindofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinfora12. Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothing13atrue14ofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventhe15togettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachother16academicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextracurricularactivitieswhichare17ofschoollife.Whata18advantageitistogivejustanexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!What19co-educationmakesoftheargumentthatboysareclevererthangirlsorvice-versa.Whensegregatedboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.20betweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Text1 AftertheterroristattacksinAmericalastSeptemberterroristriskbecamethepariahofperils.Theairlineindustrywasmostdirectlyaffectedbytheattacksanditwasthefirsttofindthatnoonewantedtoinsureterroristrisk.Insurancecompaniesimmediatelyincreasedpremiumsandcutcoverforairlines’third-partyterrorandwarliabilitiesto$50mperairlineper"event".UnderpressurefromairlinestheAmericangovernmentandthemembersoftheEuropeanUnionagreedtobecomeinsurersoflastresortforairlines’warandterroristliabilitiesforalimitedperiod.Thesegovernmentguaranteesareduetoexpireattheendofthemonth. TheAmericangovernmenthasalreadyagreedtoextenditsguaranteeforanother60days.TheEU’stransportministersaremeetingnextweekinBrusselstodecidewhattodo.Insurersandre-insurersarekeenforthecommercialmarkettoresumetheprovisionofallairlineinsuranceassoonaspossible.Nowonder:Thepremiumsforsuchcoverhaveinevitablyincreasedconsiderably. Howeverinthecaseofterrorismandespeciallyofterrorismintheskiesanumberofspecialfactorsarise.Somearepurelypractical:adisasterassuddenandunforeseenastheattacksontheWorldTradeCenterhashaddestructiveeffectsontheinsuranceindustry.Themaximumcoverforthird-partyterroristriskavailableintheprimaryaviationmarketisnow$50mandthatisnotnearlyenoughcoverrisksthatareperceivedtobemuchhighersinceSeptember11th.Evenifthemarketcouldoffersufficientcoveranothercatastropheonsuchascalewouldbemorethanthemarketcouldcopewith. Inadditionarareanddevastatingriskofapoliticalnatureisarguablyonethatitisrightforgovernmentstocoveratleastinpart.InthewakeofattacksbyIrishterroriststheBritishgovernmenthasrecognizedthispointbyagreeingtobackamutualfundtocoverriskstopropertyfromterroristattack. Inthecaseoftheairlinestheappropriateanswerissomeformofmutualschemewithgovernmentbacking.Infactunderthecode-name"Equitime"representativesofairlinesinsurersandtheAmericangovernmentaresettingupaninsurancevehicletobefinancedbyairlinesandreinsuredbythegovernment.Governmentswouldguaranteethefund’sexcessriskbuttheirrolewoulddiminishasthefundgrew. SettingsomethingupwilltaketimeSotobridgethegapgovernmentswillhavetoremaininsureroflastresortforairlines’warandterroristriskforsometimetocome. Whenmentioning$50mperairlineper'event'Paragraph1thewriteristalkingabout
Text4 America’scentralbanksentaclearmessagethisweek.ForthesecondconsecutivemeetingtheFederalOpenMarketCommitteethecentralbank’spolicy-makingcommitteeleftshort-terminterestratesunchangedat1.75%.Butitsaidthattherisksfacingtheeconomyhadshiftedfromeconomicweaknesstoabalancebetweenweaknessandexcessivegrowth.Thisshiftsurprisednoone.Butithasconvincedmanypeoplethatinterestratesaresettoriseagain--andsoon. Judgingbypricesinfuturesmarketsinvestorsarebettingthatshort-terminterestratescouldstartrisingasearlyasMayandwillbe1.25percentagepointshigherbytheendoftheyear.Thatmaybeexcessive.EconomistsatGoldmanSachswholongarguedthatthecentralbankwoulddonothingthisyearnowexpectshort-termratestogouponly0.75%thisyearstartinginJune.ButvirtuallyeveryonereckonssomeFedtighteningisinthefuture. ThereasonAfteranunprecedented11rate-cutsin2001short-terminterestratesareabnormallylow.AsthesignsofrobustrecoverymultiplyanalystsexpecttheFedtotakebacksomeoftherate-cutsitusedasan"insurancepolicy"aftertheSeptember11thterroristattack.Buthigherratescouldstillbefurtheroffparticularlyiftherecoveryproveslessrobustthanmanyhope.Themanufacturingsectorisgrowingafter18monthsofdecline.ThemostoptimisticWallStreetersnowexpectGDPtohaveexpandedbybetween5%and6%onanannualbasisinthefirstquarter. Butonestrongquarterdoesnotimplyasustainablerecovery.Intheshorttermthebounce-backisbeingdrivenbyadramaticrestockingofinventories.Butitcanbesustainedonlyifcorporateinvestmentrecoversandconsumerspendingstaysbuoyant.Andsinceconsumerspendingheldupsowellduringthe"recession"itisunlikelytojumpnow. Theseuncertaintiesalonesuggestthecentralbankwillbecautiousaboutraisinginterestrates.Thatcautionisallthemorenecessarygiventhelackofinflationarypressure.AlthoughAmerica’sconsumerpriceshavestoppedfallingonamonthlybasisthelatestfiguresshowfewsignsofnascentpricepressure.IndeedgiventhehugepressureoncorporateprofitstheFederalReservemightbehappytoseeconsumerpricesriseslightly.InshortwhileWallStreetfretsaboutwhenandhowmuchinterestrateswillgoup.Theanswermaywellbenotsoonandnotmuch. Somepeopleexpectedshort-terminterestratestojumpsoonbecausethey
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.Howwouldyou1Unlesstherewas2definitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutitto3theleast.Itisallthe4surprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuch5conditions6theirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute! Anydiscussionofthistopicis7toquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeis8beingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationisto9futurecitizenswithalltheyrequireto10theirplaceinadultsociety.Nowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschool11offertherightkindofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinfora12. Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothing13atrue14ofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventhe15togettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachother16academicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextracurricularactivitieswhichare17ofschoollife.Whata18advantageitistogivejustanexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!What19co-educationmakesoftheargumentthatboysareclevererthangirlsorvice-versa.Whensegregatedboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.20betweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
[A]Thegoldenwedding-ringwasputonherfinger [B]Theforeigngroomandthelocalbride [C]Angelschildrenescortingthebride [D]Weddinghall [E]Templeandatheisticgroom [F]Townhallahappybrideandgroom Ornamentingthetwofingersisonlythefirststepofthe"longmarch".Angelwasneverasoverloadedastodayrunningfromheretotherebusyorderinginvitationcardsandweddingclothesbookingchurchandrestaurantcheckingavailabilityofthephotographerthepastorandtheofficialinthetownhalllookingforanewhome.Shewashappyandexcited.Howeverthislongweddingpreparationprocessloadeddownwithtrivialdetailsgavemeabigheadache.InFrancemoreandmoreFrenchcohabitinsteadofmarrying.Howeverwhentheydecidetomarrytheystilltaketheirweddingceremonyseriouslyandusuallyfollowtheneverchangingthreetraditionalchapters. 41.__________ Thethirdchapteristheweddingbreakfastfollowedbyadance.Thefirstandthesecondchapterarethecivilweddingandthechurchwedding.Afterthechurchweddingthenewly-wedsnormallyinvitetheirparentsandfriendstotakepartinasumptuousmealanddanceintheevening.Afterchampagneflutesareraisedallaroundthedancingstarts.Thenewly-wedstaketheleaddancinglightlyandfinishtheeveningbytiredlytrippingintotheirbridalchamberandthusterminatethelastchapteroftheFrenchmarriage. 42.__________ Igrewupinthelastseventiesandearlyeightiesthe"simplewedding"advocatedbytheChinesegovernmenthadbeeningrainedinmymind.OnedayfinallyIcouldnothelprevealingmywishforasimplewedding:"Darlingyourweddingplansarefartoolongandover-elaborate.Let’ssimplifythemandreducethreechapterstoonlyone.It’senoughtogetmarriedinthetownhall!""No!Marriageisthemostimportanteventinmylife.Iwanttomakeitgrandandunforgettable."Angelrefusedtoconcede.HoweverIreallywantedtoescapethechurchwedding."HoneyIwasn’tbaptizedandbeinganatheistIamnotallowedtogotochurch.Achurchweddingisaburdenforanatheistlikemeandthechurchweddingforanatheistisalsoagainstchurchrules!"IpresentedmyviewsvehementlybelievingIhadthebestexcuseintheworld."Mydearmarriageisasacredaffair;wemustgotothechurch.Youareonlyawareofoneaspectofathingbutignorantofanother.IamaProtestant;therearenostrictcanonsandmumbo-jumbosinProtestantism.IfoneofthetwoisProtestanttheyarestillallowedtomarryinaProtestantchurch."Iwasrenderedspeechless. 43.__________ Thesacredmomentarrived.Theforeigngroomandthelocalbridesurroundedbyherfamilymembersarrivedatthemarriagehall."Doyoutakethiswomanasyourwife""Yes!"Amyriadofthoughtswelledupinmymind:"I’dquitmyhighlycovetedjobinChinaandgonethroughinnumerabletrialsandtribulationstocometoEuropetojoinmyChineseloverbutIwasjilted.NowI’dfoundanoasisoflovebutfarfrommyhomelandThegirlwithmetodaythoughfromadifferentculturalbackgroundwithadifferentwayofthinkingandbehavingissimplepureandkind-heartedlikeanangel.I’dsufferedfromthewanderinglifeinEurope.Butaftersufferingcomeshappiness.Inafewminutesshewillproclaimtheendofmywanderingandhomelesslife."FullofdeepfeelingIgazedatthiswesternbeautyshiningwithdazzlingsplendorandheldherhandtightinmine. 44.__________ "Doyoutakethismanasyourhusband"BrimmingwithtearschokingwithsobsAngelnoddedherapproval.BeingatraditionalFrenchgirlshe’dneverexpectedthatshewouldhavefallenintothetemptationofthe"goodbutcheapChinesemerchandise"beforeherandwouldhavecrossedthefrontierbetweenChineseandFrenchculturestomarryamanwithanexoticaccentandaflatnose! 45.__________ ThechurchwasresoundingwiththeweddingsonataangelandIwalkeduptothepastortotheheatofthemusic.Handinhandheartwithheartfulloftenderaffectionwegavealltherightanswerstohisquestions.Thegoldenweddingringonherleftfingerandpairedupwithherengagementringontherightringfingerbothcomplementingeachother’s’radianceandbeauty.Angelnowwithtworingsbecameareal"valuable"bride.Sheslippedmyfingerwithasimpleringontomyfingerandatthesametimecapturingmywanderingheart. ThateveningItheforeigngroomwithmyErrutwo-stringedChineseviolintogetherwithAngelthelocalbridewithherviolinsuccessfullyperformedthemostbeautifulconcertoofcross-bordermarriage."Thatspringiscomingtheearthissmiling..."thehallwasresoundingtothestrainsofStrauss’joyfulwaltzwhileweweretrippingawayinadance.Attheclimaxofthemusicweswirledsoquicklythatbothofusfeltourselvesswoonintheglamourofourcrossbordermarriage. 41
ThemostgeneraldefinitionthatcanbegivenisthatthePhilosophyofHistorymeansnothingbutthethoughtfulconsiderationofit.Thoughtisindeedessentialtohumanity.46Itisthisthatdistinguishesusfromthebrutes.Insensationcognitionandintellection;inourinstinctsandwillsasfarastheyaretrulyhumanThoughtisaninvariableelement. TheonlyThoughtwhichPhilosophybringswithittothecontemplationofHistoryisthesimpleconceptionofReason;thatReasonistheSovereignoftheWorld;47thatthehistoryoftheworldthereforepresentsuswitharationalprocess.Thisconvictionandintuitionisahypothesisinthedomainofhistoryassuch.InthatofPhilosophyitisnohypothesis.ItisthereprovedbyspeculativecognitionthatReason--andthistermmayheresufficeuswithoutinvestigatingtherelationsustainedbytheUniversetotheDivineBeingisSubstanceaswellasInfinitePower;itsownInfiniteMaterialunderlyingallthenaturalandspirituallifewhichitoriginatesasalsotheInfiniteForm--thatwhichsetsthisMaterialinmotion.OntheonehandReasonisthesubstanceoftheUniverse;viz.thatbywhichandinwhichallrealityhasitsbeingandsubsistence.48OntheotherhanditistheInfiniteEnergyoftheUniverse;sinceReasonisnotsopowerlessastobeincapableofproducinganythingbutamereidealamereintention--havingitsplaceoutsiderealitynobodyknowswhere;somethingseparateandabstractintheheadsofcertainhumanbeings.ItistheinfinitecomplexofthingstheirentireEssenceandTruth.49ItisitsownmaterialwhichitcommitstoitsownActiveEnergytoworkup;notneedingasfiniteactiondoestheconditionsofanexternalmaterialofgivenmeansfromwhichitmayobtainitssupportandtheobjectsofitsactivity.Itsuppliesitsownnourishmentandistheobjectofitsownoperations.Whileitisexclusivelyitsownbasisofexistenceandabsolutefinalaimitisalsotheenergizingpowerrealizingthisaim;developingitnotonlyinthephenomenaoftheNaturalbutalsooftheSpiritualUniverse--theHistoryoftheWorld.50Thatthis"Idea"or"Reason"istheTruetheEternaltheabsolutelypowerfulessence;thatitrevealsitselfintheWorldandthatinthatWorldnothingelseisrevealedbutthisanditshonorandglory--isthethesiswhichaswehavesaidhasbeenprovedinPhilosophyandishereregardedasdemonstrated. thatthehistoryoftheworldthereforepresentsuswitharationalprocess.Thisconvictionandintuitionisahypothesisinthedomainofhistoryassuch.InthatofPhilosophyitisnohypothesis.
[A]Thegoldenwedding-ringwasputonherfinger [B]Theforeigngroomandthelocalbride [C]Angelschildrenescortingthebride [D]Weddinghall [E]Templeandatheisticgroom [F]Townhallahappybrideandgroom Ornamentingthetwofingersisonlythefirststepofthe"longmarch".Angelwasneverasoverloadedastodayrunningfromheretotherebusyorderinginvitationcardsandweddingclothesbookingchurchandrestaurantcheckingavailabilityofthephotographerthepastorandtheofficialinthetownhalllookingforanewhome.Shewashappyandexcited.Howeverthislongweddingpreparationprocessloadeddownwithtrivialdetailsgavemeabigheadache.InFrancemoreandmoreFrenchcohabitinsteadofmarrying.Howeverwhentheydecidetomarrytheystilltaketheirweddingceremonyseriouslyandusuallyfollowtheneverchangingthreetraditionalchapters. 41.__________ Thethirdchapteristheweddingbreakfastfollowedbyadance.Thefirstandthesecondchapterarethecivilweddingandthechurchwedding.Afterthechurchweddingthenewly-wedsnormallyinvitetheirparentsandfriendstotakepartinasumptuousmealanddanceintheevening.Afterchampagneflutesareraisedallaroundthedancingstarts.Thenewly-wedstaketheleaddancinglightlyandfinishtheeveningbytiredlytrippingintotheirbridalchamberandthusterminatethelastchapteroftheFrenchmarriage. 42.__________ Igrewupinthelastseventiesandearlyeightiesthe"simplewedding"advocatedbytheChinesegovernmenthadbeeningrainedinmymind.OnedayfinallyIcouldnothelprevealingmywishforasimplewedding:"Darlingyourweddingplansarefartoolongandover-elaborate.Let’ssimplifythemandreducethreechapterstoonlyone.It’senoughtogetmarriedinthetownhall!""No!Marriageisthemostimportanteventinmylife.Iwanttomakeitgrandandunforgettable."Angelrefusedtoconcede.HoweverIreallywantedtoescapethechurchwedding."HoneyIwasn’tbaptizedandbeinganatheistIamnotallowedtogotochurch.Achurchweddingisaburdenforanatheistlikemeandthechurchweddingforanatheistisalsoagainstchurchrules!"IpresentedmyviewsvehementlybelievingIhadthebestexcuseintheworld."Mydearmarriageisasacredaffair;wemustgotothechurch.Youareonlyawareofoneaspectofathingbutignorantofanother.IamaProtestant;therearenostrictcanonsandmumbo-jumbosinProtestantism.IfoneofthetwoisProtestanttheyarestillallowedtomarryinaProtestantchurch."Iwasrenderedspeechless. 43.__________ Thesacredmomentarrived.Theforeigngroomandthelocalbridesurroundedbyherfamilymembersarrivedatthemarriagehall."Doyoutakethiswomanasyourwife""Yes!"Amyriadofthoughtswelledupinmymind:"I’dquitmyhighlycovetedjobinChinaandgonethroughinnumerabletrialsandtribulationstocometoEuropetojoinmyChineseloverbutIwasjilted.NowI’dfoundanoasisoflovebutfarfrommyhomelandThegirlwithmetodaythoughfromadifferentculturalbackgroundwithadifferentwayofthinkingandbehavingissimplepureandkind-heartedlikeanangel.I’dsufferedfromthewanderinglifeinEurope.Butaftersufferingcomeshappiness.Inafewminutesshewillproclaimtheendofmywanderingandhomelesslife."FullofdeepfeelingIgazedatthiswesternbeautyshiningwithdazzlingsplendorandheldherhandtightinmine. 44.__________ "Doyoutakethismanasyourhusband"BrimmingwithtearschokingwithsobsAngelnoddedherapproval.BeingatraditionalFrenchgirlshe’dneverexpectedthatshewouldhavefallenintothetemptationofthe"goodbutcheapChinesemerchandise"beforeherandwouldhavecrossedthefrontierbetweenChineseandFrenchculturestomarryamanwithanexoticaccentandaflatnose! 45.__________ ThechurchwasresoundingwiththeweddingsonataangelandIwalkeduptothepastortotheheatofthemusic.Handinhandheartwithheartfulloftenderaffectionwegavealltherightanswerstohisquestions.Thegoldenweddingringonherleftfingerandpairedupwithherengagementringontherightringfingerbothcomplementingeachother’s’radianceandbeauty.Angelnowwithtworingsbecameareal"valuable"bride.Sheslippedmyfingerwithasimpleringontomyfingerandatthesametimecapturingmywanderingheart. ThateveningItheforeigngroomwithmyErrutwo-stringedChineseviolintogetherwithAngelthelocalbridewithherviolinsuccessfullyperformedthemostbeautifulconcertoofcross-bordermarriage."Thatspringiscomingtheearthissmiling..."thehallwasresoundingtothestrainsofStrauss’joyfulwaltzwhileweweretrippingawayinadance.Attheclimaxofthemusicweswirledsoquicklythatbothofusfeltourselvesswoonintheglamourofourcrossbordermarriage. 45
Directions: Writealettertoacompanyforapositionasancomputerengineer.Yourlettershouldinclude: 1whyyouchoosethecompany; 2whydoyouthinkthatyouarecapablefortheposition. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonAnswersheet2.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiHua’instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Text3 WhenitcomestosuingdoctorsPhiladelphiaishardlythecityofbrotherlylove.AcombinationofsprightlylawyersandsympatheticjurieshasmadePhiladelphiaahotspotformedical-malpracticelawsuits.Since1995Pennsylvaniastatecourtshaveawardedanaverageof$2minsuchcasesaccordingtoJuryVerdictResearchasurveyfirm.Somemedicalspecialistshaveseentheirmalpracticeinsurancepremiumsnearlydoubleoverthepastyear.Obstetriciansarenowpayingupto$104000ayeartoprotectthemselves. Theinsuranceindustryislargelytoblame.CarolGolintheMonitor’seditorarguesthatinthe1990sinsurerstriedtograbmarketsharebyofferingartificiallylowratesbettingthatanylosseswouldbecoveredbygainsontheirinvestments.Thestock-marketcorrectioncoupledwiththelargelegalawardshaserodedtheinsurers’reserves.ThreeinPennsylvaniaalonehavegonebust. Afewdoctors--particularlyolderoneswillquit.Therestareadapting.Someareabandoninglitigation-proneproceduressuchasdeliveringbabies.Othersaremovingpartsoftheirpracticetoneighboringstateswhereinsuranceratesarelower.SomefromPennsylvaniahaveopenedofficesinNewJersey.Newdoctorsmayalsobedeterredfromsettingupshopinlitigationhavenshoweverprestigious. DespiteaRepublicanpresidenttortreformhasgotnowhereatthefederallevel.IndeeddoctorscouldgetclobberedindirectlybyaPatients’BillofRightswhichwouldfurtherexposemanagedcarecompaniestolawsuits.ThisprospecthasfuelledinterestamongdoctorsinPennsylvania’snewmedicalmalpracticereformbillwhichwassignedintolawonMarch20th.Itwillamongotherthingsgivedoctors$40mofstatefundstooffsettheirinsurancepremiumsspreadthepaymentofawardsoutovertimeandprohibitindividualsfromdoubledippingthatissuingadoctorfordamagesthathavealreadybeenpaidbytheirhealthinsurer. ButwillitreallyhelpRandallBovbjergahealthpolicyexpertattheUrbanInstitutearguesthattheonlyproperwaytoslowdownthelitigationmachinewouldbetolimitthecompensationforpainandsufferingso-called"non-monetarydamages".Needlesstosayafixedcaponsuchawardsisresistedbymosttriallawyers.ButMr.Bovbjergreckonsamorenuancedapproachwithaslidingscaleofpaymentsbasedonwell-definedmeasuresofinjuryisabetterwayforward.Inthemeantimedoctorsandinsurersarebracingthemselvesforacouplemoreroughyearsbeforetheinsurancecycleturns. Nobodydisputesthathospitalstaffmakemistakes:a1999InstituteofMedicinereportclaimedthaterrorskillatleast44000patientsayear.Butthereislittleevidencethatmalpracticelawsuitsontheirownwillsolvetheproblem. ItisimpliedinthefirstsentencethatdoctorsinPhiladelphia
Text2 Intheendadegreeofsanityprevailed.ThemilitantHinduswhohadvowedtobreachapolicecordonandstarttheworkofbuildingatempletothegodRamatthedisputedsiteofAyodhyadecidedtorespectaSupremeCourtdecisionbarringthemfromthearea.SochargedhaveHindu-MuslimrelationsinIndiabecomeinrecentweeksasthedeclareddeadlineofMarch15thnearedthataclashatRam’ssupposedbirthplacemightwellhaveprovokedbloodshedonanappallingscaleacrossthenation.Ithasunfortunatelyhappenedoftenenoughbefore. Butthethreathasnotvanished.Thecourt’sdecisionisonlyaninterimoneandthemainHindugroupshavenotgivenupontheirquesttobuildtheirtemple.ExtremereligiousviolencewhichseemedinrecentyearstohavefadedaftertheAyodhyarelatedexplosionof19921993isagainafeatureofthepoliticallandscape.ThoughfaultslieonbothsidesitwasaMuslimattackonHindusinatraininGujaratthatstartedtherecentslaughterthegreatbulkofvictimswereasalwaysMuslims.OnceagaineducatedHindusaretobeheardinveighingagainstthe"appeasing"ofMuslimsthroughsuchconcessionsasseparateconstitutionalstatusforKashmirortherighttopracticeIslamiccivillaw.OnceagainthepolicearebeingaccusedofdoinglittleornothingtohelpMuslimvictimsoframpagingHindumobs.OnceagainIndia’s130mMuslimsfeelunequalandunsafeintheirowncountry.FartoomanyHinduswouldrefusetoacceptthatitis"theirowncountry"atall. Thewonderofitperhapsisthatthingsarenotworse.WhiletheworldapplaudsPakistanforatlastlockinguptheleadersofitsextremereligiousgroupsinIndiathezealotsstillsupportsustainandtoadegreeconstitutethegovernment.TheBJPwhichleadstherulingcoalitionwasfoundedasapoliticalfrontfortheHindumovement.ItissimplyoneandbynomeansthedominantmemberofwhatiscalledtheSanghPariwarthe"familyoforganizations".Othermembersofthefamilyaremuchlesssavoury.ThereistheVHOtheWorldHinduOrganizationwhichledthemovementtobuildtheRamtemple.ThereistheBajrangDalthebrutalist"youthwing"oftheVHO.ThereissubstantialevidencethatmembersoftheVHOandtheBajrangDalhelpedtoorganizetheslaughterofhundredsofMuslimsinGujaratafter58HinduswerekilledonatrainastheyreturnedfromAyodhya. WecanlearnfromthetextthatbothHindusandMuslimsare
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.Howwouldyou1Unlesstherewas2definitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutitto3theleast.Itisallthe4surprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuch5conditions6theirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute! Anydiscussionofthistopicis7toquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeis8beingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationisto9futurecitizenswithalltheyrequireto10theirplaceinadultsociety.Nowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschool11offertherightkindofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinfora12. Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothing13atrue14ofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventhe15togettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachother16academicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextracurricularactivitieswhichare17ofschoollife.Whata18advantageitistogivejustanexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!What19co-educationmakesoftheargumentthatboysareclevererthangirlsorvice-versa.Whensegregatedboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.20betweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
ThemostgeneraldefinitionthatcanbegivenisthatthePhilosophyofHistorymeansnothingbutthethoughtfulconsiderationofit.Thoughtisindeedessentialtohumanity.46Itisthisthatdistinguishesusfromthebrutes.Insensationcognitionandintellection;inourinstinctsandwillsasfarastheyaretrulyhumanThoughtisaninvariableelement. TheonlyThoughtwhichPhilosophybringswithittothecontemplationofHistoryisthesimpleconceptionofReason;thatReasonistheSovereignoftheWorld;47thatthehistoryoftheworldthereforepresentsuswitharationalprocess.Thisconvictionandintuitionisahypothesisinthedomainofhistoryassuch.InthatofPhilosophyitisnohypothesis.ItisthereprovedbyspeculativecognitionthatReason--andthistermmayheresufficeuswithoutinvestigatingtherelationsustainedbytheUniversetotheDivineBeingisSubstanceaswellasInfinitePower;itsownInfiniteMaterialunderlyingallthenaturalandspirituallifewhichitoriginatesasalsotheInfiniteForm--thatwhichsetsthisMaterialinmotion.OntheonehandReasonisthesubstanceoftheUniverse;viz.thatbywhichandinwhichallrealityhasitsbeingandsubsistence.48OntheotherhanditistheInfiniteEnergyoftheUniverse;sinceReasonisnotsopowerlessastobeincapableofproducinganythingbutamereidealamereintention--havingitsplaceoutsiderealitynobodyknowswhere;somethingseparateandabstractintheheadsofcertainhumanbeings.ItistheinfinitecomplexofthingstheirentireEssenceandTruth.49ItisitsownmaterialwhichitcommitstoitsownActiveEnergytoworkup;notneedingasfiniteactiondoestheconditionsofanexternalmaterialofgivenmeansfromwhichitmayobtainitssupportandtheobjectsofitsactivity.Itsuppliesitsownnourishmentandistheobjectofitsownoperations.Whileitisexclusivelyitsownbasisofexistenceandabsolutefinalaimitisalsotheenergizingpowerrealizingthisaim;developingitnotonlyinthephenomenaoftheNaturalbutalsooftheSpiritualUniverse--theHistoryoftheWorld.50Thatthis"Idea"or"Reason"istheTruetheEternaltheabsolutelypowerfulessence;thatitrevealsitselfintheWorldandthatinthatWorldnothingelseisrevealedbutthisanditshonorandglory--isthethesiswhichaswehavesaidhasbeenprovedinPhilosophyandishereregardedasdemonstrated. ItisitsownmaterialwhichitcommitstoitsownActiveEnergytoworkup;notneedingasfiniteactiondoestheconditionsofanexternalmaterialofgivenmeansfromwhichitmayobtainitssupportandtheobjectsofitsactivity.
Text2 Intheendadegreeofsanityprevailed.ThemilitantHinduswhohadvowedtobreachapolicecordonandstarttheworkofbuildingatempletothegodRamatthedisputedsiteofAyodhyadecidedtorespectaSupremeCourtdecisionbarringthemfromthearea.SochargedhaveHindu-MuslimrelationsinIndiabecomeinrecentweeksasthedeclareddeadlineofMarch15thnearedthataclashatRam’ssupposedbirthplacemightwellhaveprovokedbloodshedonanappallingscaleacrossthenation.Ithasunfortunatelyhappenedoftenenoughbefore. Butthethreathasnotvanished.Thecourt’sdecisionisonlyaninterimoneandthemainHindugroupshavenotgivenupontheirquesttobuildtheirtemple.ExtremereligiousviolencewhichseemedinrecentyearstohavefadedaftertheAyodhyarelatedexplosionof19921993isagainafeatureofthepoliticallandscape.ThoughfaultslieonbothsidesitwasaMuslimattackonHindusinatraininGujaratthatstartedtherecentslaughterthegreatbulkofvictimswereasalwaysMuslims.OnceagaineducatedHindusaretobeheardinveighingagainstthe"appeasing"ofMuslimsthroughsuchconcessionsasseparateconstitutionalstatusforKashmirortherighttopracticeIslamiccivillaw.OnceagainthepolicearebeingaccusedofdoinglittleornothingtohelpMuslimvictimsoframpagingHindumobs.OnceagainIndia’s130mMuslimsfeelunequalandunsafeintheirowncountry.FartoomanyHinduswouldrefusetoacceptthatitis"theirowncountry"atall. Thewonderofitperhapsisthatthingsarenotworse.WhiletheworldapplaudsPakistanforatlastlockinguptheleadersofitsextremereligiousgroupsinIndiathezealotsstillsupportsustainandtoadegreeconstitutethegovernment.TheBJPwhichleadstherulingcoalitionwasfoundedasapoliticalfrontfortheHindumovement.ItissimplyoneandbynomeansthedominantmemberofwhatiscalledtheSanghPariwarthe"familyoforganizations".Othermembersofthefamilyaremuchlesssavoury.ThereistheVHOtheWorldHinduOrganizationwhichledthemovementtobuildtheRamtemple.ThereistheBajrangDalthebrutalist"youthwing"oftheVHO.ThereissubstantialevidencethatmembersoftheVHOandtheBajrangDalhelpedtoorganizetheslaughterofhundredsofMuslimsinGujaratafter58HinduswerekilledonatrainastheyreturnedfromAyodhya. ItcanbelearntfromthetextthattherulingpartyinIndia
Text4 America’scentralbanksentaclearmessagethisweek.ForthesecondconsecutivemeetingtheFederalOpenMarketCommitteethecentralbank’spolicy-makingcommitteeleftshort-terminterestratesunchangedat1.75%.Butitsaidthattherisksfacingtheeconomyhadshiftedfromeconomicweaknesstoabalancebetweenweaknessandexcessivegrowth.Thisshiftsurprisednoone.Butithasconvincedmanypeoplethatinterestratesaresettoriseagain--andsoon. Judgingbypricesinfuturesmarketsinvestorsarebettingthatshort-terminterestratescouldstartrisingasearlyasMayandwillbe1.25percentagepointshigherbytheendoftheyear.Thatmaybeexcessive.EconomistsatGoldmanSachswholongarguedthatthecentralbankwoulddonothingthisyearnowexpectshort-termratestogouponly0.75%thisyearstartinginJune.ButvirtuallyeveryonereckonssomeFedtighteningisinthefuture. ThereasonAfteranunprecedented11rate-cutsin2001short-terminterestratesareabnormallylow.AsthesignsofrobustrecoverymultiplyanalystsexpecttheFedtotakebacksomeoftherate-cutsitusedasan"insurancepolicy"aftertheSeptember11thterroristattack.Buthigherratescouldstillbefurtheroffparticularlyiftherecoveryproveslessrobustthanmanyhope.Themanufacturingsectorisgrowingafter18monthsofdecline.ThemostoptimisticWallStreetersnowexpectGDPtohaveexpandedbybetween5%and6%onanannualbasisinthefirstquarter. Butonestrongquarterdoesnotimplyasustainablerecovery.Intheshorttermthebounce-backisbeingdrivenbyadramaticrestockingofinventories.Butitcanbesustainedonlyifcorporateinvestmentrecoversandconsumerspendingstaysbuoyant.Andsinceconsumerspendingheldupsowellduringthe"recession"itisunlikelytojumpnow. Theseuncertaintiesalonesuggestthecentralbankwillbecautiousaboutraisinginterestrates.Thatcautionisallthemorenecessarygiventhelackofinflationarypressure.AlthoughAmerica’sconsumerpriceshavestoppedfallingonamonthlybasisthelatestfiguresshowfewsignsofnascentpricepressure.IndeedgiventhehugepressureoncorporateprofitstheFederalReservemightbehappytoseeconsumerpricesriseslightly.InshortwhileWallStreetfretsaboutwhenandhowmuchinterestrateswillgoup.Theanswermaywellbenotsoonandnotmuch. Theauthor'sattitudetowardGoldmanSachs'sopinionisoneof
[A]Thegoldenwedding-ringwasputonherfinger [B]Theforeigngroomandthelocalbride [C]Angelschildrenescortingthebride [D]Weddinghall [E]Templeandatheisticgroom [F]Townhallahappybrideandgroom Ornamentingthetwofingersisonlythefirststepofthe"longmarch".Angelwasneverasoverloadedastodayrunningfromheretotherebusyorderinginvitationcardsandweddingclothesbookingchurchandrestaurantcheckingavailabilityofthephotographerthepastorandtheofficialinthetownhalllookingforanewhome.Shewashappyandexcited.Howeverthislongweddingpreparationprocessloadeddownwithtrivialdetailsgavemeabigheadache.InFrancemoreandmoreFrenchcohabitinsteadofmarrying.Howeverwhentheydecidetomarrytheystilltaketheirweddingceremonyseriouslyandusuallyfollowtheneverchangingthreetraditionalchapters. 41.__________ Thethirdchapteristheweddingbreakfastfollowedbyadance.Thefirstandthesecondchapterarethecivilweddingandthechurchwedding.Afterthechurchweddingthenewly-wedsnormallyinvitetheirparentsandfriendstotakepartinasumptuousmealanddanceintheevening.Afterchampagneflutesareraisedallaroundthedancingstarts.Thenewly-wedstaketheleaddancinglightlyandfinishtheeveningbytiredlytrippingintotheirbridalchamberandthusterminatethelastchapteroftheFrenchmarriage. 42.__________ Igrewupinthelastseventiesandearlyeightiesthe"simplewedding"advocatedbytheChinesegovernmenthadbeeningrainedinmymind.OnedayfinallyIcouldnothelprevealingmywishforasimplewedding:"Darlingyourweddingplansarefartoolongandover-elaborate.Let’ssimplifythemandreducethreechapterstoonlyone.It’senoughtogetmarriedinthetownhall!""No!Marriageisthemostimportanteventinmylife.Iwanttomakeitgrandandunforgettable."Angelrefusedtoconcede.HoweverIreallywantedtoescapethechurchwedding."HoneyIwasn’tbaptizedandbeinganatheistIamnotallowedtogotochurch.Achurchweddingisaburdenforanatheistlikemeandthechurchweddingforanatheistisalsoagainstchurchrules!"IpresentedmyviewsvehementlybelievingIhadthebestexcuseintheworld."Mydearmarriageisasacredaffair;wemustgotothechurch.Youareonlyawareofoneaspectofathingbutignorantofanother.IamaProtestant;therearenostrictcanonsandmumbo-jumbosinProtestantism.IfoneofthetwoisProtestanttheyarestillallowedtomarryinaProtestantchurch."Iwasrenderedspeechless. 43.__________ Thesacredmomentarrived.Theforeigngroomandthelocalbridesurroundedbyherfamilymembersarrivedatthemarriagehall."Doyoutakethiswomanasyourwife""Yes!"Amyriadofthoughtswelledupinmymind:"I’dquitmyhighlycovetedjobinChinaandgonethroughinnumerabletrialsandtribulationstocometoEuropetojoinmyChineseloverbutIwasjilted.NowI’dfoundanoasisoflovebutfarfrommyhomelandThegirlwithmetodaythoughfromadifferentculturalbackgroundwithadifferentwayofthinkingandbehavingissimplepureandkind-heartedlikeanangel.I’dsufferedfromthewanderinglifeinEurope.Butaftersufferingcomeshappiness.Inafewminutesshewillproclaimtheendofmywanderingandhomelesslife."FullofdeepfeelingIgazedatthiswesternbeautyshiningwithdazzlingsplendorandheldherhandtightinmine. 44.__________ "Doyoutakethismanasyourhusband"BrimmingwithtearschokingwithsobsAngelnoddedherapproval.BeingatraditionalFrenchgirlshe’dneverexpectedthatshewouldhavefallenintothetemptationofthe"goodbutcheapChinesemerchandise"beforeherandwouldhavecrossedthefrontierbetweenChineseandFrenchculturestomarryamanwithanexoticaccentandaflatnose! 45.__________ ThechurchwasresoundingwiththeweddingsonataangelandIwalkeduptothepastortotheheatofthemusic.Handinhandheartwithheartfulloftenderaffectionwegavealltherightanswerstohisquestions.Thegoldenweddingringonherleftfingerandpairedupwithherengagementringontherightringfingerbothcomplementingeachother’s’radianceandbeauty.Angelnowwithtworingsbecameareal"valuable"bride.Sheslippedmyfingerwithasimpleringontomyfingerandatthesametimecapturingmywanderingheart. ThateveningItheforeigngroomwithmyErrutwo-stringedChineseviolintogetherwithAngelthelocalbridewithherviolinsuccessfullyperformedthemostbeautifulconcertoofcross-bordermarriage."Thatspringiscomingtheearthissmiling..."thehallwasresoundingtothestrainsofStrauss’joyfulwaltzwhileweweretrippingawayinadance.Attheclimaxofthemusicweswirledsoquicklythatbothofusfeltourselvesswoonintheglamourofourcrossbordermarriage. 43
Text1 AftertheterroristattacksinAmericalastSeptemberterroristriskbecamethepariahofperils.Theairlineindustrywasmostdirectlyaffectedbytheattacksanditwasthefirsttofindthatnoonewantedtoinsureterroristrisk.Insurancecompaniesimmediatelyincreasedpremiumsandcutcoverforairlines’third-partyterrorandwarliabilitiesto$50mperairlineper"event".UnderpressurefromairlinestheAmericangovernmentandthemembersoftheEuropeanUnionagreedtobecomeinsurersoflastresortforairlines’warandterroristliabilitiesforalimitedperiod.Thesegovernmentguaranteesareduetoexpireattheendofthemonth. TheAmericangovernmenthasalreadyagreedtoextenditsguaranteeforanother60days.TheEU’stransportministersaremeetingnextweekinBrusselstodecidewhattodo.Insurersandre-insurersarekeenforthecommercialmarkettoresumetheprovisionofallairlineinsuranceassoonaspossible.Nowonder:Thepremiumsforsuchcoverhaveinevitablyincreasedconsiderably. Howeverinthecaseofterrorismandespeciallyofterrorismintheskiesanumberofspecialfactorsarise.Somearepurelypractical:adisasterassuddenandunforeseenastheattacksontheWorldTradeCenterhashaddestructiveeffectsontheinsuranceindustry.Themaximumcoverforthird-partyterroristriskavailableintheprimaryaviationmarketisnow$50mandthatisnotnearlyenoughcoverrisksthatareperceivedtobemuchhighersinceSeptember11th.Evenifthemarketcouldoffersufficientcoveranothercatastropheonsuchascalewouldbemorethanthemarketcouldcopewith. Inadditionarareanddevastatingriskofapoliticalnatureisarguablyonethatitisrightforgovernmentstocoveratleastinpart.InthewakeofattacksbyIrishterroriststheBritishgovernmenthasrecognizedthispointbyagreeingtobackamutualfundtocoverriskstopropertyfromterroristattack. Inthecaseoftheairlinestheappropriateanswerissomeformofmutualschemewithgovernmentbacking.Infactunderthecode-name"Equitime"representativesofairlinesinsurersandtheAmericangovernmentaresettingupaninsurancevehicletobefinancedbyairlinesandreinsuredbythegovernment.Governmentswouldguaranteethefund’sexcessriskbuttheirrolewoulddiminishasthefundgrew. SettingsomethingupwilltaketimeSotobridgethegapgovernmentswillhavetoremaininsureroflastresortforairlines’warandterroristriskforsometimetocome. ByterroristriskbecamethepariahofperilsParagraph1theauthormeans
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.Howwouldyou1Unlesstherewas2definitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutitto3theleast.Itisallthe4surprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuch5conditions6theirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute! Anydiscussionofthistopicis7toquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeis8beingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationisto9futurecitizenswithalltheyrequireto10theirplaceinadultsociety.Nowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschool11offertherightkindofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinfora12. Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothing13atrue14ofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventhe15togettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachother16academicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextracurricularactivitieswhichare17ofschoollife.Whata18advantageitistogivejustanexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!What19co-educationmakesoftheargumentthatboysareclevererthangirlsorvice-versa.Whensegregatedboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.20betweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.Howwouldyou1Unlesstherewas2definitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutitto3theleast.Itisallthe4surprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuch5conditions6theirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute! Anydiscussionofthistopicis7toquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeis8beingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationisto9futurecitizenswithalltheyrequireto10theirplaceinadultsociety.Nowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschool11offertherightkindofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinfora12. Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothing13atrue14ofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventhe15togettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachother16academicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextracurricularactivitieswhichare17ofschoollife.Whata18advantageitistogivejustanexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!What19co-educationmakesoftheargumentthatboysareclevererthangirlsorvice-versa.Whensegregatedboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.20betweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.Howwouldyou1Unlesstherewas2definitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutitto3theleast.Itisallthe4surprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuch5conditions6theirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute! Anydiscussionofthistopicis7toquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeis8beingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationisto9futurecitizenswithalltheyrequireto10theirplaceinadultsociety.Nowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschool11offertherightkindofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinfora12. Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothing13atrue14ofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventhe15togettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachother16academicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextracurricularactivitieswhichare17ofschoollife.Whata18advantageitistogivejustanexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!What19co-educationmakesoftheargumentthatboysareclevererthangirlsorvice-versa.Whensegregatedboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.20betweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
41Whatdoyouneedinordertobearecordbreaker Sportsexpertsagreethatthesinglemostimportantfactorincreatingachampionisgeneticmake-up.thepossessionofgenesthatimpartaninnateabilitytostrideleapburnenergyefficientlyorsucklotsofoxygenfromtheair."Thegreatathletesaregenuinestatisticaloutliers...physiologicalfreaks"sayssportsscientistCraigSharpofBrunelUniversityinMiddlesexUK. 42Howwillwefindorcreatethenextgenerationofchampionathletes Themostlikelywayistowidenoursearchtofindsomeonewithageneticmakeupthatallowshimorhertosurpassotherathletes.WhenEastAfricanrunnersbegancompetinginternationallyforexampleitbecameapparentthattheirlightframemakethemuniquelyeconomicalintheiruseofenergy. 43Havewereachedthelimitofhumanperformance Nobutrecordsarebeingbrokenbyevernarrowermargins.Whenstatisticiansplothowthebestperformanceinagiveneventchangesovertimetheyseethegraphlevelingoff.Andtheshortertheeventthesmallerarethesliversoftimebeingshavedoff.SoalthoughPaulaRadcliffehasslicedwholesecondsoffthemarathonworldrecordsprintersareimprovingbymerehundredthsofasecond. 44Willweeverreachanabsolutelimit Theoreticallyanabsolutetimetohowfarorfastthehumanbodycangodoesbut"whereitiswedon’tknow"saysMillar.Perhapstheonlywaywecanrecognizetheultimateperformancewillberetrospectivelyafterarecordhasstoodforyears. 45Infuturewillathletessimplytesttheirlimitsinnewways Asrecordsbecomeharderandhardertobreakwemaystartcomparingathletesbyotherstandardssuchasthenumberofgoldmedalsortheirperformanceovertime.LanceArmstrong’ssixconsecutivewinsintheTourdeFranceforexamplemayneverbesurpassed."Theelitemightbedefinedbyhowmanytimestheywin"saysMillar. [A]Athletesmightalsoinventnewsportstotestthemselves.Theemergenceofthetriathloninthe1970swasfuelledbyrunnersswimmersandcyclistslookingforanewchallenge;itmadeitsdebutasanOlympiceventin2000. [B]Oncescientistshaveidentifiedthegenesthatconferageneticadvantageinsportathletesmightalsobescreenedtopickouttheoneswithmostgeneticpotential."Thereareallsortsofpeopleoutthereandwedon’tknowwhattheycando"saysexerciseandsportsscientistCarlFosteroftheUniversityofWisconsininLaCrosse.Becausetherewardsaregrowingandcompetitionisbecomingmoreintenseathletesarebeingdrivenmoreandmoretowardsdrugstogaintheedge.Expertspredictthatthenextgenerationofchampionswillincludemanydopedones.Theyareparticularlyfearfulof"genedoping"inwhichathletesboosttheperformanceofkeygenes. [C]Psychologyisvital.Athletesneedenormousfocusanddrivetowin.Manypeoplethinkthatthemainbarriertobreakingthefour-minutemilewasapsychologicalone:onceRogerBannisterdiditin1954severalothersclockedsub-four-minutetimesshortlyafterwards.Sometimesbreakingarecordinvolvestakingariskinaneventsuchasbreakingfromthepackwithafulllaptogoandthattakesacertainstate. [D]Noteverysportcanbeaccuratelymeasuredofcourse.Runningandjumpingcanbequantifiedwithstickorstopwatchbutfootballandtennisperformancesaremuchhardertogauge. [E]Ontopofthishowevertrainingandtechniquearevital.Theyallowathletestosculptmusclesforexamplesothattheyburnlessenergywhileachievingthesamespeedsasothers.State-of-the-arttechnologycanbeessentialparticularlyinsportsthatrelyonspecializedequipmentsuchastennisorpolevaulting.Chancealsoplaysapart:cooltemperaturesorwindmightaddthatextrapushforarunnerorlongjumper.Ultimatelyarecordbreakingperformancedependsonbringingallofthesefactorstogetherontherightday. [F]Someexpertshavetriedtocalculatetheabsolutelimitofperformance.Theytakethehighestvalueforeachcrucialphysiologicalfactoreverrecordedinanathletesuchasthemaximumoxygenuptakethegreatestefficiencywithwhichenergyisburnedandthebeststamina.Thentheyfigureouthowfastsomeonemightgoifthesewereallcombinedinonebody.Bythesecalculationswemayonedayseeasubtwohourmarathonorevenathree-and-a-half-minutemile.Buttheprobabilityoffindingsomeonewiththeseexceptionalabilitiesisprettylow. 43
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.Howwouldyou1Unlesstherewas2definitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutitto3theleast.Itisallthe4surprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuch5conditions6theirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute! Anydiscussionofthistopicis7toquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeis8beingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationisto9futurecitizenswithalltheyrequireto10theirplaceinadultsociety.Nowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschool11offertherightkindofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinfora12. Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothing13atrue14ofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventhe15togettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachother16academicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextracurricularactivitieswhichare17ofschoollife.Whata18advantageitistogivejustanexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!What19co-educationmakesoftheargumentthatboysareclevererthangirlsorvice-versa.Whensegregatedboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.20betweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Text1 AftertheterroristattacksinAmericalastSeptemberterroristriskbecamethepariahofperils.Theairlineindustrywasmostdirectlyaffectedbytheattacksanditwasthefirsttofindthatnoonewantedtoinsureterroristrisk.Insurancecompaniesimmediatelyincreasedpremiumsandcutcoverforairlines’third-partyterrorandwarliabilitiesto$50mperairlineper"event".UnderpressurefromairlinestheAmericangovernmentandthemembersoftheEuropeanUnionagreedtobecomeinsurersoflastresortforairlines’warandterroristliabilitiesforalimitedperiod.Thesegovernmentguaranteesareduetoexpireattheendofthemonth. TheAmericangovernmenthasalreadyagreedtoextenditsguaranteeforanother60days.TheEU’stransportministersaremeetingnextweekinBrusselstodecidewhattodo.Insurersandre-insurersarekeenforthecommercialmarkettoresumetheprovisionofallairlineinsuranceassoonaspossible.Nowonder:Thepremiumsforsuchcoverhaveinevitablyincreasedconsiderably. Howeverinthecaseofterrorismandespeciallyofterrorismintheskiesanumberofspecialfactorsarise.Somearepurelypractical:adisasterassuddenandunforeseenastheattacksontheWorldTradeCenterhashaddestructiveeffectsontheinsuranceindustry.Themaximumcoverforthird-partyterroristriskavailableintheprimaryaviationmarketisnow$50mandthatisnotnearlyenoughcoverrisksthatareperceivedtobemuchhighersinceSeptember11th.Evenifthemarketcouldoffersufficientcoveranothercatastropheonsuchascalewouldbemorethanthemarketcouldcopewith. Inadditionarareanddevastatingriskofapoliticalnatureisarguablyonethatitisrightforgovernmentstocoveratleastinpart.InthewakeofattacksbyIrishterroriststheBritishgovernmenthasrecognizedthispointbyagreeingtobackamutualfundtocoverriskstopropertyfromterroristattack. Inthecaseoftheairlinestheappropriateanswerissomeformofmutualschemewithgovernmentbacking.Infactunderthecode-name"Equitime"representativesofairlinesinsurersandtheAmericangovernmentaresettingupaninsurancevehicletobefinancedbyairlinesandreinsuredbythegovernment.Governmentswouldguaranteethefund’sexcessriskbuttheirrolewoulddiminishasthefundgrew. SettingsomethingupwilltaketimeSotobridgethegapgovernmentswillhavetoremaininsureroflastresortforairlines’warandterroristriskforsometimetocome. Thewriterarguesthatintheforeseeablefuturetheinsureroflastresortforairlinesterroristriskwillbe
Allobjectsofhumanreasonorinquirymaynaturallybedividedintotwokindstowitrelationsofideasandmattersoffact.46Ofthefirstkindarethesciencesofgeometryalgebraandarithmetic;andinshorteveryaffirmationwhichiseitherintuitivelyordemonstrativelycertain.Thatthesquareofthehypothenuseisequaltothesquaresofthetwosidesisapropositionwhichexpressesarelationbetweenthesefigures.47Propositionsofthiskindarediscoverablebythemereoperationofthoughtwithoutdependenceonwhatisanywhereexistentintheuniverse.ThoughthereneverwereacircleortriangleinnaturethetruthsdemonstratedbyEuclidwouldforeverretaintheircertaintyandevidence. Mattersoffactwhicharethesecondobjectsofhumanreasonarenotascertainedinthesamemanner;norisourevidenceoftheirtruthhowevergreatofalikenaturewiththeforegoing.Thecontraryofeverymatteroffactisstillpossible;becauseitcanneverimplyacontradictionandisconceivedbythemindwiththesamefacilityanddistinctnessasifeversoconformabletoreality.48Thatthesunwillnotrisetomorrowisnolessintelligibleapropositionandimpliesnomorecontradictionthantheaffirmationthatitwillrise.Weshouldinvainthereforeattempttodemonstrateitsfalsehood.Wereitdemonstrativelyfalseitwouldimplyacontradictionandcouldneverhedistinctlyconceivedbythemind. Itmaythereforebeasubjectworthyofcuriositytoinquirewhatisthenatureofthatevidencewhichassuresusofanyrealexistenceadmatteroffactbeyondthepresenttestimonyofoursensesortherecordsofourmemory.49Thispartofphilosophyitisobservablehasbeenlittlecultivatedeitherbytheancientsormoderns;andthereforeourdoubtsanderrorsintheprosecutionofsoimportantaninquirymaybethemoreexcusable;whilewemarchthroughsuchdifficultpathswithoutanyguideordirection.50TheymayevenproveusefulByexcitingcuriosityanddestroyingthatimplicitfaithandsecuritywhichisthepoisonofallreasoningandfreeinquiry.ThediscoveryofdefectsinthecommonphilosophyifanysuchtherebewillnotIpresumebeadiscouragementbutratheranincitementasisusualtoattemptsomethingmorefullandsatisfactorythanhasyetbeenproposedtothepublic. Propositionsofthiskindarediscoverablebythemereoperationofthoughtwithoutdependenceonwhatisanywhereexistentintheuniverse
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.Howwouldyou1Unlesstherewas2definitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutitto3theleast.Itisallthe4surprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuch5conditions6theirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute! Anydiscussionofthistopicis7toquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeis8beingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationisto9futurecitizenswithalltheyrequireto10theirplaceinadultsociety.Nowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschool11offertherightkindofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinfora12. Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothing13atrue14ofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventhe15togettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachother16academicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextracurricularactivitieswhichare17ofschoollife.Whata18advantageitistogivejustanexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!What19co-educationmakesoftheargumentthatboysareclevererthangirlsorvice-versa.Whensegregatedboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.20betweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.Howwouldyou1Unlesstherewas2definitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutitto3theleast.Itisallthe4surprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuch5conditions6theirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute! Anydiscussionofthistopicis7toquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeis8beingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationisto9futurecitizenswithalltheyrequireto10theirplaceinadultsociety.Nowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschool11offertherightkindofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinfora12. Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothing13atrue14ofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventhe15togettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachother16academicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextracurricularactivitieswhichare17ofschoollife.Whata18advantageitistogivejustanexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!What19co-educationmakesoftheargumentthatboysareclevererthangirlsorvice-versa.Whensegregatedboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.20betweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
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