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试述东晋南朝的侨郡和土断。
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江南一岁或稔丰收则数郡忘饥这一现象开始出现于
秦朝
西汉
东晋南朝
宋朝
东晋南朝时期江南经济发展的主要原因有哪些?
简述东晋南朝帝王陵墓的基本特征
江南地广野丰民勤本业一岁或稔.则数郡忘饥这段材料可能出现在
商周时期
春秋战国时期
秦汉时期
东晋南朝时期
广东岭南园林开始出现于
唐朝
北宋
南宋
东晋南朝
吴郡吴兴会稽三郡号称三吴东晋南朝时期这一地区
耕作方式仍然是刀耕火种
以制造军刀而名扬天下
商业曾几度陷入萎缩困境
农业领先于江南其他地区
隋统一南北的历史条件是①南北朝后期北方民族大融合②大运河的开通加强了南北交通③东晋南朝时江南经济发展
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③④
②③
江南地广野丰民勤本业一岁或稔则数郡忘饥这段材料可能出现在
商周时期
春秋战国时期
秦汉时期
东晋南朝时期
东晋南朝诗人的作品在唐代成为模仿的对象下列唐代诗人中与东晋陶渊明诗歌风格相近的是
陈子昂
岑参
王维
李白
东晋南朝时期南方海外贸易的中心是
建康
番禺
扬州
江州
东晋王朝的侨州侨郡侨县问题反映的是大族的利益在一定程度上加强了皇权
我国古代的经济重心南移完成于
孙吴
东晋南朝
中唐以后
南宋
东晋后期开始解决乔州乔郡乔县的一种措施户籍本地化的措施称为
变法
保甲制度
土断
连坐
江南一岁或稔丰收则数郡忘饥这一现象开始出现于
秦朝
西汉
东晋南朝
宋朝
中国岭南园林开始出现于
唐朝
北宋
南宋
东晋南朝
14分历史上重大改革回眸材料东晋朝的开始黄河流域陷入大混乱的时候长江流域算是较为安静的地方中原一部分
江南一岁或稔丰收则数郡忘饥这一现象开始出现于
秦朝
西汉
东晋南朝
宋朝
东晋南朝的庄园经济相当发达它有两种一为一为
东晋南朝隋唐明清时期选官制度发生了什么变化分析导致这种变化的原因和历史影响
隋统一南北的历史条件是①南北朝后期北方民族大融合②大运河的开通加强了南北交通③东晋南朝时期江南经济发
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十六国时期汉族在北方建立的政权是
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建议曹丕推行九品中正制的是
Scientifictraditiondemandsthatscientificpapersfollowtheformalprogression:methodfirstresultssecondconclusionthird.Therulespermitnohintthatasoftenhappensthemethodwasreallymadeupasthescientistwentalongorthataccidentalresultsdeterminedthemethodorthatthescientistreachedcertainconclusionsbeforetheresultswereallinorthathestartedoutwithcertainconclusionsorthathestarteddoingadifferentexperiment. Muchscientificwritingnotonlymisrepresentstheworkingsofsciencebutalsodoesadisservicetoscientiststhemselves.Bywritingreportsthatmakescientificinvestigationssoundasunvaryingandpredictableasthesunrisescientiststendtospreadthecuriousnotionthatscienceisinfallible.Thatmanyofthemareunconsciousoftheeffecttheycreatedoesnotaltertheimageinthepopularmind.Weheartimeandagainofthesuperiorityofthescientificmethod.Infactthewordunscientifichasalmostbecomeasynonymforuntrue.Yetthefinalevaluationofanysetofdataisanindividualsubjectivejudgment;andallhumanjudgmentisliabletoerror.Thoughtfulscientistsrealizeallthis;butyouwouldn’’tgathersofromreadingmostscientificliterature.Aself-importantstiffandunnaturalstyletoooftenseizesthepenoftheexperimenterthemomenthestartsputtingwordsonpaper. Editorsofscientificpublicationsarenotwithouttheirreasonsforthecurrentstyleofscientificwriting.Theirjournalsaren’’trich.Paperandprintingareexpensive.Thereforeitishelpfultocondensearticlesasmuchaspossible.Underpressureoftraditionthecondensationprocessremovesthehumanelementsfirst.Andfewscientificwritersrebelagainstthetradition.Evencourageousmendonotgooutoftheirwaytopublicizetheirdeviationsfromacceptedprocedures.Thentoothereisanapparentobjectivityandhumblenessattachedtothethirdpersonpassivevoicewritingtechniqueadoptedinthepreparationofmostscientificpapers.Sobitbybitthetruefaceofsciencebecomeshiddenbehindwhatseemstotheoutsidertobeaself-satisfiedall-knowingmask.Isitanywonderthatinthepopularliteraturethescientistoftenappearsasahybridsuperman-spoiledchild Nosmallcontributiontomodernculturecouldbethesimpleintroductionintotheearlieststageofourpublic-schoolsciencecoursesofanaturalstyleofwritingaboutlaboratoryexperimentsastheyreallyhappen.Thisissomethingthatcouldbedoneimmediatelywiththeopeningofclassesthisfall.Itrequiresnopreparationexceptapsychologicalacknowledgmentoftheobviousfactthatthepresentformofreportingexperimentsisamentaltiewhoseveryappearanceiscalculatedtorepeltheimaginativeyoungmindssciencesobadlyneeds. Mostscientificpapersturnouttobe
Scientifictraditiondemandsthatscientificpapersfollowtheformalprogression:methodfirstresultssecondconclusionthird.Therulespermitnohintthatasoftenhappensthemethodwasreallymadeupasthescientistwentalongorthataccidentalresultsdeterminedthemethodorthatthescientistreachedcertainconclusionsbeforetheresultswereallinorthathestartedoutwithcertainconclusionsorthathestarteddoingadifferentexperiment. Muchscientificwritingnotonlymisrepresentstheworkingsofsciencebutalsodoesadisservicetoscientiststhemselves.Bywritingreportsthatmakescientificinvestigationssoundasunvaryingandpredictableasthesunrisescientiststendtospreadthecuriousnotionthatscienceisinfallible.Thatmanyofthemareunconsciousoftheeffecttheycreatedoesnotaltertheimageinthepopularmind.Weheartimeandagainofthesuperiorityofthescientificmethod.Infactthewordunscientifichasalmostbecomeasynonymforuntrue.Yetthefinalevaluationofanysetofdataisanindividualsubjectivejudgment;andallhumanjudgmentisliabletoerror.Thoughtfulscientistsrealizeallthis;butyouwouldn’’tgathersofromreadingmostscientificliterature.Aself-importantstiffandunnaturalstyletoooftenseizesthepenoftheexperimenterthemomenthestartsputtingwordsonpaper. Editorsofscientificpublicationsarenotwithouttheirreasonsforthecurrentstyleofscientificwriting.Theirjournalsaren’’trich.Paperandprintingareexpensive.Thereforeitishelpfultocondensearticlesasmuchaspossible.Underpressureoftraditionthecondensationprocessremovesthehumanelementsfirst.Andfewscientificwritersrebelagainstthetradition.Evencourageousmendonotgooutoftheirwaytopublicizetheirdeviationsfromacceptedprocedures.Thentoothereisanapparentobjectivityandhumblenessattachedtothethirdpersonpassivevoicewritingtechniqueadoptedinthepreparationofmostscientificpapers.Sobitbybitthetruefaceofsciencebecomeshiddenbehindwhatseemstotheoutsidertobeaself-satisfiedall-knowingmask.Isitanywonderthatinthepopularliteraturethescientistoftenappearsasahybridsuperman-spoiledchild Nosmallcontributiontomodernculturecouldbethesimpleintroductionintotheearlieststageofourpublic-schoolsciencecoursesofanaturalstyleofwritingaboutlaboratoryexperimentsastheyreallyhappen.Thisissomethingthatcouldbedoneimmediatelywiththeopeningofclassesthisfall.Itrequiresnopreparationexceptapsychologicalacknowledgmentoftheobviousfactthatthepresentformofreportingexperimentsisamentaltiewhoseveryappearanceiscalculatedtorepeltheimaginativeyoungmindssciencesobadlyneeds. Theauthorpointsoutthatthoughtfulscientists
开始把汉字字体由隶书转化为楷书的是
晋书·江统传记载关中之人百余万口率其少多戎狄居半造成这一现象的直接原因是
北魏末年尔朱荣发动的叛乱事变是
fó jiāo 传入中国后尽管影响很大但没占统治地位主要是因为
最终灭亡西晋的少数民族是
陶渊明的田园诗折射出现实生活的
Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreativepossessedofinsatiablecuriosity.61Furthermorehumanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylivethussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.ThereforeitisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmannerwiththehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamorehannoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth. Anthropology.derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthroposhumanandlogosthestudyof.Bvitsverynameanthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind. Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.62Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasonedorderlysystematicanddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena. Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeographyeconomicspoliticalsciencepsychologyandsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology. Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.63Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-handcombinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresentmakesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience. Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor’’sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.64Tylordefinedcultureas...thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbeliefartmoralslawcustomandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.Thisinsightsoprofoundinitssimplicityopenedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor’’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearnedsharedandpatternedbehavior. 65Thustheanthropologicalconceptofcultureliketheconceptofsetinmathematicsisanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.
Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight’’ssleepdreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreamsawindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.AcenturyagoFreudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970sneurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjustmentalnoise―therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind’’semotionalthermostatregulatingmoodswhilethebrainisoff-line.Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontroltohelpussleepandfeelbetter.It’’syourdreamsaysRosalindCartwrightchairofpsychologyatChicago’’sMedicalCenter.Ifyoudon’’tlikeitchangeit. Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREMrapideyemovementsleep―whenmostvividdreamsoccur―asitiswhenfullyawakesaysDr.EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystemtheemotionalbrainisespeciallyactivewhiletheprefrontalcortexthecenterofintellectandreasoningisrelativelyquiet.WewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressedandthosefeelingscanstaywithusalldaysaysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement. ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright’’sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenightprogressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakeningsuggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon’’talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday’’sevents―untilitappearswebegintodream. Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.Assoonasyouawakenidentifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyouwouldlikeittoendinstead;thenexttimeitoccurstrytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuchpracticepeoplecanlearntoliterallydoitintheirsleep. Attheendofthedaythere’’sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusfromsleepingorwewakeupinapanicCartwrightsays.Terrorismeconomicuncertaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityhaveincreasedpeople’’sanxiety.Thosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfromatherapist.Fortherestofusthebrainhasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleeporratherdream―onitandyou’’llfeelbetterinthemorning. Thenegativefeelingsgeneratedduringthedaytendto
Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight’’ssleepdreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreamsawindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.AcenturyagoFreudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970sneurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjustmentalnoise―therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind’’semotionalthermostatregulatingmoodswhilethebrainisoff-line.Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontroltohelpussleepandfeelbetter.It’’syourdreamsaysRosalindCartwrightchairofpsychologyatChicago’’sMedicalCenter.Ifyoudon’’tlikeitchangeit. Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREMrapideyemovementsleep―whenmostvividdreamsoccur―asitiswhenfullyawakesaysDr.EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystemtheemotionalbrainisespeciallyactivewhiletheprefrontalcortexthecenterofintellectandreasoningisrelativelyquiet.WewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressedandthosefeelingscanstaywithusalldaysaysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement. ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright’’sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenightprogressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakeningsuggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon’’talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday’’sevents―untilitappearswebegintodream. Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.Assoonasyouawakenidentifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyouwouldlikeittoendinstead;thenexttimeitoccurstrytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuchpracticepeoplecanlearntoliterallydoitintheirsleep. Attheendofthedaythere’’sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusfromsleepingorwewakeupinapanicCartwrightsays.Terrorismeconomicuncertaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityhaveincreasedpeople’’sanxiety.Thosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfromatherapist.Fortherestofusthebrainhasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleeporratherdream―onitandyou’’llfeelbetterinthemorning. Researchershavecometobelievethatdreams
北魏孝文帝初谋南迁恐众心恋旧乃示为大举因以胁定群情外谋南伐其实迁也旧入怀土多不所愿内惮南征无敢言者于是定都洛阳上引材料不能说明的问题是
对三国鼎立局面的形成起到关键性作用的战役是
Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreativepossessedofinsatiablecuriosity.61Furthermorehumanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylivethussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.ThereforeitisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmannerwiththehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamorehannoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth. Anthropology.derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthroposhumanandlogosthestudyof.Bvitsverynameanthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind. Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.62Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasonedorderlysystematicanddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena. Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeographyeconomicspoliticalsciencepsychologyandsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology. Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.63Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-handcombinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresentmakesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience. Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor’’sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.64Tylordefinedcultureas...thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbeliefartmoralslawcustomandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.Thisinsightsoprofoundinitssimplicityopenedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor’’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearnedsharedandpatternedbehavior. 65Thustheanthropologicalconceptofcultureliketheconceptofsetinmathematicsisanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.
曹操恢复和发展农业生产所采取的主要措施是
东晋南朝时期江南农业迅速发展其主要原因是
确立了地图绘制的六体的是
WiththestartofBBCWorldServiceTelevisionmillionsofviewersinAsiaandAmericacannowwatchtheCorporation’’snewscoverageaswellaslistentoit. AndofcourseinBritainlistenersandviewerscantuneintotwoBBCtelevisionchannelsfiveBBCnationalradioservicesanddozensoflocalradiostations.Theyarebroughtsportcomedydramamusicnewsandcurrentaffairseducationreligionparliamentarycoveragechildren’’sprogrammesandfilmsforanannualliceneefeeof￡83perhousehold. Itisaremarkablerecordstretchingbackover70years―yettheBBC’’sfutureisnowindoubt.TheCorporationwillsurviveasapublicly-fundedbroadcastingorganizationatleastforthetimebeingbutitsroleitssizeanditsprogrammesarenowthesubjectofanation-widedebateinBritain. ThedebatewaslaunchedbytheGovernmentwhichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC―includingordinarylistenersandviewers―tosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporationandevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkeeping.ThereasonforitsinquiryisthattheBBC’’sroyalcharterrunsoutin1996anditmustdecidewhethertokeeptheorganizationasitisortomakechanges. DefendersoftheCorporation―ofwhomtherearemany―arefondofquotingtheAmericansloganIfitain’’tbrokedon’’tfixit.TheBBCain’’tbroketheysaybywhichtheymeanitisnotbrokenasdistinctfromtheword’’broke’’meaninghavingnomoneysowhybothertochangeit YettheBBCwillhavetochangebecausethebroadcastingworldarounditischanging.ThecommercialTVchannels―ITVandChannel4―wererequiredbytheThatcherGovernment’’sBroadcastingActtobecomemorecommercialcompetingwitheachotherforadvertisersandcuttingcostsandjobs.Butitisthearrivalofnewsatellitechannels―fundedpartlybyadvertisingandpartlybyviewers’’subscriptions―whichwillbringaboutthebiggestchangesinthelongterm. TheBBC’’sroyalcharterline4paragraph4standsfor_________________.
官渡之战赤壁之战淝水之战这三次著名战役的相似之处是
WiththestartofBBCWorldServiceTelevisionmillionsofviewersinAsiaandAmericacannowwatchtheCorporation’’snewscoverageaswellaslistentoit. AndofcourseinBritainlistenersandviewerscantuneintotwoBBCtelevisionchannelsfiveBBCnationalradioservicesanddozensoflocalradiostations.Theyarebroughtsportcomedydramamusicnewsandcurrentaffairseducationreligionparliamentarycoveragechildren’’sprogrammesandfilmsforanannualliceneefeeof￡83perhousehold. Itisaremarkablerecordstretchingbackover70years―yettheBBC’’sfutureisnowindoubt.TheCorporationwillsurviveasapublicly-fundedbroadcastingorganizationatleastforthetimebeingbutitsroleitssizeanditsprogrammesarenowthesubjectofanation-widedebateinBritain. ThedebatewaslaunchedbytheGovernmentwhichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC―includingordinarylistenersandviewers―tosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporationandevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkeeping.ThereasonforitsinquiryisthattheBBC’’sroyalcharterrunsoutin1996anditmustdecidewhethertokeeptheorganizationasitisortomakechanges. DefendersoftheCorporation―ofwhomtherearemany―arefondofquotingtheAmericansloganIfitain’’tbrokedon’’tfixit.TheBBCain’’tbroketheysaybywhichtheymeanitisnotbrokenasdistinctfromtheword’’broke’’meaninghavingnomoneysowhybothertochangeit YettheBBCwillhavetochangebecausethebroadcastingworldarounditischanging.ThecommercialTVchannels―ITVandChannel4―wererequiredbytheThatcherGovernment’’sBroadcastingActtobecomemorecommercialcompetingwitheachotherforadvertisersandcuttingcostsandjobs.Butitisthearrivalofnewsatellitechannels―fundedpartlybyadvertisingandpartlybyviewers’’subscriptions―whichwillbringaboutthebiggestchangesinthelongterm. TheworldfamousBBCnowfaces_________________.
经六朝时期的发展南方形成了三个农业发达地区即
Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreativepossessedofinsatiablecuriosity.61Furthermorehumanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylivethussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.ThereforeitisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmannerwiththehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamorehannoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth. Anthropology.derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthroposhumanandlogosthestudyof.Bvitsverynameanthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind. Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.62Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasonedorderlysystematicanddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena. Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeographyeconomicspoliticalsciencepsychologyandsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology. Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.63Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-handcombinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresentmakesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience. Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor’’sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.64Tylordefinedcultureas...thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbeliefartmoralslawcustomandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.Thisinsightsoprofoundinitssimplicityopenedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor’’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearnedsharedandpatternedbehavior. 65Thustheanthropologicalconceptofcultureliketheconceptofsetinmathematicsisanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding. Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreativepossessedofinsatiablecuriosity.61Furthermorehumanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylivethussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.ThereforeitisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmannerwiththehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamorehannoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth. Anthropology.derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthroposhumanandlogosthestudyof.Bvitsverynameanthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind. Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.62Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasonedorderlysystematicanddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena. Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeographyeconomicspoliticalsciencepsychologyandsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology. Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.63Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-handcombinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresentmakesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience. Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor’’sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.64Tylordefinedcultureas...thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbeliefartmoralslawcustomandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.Thisinsightsoprofoundinitssimplicityopenedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor’’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearnedsharedandpatternedbehavior. 65Thustheanthropologicalconceptofcultureliketheconceptofsetinmathematicsisanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.
Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight’’ssleepdreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreamsawindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.AcenturyagoFreudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970sneurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjustmentalnoise―therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind’’semotionalthermostatregulatingmoodswhilethebrainisoff-line.Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontroltohelpussleepandfeelbetter.It’’syourdreamsaysRosalindCartwrightchairofpsychologyatChicago’’sMedicalCenter.Ifyoudon’’tlikeitchangeit. Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREMrapideyemovementsleep―whenmostvividdreamsoccur―asitiswhenfullyawakesaysDr.EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystemtheemotionalbrainisespeciallyactivewhiletheprefrontalcortexthecenterofintellectandreasoningisrelativelyquiet.WewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressedandthosefeelingscanstaywithusalldaysaysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement. ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright’’sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenightprogressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakeningsuggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon’’talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday’’sevents―untilitappearswebegintodream. Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.Assoonasyouawakenidentifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyouwouldlikeittoendinstead;thenexttimeitoccurstrytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuchpracticepeoplecanlearntoliterallydoitintheirsleep. Attheendofthedaythere’’sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusfromsleepingorwewakeupinapanicCartwrightsays.Terrorismeconomicuncertaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityhaveincreasedpeople’’sanxiety.Thosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfromatherapist.Fortherestofusthebrainhasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleeporratherdream―onitandyou’’llfeelbetterinthemorning. WhatadvicemightCartwrightgivetothosewhosometimeshavebaddreams
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