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隋唐文化的繁荣主要继承了魏晋南北朝时期的( )。
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青铜时代是指
商周时期
秦汉时期
三国魏晋南北朝时期
隋唐时期
官当制度始创于
夏商周时期
秦汉时期
魏晋南北朝时期
隋唐时期
时期卷轴书画开始成为传统
西汉
东汉
魏晋南北朝
隋唐
隋唐文化的繁荣主要继承了魏晋南北朝时期的文化
北方
南方六朝
北方胡族
北方河朔与南方六朝
魏晋南北朝时期科学文化发展的主要原因
魏晋南北朝时期的政治经济和文化的发展对后世哪些王朝的建立奠定了基础
明
隋唐
宋
上述都不是
纸逐渐取代简牍成为最主要的书写材料是在______
西汉时期
东汉时期
魏晋南北朝时期
隋唐时期
我国古代经济重心开始南移和完成分别是在
秦汉时期、隋唐时期
魏晋南北朝时期、隋唐时期
秦汉时期、两宋时期
魏晋南北朝时期、两宋时期
魏晋南北朝时期中国传统文化的主要标志是①fó jiāo 的传入和dào jiāo 的产生②dào jiāo 的完善与fó jiāo 的传播③玄学的兴起④
①②③
②③④
①④
②③
纸张取代简牍成为最主要的书写材料不是在
战国时期
秦汉时期
魏晋南北朝时期
隋唐时期
纸张取代简牍成为最主要的书写材料是在
战国时期
秦汉时期
魏晋南北朝时期
隋唐时期
隋唐时期的最高行政机关是三省六部它是在魏晋南北朝时期相继出现逐渐 形成的
下列有关从魏晋南北朝到隋唐时期儒佛道三教之间关系的说法不正确的是
魏晋南北朝时期，fó jiāo 盛行，dào jiāo 也在民间广为传播
魏晋南北朝时期，儒学吸收fó jiāo 、dào jiāo 的精神，有了新的发展
隋朝时期儒学家提出“三教合归儒”的主张
唐朝时推行三教并行的政策，儒学失去了正统地位
简述魏晋南北朝隋唐时期出现的注史派别和方法
魏晋南北朝时期的文化大势是什么
fó jiāo 在中国的繁荣期是在
东汉魏晋时期
东晋南北朝时期
隋唐时期
宋元明清时期
我国古代历史出现的百家争鸣文化繁荣景象发生在
春秋战国时期
秦汉时期
隋唐时期
魏晋南北朝时期
科举制度成为主要的选官制度始于
秦汉时期
魏晋南北朝时期
隋唐时期
宋元时期
中国传统文化的轴心时代是指哪个时期
春秋战国
秦汉
隋唐
魏晋南北朝
魏晋南北朝时期中国传统文化的主要标志是
fó jiāo 的传入和dào jiāo 的产生
dào jiāo 的完善与fó jiāo 的传播
玄学的兴起
儒学的繁荣
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Text3Thenextbigworkoutcrazeisoneevenacouchpotatocouldlove.Itstartswithawarm-up:atriptothesupermarket.Thenthere’salargedinnerfollowedbysomeleisurelyhoursspentdoingcrosswordpuzzles.Finallythere’sthecool-downalongbubblebath.Keepthisupandyou’llbebuffinnotime.Mentallybuffatanyrate.Thisisaworkoutforyourbrain--anexampleof"neurobics"amovementthat’sgainingmomentumamongthoselookingtostaysharpastheyage.Somepsychologistsclaimthatbyadjustingyourroutineinsmallwaysliketakingadifferentroutetothegrocerystoreorstimulatingyoursenseswithanewfragrancedbathproductyoucanencourageneuronstobuildmoreconnectionstoeachother.ThoughscientistsknowlittleabouttheearlystagesofAlzheimer’sclinicalevidenceisstartingtoshowthatmental"exercises"likethesemaywarditoff.Neurobicsgotstartedwiththe1999bookKeepYourBrainAlivebyDukeUniversityneurobiologistLarryKatzandwriterManningRubin.Sincethenthetermhasenteredcommonusageit’sdefinedinatleastoneslangdictionaryandinspirednumerousimitators.Entrepreneursnowoffercoursesthatteachneurobicexercisesalongsidemoretraditionalseminarsonhandlingstressandexpressingemotions.CorporatetrainerslikeMindGymrunemployeesthrough90minute"workouts"designedtoincreaseproductivity.There’salsotheMyBrainTrainer.comsiteapaidservicethatprovidesaccesstogameslikethoseusedinpsychologicalexperimentstotestcognitiveability.There’snoevidencethatthesegamesareanybetterforyouthansayscrabble.ButMyBrainTrainercreatorBruceFriedmansayshegetsa"neuralbuzz"fromthem--andhe’stakeneachmorethan1600times.Stillit’sagoodbetthatasimplechangeinroutinewillbejustaseffective.Ifthatdoesn’tseemmentallywearingconsiderhowyougoaboutmostneurobicactivitiesinordinarylife.Mostlikelyyou’regoingthroughthemotions--drivingonroadsyouknowbyheartswallowingdowndinnerwithoutsavoringitstasteortexture.Changingthingswillforceyoutopayattentiontowhatyou’redoing.Eventhosewhoareskepticalaboutneurobics’potentialforpreventingAlzheimer’shavetoadmitthatisn’tabadthing. ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthebookKeepYourBrainAlive
Maybeit’’sasignofamaturemindwhensomeoflife’’sbiggerquestions-aboutlovefaithambition-suddenlyseemmoremanageablethansmalleronessuchas:WhydidIjustopentherefrigeratorWhereonearthdidIputmykeysWheredidIwritedownthatphonenumber Ourcapacityforstoringandrecallinginformationdoesnotstreamdownlikesandthroughanhourglassasneurologistsoncebelieved.Onthecontrarynewresearchsuggeststhatwhenstimulatedintherightwaybrainsofalmostanyagecangivebirthtocellsandforgefreshpathwaystofileawaynewinformation.Thisemergingpicturehasnotonlyencouragedthosewhotreatandcareforthe5%ofolderadultswhohavedementia痴呆症suchasAlzheimer’’sdiseasebutalsogeneratedawaveofoptimismamongthosestudyingmemorychangesintheother95%aswellasanincreasingpublicfascinationwithmemoryenhancementdietarysupplementsbooksandbrain-improvingtechniques. Theslightfailuresofmemorythatmanyofusattributetoafailingbrainareoftenduetosomethingentirelydifferent:anxietysleepproblemsdepressionevenheartdisease.Thebiologicalnutsandboltsoflearningandmemoryinfactchangelittleovertimeinhealthypeopleresearcherssay.There’’sverylittlecelllossandstructurallyallthemachineryisthereevenverylateinlifesaidaneuroscientistGregCole.It’’sthecells’’speedandabilitytosendandreceivesignalsthatdiminishgraduallywhichiswhatmakesthemindgoblankwhentryingtorecallfamiliarwordsandnames. Formorethanadecaderesearchershaveknownthatpeoplewhohaveactiveintellectuallychallenginglivesarelesslikelytodevelopdementiathanthosewhodonot.Partofthisdifferenceisattributabletointelligencesomedoctorsbelieve:Themoreyoustartwiththelongerittakestoloseit.Andnewevidencesuggeststhattheactofusingyourbrainisinitselfprotectivenomatterwhoyouare. AlloftheactivitiessuchasreadingnewspaperswatchingTVplayinggamesetc.canimprovepeople’’sscoresonstandardtestsmeasuringrecallofnumbersandnamesexpertssay.Theyalsoacknowledgehoweverthatthereisabigdifferencebetweenplayingchesswithafriendanddoingamentalexercisesuchasmemorizingnumbers.Oneisanorganicpartofaperson’’slifetheotherapurelyintellectualexercisedoneinisolation.Thefirstisfun;thesecondoftenisatiringtask. Accordingtonewresearchit’’sdistinctthat
Text4Judgingbythe$23billionitearnedlastyeartheseshouldbethebestoftimesforShelltheAnglo-DutchenergygiantthatranksthirdamongthetopfiveWesternoilcompanies.ButWallStreetisn’tcelebrating.Insteadanalystsareworriedthatburiedbeneaththerecordprofitfiguresareworryingsignsofabusinessindecline.That’sbecauseShellhasn’tbeenabletofindnearlyasmuchoilandgasasit’snowpumpingoutoftheground.Infactithasn’tevencomeclose--replacingonly60%to70%ofwhatitproducedin2005andonly19%in2004.Shellhashadreserveproblemsforyears--acontroversyoverimproperlybookedassetsforcedittoreduceestimatedreservesbyroughly30%andledtotheresiguationofitsCEOPhilWattsin2004.Butwhat’stroublingnowisthatShellisfallingwaybehindrivalslikeExxonandBPdespitespendingbillionsmoreeachyearonexploringanddrillingnewwells.LastyearExxonreplaced112%ofproduction;BPcameupwith95%."Ihaveneverseenanythinglikethis"saysFadelGheitaveteranenergyanalystwithOppenheimer&Co."Shellusedtorepresentthegoldstandardinthisindustrybutlatelytheycan’tgettheiracttogether."TobesureShellstillhashugeassets--nearly12billionbarrels.Butintheoilandgasindustryreservereplacementisthebestguidetowhetheracompanywillbeabletomaintain-orgrow-productioninthefuture.SonotreplacingwhatyoupumpsayslongtimeindustryobserverMatthewSimmons"islikeeatingyourseedcorn.Ifyou’renotfindingnewoilyou’rejustliquidatingwhatyou’vegot."IndeedShell’sdailyproductionfigureshavebeenweaklatelyfalling6.7%in2005to3.52millionbarrelsaday.PrivatelyShellexecssaythecompany’sdecisiontocutspendingforexplorationwhenoilpricesbottomedoutinthelate1990sispartlytoblamefortheanemicnumbersnow.ShellCEOJeroenvanderVeerinsiststhatprojectslikethoseonSakhalinIslandoffSiberiaandinNigeriaandtheGulfofMexicowillenablethecompanytostartcatchingupwithpeersintheyearsahead.Itwon’tbeeasy."Ifyou’renotaddingtoreservesyouhaveaproblem"saysSanfordBernsteinanalystOswaldClint."Shellwillhavetoruntwiceashardjusttostayinplace." The1990s'decisionledShellto
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory. Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
Wehavetorealisehowoldhowveryoldweare.Nationsareclassifiedasagedwhentheyhave7percentormoreoftheirpeopleaged65oraboveandbyabout1970everyoneoftheadvancedcountrieshadbecomelikethis.Ofthereallyancientsocietieswithover13percentabove65allareinNorthwesternEurope.Weknowthatwearegettingevenolderandthatthenearerasocietyapproximatestozeropopulationgrowththeolderitspopulationislikelytobe--atleastforanyfuturethatconcernsusnow. Tothesenowfamiliarfactsanumberoffurtherfactsmaybeaddedsomeofthemonlyrecentlyrecognised.Thereistheapparentparadoxthattheeffectivecauseofthehighproportionoftheoldisbirthsratherthandeaths.Thereistheeconomicprinciplethatthedependencyratio--thedegreetowhichthosewhocannotearndependforalivingonthosewhocan--ismoreadvantageousinoldersocietieslikeoursthanintheyoungersocietiesofthedevelopingworldbecauselotsofdependentbabiesaremoreofaliabilitythannumbersoftheinactiveaged.Thereistheappreciationofthehistoricaltruththattheagingofadvancedsocietieshasbeenasuddenchange. IfrevolutionisarapidresettlementofthesocialstructureandiftheagecompositionofthesocietycountsasaveryimportantaspectofthatsocialstructurethentherehasbeenasocialrevolutioninEuropeanandparticularlyWesternEuropeansocietywithinthelifetimeofeveryoneover50.Takentogetherthesethingshaveimplicationswhichareonlybeginningtobeacknowledged.ThesefactsandcircumstanceshadaleadingpositionataworldgatheringaboutagingasachallengetoscienceandtopolicyheldatVichyinFrance. ThereisoftenresistancetotheideathatitisbecausethebirthratefellearlierinWesternandNorthwesternEuropethanelsewhereratherthanbecauseofanychangeinthedeathratethatwehavegrownsoold.Longlifeisalteringoursocietyofcoursebutinexperientialterms.Wehaveamongusaverymuchgreaterexperienceofcontinuedlivingthananysocietythathaseverprecededusanywhereandthiswillcontinue.ButtoomuchofthatlengthenedexperienceeveninthewealthyWestwillbeexperienceofpovertyandneglectunlesswedosomethingaboutit. Ifyouareinyourthirtiesyououghttobeawarethatyoucanexpecttolivenearlyonethirdoftherestofyourlifeaftertheageof60.Theolderyouarenowofcoursethegreaterthisproportionwillbeandgreaterstillifyouareawoman. Accordingtothetextreallyagedsocietiesmayinclude
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
Nocompanylikestobetolditiscontributingtothemoraldeclineofanation.IsthiswhatyouintendedtoaccomplishwithyourcareersSenatorRobertDoleaskedTimeWarnerexecutiveslastweek.YouhavesoldyoursoulsbutmustyoucorruptournationandthreatenourchildrenaswellAtTimeWarnerhoweversuchquestionsaresimplythelatestmanifestationofthesoul-searchingthathasinvolvedthecompanyeversincethecompanywasbornin1990.It’’saself-examinationthathasatvarioustimesinvolvedissuesofresponsibilitycreativefreedomandthecorporatebottomline. AtthecoreofthisdebateischairmanGeraldLevin56whotookoverforthelateSteveRossin1992.OnthefinancialfrontLevinisunderpressuretoraisethestockpriceandreducethecompany’’smountainousdebtwhichwillincreaseto$17.3billionaftertwonewcabledealsclose.Hehaspromisedtoselloffsomeofthepropertyandrestructurethecompanybutinvestorsarewaitingimpatiently. Theflapoverrapisnotmakinglifeanyeasierforhim.Levinhasconsistentlydefendedthecompany’’srapmusiconthegroundsofexpression.In1992whenTimeWarnerwasunderfireforreleasingIce-T’’sviolentrapsongCopKillerLevindescribedrapasalawfulexpressionofstreetculturewhichdeservesanoutlet.ThetestofanydemocraticsocietyhewroteinaWallStreetJournalcolumnliesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossiblelatitudehoweverdisputableorirritatingtheresultsmaysometimesbe.Wewon’’tretreatinthefaceofanythreats. Levinwouldnotcommentonthedebatelastweekbutthereweresignsthatthechairmanwasbackingoffhishard-linestandatleasttosomeextent.Duringthediscussionofrocksingingversesatlastmonth’’sstockholders’’meetingLevinassertedthatmusicisnotthecauseofsociety’’sillsandevencitedhissonateacherintheBronxNewYorkwhousesraptocommunicatewithstudents.Buthetalkedaswellaboutthebalancedstrugglebetweencreativefreedomandsocialresponsibilityandheannouncedthatthecompanywouldlaunchadrivetodevelopstandardsfordistributionandlabelingofpotentiallyobjectionablemusic. The15-memberTimeWarnerboardisgenerallysupportiveofLevinandhiscorporatestrategy.Butinsiderssayseveralofthemhaveshowntheirconcernsinthismatter.SomeofushaveknownformanymanyyearsthatthefreedomsundertheFirstAmendmentarenottotallyunlimitedsaysLuce.Ithinkitisperhapsthecasethatsomepeopleassociatedwiththecompanyhaveonlyrecentlycometorealizethis. Thebesttitleforthispassagecouldbe___________.
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
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Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
PartBDirections:YouaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutGoogle.Choosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelist[A]-[F]foreachnumberedparagraph41-45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]Stickingtolong-termplanning. [B]Striveformoreprofit [C]Decentralizedmanagement. [D]Maintaininganemployee-centricculture. [E]OfficialDo-Gooding. [F]Apubliccompanyownedbythepublic. WallStreetpredictorsnowestimatethatwhenGooglestocksareissuedsomeweeksfromnowthecompanywillbevaluedatasmuchas$30billionmakingBrinandPagewhoeachownabout15percentworthmorethan$4billioneach.ButpersonalwealthisclearlynottheobsessionofthecofounderswhoshareaclutteredofficeinthecampusdubbedtheGoogleplex.Asevidencedbytheir"ownersmanual"theyhavebeenstrugglingwithadeepquestion:howcantheypreservetheircompanyapproachcultureandvisionifitistobepubliclytradedandbeholdentoshareholders7Andtheyhavecomeupwithsomeanswers.41.____________________Googleisobsessedwithdemocracy.ThebasisofallitswealthspringsfromtheGooglesearchalgorithmswhichsearchthroughandindextheWebinsuchawayastocapturethecollectiveintelligenceofitsusers.It’skindofademocraticprocessandapparentlythisideacarriesovertowhoshouldownshares.Googleisrepellingtobeassociatedwiththego-goandultimatelygone-gonesuperheroesofthedot-comeraandtodiscouragespeculationPageandBrinoutline"afairprocessforourIPOthatisinclusiveofbothsmallandlargeinvestors."Theyproposeanauctionthatwillbypassthedaytradersandfatcatsandhopefullyreachtheiridealinvestor---awisesoulwillingtohanginforthelonghaul.WhenitcomestocontrolthoughGoogle’sleadersbelievethatitshouldrestwiththem.Thecompanywillhavetwoclassesofstockoneofwhichhasgreatervotingrightsownedbythem.42.____________________Soundingdangerouslylikeafortunecookiethecofounderswrite"Amanagementteamdistractedbyaseriesofshort-termtargetsisaspointlessasadietersteppingonascaleeveryhalfhour."Googlewon’tfallforthattheyinsist.TherewillbenoattempttomassagequarterlyresultstopleaseWallStreet.Andifyouaskthemhowthingswillgointhenextcoupleofmonths"wewillrespectfullydecline"toofferguidance.43.____________________BrinandPageknewthatdoubterspredictedthatgoingpublicwouldbetheendofGoogle’semployeeamenitieslikefreelunchescookedbyJerryGarcia’sformerchefandmassagesoncall.But"whenyoulookatthefinancialsthatcostsnothing"saidBrinrecently."It’slessthanaroundingerror."HeandPagearetellingshareholdersto"expectustoaddbenefitsratherthanreducethemovertime."44.____________________BrinPageandCEOEricSchmidtrunthecompanyasamessytriumvirate.Howevertheydoincludespatsbetweenthemasapossibleriskfactor.Andthechainofcommandwillbefurthercomplicatedbytheirrequirementthattheboardchairmanshouldnotbeaninsider.45.____________________IncasetherewasanydoubtaboutGoogle’sprioritiesPageandBrinputitinblackandwhite:"WeaspiretomakeGoogleaninstitutionthatmakestheworldabetterplace."Thecompanymottois"Don’tbeevil"andshareholdersshouldbeawarethatthiscouldimpactstockprice.Googleisputting1percentofitswealthinafoundationthatsomeday"mayeclipseGiggleitselfintermsofoverallworldimpact."Allfascinatingbutnotreallyananswertothatbigquestion:shouldyougetinonthis.’ThatwilldependonhowGooglecanmaintainitsamazingmomentuminthefaceofsomeverytoughcompetitivechallenges. 41
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.Thewinnertakesallitiswidelysupposedincomputingcircles.Indeedgeekshavecoinedaword"Googlearchy"forthewayinwhichsearchenginesencouragewebtraffictowardsthemostpopularsites.46Thebeliefthatsearchenginesmakepopularwebsitesevermorepopularattheexpenseofotherpagesisnowbeingchallengedbyresearch.47TheapparentlymagicalabilityofsearchenginessuchasGoogletoreturnrelevantwebsitesevenwhengiventhesketchiestofcluesbythepersonenteringaqueryreliesontheuseofmathematicalrecipesoralgorithms.Googleworksbyanalysingthestructureofthewebitself.Eachofitsbillionsofpagescanlinktootherpagesandcanalsointurnbelinkedtobyothers.Furthermoreifthepagesthatlinktothispageamalsoimportantthenthatpageisevenmorelikelytobeimportant.48ThealgorithmhasbeenmadeincreasinglycomplexovertheyearstodeterthosewhowouldmanipulatetheirpagestoappearhigherintherankingsbutitremainsattheheartofGoogle’ssuccess.Googleisnotaloneinthis.Manysearchenginestakeaccountofthenumberoflinkstoawebsitewhentheyreturntheresultsofasearch.49Becauseofthisthereisawidespreadbeliefamongcomputersocialandpoliticalscientiststhatsearchenginescreateaviciouscirclethatamplifiesthedominanceofestablishedandalreadypopularwebsites.Pagesreturnedbysearchenginesaremorelikelytobediscoveredandconsequentlylinkedtobyothers.NotsoaccordingtoacontroversialnewpaperthathasrecentlyappearedonarXivanonlinecollectionofphysicsandrelatedpapers.InitSantoFortunatoandhiscolleaguesatIndianaUniversityinAmericaandBielefeldUniversityinGermanyclaimthatsearchenginesactuallyhaveanegalitarianeffectthatincreasestraffictolesspopularsites.Theresearchersdevelopedamodelthatdescribedtwoextremecases.Inthefirstpeoplebrowsedthewebonlybysurfingrandomlinks.Inthesecondpeopleonlyvisitedpagesthatwerereturnedbysearchengines.Theresearchersthenturnedtotherealworld.Theyplottedthetraffictoawebsite--measuredasthefractionofallpageviewsmadeinathree-monthperiod--againstthenumberofincominglinksmadetothatwebsite.50Totheirsurprisetheyfoundthattherelationshipbetweenthetwodidnotliebetweentheextremessuggestedbytheirmodelbutsomewherecompletelydifferent.Itappearstoshowthatthesupposedbiasinfavourofpopularpagesisactuallymitigatedbythecombinationofsearchenginesandpeoplefollowingrandomlinks. TheapparentlymagicalabilityofsearchenginessuchasGoogletoreturnrelevantwebsitesevenwhengiventhesketchiestofcluesbythepersonenteringaqueryreliesontheuseofmathematicalrecipesoralgorithms.
Text3Thenextbigworkoutcrazeisoneevenacouchpotatocouldlove.Itstartswithawarm-up:atriptothesupermarket.Thenthere’salargedinnerfollowedbysomeleisurelyhoursspentdoingcrosswordpuzzles.Finallythere’sthecool-downalongbubblebath.Keepthisupandyou’llbebuffinnotime.Mentallybuffatanyrate.Thisisaworkoutforyourbrain--anexampleof"neurobics"amovementthat’sgainingmomentumamongthoselookingtostaysharpastheyage.Somepsychologistsclaimthatbyadjustingyourroutineinsmallwaysliketakingadifferentroutetothegrocerystoreorstimulatingyoursenseswithanewfragrancedbathproductyoucanencourageneuronstobuildmoreconnectionstoeachother.ThoughscientistsknowlittleabouttheearlystagesofAlzheimer’sclinicalevidenceisstartingtoshowthatmental"exercises"likethesemaywarditoff.Neurobicsgotstartedwiththe1999bookKeepYourBrainAlivebyDukeUniversityneurobiologistLarryKatzandwriterManningRubin.Sincethenthetermhasenteredcommonusageit’sdefinedinatleastoneslangdictionaryandinspirednumerousimitators.Entrepreneursnowoffercoursesthatteachneurobicexercisesalongsidemoretraditionalseminarsonhandlingstressandexpressingemotions.CorporatetrainerslikeMindGymrunemployeesthrough90minute"workouts"designedtoincreaseproductivity.There’salsotheMyBrainTrainer.comsiteapaidservicethatprovidesaccesstogameslikethoseusedinpsychologicalexperimentstotestcognitiveability.There’snoevidencethatthesegamesareanybetterforyouthansayscrabble.ButMyBrainTrainercreatorBruceFriedmansayshegetsa"neuralbuzz"fromthem--andhe’stakeneachmorethan1600times.Stillit’sagoodbetthatasimplechangeinroutinewillbejustaseffective.Ifthatdoesn’tseemmentallywearingconsiderhowyougoaboutmostneurobicactivitiesinordinarylife.Mostlikelyyou’regoingthroughthemotions--drivingonroadsyouknowbyheartswallowingdowndinnerwithoutsavoringitstasteortexture.Changingthingswillforceyoutopayattentiontowhatyou’redoing.Eventhosewhoareskepticalaboutneurobics’potentialforpreventingAlzheimer’shavetoadmitthatisn’tabadthing. Fromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthor
Directions: YourfriendpostedyousomestudymaterialswhichyouareingreatneedofWritealetterwithnolessthan100wordstoexpressyourthanksandtellhimthefortunateresults.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsign’ourownnameattheendoftheletter;use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
Nocompanylikestobetolditiscontributingtothemoraldeclineofanation.IsthiswhatyouintendedtoaccomplishwithyourcareersSenatorRobertDoleaskedTimeWarnerexecutiveslastweek.YouhavesoldyoursoulsbutmustyoucorruptournationandthreatenourchildrenaswellAtTimeWarnerhoweversuchquestionsaresimplythelatestmanifestationofthesoul-searchingthathasinvolvedthecompanyeversincethecompanywasbornin1990.It’’saself-examinationthathasatvarioustimesinvolvedissuesofresponsibilitycreativefreedomandthecorporatebottomline. AtthecoreofthisdebateischairmanGeraldLevin56whotookoverforthelateSteveRossin1992.OnthefinancialfrontLevinisunderpressuretoraisethestockpriceandreducethecompany’’smountainousdebtwhichwillincreaseto$17.3billionaftertwonewcabledealsclose.Hehaspromisedtoselloffsomeofthepropertyandrestructurethecompanybutinvestorsarewaitingimpatiently. Theflapoverrapisnotmakinglifeanyeasierforhim.Levinhasconsistentlydefendedthecompany’’srapmusiconthegroundsofexpression.In1992whenTimeWarnerwasunderfireforreleasingIce-T’’sviolentrapsongCopKillerLevindescribedrapasalawfulexpressionofstreetculturewhichdeservesanoutlet.ThetestofanydemocraticsocietyhewroteinaWallStreetJournalcolumnliesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossiblelatitudehoweverdisputableorirritatingtheresultsmaysometimesbe.Wewon’’tretreatinthefaceofanythreats. Levinwouldnotcommentonthedebatelastweekbutthereweresignsthatthechairmanwasbackingoffhishard-linestandatleasttosomeextent.Duringthediscussionofrocksingingversesatlastmonth’’sstockholders’’meetingLevinassertedthatmusicisnotthecauseofsociety’’sillsandevencitedhissonateacherintheBronxNewYorkwhousesraptocommunicatewithstudents.Buthetalkedaswellaboutthebalancedstrugglebetweencreativefreedomandsocialresponsibilityandheannouncedthatthecompanywouldlaunchadrivetodevelopstandardsfordistributionandlabelingofpotentiallyobjectionablemusic. The15-memberTimeWarnerboardisgenerallysupportiveofLevinandhiscorporatestrategy.Butinsiderssayseveralofthemhaveshowntheirconcernsinthismatter.SomeofushaveknownformanymanyyearsthatthefreedomsundertheFirstAmendmentarenottotallyunlimitedsaysLuce.Ithinkitisperhapsthecasethatsomepeopleassociatedwiththecompanyhaveonlyrecentlycometorealizethis. AccordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingisTRUE___________.
Text4Judgingbythe$23billionitearnedlastyeartheseshouldbethebestoftimesforShelltheAnglo-DutchenergygiantthatranksthirdamongthetopfiveWesternoilcompanies.ButWallStreetisn’tcelebrating.Insteadanalystsareworriedthatburiedbeneaththerecordprofitfiguresareworryingsignsofabusinessindecline.That’sbecauseShellhasn’tbeenabletofindnearlyasmuchoilandgasasit’snowpumpingoutoftheground.Infactithasn’tevencomeclose--replacingonly60%to70%ofwhatitproducedin2005andonly19%in2004.Shellhashadreserveproblemsforyears--acontroversyoverimproperlybookedassetsforcedittoreduceestimatedreservesbyroughly30%andledtotheresiguationofitsCEOPhilWattsin2004.Butwhat’stroublingnowisthatShellisfallingwaybehindrivalslikeExxonandBPdespitespendingbillionsmoreeachyearonexploringanddrillingnewwells.LastyearExxonreplaced112%ofproduction;BPcameupwith95%."Ihaveneverseenanythinglikethis"saysFadelGheitaveteranenergyanalystwithOppenheimer&Co."Shellusedtorepresentthegoldstandardinthisindustrybutlatelytheycan’tgettheiracttogether."TobesureShellstillhashugeassets--nearly12billionbarrels.Butintheoilandgasindustryreservereplacementisthebestguidetowhetheracompanywillbeabletomaintain-orgrow-productioninthefuture.SonotreplacingwhatyoupumpsayslongtimeindustryobserverMatthewSimmons"islikeeatingyourseedcorn.Ifyou’renotfindingnewoilyou’rejustliquidatingwhatyou’vegot."IndeedShell’sdailyproductionfigureshavebeenweaklatelyfalling6.7%in2005to3.52millionbarrelsaday.PrivatelyShellexecssaythecompany’sdecisiontocutspendingforexplorationwhenoilpricesbottomedoutinthelate1990sispartlytoblamefortheanemicnumbersnow.ShellCEOJeroenvanderVeerinsiststhatprojectslikethoseonSakhalinIslandoffSiberiaandinNigeriaandtheGulfofMexicowillenablethecompanytostartcatchingupwithpeersintheyearsahead.Itwon’tbeeasy."Ifyou’renotaddingtoreservesyouhaveaproblem"saysSanfordBernsteinanalystOswaldClint."Shellwillhavetoruntwiceashardjusttostayinplace." AccordingtoOswaldClintShell'schanceofcatchingupis
PartBDirections:YouaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutGoogle.Choosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelist[A]-[F]foreachnumberedparagraph41-45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]Stickingtolong-termplanning. [B]Striveformoreprofit [C]Decentralizedmanagement. [D]Maintaininganemployee-centricculture. [E]OfficialDo-Gooding. [F]Apubliccompanyownedbythepublic. WallStreetpredictorsnowestimatethatwhenGooglestocksareissuedsomeweeksfromnowthecompanywillbevaluedatasmuchas$30billionmakingBrinandPagewhoeachownabout15percentworthmorethan$4billioneach.ButpersonalwealthisclearlynottheobsessionofthecofounderswhoshareaclutteredofficeinthecampusdubbedtheGoogleplex.Asevidencedbytheir"ownersmanual"theyhavebeenstrugglingwithadeepquestion:howcantheypreservetheircompanyapproachcultureandvisionifitistobepubliclytradedandbeholdentoshareholders7Andtheyhavecomeupwithsomeanswers.41.____________________Googleisobsessedwithdemocracy.ThebasisofallitswealthspringsfromtheGooglesearchalgorithmswhichsearchthroughandindextheWebinsuchawayastocapturethecollectiveintelligenceofitsusers.It’skindofademocraticprocessandapparentlythisideacarriesovertowhoshouldownshares.Googleisrepellingtobeassociatedwiththego-goandultimatelygone-gonesuperheroesofthedot-comeraandtodiscouragespeculationPageandBrinoutline"afairprocessforourIPOthatisinclusiveofbothsmallandlargeinvestors."Theyproposeanauctionthatwillbypassthedaytradersandfatcatsandhopefullyreachtheiridealinvestor---awisesoulwillingtohanginforthelonghaul.WhenitcomestocontrolthoughGoogle’sleadersbelievethatitshouldrestwiththem.Thecompanywillhavetwoclassesofstockoneofwhichhasgreatervotingrightsownedbythem.42.____________________Soundingdangerouslylikeafortunecookiethecofounderswrite"Amanagementteamdistractedbyaseriesofshort-termtargetsisaspointlessasadietersteppingonascaleeveryhalfhour."Googlewon’tfallforthattheyinsist.TherewillbenoattempttomassagequarterlyresultstopleaseWallStreet.Andifyouaskthemhowthingswillgointhenextcoupleofmonths"wewillrespectfullydecline"toofferguidance.43.____________________BrinandPageknewthatdoubterspredictedthatgoingpublicwouldbetheendofGoogle’semployeeamenitieslikefreelunchescookedbyJerryGarcia’sformerchefandmassagesoncall.But"whenyoulookatthefinancialsthatcostsnothing"saidBrinrecently."It’slessthanaroundingerror."HeandPagearetellingshareholdersto"expectustoaddbenefitsratherthanreducethemovertime."44.____________________BrinPageandCEOEricSchmidtrunthecompanyasamessytriumvirate.Howevertheydoincludespatsbetweenthemasapossibleriskfactor.Andthechainofcommandwillbefurthercomplicatedbytheirrequirementthattheboardchairmanshouldnotbeaninsider.45.____________________IncasetherewasanydoubtaboutGoogle’sprioritiesPageandBrinputitinblackandwhite:"WeaspiretomakeGoogleaninstitutionthatmakestheworldabetterplace."Thecompanymottois"Don’tbeevil"andshareholdersshouldbeawarethatthiscouldimpactstockprice.Googleisputting1percentofitswealthinafoundationthatsomeday"mayeclipseGiggleitselfintermsofoverallworldimpact."Allfascinatingbutnotreallyananswertothatbigquestion:shouldyougetinonthis.’ThatwilldependonhowGooglecanmaintainitsamazingmomentuminthefaceofsomeverytoughcompetitivechallenges. 45
Text2Bigmacs.Nacho-CheeseChalupas.Subwaysubs.RobBoruckiadoresthemall.The37-yearoldindulgesinfast-foodfareatleastfivetimesaweek.AreallygooddayforBoruckiWhenWienerschnitzelaWestCoasthot-dogchainhegrewupwithrecentlyopenedjustafewblocksfromhisTempeArizonaofficeandhegottoenjoywithhisfellowsausageenthusiasts."Iwassoexcited"saystheInternetprojectmanagerwhorunsafast-foodfanWebsite."Andsowaseveryonethere."Infast-foodtermsBoruckiiscalleda"heavyuser"eventhoughheisquiteslender.Looselydefinedasthe20percentoffast-foodeaterswhoaccountfor60percentofallfast-foodsalesatypicalheavyuserismaleinhis20sor30sandextremelyloyaltotheburgersandfriesheloveslatelyheaviesarefeelingundersiegeasfast-foodchainshavecomeunderattack.ObesedinersaresuingcompanieslikeMcDonald’sforallegedlycontributingtotheirweightproblemsAndtheendlessfloodofstudiesdetailingthehorrorsofobesityprovideplentyofammoforthechattertypeswhowantheavyuserstochangetheirways.HeavyuserslikeBoruckiinsisttheydon’tneedsavingprotestingthattheyarefarfromtheuselessfattiesanti-fast-foodactivistsmakethemouttobe.ForhispartBoruckiisamoderateexerciser.Andhe’lloccasionallysubstituteasidesaladforhisregularfries.Indeedinarecentstudyofrestaurant-goersbytheresearchfirmTechnomic90percentsaidtheyhadconcernsaboutobesityand50percentsaidthey’dchangedtheireatinghabitsinthepastyearasaresult.Fast-foodcompanieshavenoticed.YoucangiveyourwaistlineabreaktodaywithaMcDonald’sfruit-and-walnutsaladorskiptheflame-broiledmeatandhaveaBurgerKingFire-Grilledsaladwithshrimpinstead.Thehealthyapproachisworking:salesareexpectedtoincreasebyasmuchas4percentthisyear.Heavyusersareadapting--intheirownway.They’reeatingChickenWhoppersaswellastherealthingandcuttingbackonanythingthathastheword"fried"initsname.McDonald’sdroppeditsSuperSizeportionsapparentlybecausecustomersstoppedorderingthegiganticservings."[But]theOuarterPounderwithCheeseortheBigMac--thoseitemswillnotbetouched"saysTechnomic’sDennisLombardi.JeremyHagemancantakesomecomfortinthat.The26-year-oldWebdesignerhitsthegymthreetimesaweeksothathecanindulgeinasmuchfastfoodashelikes."Ilikethingsthattastegood"Hagemansays.Hecameupwithaplan:eatmoreTacoBell."Forsomereason"hesays"itdoesn’tseemasbad." Thispassageiswrittenmainlyfor
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
PartBDirections:YouaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutGoogle.Choosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelist[A]-[F]foreachnumberedparagraph41-45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]Stickingtolong-termplanning. [B]Striveformoreprofit [C]Decentralizedmanagement. [D]Maintaininganemployee-centricculture. [E]OfficialDo-Gooding. [F]Apubliccompanyownedbythepublic. WallStreetpredictorsnowestimatethatwhenGooglestocksareissuedsomeweeksfromnowthecompanywillbevaluedatasmuchas$30billionmakingBrinandPagewhoeachownabout15percentworthmorethan$4billioneach.ButpersonalwealthisclearlynottheobsessionofthecofounderswhoshareaclutteredofficeinthecampusdubbedtheGoogleplex.Asevidencedbytheir"ownersmanual"theyhavebeenstrugglingwithadeepquestion:howcantheypreservetheircompanyapproachcultureandvisionifitistobepubliclytradedandbeholdentoshareholders7Andtheyhavecomeupwithsomeanswers.41.____________________Googleisobsessedwithdemocracy.ThebasisofallitswealthspringsfromtheGooglesearchalgorithmswhichsearchthroughandindextheWebinsuchawayastocapturethecollectiveintelligenceofitsusers.It’skindofademocraticprocessandapparentlythisideacarriesovertowhoshouldownshares.Googleisrepellingtobeassociatedwiththego-goandultimatelygone-gonesuperheroesofthedot-comeraandtodiscouragespeculationPageandBrinoutline"afairprocessforourIPOthatisinclusiveofbothsmallandlargeinvestors."Theyproposeanauctionthatwillbypassthedaytradersandfatcatsandhopefullyreachtheiridealinvestor---awisesoulwillingtohanginforthelonghaul.WhenitcomestocontrolthoughGoogle’sleadersbelievethatitshouldrestwiththem.Thecompanywillhavetwoclassesofstockoneofwhichhasgreatervotingrightsownedbythem.42.____________________Soundingdangerouslylikeafortunecookiethecofounderswrite"Amanagementteamdistractedbyaseriesofshort-termtargetsisaspointlessasadietersteppingonascaleeveryhalfhour."Googlewon’tfallforthattheyinsist.TherewillbenoattempttomassagequarterlyresultstopleaseWallStreet.Andifyouaskthemhowthingswillgointhenextcoupleofmonths"wewillrespectfullydecline"toofferguidance.43.____________________BrinandPageknewthatdoubterspredictedthatgoingpublicwouldbetheendofGoogle’semployeeamenitieslikefreelunchescookedbyJerryGarcia’sformerchefandmassagesoncall.But"whenyoulookatthefinancialsthatcostsnothing"saidBrinrecently."It’slessthanaroundingerror."HeandPagearetellingshareholdersto"expectustoaddbenefitsratherthanreducethemovertime."44.____________________BrinPageandCEOEricSchmidtrunthecompanyasamessytriumvirate.Howevertheydoincludespatsbetweenthemasapossibleriskfactor.Andthechainofcommandwillbefurthercomplicatedbytheirrequirementthattheboardchairmanshouldnotbeaninsider.45.____________________IncasetherewasanydoubtaboutGoogle’sprioritiesPageandBrinputitinblackandwhite:"WeaspiretomakeGoogleaninstitutionthatmakestheworldabetterplace."Thecompanymottois"Don’tbeevil"andshareholdersshouldbeawarethatthiscouldimpactstockprice.Googleisputting1percentofitswealthinafoundationthatsomeday"mayeclipseGiggleitselfintermsofoverallworldimpact."Allfascinatingbutnotreallyananswertothatbigquestion:shouldyougetinonthis.’ThatwilldependonhowGooglecanmaintainitsamazingmomentuminthefaceofsomeverytoughcompetitivechallenges. 43
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
Maybeit’’sasignofamaturemindwhensomeoflife’’sbiggerquestions-aboutlovefaithambition-suddenlyseemmoremanageablethansmalleronessuchas:WhydidIjustopentherefrigeratorWhereonearthdidIputmykeysWheredidIwritedownthatphonenumber Ourcapacityforstoringandrecallinginformationdoesnotstreamdownlikesandthroughanhourglassasneurologistsoncebelieved.Onthecontrarynewresearchsuggeststhatwhenstimulatedintherightwaybrainsofalmostanyagecangivebirthtocellsandforgefreshpathwaystofileawaynewinformation.Thisemergingpicturehasnotonlyencouragedthosewhotreatandcareforthe5%ofolderadultswhohavedementia痴呆症suchasAlzheimer’’sdiseasebutalsogeneratedawaveofoptimismamongthosestudyingmemorychangesintheother95%aswellasanincreasingpublicfascinationwithmemoryenhancementdietarysupplementsbooksandbrain-improvingtechniques. Theslightfailuresofmemorythatmanyofusattributetoafailingbrainareoftenduetosomethingentirelydifferent:anxietysleepproblemsdepressionevenheartdisease.Thebiologicalnutsandboltsoflearningandmemoryinfactchangelittleovertimeinhealthypeopleresearcherssay.There’’sverylittlecelllossandstructurallyallthemachineryisthereevenverylateinlifesaidaneuroscientistGregCole.It’’sthecells’’speedandabilitytosendandreceivesignalsthatdiminishgraduallywhichiswhatmakesthemindgoblankwhentryingtorecallfamiliarwordsandnames. Formorethanadecaderesearchershaveknownthatpeoplewhohaveactiveintellectuallychallenginglivesarelesslikelytodevelopdementiathanthosewhodonot.Partofthisdifferenceisattributabletointelligencesomedoctorsbelieve:Themoreyoustartwiththelongerittakestoloseit.Andnewevidencesuggeststhattheactofusingyourbrainisinitselfprotectivenomatterwhoyouare. AlloftheactivitiessuchasreadingnewspaperswatchingTVplayinggamesetc.canimprovepeople’’sscoresonstandardtestsmeasuringrecallofnumbersandnamesexpertssay.Theyalsoacknowledgehoweverthatthereisabigdifferencebetweenplayingchesswithafriendanddoingamentalexercisesuchasmemorizingnumbers.Oneisanorganicpartofaperson’’slifetheotherapurelyintellectualexercisedoneinisolation.Thefirstisfun;thesecondoftenisatiringtask. ThephrasenutsandboltsinPar.3mostprobablymeans
Text3Thenextbigworkoutcrazeisoneevenacouchpotatocouldlove.Itstartswithawarm-up:atriptothesupermarket.Thenthere’salargedinnerfollowedbysomeleisurelyhoursspentdoingcrosswordpuzzles.Finallythere’sthecool-downalongbubblebath.Keepthisupandyou’llbebuffinnotime.Mentallybuffatanyrate.Thisisaworkoutforyourbrain--anexampleof"neurobics"amovementthat’sgainingmomentumamongthoselookingtostaysharpastheyage.Somepsychologistsclaimthatbyadjustingyourroutineinsmallwaysliketakingadifferentroutetothegrocerystoreorstimulatingyoursenseswithanewfragrancedbathproductyoucanencourageneuronstobuildmoreconnectionstoeachother.ThoughscientistsknowlittleabouttheearlystagesofAlzheimer’sclinicalevidenceisstartingtoshowthatmental"exercises"likethesemaywarditoff.Neurobicsgotstartedwiththe1999bookKeepYourBrainAlivebyDukeUniversityneurobiologistLarryKatzandwriterManningRubin.Sincethenthetermhasenteredcommonusageit’sdefinedinatleastoneslangdictionaryandinspirednumerousimitators.Entrepreneursnowoffercoursesthatteachneurobicexercisesalongsidemoretraditionalseminarsonhandlingstressandexpressingemotions.CorporatetrainerslikeMindGymrunemployeesthrough90minute"workouts"designedtoincreaseproductivity.There’salsotheMyBrainTrainer.comsiteapaidservicethatprovidesaccesstogameslikethoseusedinpsychologicalexperimentstotestcognitiveability.There’snoevidencethatthesegamesareanybetterforyouthansayscrabble.ButMyBrainTrainercreatorBruceFriedmansayshegetsa"neuralbuzz"fromthem--andhe’stakeneachmorethan1600times.Stillit’sagoodbetthatasimplechangeinroutinewillbejustaseffective.Ifthatdoesn’tseemmentallywearingconsiderhowyougoaboutmostneurobicactivitiesinordinarylife.Mostlikelyyou’regoingthroughthemotions--drivingonroadsyouknowbyheartswallowingdowndinnerwithoutsavoringitstasteortexture.Changingthingswillforceyoutopayattentiontowhatyou’redoing.Eventhosewhoareskepticalaboutneurobics’potentialforpreventingAlzheimer’shavetoadmitthatisn’tabadthing. BruceFriedmanseemstosuggestthat
1describethedrawing 2interpretitsmeaningand 3supportyourviewwithexamples. Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Wehavetorealisehowoldhowveryoldweare.Nationsareclassifiedasagedwhentheyhave7percentormoreoftheirpeopleaged65oraboveandbyabout1970everyoneoftheadvancedcountrieshadbecomelikethis.Ofthereallyancientsocietieswithover13percentabove65allareinNorthwesternEurope.Weknowthatwearegettingevenolderandthatthenearerasocietyapproximatestozeropopulationgrowththeolderitspopulationislikelytobe--atleastforanyfuturethatconcernsusnow. Tothesenowfamiliarfactsanumberoffurtherfactsmaybeaddedsomeofthemonlyrecentlyrecognised.Thereistheapparentparadoxthattheeffectivecauseofthehighproportionoftheoldisbirthsratherthandeaths.Thereistheeconomicprinciplethatthedependencyratio--thedegreetowhichthosewhocannotearndependforalivingonthosewhocan--ismoreadvantageousinoldersocietieslikeoursthanintheyoungersocietiesofthedevelopingworldbecauselotsofdependentbabiesaremoreofaliabilitythannumbersoftheinactiveaged.Thereistheappreciationofthehistoricaltruththattheagingofadvancedsocietieshasbeenasuddenchange. IfrevolutionisarapidresettlementofthesocialstructureandiftheagecompositionofthesocietycountsasaveryimportantaspectofthatsocialstructurethentherehasbeenasocialrevolutioninEuropeanandparticularlyWesternEuropeansocietywithinthelifetimeofeveryoneover50.Takentogetherthesethingshaveimplicationswhichareonlybeginningtobeacknowledged.ThesefactsandcircumstanceshadaleadingpositionataworldgatheringaboutagingasachallengetoscienceandtopolicyheldatVichyinFrance. ThereisoftenresistancetotheideathatitisbecausethebirthratefellearlierinWesternandNorthwesternEuropethanelsewhereratherthanbecauseofanychangeinthedeathratethatwehavegrownsoold.Longlifeisalteringoursocietyofcoursebutinexperientialterms.Wehaveamongusaverymuchgreaterexperienceofcontinuedlivingthananysocietythathaseverprecededusanywhereandthiswillcontinue.ButtoomuchofthatlengthenedexperienceeveninthewealthyWestwillbeexperienceofpovertyandneglectunlesswedosomethingaboutit. Ifyouareinyourthirtiesyououghttobeawarethatyoucanexpecttolivenearlyonethirdoftherestofyourlifeaftertheageof60.Theolderyouarenowofcoursethegreaterthisproportionwillbeandgreaterstillifyouareawoman. Thewriterismostprobablyinfavorofthestatementthat
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.Thewinnertakesallitiswidelysupposedincomputingcircles.Indeedgeekshavecoinedaword"Googlearchy"forthewayinwhichsearchenginesencouragewebtraffictowardsthemostpopularsites.46Thebeliefthatsearchenginesmakepopularwebsitesevermorepopularattheexpenseofotherpagesisnowbeingchallengedbyresearch.47TheapparentlymagicalabilityofsearchenginessuchasGoogletoreturnrelevantwebsitesevenwhengiventhesketchiestofcluesbythepersonenteringaqueryreliesontheuseofmathematicalrecipesoralgorithms.Googleworksbyanalysingthestructureofthewebitself.Eachofitsbillionsofpagescanlinktootherpagesandcanalsointurnbelinkedtobyothers.Furthermoreifthepagesthatlinktothispageamalsoimportantthenthatpageisevenmorelikelytobeimportant.48ThealgorithmhasbeenmadeincreasinglycomplexovertheyearstodeterthosewhowouldmanipulatetheirpagestoappearhigherintherankingsbutitremainsattheheartofGoogle’ssuccess.Googleisnotaloneinthis.Manysearchenginestakeaccountofthenumberoflinkstoawebsitewhentheyreturntheresultsofasearch.49Becauseofthisthereisawidespreadbeliefamongcomputersocialandpoliticalscientiststhatsearchenginescreateaviciouscirclethatamplifiesthedominanceofestablishedandalreadypopularwebsites.Pagesreturnedbysearchenginesaremorelikelytobediscoveredandconsequentlylinkedtobyothers.NotsoaccordingtoacontroversialnewpaperthathasrecentlyappearedonarXivanonlinecollectionofphysicsandrelatedpapers.InitSantoFortunatoandhiscolleaguesatIndianaUniversityinAmericaandBielefeldUniversityinGermanyclaimthatsearchenginesactuallyhaveanegalitarianeffectthatincreasestraffictolesspopularsites.Theresearchersdevelopedamodelthatdescribedtwoextremecases.Inthefirstpeoplebrowsedthewebonlybysurfingrandomlinks.Inthesecondpeopleonlyvisitedpagesthatwerereturnedbysearchengines.Theresearchersthenturnedtotherealworld.Theyplottedthetraffictoawebsite--measuredasthefractionofallpageviewsmadeinathree-monthperiod--againstthenumberofincominglinksmadetothatwebsite.50Totheirsurprisetheyfoundthattherelationshipbetweenthetwodidnotliebetweentheextremessuggestedbytheirmodelbutsomewherecompletelydifferent.Itappearstoshowthatthesupposedbiasinfavourofpopularpagesisactuallymitigatedbythecombinationofsearchenginesandpeoplefollowingrandomlinks. Becauseofthisthereisawidespreadbeliefamongcomputersocialandpoliticalscientiststhatsearchenginescreateaviciouscirclethatamplifiesthedominanceofestablishedandalreadypopularwebsites.
Wehavetorealisehowoldhowveryoldweare.Nationsareclassifiedasagedwhentheyhave7percentormoreoftheirpeopleaged65oraboveandbyabout1970everyoneoftheadvancedcountrieshadbecomelikethis.Ofthereallyancientsocietieswithover13percentabove65allareinNorthwesternEurope.Weknowthatwearegettingevenolderandthatthenearerasocietyapproximatestozeropopulationgrowththeolderitspopulationislikelytobe--atleastforanyfuturethatconcernsusnow. Tothesenowfamiliarfactsanumberoffurtherfactsmaybeaddedsomeofthemonlyrecentlyrecognised.Thereistheapparentparadoxthattheeffectivecauseofthehighproportionoftheoldisbirthsratherthandeaths.Thereistheeconomicprinciplethatthedependencyratio--thedegreetowhichthosewhocannotearndependforalivingonthosewhocan--ismoreadvantageousinoldersocietieslikeoursthanintheyoungersocietiesofthedevelopingworldbecauselotsofdependentbabiesaremoreofaliabilitythannumbersoftheinactiveaged.Thereistheappreciationofthehistoricaltruththattheagingofadvancedsocietieshasbeenasuddenchange. IfrevolutionisarapidresettlementofthesocialstructureandiftheagecompositionofthesocietycountsasaveryimportantaspectofthatsocialstructurethentherehasbeenasocialrevolutioninEuropeanandparticularlyWesternEuropeansocietywithinthelifetimeofeveryoneover50.Takentogetherthesethingshaveimplicationswhichareonlybeginningtobeacknowledged.ThesefactsandcircumstanceshadaleadingpositionataworldgatheringaboutagingasachallengetoscienceandtopolicyheldatVichyinFrance. ThereisoftenresistancetotheideathatitisbecausethebirthratefellearlierinWesternandNorthwesternEuropethanelsewhereratherthanbecauseofanychangeinthedeathratethatwehavegrownsoold.Longlifeisalteringoursocietyofcoursebutinexperientialterms.Wehaveamongusaverymuchgreaterexperienceofcontinuedlivingthananysocietythathaseverprecededusanywhereandthiswillcontinue.ButtoomuchofthatlengthenedexperienceeveninthewealthyWestwillbeexperienceofpovertyandneglectunlesswedosomethingaboutit. Ifyouareinyourthirtiesyououghttobeawarethatyoucanexpecttolivenearlyonethirdoftherestofyourlifeaftertheageof60.Theolderyouarenowofcoursethegreaterthisproportionwillbeandgreaterstillifyouareawoman. Theauthorassertshisbeliefthat
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
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