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41. Two types of stress: There are basically two types of stress placed on human beings--physical a...
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TheBibleisthegreatworkofthereligiousliteratureandwasinprocessofformationforabouttwelvehundredyears. TheBibleiscomposedof1legendbiographygenealogiesethicslawproverbialwisdomsermonsprophesylyricpoetryhymnsandtheology.Itisnotonly2abookbuta3ofbooks. TheBible4twomajor5theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentwaswrittenoriginallyalmostentirely6HebrewwithalittleAramaicfromtheeleventhtothesecondcenturyBC.Itisthenational7literatureofthepeopleofIsrael.TheNewTestamentwaswritteninGreekfromabout40ADto150.It8theearliestdocuments9thelifeteachingcrucifixionandresurrectionofJesusandtheestablishmentofthe10church.The11workisfromthefirstbookGenesistothelastRevelations. The12andrichnessoftheBible13literature14theOldTestamentareunparalleled.Intheliterary15poetryTheBibleis16. TheBibleisanassemblageofliterature.Itisinaunique17amongtheworld’sbooks18therichnessofits19andspiritualvalues.Itcanbecalledthe20ofbooks. 17
Nowthatmanymediachieftainshavefallenintodisreputeandhaveleftthosewhoarestillinpositionsfeeltheneedtotaketheproblemseriously. "CEOswereoverturnedasweresomestocks."ThatishowAOLTimeWarnerentertainmentgroupChairmanJeffBewkessummeditup.Theeraofthe"imperial"one-manruleCEOhascometoanendMTVNetworksChairmanTomFrestonadded. Thetwoexecutivesagreedthattheindustry’scomplexandoftenill-fatedmegsmergershadproventhatbiggerisnotnecessarilybetternomatterhowbigthereputationsofthepersonalitiesbehindthem. Thecontinuingflameoutofmediaexecutiveswhoafewyearsagowerehailedasvisionarieswasactivethismonthandtheindustry’sfearsreachedintotheexecutiveranksofmusicpublishingandTV. TechnologyvisionarySteveCaseleftaschairmanofAOLTimeWarnerreplacedbyChiefExecutiveRichardParsons.TopexecutivesatSonyMusicMCARecordsandRandomHousewerebooted.AndWalterIsaacsonchairmanofCNNNetworksleftforathinktank. Thisshowsjusthowdifficultithasbecometofindtherightmanagersfortheterriblyalteredmedia."Manyexecutivesgotcaughtupinthelate90’sboominthemediaindustryandgotaheadofthemselvesinstrategicvisionfortheircompanies"saidMarkMayofUSinvestmentfirmKaufmanBros."Ittakesmorethanacoupleofyearsforthesecompaniestobereadyforanothervisionary." ThecollapseofthedotcombubbletheabilityofmusicfanstogetsongsfreeontheInternetsaggingbottomlinesandintensecompetitionamongcableTVnewsnetworksaresomedevelopmentsthathelpedtripupmediaexecutivesrecently.Buttheurgetomergewasoneoftheirweakestpoints. ItisnotthatmediacompaniesshouldavoidallmergerssaidLarryHavertymanagingdirectoratStateStreetResearchaUSinvestmentmanagementfirm.Theyneedacquisitionsforgrowth.Butmakingthemworkisarealchallenge.Theyneedtochoosewhatpiecesfittogetherandhowmuchtheyareworth.Theyneedtoadjustquicklywhentechnologyandconsumerhabittrendsshift.Andmorethanevertheymustbecarefulnottopromisetoomuch. SonyCorp.ofAmericaChairmanHowardStringersaidthatanexecutivetodayis"therarestofseniorentertainmentexecutivesequallyadeptatbusinessmanagementstrategyandvaluecreationaswellasaconsummate完美的andprovendeveloperofcontenttalentandideas". ThewordflameoutLine1Paragraph4mayprobablymean
WhenDr.JohnW.GofmanprofessorofmedicalphysicsattheUniversityofCaliforniaandaleadingnuclearcriticspeaksofecocideinhisadversaryviewofnucleartechnologyhemeansthefollowing.AlargenuclearplantlikethatinKalkartheNetherlandswouldproduceabout200poundsofplutoniumeachyear.Onepoundreleasedintotheatmospherecouldcause9billioncasesoflungcancer.Thiswasteproductmustbestoredfor500000yearsbeforeitisofnofurtherdangertoman.Intheanticipatedreactoreconomyitisestimatedthattherewillbe10000tonsofthismaterialinWesternEuropeofwhichonetable-spoonfulofplutonium-239representstheofficialmaximumpermissiblebodyburdenfor200000people.Ratherthanbeingbiodegradableplutoniumdestroysbiologicalproperties.In1972the.U.S.OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationruledthattheasbestoslevelintheworkplaceshouldbeloweredto2fiberspercubiccentimeterofairbuttheeffectivedateoftherulinghasbeendelayeduntilnow.TheInternationalFederationofChemicalandGeneralWorkers’Unionsreportthatthe2-fiberstandardwasbasedprimarilyononestudyof290menataBritishasbestosfactory.ButwhentheworkersattheBritishfactoryhadbeenreexaminedbyanotherphysician40--70percenthadX-rayevidenceoflungabnormalities.Accordingtopresentmedicalinformationatthefactoryinquestionoutofatotalof29deathsthusfarsevenwerecausedbylungcancer.AnaverageEuropeanorAmericanworkercomesintocontactwithsixmillionfibersaday.WearenowinfactfindingcancerdeathswithinthefamilyoftheasbestosworkerstatesDr.IrvingSelikoffoftheMountSinaiMedicalSchoolinNewYork.Itisnowalsoclearthatvinylchlorideagasfromwhichthemostwidelyusedplasticsaremadecausesafatalcanceroftheblood-vesselcellsoftheliver.HoweverthehistoryoftheresearchonvinylchlorideisinsomewaysmoredisturbingthantheWatergatecover-up.Therehasbeenevidenceofpotentiallyseriousdiseaseamongpolyvinylchlorideworkersfor25yearsthathasbeenincompletelyappreciatedandinadequatelyapproachedbymedicalscientistsandbyregulatoryauthoritiessummedupDr.SelikoffintheNewScientist.Atleast17workershavebeenkilledbyvinylchloridebecauseresearchoverthepast25yearswasnotfollowedup.Andforover10yearsworkershavebeenexposedtoconcentrationsofvinylchloride10timesthesafelimitimposedbyDowChemicalCompany.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheauthorbelievesthat
TheBibleisthegreatworkofthereligiousliteratureandwasinprocessofformationforabouttwelvehundredyears. TheBibleiscomposedof1legendbiographygenealogiesethicslawproverbialwisdomsermonsprophesylyricpoetryhymnsandtheology.Itisnotonly2abookbuta3ofbooks. TheBible4twomajor5theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentwaswrittenoriginallyalmostentirely6HebrewwithalittleAramaicfromtheeleventhtothesecondcenturyBC.Itisthenational7literatureofthepeopleofIsrael.TheNewTestamentwaswritteninGreekfromabout40ADto150.It8theearliestdocuments9thelifeteachingcrucifixionandresurrectionofJesusandtheestablishmentofthe10church.The11workisfromthefirstbookGenesistothelastRevelations. The12andrichnessoftheBible13literature14theOldTestamentareunparalleled.Intheliterary15poetryTheBibleis16. TheBibleisanassemblageofliterature.Itisinaunique17amongtheworld’sbooks18therichnessofits19andspiritualvalues.Itcanbecalledthe20ofbooks. 3
Animationisakindofmotionpicturescreatedbyrecordingaseriesofstillimages-ofdrawingsobjectsorpeopleinvariouspositionsofincrementalmovement-thatwhenplayedbacknolongerappearindividuallyasstaticimagesbutcombinetoproducetheillusionofunbrokenmotion.Thetermanimationappliestocreationsonfilmvideoorcomputersandeventomotiontoyswhichusuallyconsistofaseriesofdrawingsorphotographsonpaperthatareviewedwithamechanicaldeviceorbyflippingthroughahand-heldsequenceofimages.41TechniquesTherearemanywaystocreateanimationdependingonwhetherthematerialsusedareflatsuchasdrawingspaintingsorcut-outpiecesofpaperordimensionalsuchasclaypuppetshouseholdobjectsorevenpeople.42ProductionProcessAfterchoosinganideaforafilmananimatormustthinkaboutaconceptintermsofindividualactions.43HistoryAnimationhasbeenapartofcinemahistoryfromthetimethefirstmotionpicturesweremadeinthelate1800s.44WaltDisneyThecompany’sfounderWaltDisneywasborninChicagoIllinoisbutgrewupinKansasCityMissouriwherehemetanimatorUb1werksandcomposerCarlStallingwhoweretobeimportanttohisfuturesuccess.45JapaneseAnimationJapaneseanimationknownasanimeblossomedafterWorldWarII1939-1945andtodayisimmenselypopularbothwithinJapanandworldwide.CurrentTrendsTwotrendsintheanimationindustryarelikelytohaveaprofoundinfluenceonitsfutureasignificantincreaseinproductionandexhibitionopportunitiesandthegrowingimportanceofnewtechnologies.[A]Someearlylive-actionfilmsknownastrickfilmsusedtheanimationtechniqueofstopactioninwhichthecameraisstoppedandanobjectisremovedoraddedtoashotbeforefilmingisresumed.[B]Disneywithhisthen-partnerIwerkscreatedacharacterthatwastobecomethemostfamousanimatedfigureinhistoryMickeyMouse.[C]Asidefromtelevisionperhapsthelargestinfluenceonthestyleofrecentanimationworldwidehascomefromcomputertechnologies.Experimentswithelectronicanimationbeganinthe1930sbutitwasnotuntilthelate1970sthatcomputeranimationbecameviablebeyondscientificandgovernmentapplicationsparticularlyforusebytheentertainmentindustry.[D]Ineachcaseananimatormustkeepinmindthebasicprincipleofframespersecondthenumberofimagesneededtoproduceonesecondoffilm.Becausesoundfilmrunsattwentyfourframespersecondafilmanimatormustmaketwenty-fourimagesforeachsecondofanimationthatheorshewishestocreate.[E]ThemostimportanthistoricalfigureinJapaneseanimationOsamuTezukacreatedthefirstanimatedtelevisionseriesinJapanTetsuwanAtomAstroBoy.[F]Forinstanceifananimatordecidesonanactionthatwilltake3secondsofanimationtocompletetheanimatorwillhavetocreateimagestofill72framesoffilm3secondsofmovementmultipliedbyarunningspeedof24framespersecond.
TheBibleisthegreatworkofthereligiousliteratureandwasinprocessofformationforabouttwelvehundredyears. TheBibleiscomposedof1legendbiographygenealogiesethicslawproverbialwisdomsermonsprophesylyricpoetryhymnsandtheology.Itisnotonly2abookbuta3ofbooks. TheBible4twomajor5theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentwaswrittenoriginallyalmostentirely6HebrewwithalittleAramaicfromtheeleventhtothesecondcenturyBC.Itisthenational7literatureofthepeopleofIsrael.TheNewTestamentwaswritteninGreekfromabout40ADto150.It8theearliestdocuments9thelifeteachingcrucifixionandresurrectionofJesusandtheestablishmentofthe10church.The11workisfromthefirstbookGenesistothelastRevelations. The12andrichnessoftheBible13literature14theOldTestamentareunparalleled.Intheliterary15poetryTheBibleis16. TheBibleisanassemblageofliterature.Itisinaunique17amongtheworld’sbooks18therichnessofits19andspiritualvalues.Itcanbecalledthe20ofbooks. 5
Animationisakindofmotionpicturescreatedbyrecordingaseriesofstillimages-ofdrawingsobjectsorpeopleinvariouspositionsofincrementalmovement-thatwhenplayedbacknolongerappearindividuallyasstaticimagesbutcombinetoproducetheillusionofunbrokenmotion.Thetermanimationappliestocreationsonfilmvideoorcomputersandeventomotiontoyswhichusuallyconsistofaseriesofdrawingsorphotographsonpaperthatareviewedwithamechanicaldeviceorbyflippingthroughahand-heldsequenceofimages.41TechniquesTherearemanywaystocreateanimationdependingonwhetherthematerialsusedareflatsuchasdrawingspaintingsorcut-outpiecesofpaperordimensionalsuchasclaypuppetshouseholdobjectsorevenpeople.42ProductionProcessAfterchoosinganideaforafilmananimatormustthinkaboutaconceptintermsofindividualactions.43HistoryAnimationhasbeenapartofcinemahistoryfromthetimethefirstmotionpicturesweremadeinthelate1800s.44WaltDisneyThecompany’sfounderWaltDisneywasborninChicagoIllinoisbutgrewupinKansasCityMissouriwherehemetanimatorUb1werksandcomposerCarlStallingwhoweretobeimportanttohisfuturesuccess.45JapaneseAnimationJapaneseanimationknownasanimeblossomedafterWorldWarII1939-1945andtodayisimmenselypopularbothwithinJapanandworldwide.CurrentTrendsTwotrendsintheanimationindustryarelikelytohaveaprofoundinfluenceonitsfutureasignificantincreaseinproductionandexhibitionopportunitiesandthegrowingimportanceofnewtechnologies.[A]Someearlylive-actionfilmsknownastrickfilmsusedtheanimationtechniqueofstopactioninwhichthecameraisstoppedandanobjectisremovedoraddedtoashotbeforefilmingisresumed.[B]Disneywithhisthen-partnerIwerkscreatedacharacterthatwastobecomethemostfamousanimatedfigureinhistoryMickeyMouse.[C]Asidefromtelevisionperhapsthelargestinfluenceonthestyleofrecentanimationworldwidehascomefromcomputertechnologies.Experimentswithelectronicanimationbeganinthe1930sbutitwasnotuntilthelate1970sthatcomputeranimationbecameviablebeyondscientificandgovernmentapplicationsparticularlyforusebytheentertainmentindustry.[D]Ineachcaseananimatormustkeepinmindthebasicprincipleofframespersecondthenumberofimagesneededtoproduceonesecondoffilm.Becausesoundfilmrunsattwentyfourframespersecondafilmanimatormustmaketwenty-fourimagesforeachsecondofanimationthatheorshewishestocreate.[E]ThemostimportanthistoricalfigureinJapaneseanimationOsamuTezukacreatedthefirstanimatedtelevisionseriesinJapanTetsuwanAtomAstroBoy.[F]Forinstanceifananimatordecidesonanactionthatwilltake3secondsofanimationtocompletetheanimatorwillhavetocreateimagestofill72framesoffilm3secondsofmovementmultipliedbyarunningspeedof24framespersecond.
ItishardtoboxagainstasouthpawasApolloCreedfoundoutwhenhefoughtRockyBalboainthefirstofaninterminableseriesofmovies.WhileRockyisfictionthestrategicadvantageofbeingleft-handedinafightisveryrealsimplybecausemostright-handedpeoplehavelittleexperienceoffightingleft-handersbutnotviceversa.Andthesamecompetitiveadvantageisenjoyedbyleft-handersinothersportssuchastennisandcricket.Theorthodoxviewofhumanhandednessisthatitisconnectedtothebilateralspecializationofthebrainthathasconcentratedlanguage-processingfunctionsontheleftsideofthatorgan.Becauselongagointheevolutionarypastanancestorofhumansandallothervertebrateanimalsunderwentacontortionthattwisteditsheadaround180~relativetoitsbodytheleftsideofthebraincontrolstherightsideofthebodyandviceversa.Inhumanstheleftbrainandthustherightbodyisusuallydominant.Andonaveragelefthandersaresmallerandlighterthanright-handers.Thatshouldputthematanevolutionarydisadvantage.Sportingadvantagenotwithstandingthereforetheexistenceofleft-handednessposesaproblemforbiologists.ButCharlotteFaurieandMichelRaymondoftheUniversityofMontpellierⅡinFrancethinktheyknowtheanswer.AstheyreportintheProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietythereisaclueintheadvantageseeninboxing.Asanyschoolboycouldtellyouwinningfightsenhancesyourstatus.Ifinprehistorythistranslatedintoincreasedreproductivesuccessitmighthavebeenenoughtomaintainacertainproportionofleft-handersinthepopulationbybalancingthecostsofbeingleft-handedwiththeadvantagesgainedinfighting.Ifthatistruethentherewillbeahigherproportionofleft-handersinsocietieswithhigherlevelsofviolencesincetheadvantagesofbeingleft-handedwillbeenhancedinsuchsocieties.DrFaurieandDrRaymondsetouttotestthishypothesis.Fightinginmodemsocietiesofteninvolvestheuseoftechnologynotablyfirearmsthatisunlikelytogiveanyadvantagetoleft-handers.SoDrFaurieandDrRaymonddecidedtoconfinetheirinvestigationtotheproportionofleft-handersandthelevelofviolencebynumberofhomicidesintraditionalsocieties.Bytrawlingtheliteraturecheckingwithpolicedepartmentsandevengoingoutintothefieldandaskingpeoplethetworesearchersfoundthattheproportionofleft-handersinatraditionalsocietyisindeedcorrelatedwithitshomiciderate.Oneofthehighestproportionsofleft-handersforexamplewasfoundamongtheYanomamoofSouthAmerica.RaidingandwarfarearecentraltoYanomamoculture.Themurderrateis4per1000inhabitantsperyearcomparedwithforexample0.068inNewYork.AndaccordingtoDrFaurieandDrRaymond22.6%ofYanomamoareleft-handed.IncontrastDioula-speakingpeopleofBurkinaFasoinWestAfricaarevirtualpacifists.Thereareonly0.013murdersper1000inhabitantsamongthemandonly3.4%ofthepopulationisleft-handed.Whilethereisnosuggestionthatleft-handedpeoplearemoreviolentthantheright-handeditlooksasthoughtheyaremoresuccessfullyviolent.Perhapsthathelpstoexplainthedoublemeaningofthewordsinister.Thetwodoctorsmightsupportwhichofthefollowingstatements
TheBibleisthegreatworkofthereligiousliteratureandwasinprocessofformationforabouttwelvehundredyears. TheBibleiscomposedof1legendbiographygenealogiesethicslawproverbialwisdomsermonsprophesylyricpoetryhymnsandtheology.Itisnotonly2abookbuta3ofbooks. TheBible4twomajor5theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentwaswrittenoriginallyalmostentirely6HebrewwithalittleAramaicfromtheeleventhtothesecondcenturyBC.Itisthenational7literatureofthepeopleofIsrael.TheNewTestamentwaswritteninGreekfromabout40ADto150.It8theearliestdocuments9thelifeteachingcrucifixionandresurrectionofJesusandtheestablishmentofthe10church.The11workisfromthefirstbookGenesistothelastRevelations. The12andrichnessoftheBible13literature14theOldTestamentareunparalleled.Intheliterary15poetryTheBibleis16. TheBibleisanassemblageofliterature.Itisinaunique17amongtheworld’sbooks18therichnessofits19andspiritualvalues.Itcanbecalledthe20ofbooks. 13
WhenDr.JohnW.GofmanprofessorofmedicalphysicsattheUniversityofCaliforniaandaleadingnuclearcriticspeaksofecocideinhisadversaryviewofnucleartechnologyhemeansthefollowing.AlargenuclearplantlikethatinKalkartheNetherlandswouldproduceabout200poundsofplutoniumeachyear.Onepoundreleasedintotheatmospherecouldcause9billioncasesoflungcancer.Thiswasteproductmustbestoredfor500000yearsbeforeitisofnofurtherdangertoman.Intheanticipatedreactoreconomyitisestimatedthattherewillbe10000tonsofthismaterialinWesternEuropeofwhichonetable-spoonfulofplutonium-239representstheofficialmaximumpermissiblebodyburdenfor200000people.Ratherthanbeingbiodegradableplutoniumdestroysbiologicalproperties.In1972the.U.S.OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationruledthattheasbestoslevelintheworkplaceshouldbeloweredto2fiberspercubiccentimeterofairbuttheeffectivedateoftherulinghasbeendelayeduntilnow.TheInternationalFederationofChemicalandGeneralWorkers’Unionsreportthatthe2-fiberstandardwasbasedprimarilyononestudyof290menataBritishasbestosfactory.ButwhentheworkersattheBritishfactoryhadbeenreexaminedbyanotherphysician40--70percenthadX-rayevidenceoflungabnormalities.Accordingtopresentmedicalinformationatthefactoryinquestionoutofatotalof29deathsthusfarsevenwerecausedbylungcancer.AnaverageEuropeanorAmericanworkercomesintocontactwithsixmillionfibersaday.WearenowinfactfindingcancerdeathswithinthefamilyoftheasbestosworkerstatesDr.IrvingSelikoffoftheMountSinaiMedicalSchoolinNewYork.Itisnowalsoclearthatvinylchlorideagasfromwhichthemostwidelyusedplasticsaremadecausesafatalcanceroftheblood-vesselcellsoftheliver.HoweverthehistoryoftheresearchonvinylchlorideisinsomewaysmoredisturbingthantheWatergatecover-up.Therehasbeenevidenceofpotentiallyseriousdiseaseamongpolyvinylchlorideworkersfor25yearsthathasbeenincompletelyappreciatedandinadequatelyapproachedbymedicalscientistsandbyregulatoryauthoritiessummedupDr.SelikoffintheNewScientist.Atleast17workershavebeenkilledbyvinylchloridebecauseresearchoverthepast25yearswasnotfollowedup.Andforover10yearsworkershavebeenexposedtoconcentrationsofvinylchloride10timesthesafelimitimposedbyDowChemicalCompany.Byecocidetheauthormostprobablymeans
TheworldisatanenvironmentalcrossroadswherethechoicebetweengreedandhumanitywilldecidethefateofmillionsofpeoplefordecadestocometheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramUNEPsaid.FundamentalchangesarepossibleandrequiredUNEPexecutivedirectorKlausToepfertoldanewsconferencepresentingthethirdGlobalEnvironmentOutlookGEOreport.Itwouldbeadisastertositbackandignorethepicturepainted46TheGEO-3reportdesignedtokickworldleadersintoactionaheadoftheJohannesburgearthsummitinlateAugustseesableakoutlookforthefutureunlessradicalactionistakennow.Thechoicesmadetodayarecriticalfortheforestsoceansriversmountainswildlifeandotherlifesupportsystemsuponwhichcurrentandfuturegenerationsdependitsaid.Thereportpaintedfourpossiblescenarios假定rangingfromthegreed-drivenmarketsfirstfuturetothecaringandsharingsustainabilityfirstapproach.Underthefirstthreepercentoftheearth’ssurfacedisappearsunderconcreteby2032morethanhalfthepopulationislivingwithdrought70percentoftheremaininglandandanimalsareunderthreatand16billiontonsofcarbondioxideisbeingbelched猛烈喷出intotheaireachyearfromfossilfuels.47Underthelatterscenariocitiesandhighwayseatuplesslanddroughtiskeptatbaybybetterwatermanagementthepressureonlandandanimalsstabilizesandglobalcarbondioxidemissionsstabilizeatjusthalfthegreedpolicyroute.InthedecadesincethefirstworldearthsummitinRiodeJaneiro58speciesoffishonemammalandonebirdspecieshavebecomeextinctandaremainingquarteroftheworld’smammalsandoneineightofitsbirdsareonthecriticallist.48Lifegivingforestsarebeingtippedapartfertilelandisdisappearingunderconcreteorintotheseaandwaterwaysaredryingupordyingofpollution.Awfulpovertyhungerandsicknessarerampant猖獗的acrosstheplanetandtheglobalizationoftradeiscarryingpollutionwithitonaglobalscale.49Theworld’sseasalreadyunderattackfromgarbageandpoisonsarealsobeingplunderedbymantotheextentthatnearlyone-thirdoftheworld’sstockoffishisnowrankedasusedupoverexploitedorrecoveringthereportsaid.ButToepferaformerGermanenvironmentministerstressedthatwhilethepicturewasbleakitwasnotbeyondredemption拯救.Thisisaneyeopener.Thefiguresarenotanightmareprognosis预后forthesakeofmakinganightmareprognosishesaidcallingontheWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment-dubbedthesecondworldearthsummit—totakeurgentsteps.Decisiveactioncanachievepositiveresults.50OurthemeforJohannesburgisplanetpeopleprosperityhesaidurgingthemeetingtosetclearachievableandeffectivetargetstotacklepovertyanddeprivationwithoutdestroyingtheenvironment.Weneedaconcreteactionplan...concreteprojects...andaboveallaclearpoliticaldeclarationToepfersaid.Thatisthemostimportantofall.Wenowhavehundredsofdeclarationsagreementsguidelinesandlegally-bindingtreaties.Letusnowfindthepoliticalcourageandtheinnovativefinancingneededtoimplementthesedealsheadded.
41____________Manyoftheoptionshavealreadybeenrehearsedinthepress:excludingsometreatmentsfromtheNHSchargingforcertaindrugsandservicesanddevelopingvoluntaryorcompulsoryhealthinsuranceschemes.42____________Wespendabout7percentofGDPonhealthcomparedwith9percentintheNetherlandsand10percentinFranceandGermany.Intermsofhealthoutcomesversusspendwecompareprettyfavourably.Idon’tseeprivatehealthcareprovidingmuchofthesolutiontocurrentproblems.43____________Neitherisclosetobeingimplementedbutthefuturecouldseeadeliberateshiftofattentiontovoluntaryhealthinsuranceandanemphasisonsocialinsurance.44____________Evensohighertaxeswillplainlybeneededtofundhealthcare.Ithinkwe’lleventuallyseelargerNHSchargesmorerationingofmedicalservicesandrestrictionsoncertainprocedureswithoutprovenoutcomes.Strictereligibilitycriteriaforcertaintreatmentsareanotherpossibility.45____________.Noneofthemisgoingtowinvotesforthepoliticalpartydesperateenoughtointroducethem—butthennobodyisgoingtovoteforill—healthoranearlydeatheither.[A]EnglishNationalHealthServiceisauniversalhealthkeepingsystem.ButNowtheshortageofmoneybecomesaseriousproblem.[B]Allsuchoptionswouldmeanasharpbreakwithtraditionandpoliticalfalloutthatcouldbeextremelydamaging.[C]Theoptionsprovidessolutiontotheshortageofmoneyproblem.[D]Iexpectindividualstotakegreaterresponsibilityfortheirpersonalhealthusingtechnologythatallowsselfdiag-nosisfollowedbyserf-treatmentorhomecare.[E]Lookingathowfarwe’11beabletofundtheHealthServiceinthe21stcenturyraisesanynumberofthornyis-sues.[F]Morelikelyisashiftfromuniversalhealthcoveragetotopupschemeswhichgivepeoplebasichealthentitlementsbutrequirethemtofinanceothertreatmentthroughprivatefinancingoroptoutschemeswhichusetaxrelieftoencourageindividualstomakeprivateprovision.[G]ComparedtoitsEuropeanUnioncounterpartsBritain.operatesalowcosthealthsystem.
TheBibleisthegreatworkofthereligiousliteratureandwasinprocessofformationforabouttwelvehundredyears. TheBibleiscomposedof1legendbiographygenealogiesethicslawproverbialwisdomsermonsprophesylyricpoetryhymnsandtheology.Itisnotonly2abookbuta3ofbooks. TheBible4twomajor5theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentwaswrittenoriginallyalmostentirely6HebrewwithalittleAramaicfromtheeleventhtothesecondcenturyBC.Itisthenational7literatureofthepeopleofIsrael.TheNewTestamentwaswritteninGreekfromabout40ADto150.It8theearliestdocuments9thelifeteachingcrucifixionandresurrectionofJesusandtheestablishmentofthe10church.The11workisfromthefirstbookGenesistothelastRevelations. The12andrichnessoftheBible13literature14theOldTestamentareunparalleled.Intheliterary15poetryTheBibleis16. TheBibleisanassemblageofliterature.Itisinaunique17amongtheworld’sbooks18therichnessofits19andspiritualvalues.Itcanbecalledthe20ofbooks. 1
Directions: YouwanttorecommendMr.CollinstoProfessorSmithtofindapositionfortheformer.Writealetterbasedonthefollowingoutline: 1PersonalinformationaboutMr.Collinscurriculumvitaepersonalityjobcapabilitiesetc. 2Yoursincerehope.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
TheBibleisthegreatworkofthereligiousliteratureandwasinprocessofformationforabouttwelvehundredyears. TheBibleiscomposedof1legendbiographygenealogiesethicslawproverbialwisdomsermonsprophesylyricpoetryhymnsandtheology.Itisnotonly2abookbuta3ofbooks. TheBible4twomajor5theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentwaswrittenoriginallyalmostentirely6HebrewwithalittleAramaicfromtheeleventhtothesecondcenturyBC.Itisthenational7literatureofthepeopleofIsrael.TheNewTestamentwaswritteninGreekfromabout40ADto150.It8theearliestdocuments9thelifeteachingcrucifixionandresurrectionofJesusandtheestablishmentofthe10church.The11workisfromthefirstbookGenesistothelastRevelations. The12andrichnessoftheBible13literature14theOldTestamentareunparalleled.Intheliterary15poetryTheBibleis16. TheBibleisanassemblageofliterature.Itisinaunique17amongtheworld’sbooks18therichnessofits19andspiritualvalues.Itcanbecalledthe20ofbooks. 9
TheBibleisthegreatworkofthereligiousliteratureandwasinprocessofformationforabouttwelvehundredyears. TheBibleiscomposedof1legendbiographygenealogiesethicslawproverbialwisdomsermonsprophesylyricpoetryhymnsandtheology.Itisnotonly2abookbuta3ofbooks. TheBible4twomajor5theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentwaswrittenoriginallyalmostentirely6HebrewwithalittleAramaicfromtheeleventhtothesecondcenturyBC.Itisthenational7literatureofthepeopleofIsrael.TheNewTestamentwaswritteninGreekfromabout40ADto150.It8theearliestdocuments9thelifeteachingcrucifixionandresurrectionofJesusandtheestablishmentofthe10church.The11workisfromthefirstbookGenesistothelastRevelations. The12andrichnessoftheBible13literature14theOldTestamentareunparalleled.Intheliterary15poetryTheBibleis16. TheBibleisanassemblageofliterature.Itisinaunique17amongtheworld’sbooks18therichnessofits19andspiritualvalues.Itcanbecalledthe20ofbooks. 11
TheworldisatanenvironmentalcrossroadswherethechoicebetweengreedandhumanitywilldecidethefateofmillionsofpeoplefordecadestocometheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramUNEPsaid.FundamentalchangesarepossibleandrequiredUNEPexecutivedirectorKlausToepfertoldanewsconferencepresentingthethirdGlobalEnvironmentOutlookGEOreport.Itwouldbeadisastertositbackandignorethepicturepainted46TheGEO-3reportdesignedtokickworldleadersintoactionaheadoftheJohannesburgearthsummitinlateAugustseesableakoutlookforthefutureunlessradicalactionistakennow.Thechoicesmadetodayarecriticalfortheforestsoceansriversmountainswildlifeandotherlifesupportsystemsuponwhichcurrentandfuturegenerationsdependitsaid.Thereportpaintedfourpossiblescenarios假定rangingfromthegreed-drivenmarketsfirstfuturetothecaringandsharingsustainabilityfirstapproach.Underthefirstthreepercentoftheearth’ssurfacedisappearsunderconcreteby2032morethanhalfthepopulationislivingwithdrought70percentoftheremaininglandandanimalsareunderthreatand16billiontonsofcarbondioxideisbeingbelched猛烈喷出intotheaireachyearfromfossilfuels.47Underthelatterscenariocitiesandhighwayseatuplesslanddroughtiskeptatbaybybetterwatermanagementthepressureonlandandanimalsstabilizesandglobalcarbondioxidemissionsstabilizeatjusthalfthegreedpolicyroute.InthedecadesincethefirstworldearthsummitinRiodeJaneiro58speciesoffishonemammalandonebirdspecieshavebecomeextinctandaremainingquarteroftheworld’smammalsandoneineightofitsbirdsareonthecriticallist.48Lifegivingforestsarebeingtippedapartfertilelandisdisappearingunderconcreteorintotheseaandwaterwaysaredryingupordyingofpollution.Awfulpovertyhungerandsicknessarerampant猖獗的acrosstheplanetandtheglobalizationoftradeiscarryingpollutionwithitonaglobalscale.49Theworld’sseasalreadyunderattackfromgarbageandpoisonsarealsobeingplunderedbymantotheextentthatnearlyone-thirdoftheworld’sstockoffishisnowrankedasusedupoverexploitedorrecoveringthereportsaid.ButToepferaformerGermanenvironmentministerstressedthatwhilethepicturewasbleakitwasnotbeyondredemption拯救.Thisisaneyeopener.Thefiguresarenotanightmareprognosis预后forthesakeofmakinganightmareprognosishesaidcallingontheWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment-dubbedthesecondworldearthsummit—totakeurgentsteps.Decisiveactioncanachievepositiveresults.50OurthemeforJohannesburgisplanetpeopleprosperityhesaidurgingthemeetingtosetclearachievableandeffectivetargetstotacklepovertyanddeprivationwithoutdestroyingtheenvironment.Weneedaconcreteactionplan...concreteprojects...andaboveallaclearpoliticaldeclarationToepfersaid.Thatisthemostimportantofall.Wenowhavehundredsofdeclarationsagreementsguidelinesandlegally-bindingtreaties.Letusnowfindthepoliticalcourageandtheinnovativefinancingneededtoimplementthesedealsheadded.
WhenDr.JohnW.GofmanprofessorofmedicalphysicsattheUniversityofCaliforniaandaleadingnuclearcriticspeaksofecocideinhisadversaryviewofnucleartechnologyhemeansthefollowing.AlargenuclearplantlikethatinKalkartheNetherlandswouldproduceabout200poundsofplutoniumeachyear.Onepoundreleasedintotheatmospherecouldcause9billioncasesoflungcancer.Thiswasteproductmustbestoredfor500000yearsbeforeitisofnofurtherdangertoman.Intheanticipatedreactoreconomyitisestimatedthattherewillbe10000tonsofthismaterialinWesternEuropeofwhichonetable-spoonfulofplutonium-239representstheofficialmaximumpermissiblebodyburdenfor200000people.Ratherthanbeingbiodegradableplutoniumdestroysbiologicalproperties.In1972the.U.S.OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationruledthattheasbestoslevelintheworkplaceshouldbeloweredto2fiberspercubiccentimeterofairbuttheeffectivedateoftherulinghasbeendelayeduntilnow.TheInternationalFederationofChemicalandGeneralWorkers’Unionsreportthatthe2-fiberstandardwasbasedprimarilyononestudyof290menataBritishasbestosfactory.ButwhentheworkersattheBritishfactoryhadbeenreexaminedbyanotherphysician40--70percenthadX-rayevidenceoflungabnormalities.Accordingtopresentmedicalinformationatthefactoryinquestionoutofatotalof29deathsthusfarsevenwerecausedbylungcancer.AnaverageEuropeanorAmericanworkercomesintocontactwithsixmillionfibersaday.WearenowinfactfindingcancerdeathswithinthefamilyoftheasbestosworkerstatesDr.IrvingSelikoffoftheMountSinaiMedicalSchoolinNewYork.Itisnowalsoclearthatvinylchlorideagasfromwhichthemostwidelyusedplasticsaremadecausesafatalcanceroftheblood-vesselcellsoftheliver.HoweverthehistoryoftheresearchonvinylchlorideisinsomewaysmoredisturbingthantheWatergatecover-up.Therehasbeenevidenceofpotentiallyseriousdiseaseamongpolyvinylchlorideworkersfor25yearsthathasbeenincompletelyappreciatedandinadequatelyapproachedbymedicalscientistsandbyregulatoryauthoritiessummedupDr.SelikoffintheNewScientist.Atleast17workershavebeenkilledbyvinylchloridebecauseresearchoverthepast25yearswasnotfollowedup.Andforover10yearsworkershavebeenexposedtoconcentrationsofvinylchloride10timesthesafelimitimposedbyDowChemicalCompany.Thestyleofthesecondparagraphismainly
Nowthatmanymediachieftainshavefallenintodisreputeandhaveleftthosewhoarestillinpositionsfeeltheneedtotaketheproblemseriously. "CEOswereoverturnedasweresomestocks."ThatishowAOLTimeWarnerentertainmentgroupChairmanJeffBewkessummeditup.Theeraofthe"imperial"one-manruleCEOhascometoanendMTVNetworksChairmanTomFrestonadded. Thetwoexecutivesagreedthattheindustry’scomplexandoftenill-fatedmegsmergershadproventhatbiggerisnotnecessarilybetternomatterhowbigthereputationsofthepersonalitiesbehindthem. Thecontinuingflameoutofmediaexecutiveswhoafewyearsagowerehailedasvisionarieswasactivethismonthandtheindustry’sfearsreachedintotheexecutiveranksofmusicpublishingandTV. TechnologyvisionarySteveCaseleftaschairmanofAOLTimeWarnerreplacedbyChiefExecutiveRichardParsons.TopexecutivesatSonyMusicMCARecordsandRandomHousewerebooted.AndWalterIsaacsonchairmanofCNNNetworksleftforathinktank. Thisshowsjusthowdifficultithasbecometofindtherightmanagersfortheterriblyalteredmedia."Manyexecutivesgotcaughtupinthelate90’sboominthemediaindustryandgotaheadofthemselvesinstrategicvisionfortheircompanies"saidMarkMayofUSinvestmentfirmKaufmanBros."Ittakesmorethanacoupleofyearsforthesecompaniestobereadyforanothervisionary." ThecollapseofthedotcombubbletheabilityofmusicfanstogetsongsfreeontheInternetsaggingbottomlinesandintensecompetitionamongcableTVnewsnetworksaresomedevelopmentsthathelpedtripupmediaexecutivesrecently.Buttheurgetomergewasoneoftheirweakestpoints. ItisnotthatmediacompaniesshouldavoidallmergerssaidLarryHavertymanagingdirectoratStateStreetResearchaUSinvestmentmanagementfirm.Theyneedacquisitionsforgrowth.Butmakingthemworkisarealchallenge.Theyneedtochoosewhatpiecesfittogetherandhowmuchtheyareworth.Theyneedtoadjustquicklywhentechnologyandconsumerhabittrendsshift.Andmorethanevertheymustbecarefulnottopromisetoomuch. SonyCorp.ofAmericaChairmanHowardStringersaidthatanexecutivetodayis"therarestofseniorentertainmentexecutivesequallyadeptatbusinessmanagementstrategyandvaluecreationaswellasaconsummate完美的andprovendeveloperofcontenttalentandideas". Thebiggestproblemmediaexecutivesarefacingnowadaysis
TheBibleisthegreatworkofthereligiousliteratureandwasinprocessofformationforabouttwelvehundredyears. TheBibleiscomposedof1legendbiographygenealogiesethicslawproverbialwisdomsermonsprophesylyricpoetryhymnsandtheology.Itisnotonly2abookbuta3ofbooks. TheBible4twomajor5theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentwaswrittenoriginallyalmostentirely6HebrewwithalittleAramaicfromtheeleventhtothesecondcenturyBC.Itisthenational7literatureofthepeopleofIsrael.TheNewTestamentwaswritteninGreekfromabout40ADto150.It8theearliestdocuments9thelifeteachingcrucifixionandresurrectionofJesusandtheestablishmentofthe10church.The11workisfromthefirstbookGenesistothelastRevelations. The12andrichnessoftheBible13literature14theOldTestamentareunparalleled.Intheliterary15poetryTheBibleis16. TheBibleisanassemblageofliterature.Itisinaunique17amongtheworld’sbooks18therichnessofits19andspiritualvalues.Itcanbecalledthe20ofbooks. 15
Animationisakindofmotionpicturescreatedbyrecordingaseriesofstillimages-ofdrawingsobjectsorpeopleinvariouspositionsofincrementalmovement-thatwhenplayedbacknolongerappearindividuallyasstaticimagesbutcombinetoproducetheillusionofunbrokenmotion.Thetermanimationappliestocreationsonfilmvideoorcomputersandeventomotiontoyswhichusuallyconsistofaseriesofdrawingsorphotographsonpaperthatareviewedwithamechanicaldeviceorbyflippingthroughahand-heldsequenceofimages.41TechniquesTherearemanywaystocreateanimationdependingonwhetherthematerialsusedareflatsuchasdrawingspaintingsorcut-outpiecesofpaperordimensionalsuchasclaypuppetshouseholdobjectsorevenpeople.42ProductionProcessAfterchoosinganideaforafilmananimatormustthinkaboutaconceptintermsofindividualactions.43HistoryAnimationhasbeenapartofcinemahistoryfromthetimethefirstmotionpicturesweremadeinthelate1800s.44WaltDisneyThecompany’sfounderWaltDisneywasborninChicagoIllinoisbutgrewupinKansasCityMissouriwherehemetanimatorUb1werksandcomposerCarlStallingwhoweretobeimportanttohisfuturesuccess.45JapaneseAnimationJapaneseanimationknownasanimeblossomedafterWorldWarII1939-1945andtodayisimmenselypopularbothwithinJapanandworldwide.CurrentTrendsTwotrendsintheanimationindustryarelikelytohaveaprofoundinfluenceonitsfutureasignificantincreaseinproductionandexhibitionopportunitiesandthegrowingimportanceofnewtechnologies.[A]Someearlylive-actionfilmsknownastrickfilmsusedtheanimationtechniqueofstopactioninwhichthecameraisstoppedandanobjectisremovedoraddedtoashotbeforefilmingisresumed.[B]Disneywithhisthen-partnerIwerkscreatedacharacterthatwastobecomethemostfamousanimatedfigureinhistoryMickeyMouse.[C]Asidefromtelevisionperhapsthelargestinfluenceonthestyleofrecentanimationworldwidehascomefromcomputertechnologies.Experimentswithelectronicanimationbeganinthe1930sbutitwasnotuntilthelate1970sthatcomputeranimationbecameviablebeyondscientificandgovernmentapplicationsparticularlyforusebytheentertainmentindustry.[D]Ineachcaseananimatormustkeepinmindthebasicprincipleofframespersecondthenumberofimagesneededtoproduceonesecondoffilm.Becausesoundfilmrunsattwentyfourframespersecondafilmanimatormustmaketwenty-fourimagesforeachsecondofanimationthatheorshewishestocreate.[E]ThemostimportanthistoricalfigureinJapaneseanimationOsamuTezukacreatedthefirstanimatedtelevisionseriesinJapanTetsuwanAtomAstroBoy.[F]Forinstanceifananimatordecidesonanactionthatwilltake3secondsofanimationtocompletetheanimatorwillhavetocreateimagestofill72framesoffilm3secondsofmovementmultipliedbyarunningspeedof24framespersecond.
41____________Manyoftheoptionshavealreadybeenrehearsedinthepress:excludingsometreatmentsfromtheNHSchargingforcertaindrugsandservicesanddevelopingvoluntaryorcompulsoryhealthinsuranceschemes.42____________Wespendabout7percentofGDPonhealthcomparedwith9percentintheNetherlandsand10percentinFranceandGermany.Intermsofhealthoutcomesversusspendwecompareprettyfavourably.Idon’tseeprivatehealthcareprovidingmuchofthesolutiontocurrentproblems.43____________Neitherisclosetobeingimplementedbutthefuturecouldseeadeliberateshiftofattentiontovoluntaryhealthinsuranceandanemphasisonsocialinsurance.44____________Evensohighertaxeswillplainlybeneededtofundhealthcare.Ithinkwe’lleventuallyseelargerNHSchargesmorerationingofmedicalservicesandrestrictionsoncertainprocedureswithoutprovenoutcomes.Strictereligibilitycriteriaforcertaintreatmentsareanotherpossibility.45____________.Noneofthemisgoingtowinvotesforthepoliticalpartydesperateenoughtointroducethem—butthennobodyisgoingtovoteforill—healthoranearlydeatheither.[A]EnglishNationalHealthServiceisauniversalhealthkeepingsystem.ButNowtheshortageofmoneybecomesaseriousproblem.[B]Allsuchoptionswouldmeanasharpbreakwithtraditionandpoliticalfalloutthatcouldbeextremelydamaging.[C]Theoptionsprovidessolutiontotheshortageofmoneyproblem.[D]Iexpectindividualstotakegreaterresponsibilityfortheirpersonalhealthusingtechnologythatallowsselfdiag-nosisfollowedbyserf-treatmentorhomecare.[E]Lookingathowfarwe’11beabletofundtheHealthServiceinthe21stcenturyraisesanynumberofthornyis-sues.[F]Morelikelyisashiftfromuniversalhealthcoveragetotopupschemeswhichgivepeoplebasichealthentitlementsbutrequirethemtofinanceothertreatmentthroughprivatefinancingoroptoutschemeswhichusetaxrelieftoencourageindividualstomakeprivateprovision.[G]ComparedtoitsEuropeanUnioncounterpartsBritain.operatesalowcosthealthsystem.
Inmorethanacenturyofhand-to-handcombatinshopssupermarketaislesrestaurantsandbarsaroundtheworldCoca-ColahasnearlyalwaysbeenintheleadandPepsiinsecondplace.WhenWarrenBuffettCoke’slong-timeinvestortoldtheboardthathehadvisitedapizzaparlourinOmahaNebraskawithhisgrandsononlytodiscoveritservednothingbutPepsiCoke’sbossesactedswiftlytoremovetheirarch-rivalfromthemenuandreplaceitwithCoke. IfonlytheAtlanta-basedcompanyhadmovedasdeterminedlyinresponsetochangingconsumertastesitmighthaveavoidedahumiliatingreversalinfortunes.OnDecember12thPepsiCoovertookCoca-Colainmarketcapitalisationforthefirsttime.WithPepsiCo’ssharepricehavingrisenby14%thisyearitsstockmarketvaluereached$98.4billioncomparedwith$97.9billionforCoca-Colawhichhasseenitssharesdeclineby1.2%inthesameperiod. Pepsiispowerednotbyitstraditionalfizzydrinks--salesofthoseareflat--butsuchproductsasGatoradeasportsdrinkthathasseensalesgrowbymorethan30%.GatoradealsorepresentsabroaderdiversificationbyPepsiCoawayfromarelianceonsugarycolasandintootherproducts.PepsiConowreportedlygetsaround20%ofitsrevenuefromsoftdrinksunlikeCoca-Colawheretheyaccountforsome80%. ManyofthebrandsthatPepsiCohasbeenacquiringandpromotingappealtoconsumers’concernsabouttheirhealth.PepsiCo’slatestadvertisingprogrammepromotesanew"SmartSpot"symbolwhichallowspeopletoidentifyhealthierproducts.ThespotsarebeingattachedtoGatoradeandotherPepsiCobrandssuchasTropicanaorangejuiceAquafinawaterbakedlay’scrispsandQuakerGranolaBars. Coca-Colawillnowtrytoregainthecrown.Havingenduredvarioustroublesandtwochiefexecutivessincethedeathin1997ofRobertoGoizuetaamuch-admiredbossCokebroughtaveteranNevilleIsdelloutofretirementlastyeartoreinvigoratethecompany.Mr.Isdellknowsathingortwoaboutbeinginsecondplace.Inthe1980shetookCokefromthenumbertwospotinthePhilippinestomoveaheadofPepsi. Mr.IsdellhasCoke’sownsportsdrinkPoweradeinhisportfolio--buthecouldhavehadGatorade.FiveyearsagoanotherfizzydrinkchampagnewasonicetocelebrateCoca-Cola’s$15.8billiontakeoverofQuakerOatsthenownerofGatorade.ThistakeoverwassupposedtoleadCokeintowhatlookedtobeahotnewmarketforhealthdrinks.Butthe"SageofOmaha"asMr.BuffettisknownblockedthedealinpartbecauseitwouldhavedilutedthevalueofCoke’sshares.PepsitookoverQuakerOatsinstead--amemorythatmustleaveMr.BuffettandotherCokeshareholderswithabittertasteintheirmouths. ThestoryofMr.Buffettisnotedtosuggestthat
Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestroyinganarmy’s-orevenawholenation’s--abilitytofunctionwithouthurtinghumanlife.Thetechnologyisreachingthepointhoweverwherecyberwarfaremaybedecisiveinitsownright.46Inhighlycentralizedmilitaryoperationscommunicationsanddatamanagementhavebecomeessentialtoolslinkingindividualsmallunitsandthecentralcommandstructure.Theneutronbombisoneofthemosthorridweaponseverdevised:Itdoesn’tdamageproperty;itonlykillshigherlife-forms.47Wouldn’ttheoppositebewonderfuladeviceliketherobot’srayinTheDaytheEarthStoodStillswhichmeltsdownweaponsbutnotsoldiersElectronicorcyberwarfare--hackingintoanenemy’scomputersjammingradiotransmissionsandtilelike.TheUnitedStateshasverygoodelectronicwarfarecapabilitiesbuthasusedthemonlytosupportconventionalmilitaryoperations.48Beforeweimaginewhatsuchacyberwarscenariomightbelikelet’sbrieflylookathowelectronicwarfaredeveloped.DuringtheCivilWaroperationsconductedbytheUnionarmyagainsttheConfederatetelegraphsystemforetoldmoderntwentieth-centuryelectronicwarfare.UnionoperativespenetratedConfederatelinestotapintoandreadmilitarytrafficontheConfederatetelegraphsystem.49NotonlydidtheseoperationsyieldvaluableintelligenceinformationbutsomeoperatorsevenbegansendingbogusmessagestosowconfusionintheConfederateranks.JustbeforeWorldWarIradiocommunicationseemedlikearealboontonavaloperationsbecauseitallowedship-to-shipandship-to-shorecommunicationsespeciallyinbadweather.Beforethistimeflagsorlightblinkerswithlimitedrangeprovidedtheonlymeansofcommunicationbetweenships.Navalshipcaptainshoweverwereawarethatasophisticatedsetofshore-basedequipmentcouldlocateshipsbytheirradiotransmission.Bylisteningtothetransmissionstheenemycouldascertainthenumberandtypeofshipseveniftheycouldnotdecodeactualmessages.ForthisreasontheU.S.Navywasparticularlyresistanttousingradio.HoweverU.S.militaryobserversaboardBritishwarshipssoonsawthatthetacticaladvantagesofradiooutweighedtheintelligencelosses.ElectronicwarfaregrewrapidlyinWorldWarIIwiththeadventofradar.50Monitoringradarfrequenciesallowedspoofingorjammingofenemyradarandledtomajorunitsandequipmentdevotedsolelytocountermeasuresandcounter-countermeasures.Gatheringintelligencefromradiotransmissionsalsoincreasedgreatly.Todayeverymodemnationhasthecapabilitytomonitorjamorotherwiseinterferewithanadversary’sradiocommunications.Mostnationshavealsodevelopedjam-resistantcommunicationsandintelligence-gatheringequipment.Electronicorcyberwarfareholdsthepromiseofdestroyinganarmy’s-orevenawholenation’s--abilitytofunctionwithouthurtinghumanlife.Thetechnologyisreachingthepointhoweverwherecyberwarfaremaybedecisiveinitsownright.46Inhighlycentralizedmilitaryoperationscommunicationsanddatamanagementhavebecomeessentialtoolslinkingindividualsmallunitsandthecentralcommandstructure.Theneutronbombisoneofthemosthorridweaponseverdevised:Itdoesn’tdamageproperty;itonlykillshigherlife-forms.47Wouldn’ttheoppositebewonderfuladeviceliketherobot’srayinTheDaytheEarthStoodStillswhichmeltsdownweaponsbutnotsoldiersElectronicorcyberwarfare--hackingintoanenemy’scomputersjammingradiotransmissionsandtilelike.TheUnitedStateshasverygoodelectronicwarfarecapabilitiesbuthasusedthemonlytosupportconventionalmilitaryoperations.48Beforeweimaginewhatsuchacyberwarscenariomightbelikelet’sbrieflylookathowelectronicwarfaredeveloped.DuringtheCivilWaroperationsconductedbytheUnionarmyagainsttheConfederatetelegraphsystemforetoldmoderntwentieth-centuryelectronicwarfare.UnionoperativespenetratedConfederatelinestotapintoandreadmilitarytrafficontheConfederatetelegraphsystem.49NotonlydidtheseoperationsyieldvaluableintelligenceinformationbutsomeoperatorsevenbegansendingbogusmessagestosowconfusionintheConfederateranks.JustbeforeWorldWarIradiocommunicationseemedlikearealboontonavaloperationsbecauseitallowedship-to-shipandship-to-shorecommunicationsespeciallyinbadweather.Beforethistimeflagsorlightblinkerswithlimitedrangeprovidedtheonlymeansofcommunicationbetweenships.Navalshipcaptainshoweverwereawarethatasophisticatedsetofshore-basedequipmentcouldlocateshipsbytheirradiotransmission.Bylisteningtothetransmissionstheenemycouldascertainthenumberandtypeofshipseveniftheycouldnotdecodeactualmessages.ForthisreasontheU.S.Navywasparticularlyresistanttousingradio.HoweverU.S.militaryobserversaboardBritishwarshipssoonsawthatthetacticaladvantagesofradiooutweighedtheintelligencelosses.ElectronicwarfaregrewrapidlyinWorldWarIIwiththeadventofradar.50Monitoringradarfrequenciesallowedspoofingorjammingofenemyradarandledtomajorunitsandequipmentdevotedsolelytocountermeasuresandcounter-countermeasures.Gatheringintelligencefromradiotransmissionsalsoincreasedgreatly.Todayeverymodemnationhasthecapabilitytomonitorjamorotherwiseinterferewithanadversary’sradiocommunications.Mostnationshavealsodevelopedjam-resistantcommunicationsandintelligence-gatheringequipment.
TheBibleisthegreatworkofthereligiousliteratureandwasinprocessofformationforabouttwelvehundredyears. TheBibleiscomposedof1legendbiographygenealogiesethicslawproverbialwisdomsermonsprophesylyricpoetryhymnsandtheology.Itisnotonly2abookbuta3ofbooks. TheBible4twomajor5theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentwaswrittenoriginallyalmostentirely6HebrewwithalittleAramaicfromtheeleventhtothesecondcenturyBC.Itisthenational7literatureofthepeopleofIsrael.TheNewTestamentwaswritteninGreekfromabout40ADto150.It8theearliestdocuments9thelifeteachingcrucifixionandresurrectionofJesusandtheestablishmentofthe10church.The11workisfromthefirstbookGenesistothelastRevelations. The12andrichnessoftheBible13literature14theOldTestamentareunparalleled.Intheliterary15poetryTheBibleis16. TheBibleisanassemblageofliterature.Itisinaunique17amongtheworld’sbooks18therichnessofits19andspiritualvalues.Itcanbecalledthe20ofbooks. 19
41____________Manyoftheoptionshavealreadybeenrehearsedinthepress:excludingsometreatmentsfromtheNHSchargingforcertaindrugsandservicesanddevelopingvoluntaryorcompulsoryhealthinsuranceschemes.42____________Wespendabout7percentofGDPonhealthcomparedwith9percentintheNetherlandsand10percentinFranceandGermany.Intermsofhealthoutcomesversusspendwecompareprettyfavourably.Idon’tseeprivatehealthcareprovidingmuchofthesolutiontocurrentproblems.43____________Neitherisclosetobeingimplementedbutthefuturecouldseeadeliberateshiftofattentiontovoluntaryhealthinsuranceandanemphasisonsocialinsurance.44____________Evensohighertaxeswillplainlybeneededtofundhealthcare.Ithinkwe’lleventuallyseelargerNHSchargesmorerationingofmedicalservicesandrestrictionsoncertainprocedureswithoutprovenoutcomes.Strictereligibilitycriteriaforcertaintreatmentsareanotherpossibility.45____________.Noneofthemisgoingtowinvotesforthepoliticalpartydesperateenoughtointroducethem—butthennobodyisgoingtovoteforill—healthoranearlydeatheither.[A]EnglishNationalHealthServiceisauniversalhealthkeepingsystem.ButNowtheshortageofmoneybecomesaseriousproblem.[B]Allsuchoptionswouldmeanasharpbreakwithtraditionandpoliticalfalloutthatcouldbeextremelydamaging.[C]Theoptionsprovidessolutiontotheshortageofmoneyproblem.[D]Iexpectindividualstotakegreaterresponsibilityfortheirpersonalhealthusingtechnologythatallowsselfdiag-nosisfollowedbyserf-treatmentorhomecare.[E]Lookingathowfarwe’11beabletofundtheHealthServiceinthe21stcenturyraisesanynumberofthornyis-sues.[F]Morelikelyisashiftfromuniversalhealthcoveragetotopupschemeswhichgivepeoplebasichealthentitlementsbutrequirethemtofinanceothertreatmentthroughprivatefinancingoroptoutschemeswhichusetaxrelieftoencourageindividualstomakeprivateprovision.[G]ComparedtoitsEuropeanUnioncounterpartsBritain.operatesalowcosthealthsystem.
Inmorethanacenturyofhand-to-handcombatinshopssupermarketaislesrestaurantsandbarsaroundtheworldCoca-ColahasnearlyalwaysbeenintheleadandPepsiinsecondplace.WhenWarrenBuffettCoke’slong-timeinvestortoldtheboardthathehadvisitedapizzaparlourinOmahaNebraskawithhisgrandsononlytodiscoveritservednothingbutPepsiCoke’sbossesactedswiftlytoremovetheirarch-rivalfromthemenuandreplaceitwithCoke. IfonlytheAtlanta-basedcompanyhadmovedasdeterminedlyinresponsetochangingconsumertastesitmighthaveavoidedahumiliatingreversalinfortunes.OnDecember12thPepsiCoovertookCoca-Colainmarketcapitalisationforthefirsttime.WithPepsiCo’ssharepricehavingrisenby14%thisyearitsstockmarketvaluereached$98.4billioncomparedwith$97.9billionforCoca-Colawhichhasseenitssharesdeclineby1.2%inthesameperiod. Pepsiispowerednotbyitstraditionalfizzydrinks--salesofthoseareflat--butsuchproductsasGatoradeasportsdrinkthathasseensalesgrowbymorethan30%.GatoradealsorepresentsabroaderdiversificationbyPepsiCoawayfromarelianceonsugarycolasandintootherproducts.PepsiConowreportedlygetsaround20%ofitsrevenuefromsoftdrinksunlikeCoca-Colawheretheyaccountforsome80%. ManyofthebrandsthatPepsiCohasbeenacquiringandpromotingappealtoconsumers’concernsabouttheirhealth.PepsiCo’slatestadvertisingprogrammepromotesanew"SmartSpot"symbolwhichallowspeopletoidentifyhealthierproducts.ThespotsarebeingattachedtoGatoradeandotherPepsiCobrandssuchasTropicanaorangejuiceAquafinawaterbakedlay’scrispsandQuakerGranolaBars. Coca-Colawillnowtrytoregainthecrown.Havingenduredvarioustroublesandtwochiefexecutivessincethedeathin1997ofRobertoGoizuetaamuch-admiredbossCokebroughtaveteranNevilleIsdelloutofretirementlastyeartoreinvigoratethecompany.Mr.Isdellknowsathingortwoaboutbeinginsecondplace.Inthe1980shetookCokefromthenumbertwospotinthePhilippinestomoveaheadofPepsi. Mr.IsdellhasCoke’sownsportsdrinkPoweradeinhisportfolio--buthecouldhavehadGatorade.FiveyearsagoanotherfizzydrinkchampagnewasonicetocelebrateCoca-Cola’s$15.8billiontakeoverofQuakerOatsthenownerofGatorade.ThistakeoverwassupposedtoleadCokeintowhatlookedtobeahotnewmarketforhealthdrinks.Butthe"SageofOmaha"asMr.BuffettisknownblockedthedealinpartbecauseitwouldhavedilutedthevalueofCoke’sshares.PepsitookoverQuakerOatsinstead--amemorythatmustleaveMr.BuffettandotherCokeshareholderswithabittertasteintheirmouths. BylistingsomeproductsofPepsitheauthorwantstotellusthat
ItishardtoboxagainstasouthpawasApolloCreedfoundoutwhenhefoughtRockyBalboainthefirstofaninterminableseriesofmovies.WhileRockyisfictionthestrategicadvantageofbeingleft-handedinafightisveryrealsimplybecausemostright-handedpeoplehavelittleexperienceoffightingleft-handersbutnotviceversa.Andthesamecompetitiveadvantageisenjoyedbyleft-handersinothersportssuchastennisandcricket.Theorthodoxviewofhumanhandednessisthatitisconnectedtothebilateralspecializationofthebrainthathasconcentratedlanguage-processingfunctionsontheleftsideofthatorgan.Becauselongagointheevolutionarypastanancestorofhumansandallothervertebrateanimalsunderwentacontortionthattwisteditsheadaround180~relativetoitsbodytheleftsideofthebraincontrolstherightsideofthebodyandviceversa.Inhumanstheleftbrainandthustherightbodyisusuallydominant.Andonaveragelefthandersaresmallerandlighterthanright-handers.Thatshouldputthematanevolutionarydisadvantage.Sportingadvantagenotwithstandingthereforetheexistenceofleft-handednessposesaproblemforbiologists.ButCharlotteFaurieandMichelRaymondoftheUniversityofMontpellierⅡinFrancethinktheyknowtheanswer.AstheyreportintheProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietythereisaclueintheadvantageseeninboxing.Asanyschoolboycouldtellyouwinningfightsenhancesyourstatus.Ifinprehistorythistranslatedintoincreasedreproductivesuccessitmighthavebeenenoughtomaintainacertainproportionofleft-handersinthepopulationbybalancingthecostsofbeingleft-handedwiththeadvantagesgainedinfighting.Ifthatistruethentherewillbeahigherproportionofleft-handersinsocietieswithhigherlevelsofviolencesincetheadvantagesofbeingleft-handedwillbeenhancedinsuchsocieties.DrFaurieandDrRaymondsetouttotestthishypothesis.Fightinginmodemsocietiesofteninvolvestheuseoftechnologynotablyfirearmsthatisunlikelytogiveanyadvantagetoleft-handers.SoDrFaurieandDrRaymonddecidedtoconfinetheirinvestigationtotheproportionofleft-handersandthelevelofviolencebynumberofhomicidesintraditionalsocieties.Bytrawlingtheliteraturecheckingwithpolicedepartmentsandevengoingoutintothefieldandaskingpeoplethetworesearchersfoundthattheproportionofleft-handersinatraditionalsocietyisindeedcorrelatedwithitshomiciderate.Oneofthehighestproportionsofleft-handersforexamplewasfoundamongtheYanomamoofSouthAmerica.RaidingandwarfarearecentraltoYanomamoculture.Themurderrateis4per1000inhabitantsperyearcomparedwithforexample0.068inNewYork.AndaccordingtoDrFaurieandDrRaymond22.6%ofYanomamoareleft-handed.IncontrastDioula-speakingpeopleofBurkinaFasoinWestAfricaarevirtualpacifists.Thereareonly0.013murdersper1000inhabitantsamongthemandonly3.4%ofthepopulationisleft-handed.Whilethereisnosuggestionthatleft-handedpeoplearemoreviolentthantheright-handeditlooksasthoughtheyaremoresuccessfullyviolent.Perhapsthathelpstoexplainthedoublemeaningofthewordsinister.Traditionalbiologistsmightbelievethefollowingexcept
Inmorethanacenturyofhand-to-handcombatinshopssupermarketaislesrestaurantsandbarsaroundtheworldCoca-ColahasnearlyalwaysbeenintheleadandPepsiinsecondplace.WhenWarrenBuffettCoke’slong-timeinvestortoldtheboardthathehadvisitedapizzaparlourinOmahaNebraskawithhisgrandsononlytodiscoveritservednothingbutPepsiCoke’sbossesactedswiftlytoremovetheirarch-rivalfromthemenuandreplaceitwithCoke. IfonlytheAtlanta-basedcompanyhadmovedasdeterminedlyinresponsetochangingconsumertastesitmighthaveavoidedahumiliatingreversalinfortunes.OnDecember12thPepsiCoovertookCoca-Colainmarketcapitalisationforthefirsttime.WithPepsiCo’ssharepricehavingrisenby14%thisyearitsstockmarketvaluereached$98.4billioncomparedwith$97.9billionforCoca-Colawhichhasseenitssharesdeclineby1.2%inthesameperiod. Pepsiispowerednotbyitstraditionalfizzydrinks--salesofthoseareflat--butsuchproductsasGatoradeasportsdrinkthathasseensalesgrowbymorethan30%.GatoradealsorepresentsabroaderdiversificationbyPepsiCoawayfromarelianceonsugarycolasandintootherproducts.PepsiConowreportedlygetsaround20%ofitsrevenuefromsoftdrinksunlikeCoca-Colawheretheyaccountforsome80%. ManyofthebrandsthatPepsiCohasbeenacquiringandpromotingappealtoconsumers’concernsabouttheirhealth.PepsiCo’slatestadvertisingprogrammepromotesanew"SmartSpot"symbolwhichallowspeopletoidentifyhealthierproducts.ThespotsarebeingattachedtoGatoradeandotherPepsiCobrandssuchasTropicanaorangejuiceAquafinawaterbakedlay’scrispsandQuakerGranolaBars. Coca-Colawillnowtrytoregainthecrown.Havingenduredvarioustroublesandtwochiefexecutivessincethedeathin1997ofRobertoGoizuetaamuch-admiredbossCokebroughtaveteranNevilleIsdelloutofretirementlastyeartoreinvigoratethecompany.Mr.Isdellknowsathingortwoaboutbeinginsecondplace.Inthe1980shetookCokefromthenumbertwospotinthePhilippinestomoveaheadofPepsi. Mr.IsdellhasCoke’sownsportsdrinkPoweradeinhisportfolio--buthecouldhavehadGatorade.FiveyearsagoanotherfizzydrinkchampagnewasonicetocelebrateCoca-Cola’s$15.8billiontakeoverofQuakerOatsthenownerofGatorade.ThistakeoverwassupposedtoleadCokeintowhatlookedtobeahotnewmarketforhealthdrinks.Butthe"SageofOmaha"asMr.BuffettisknownblockedthedealinpartbecauseitwouldhavedilutedthevalueofCoke’sshares.PepsitookoverQuakerOatsinstead--amemorythatmustleaveMr.BuffettandotherCokeshareholderswithabittertasteintheirmouths. ThetextsuggeststhatMr.Isdell
TheBibleisthegreatworkofthereligiousliteratureandwasinprocessofformationforabouttwelvehundredyears. TheBibleiscomposedof1legendbiographygenealogiesethicslawproverbialwisdomsermonsprophesylyricpoetryhymnsandtheology.Itisnotonly2abookbuta3ofbooks. TheBible4twomajor5theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentwaswrittenoriginallyalmostentirely6HebrewwithalittleAramaicfromtheeleventhtothesecondcenturyBC.Itisthenational7literatureofthepeopleofIsrael.TheNewTestamentwaswritteninGreekfromabout40ADto150.It8theearliestdocuments9thelifeteachingcrucifixionandresurrectionofJesusandtheestablishmentofthe10church.The11workisfromthefirstbookGenesistothelastRevelations. The12andrichnessoftheBible13literature14theOldTestamentareunparalleled.Intheliterary15poetryTheBibleis16. TheBibleisanassemblageofliterature.Itisinaunique17amongtheworld’sbooks18therichnessofits19andspiritualvalues.Itcanbecalledthe20ofbooks. 7
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