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41)____________Many of the options have already been rehearsed in the press: excluding some treatmen...
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什么是OPT的物流原则
5520AMS上北向软件模块TL1GATEWAY的默认安装目录是________
/var/opt/ams
/opt/alcatel
/opt/PONNBI_APP
/opt/ams
论述OPT的生产排序原则
在运用最优生产技术OPT的原理时按照OPT的观点在特定的系统中瓶颈资源的数目一般小于
5个
7个
3个
9个
Therearemanypagereplacementalgorithmsinthepagemana
FIFO
PeT
OPT
LRU
FIFOLIFOOPT和LRU的算法中属堆栈型的替换算法是
FIFO法
LIFO法
OPT法
LRU法
根据邮件列表页面其内容是
Opt--in
Doubleopt—in
Opt—out
UCE
Therearemanypagereplacementalgorithmsinthepagemana
PPT
OPT
LRU
FIFO
在运用最优生产技术OPT的原理时按照OPT的观点在特定的系统中瓶颈资源的数目一般小于
3个
5个
7个
9个
最新生产技术OPT虽产生时间不长却取得了令人瞩目的成就请论述OPT中的物流原则
5520AMS上北向软件模块PONNBI的默认安装目录是________
/var/opt/ams
/opt/ams
/opt/alcatel
/opt/PONNBI_APP
Therearemanypagereplacementalgorithmsinthepagemana
PPT
OPT
LRU
FIFO
何谓约束理论TOC和最优生产技术OPT?什么是OPT的物流原则?简述约束理论的五大核心步骤
Therearemanypagereplacementalgorithmsinpagemanagem
FIFO
LRU
OPT
PPT
OPT中物流原则是什么
Therearemanypagereplacementalgorithmsinthepagemana
FIFO
PPT
OPT
LRU
简述OPT生产排序的原则有哪些
OPT以平衡物料流动为原则
LINUX支持网络文件系统NFS下列哪个命令实现了将位于192.168.1.4机器上的/opt/si
mount-tnfs192.168.1.4：/opt/sirnfs/mnt/sirnfs
mount-tnfs/mnt/sirnfs192.168.1.4：/opt/sirnfs
mountnfs–t192.168.1.4：/opt/sirnfs/mnt/sirnfs
mountnfs–t/mnt/sirnfs192.168.1.4：/opt/sirnfs
OPT是一种改善管理的技术
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DuringthepastgenerationtheAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairpaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehasbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.Nowapinkslipabaddiagnosisoradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths.Injustonegenerationmillionsofmothershavegonetoworktransformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholarspolicymakersandcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechangesbutfewhavelookedatthesideeffect:familyriskhasrisenaswell.Today’sfamilieshavebudgetedtothelimitsoftheirnewtwo-paycheckstatus.Asaresulttheyhavelosttheparachutetheyoncehasintimesoffinancialsetback--aback-upearnerusuallyMomwhocouldgointotheworkforceiftheprimaryearnergotlaidofforfellsick.Thisadded-workereffectcouldsupportthesafetynetofferedbyunemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelpfamiliesweatherbadtimes.Buttodayadisruptiontofamilyfortunescannolongerbemadeupwithextraincomefromanotherwise-stay-at-homepartner.Duringthesameperiodfamilieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome.Steelworkersairlineemployeesandnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutinterestratesstockmarketfluctuationandtheharshrealitythattheymayoutlivetheirretirementmoney.FormuchofthepastyearPresidentBushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasavings-accountmodelwithretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.Foryoungerfamiliesthepictureisnotanybetter.Boththeabsolutecostofhealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverisen--andnewlyfashionablehealth-savingsplansarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkerswithmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvestmentriskforfamilies’futurehealthcare.Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamilyastheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent--andallheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistance--havejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration.Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspectivemuchofthisunderstandablylooksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibilityandagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.Thefinancialfallouthasbegunandthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarbehind.Today’sdouble-incomefamiliesareatgreaterfinancialriskinthat______.
A.PeriodicalsininitialstageB.ThefunctionofperiodicalsC.NewspapersandotherperiodicalsonlineD.TheintroductionofreviewsE.FeaturesofperiodicalsF.TheemergenceofmodernperiodicalsPeriodicalsrefertopublicationsreleasedonaregularbasisthatmayincludenewsfeaturearticlespoemsfictionalstoriesorothertypesofwriting.Manyperiodicalsalsoincludephotographsanddrawings.Periodicalsthatareaimedatageneralaudiencesuchasweeklynewsroundupsormonthlyspecial-interestpublicationsarealsocalledmagazines.Thosewithamorenarrowaudiencesuchaspublicationsofscholarlyorganizationscanbetermedjournals.Whilenewspapersareperiodicalsthetermgenerallyhascometorefertopublicationsotherthandailies.41.__________Historicallymustperiodicalshavedifferedfromnewspapersintheirformatpublicationscheduleandcontent.Mostnewspapersdealwiththenewsofthedayandareissuedonpulppaperwithrelativelylargeunboundpages.Bycontrastothertypesofperiodicalsfocusonmorespecializedmaterialandwhentheydealwithnewstheytendtodosointheformofsummariesorcommentaries.Forcenturiestheseperiodicalsgenerallyhavebeenprintedonfinerpaperthannewspaperswithsmallerboundpagesandissuedatintervalslongerthanadayweeklyeverytwoweeksmonthlyquarterlyorevenannually.42.__________Inthe1990swiththegrowthoftheInternetpublishersbegantoreleasenewspapersandotherperiodicalsonline.Thisdevelopmentblurredthelinebetweenthetwoformsbecausethegeneralformatanddesignofonlinenewspapersandperiodicalsaresimilarandthepublicationschedulesofbothformsbecamemoreflexible.Forexamplemanynewspaperpublishersupdatetheironlineversionsthroughoutthedayandsomeonlineperiodicalsdothesame.Despitethesetechnologicalchangesthetwoformsdifferingemphasisinchoiceofcontentremainsadistinguishingfactor.43.__________TheearliestperiodicalsincludetheGermanErbaulicheMonaths-UnterredungenEdifyingMonthlyDiscussions1663-1668theFrenchJournaldesScavans1665;subsequentlytitledJournaldesSavantsandtheEnglishPhilosophicalTransactions1665oftheRoyalSocietyofLondon.Thesewereessentiallycollectionsofsummarieslateressaysondevelopmentsinartliteraturephilosophyandscience.44.__________ThefirstperiodicalofthemoderngeneraltypedevotedtoamiscellanyofreadingentertainmentwastheEnglishpublicationTheGentleman’sMagazine1731—1907-thefirstinstanceoftheuseofthewordmagazinetodenoteaforumforentertainingreading.Itcontainedreportsofpoliticaldebatesessaysstoriesandpoemsandwaswidelyinfluential.ItservedasthemodelforthefirsttrueAmericanperiodicalsGeneralMagazineandHistoricalChronicleandAmericanMagazine.BothoftheseperiodicalsfirstappearedinPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniainJanuary1741asrivalpublications;neitherlastedmorethanafewmonthshowever.TheformerwasfoundedbytheAmericanstatesmanandscientistBenjaminFranklinandthelatterbytheAmericanprinterAndrewBradford.MonthlyorquarterlyreviewsusuallypartisaninpoliticsandwitharticlescontributedbyeminentauthorsandpoliticianswereintroducedinBritainearlyinthe19thcentury.Ofthesetwobecameoutstanding.TheEdinburghReview1802-1929foundedinsupportoftheWhigPartywasoneofthemostinfluentialcriticaljournalsofitsdayandnumberedamongitscontributors-theEnglishwritersSirWalterScottThomasCarlyleMatthewArnoldandWilliamHazlitt.Blackwood’sEdinburghMagazine1817-1981aTorypublicationwasearlyinitscareernotedforitsserializationofScottishfictionanditssatiricalcommentariesonScottishaffairs.OneofthemostimportantseriousperiodicalsintheUnitedStatesinthe19thcenturywastheNorthAmericanReview1815-1940;revivedin1964.EditorsduringitskongandillustriouscareerincludedsuchliteraryfiguresasJamesRussellLowellCharlesEliotNortonandHenryAdams;contributorsincludedHenryJamesH.G.WellsandMarkTwain.AmongtheEuropeanequivalentsofsuchperiodicalsweretheFrenchRevuedesDeuxMondesandtheGermanLiterarischesWochenblatt.
Contrarytotheimpressionthatgrandmothersaredelightedtohelptheirgrowndaughtersandcarefortheirgrandchildrenastudyofmultigenerationalfamiliesindicatesthatmanyolderwomenresentthefrequentimpositionsoftheyoungergenerationsontheirhomeandenergy.YoungwomenwithchildrenareunderalotofpressurethesedaysandtheyexpecttheirmotherstohelpthempickupthepiecesnotedDr.BertramJ.CohlerabehavioralscientistattheUniversityofChicago.ThisisoftenthestrongestsourceofresentmentonthepartofGrandmotherwhohasfinishedwithchildcaringandnowhasherownlifetolive.Grandmothersliketoseetheirchildrenandgrandchildrenbutontheirowntime.InallthefourNewEnglandfamiliesstudiedtheolderwomenresentedthenumerousphonecallsandvisitsfromtheirgrowndaughterwhooftenturnedtotheirmothersforadvicephysicalresourcesaffectionandcompanionshipaswellasbabysittingservices.Americansocietykeepspilingontheburdensforolderpeopleparticularlythoseintheir50sand60sDr.Cohlersaidinaninterviewhere.They’restillworkingandthey’retakingcareoftheirgrownchildrenandmaybealsotheiragedparents.Sometimeslifegetstobetoomuch.That’sonereasonmanyolderfolksmovefarawaytoFloridaorArizona.Theyneedmorespaceandtimetoattendtotheirownaffairandfriends.Youngpeopledon’tunderstandthisandthat’spartofwhatcreatetensionbetweengenerations.Hehasfoundthatcontrarytowhattheyoungergenerationsmayhavethoughtolderpeoplehaveanenormousamounttodo.Morethanhalfofworking-classgrandmothersstillworkandifthey’reretiredtheyhaveactivitiesinthecommunitythatkeepthemoccupiedhesaid.EachgenerationhasgottoappreciatetheuniqueneedsoftheotherDr.Cohlerwenton.Theyoungergenerationhastorealizethatgrandparentshavebusyactivelivesandthattheyneedprivacyandmorespaceforthemselves.Andtheoldergenerationhastorealizethatcontinuingtobepartofthefamilyisimportanttotheyoungergenerationandthattheyneedhelpandsupport.Henotedthatproblemswithinterdependencebetweengenerationswerelikelytobemoreintenseinworking-classfamiliesthaninmiddleandupper-classfamilies.Heexplainedthattheworkingclasstendedtobegeographicallylessmobileandtohavefeweroutsideresourcesandthatdaughtersweremorelikelytoberearedwithastrongfamilyorientationandlessemphasisonestablishinganindependentlife.AccordingtothepassagethegrowndaughtersrequiretheirmotherstodoallthefollowingEXCEPT______.
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. 13
Somecountriesaremorepopulous;somehavemorecrime.ButinnoothercountryarecrimefightersquitesoknowledgeableaboutcitizensasinBritain.OnJanuary4thaboastfulHomeOfficedetailedthetriumphsoftheworld’sbiggestforensicDNAdatabasewhichholdssamplesfrommorethan5%oftheentirepopulationofEnglandandWales.Recentchangestotherulesgoverningthedatabasemeanthatitmayeventuallyholdprofilesfrommorethanafifthofalladults.OnceacountrystartsstoringDNAsamplesfromcriminalsitishardtoresisttheurgetoexpandthecollection.WhentheNationalDNADatabaseNDNADwassetupin1995samplescouldonlybetakenfromthosechargedwithrecordableoffences.Ifasuspectwasnottriedorwasfreedthesamplehadtobedestroyedandtheprofileremovedfromthedatabase.Thatlawwasabandonedin2001aftertwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrapehadtheircasesoverturnedonappeal-theDNAevidenceagainstthemrelatedtocrimestheyhadnotbeenconvictedofandsooughttohavebeenremovedfromthedatabase.Thechangehasledtotheretentionofaround200000samplesthatwouldpreviouslyhavebeendestroyed.Some7591oftheseweresubsequentlymatchedwithsamplesfromcrimescenesincludingthosefrom88murdersand116rapes.AndsinceApril2004policehavebeenabletotakeandkeepsamplesfromanyonearrestedforarecordableoffenceevenifchargesdonotensue.ThemainreasontheNDNADislargerthandatabasesinothercountriesisthatBritainwasfirsttostartusingDNAasaninvestigativetool.SonotonlyhasithadtimetocollectmoreDNAsamplesbutithasalsohadlongertoappreciatethesheerpowerofalargedatabase.EveryothercountrythatdoesdatabasingwillgettowhereBritainisnowsaysChrisAsplenaconsultanttolawenforcementagenciesandgovernmentsonDNAtechnology.TheincreaseduseofDNAevidencehasgivenrisetointriguingnewcourtroomdefences.DNAtestsarenowsosensitivethattheycandetectifapersonhassneezedorsweatednearanobject.JohnSwainabarristerwithabackgroundinbiochemistryrecentlydefendedamanchargedwitharmedrobbery.Thedefendant’sDNAwasonthegunthatwasusedbutthedefencesarguedthathemightjusthavebeennearitafterhehadbeentothegymandthatanerrantbeadofsweatcouldaccountforthepresenceofhisDNAonaweaponhehadneverhandled.Hewasdeclarednotguilty.AstheNDNADwasestablishedin1995
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. 11
YasuhisaShizokia51-yearoldMPfromJapan’srulingLiberalDemocraticPartyLDPstartstappinghisfingeronthedismaleconomicchartonhiscoffeetable."Unlesswechangethedecision-makingprocess"hesaysbluntly"wearenotgoingtobeabletosolvethiskindofproblem."WiththeeconomyinsuchamessitmayseemabitofadiversiontobetryingtosortoutJapan’spoliticalstructuresaswellasitseconomicproblems. Sinceco-writingareportonpoliticalreformwhichwasreleasedbyanLDPpanellastweekMrShiozakihasfurtherupsettheparty’soldguard.Itslegionariesflankedbycolumnsofthebureaucracycontinuetohampermostattemptstooverhaultheeconomy.JunichiroKoizumiwassupposedtochangeallthatbygoingovertheirheadsandappealingdirectlytothepublic.YetnearlyayearafterbecomingprimeministerMrKoizumihaspreciouslittletoshowforhisefforts.Hispopularityisnowflaggingandhisdeterminationisincreasinglyindoubt. AshopesofimmediateeconomicreformfadeoptimistsarefocusingonanotherpotentialbenefitofMrKoizumi’stenure.TheyhopethathishighlypersonalizedstyleofleadershipwillpavethewayforapermanentchangeinJapanesepolitics:towardsmoreunitedandauthoritativecabinetsthatarehelddirectlyaccountablefortheirpolicies.Asthathappensthethinkinggoesrealeconomicreformswillbeabletofollow.Unfortunatelydamagelimitationinthefaceofscandaltoooftensubstitutesforrealreform.Moreoftenthescandalsservemerelyasdistractions.Whatisreallyneededisanoverhauloftherulesthemselves.Aleadingcandidateforchangeisthe40-year-oldsystem--informalbutreligiouslyfollowed--throughwhichtheLDPmachineryvetseverybillbeforeitevergetstoparliament.MostlegislationstartsintheLDP’spartycommitteeswhichmirrortheparliamentarycommitteestructure.ProposalsthengothroughtwohigherLDPbodieswhichhammeroutpoliticaldealstosmooththeirpassage.Onlythendoestheprimeminister’scabinetgetfullyinvolvedinapprovingthepolicy.MostissueshavebeendecidedbytheLDPmandarinslongbeforetheyreachthispointletalonethefloorofparliamentleavingeventheprimeministerlimitedinfluenceandallowingpreciouslittleroomforpublicdebateandevenlessforaccountability.Asaresultprogresswillprobablyremainslow.SincetheyknowthatpoliticalreformleadstoeconomicreformandhenceposesathreattotheirinterestsmostoftheLDPwillresistanyrealchanges.ButatleastahandfulofinsidershavenowboughtintooneofMrKoizumi’sbestslogans:"ChangetheLDPchangeJapan. ThebasicproblemofJapaneseeconomyaspointedoutbythewriterliesin
YasuhisaShizokia51-yearoldMPfromJapan’srulingLiberalDemocraticPartyLDPstartstappinghisfingeronthedismaleconomicchartonhiscoffeetable."Unlesswechangethedecision-makingprocess"hesaysbluntly"wearenotgoingtobeabletosolvethiskindofproblem."WiththeeconomyinsuchamessitmayseemabitofadiversiontobetryingtosortoutJapan’spoliticalstructuresaswellasitseconomicproblems. Sinceco-writingareportonpoliticalreformwhichwasreleasedbyanLDPpanellastweekMrShiozakihasfurtherupsettheparty’soldguard.Itslegionariesflankedbycolumnsofthebureaucracycontinuetohampermostattemptstooverhaultheeconomy.JunichiroKoizumiwassupposedtochangeallthatbygoingovertheirheadsandappealingdirectlytothepublic.YetnearlyayearafterbecomingprimeministerMrKoizumihaspreciouslittletoshowforhisefforts.Hispopularityisnowflaggingandhisdeterminationisincreasinglyindoubt. AshopesofimmediateeconomicreformfadeoptimistsarefocusingonanotherpotentialbenefitofMrKoizumi’stenure.TheyhopethathishighlypersonalizedstyleofleadershipwillpavethewayforapermanentchangeinJapanesepolitics:towardsmoreunitedandauthoritativecabinetsthatarehelddirectlyaccountablefortheirpolicies.Asthathappensthethinkinggoesrealeconomicreformswillbeabletofollow.Unfortunatelydamagelimitationinthefaceofscandaltoooftensubstitutesforrealreform.Moreoftenthescandalsservemerelyasdistractions.Whatisreallyneededisanoverhauloftherulesthemselves.Aleadingcandidateforchangeisthe40-year-oldsystem--informalbutreligiouslyfollowed--throughwhichtheLDPmachineryvetseverybillbeforeitevergetstoparliament.MostlegislationstartsintheLDP’spartycommitteeswhichmirrortheparliamentarycommitteestructure.ProposalsthengothroughtwohigherLDPbodieswhichhammeroutpoliticaldealstosmooththeirpassage.Onlythendoestheprimeminister’scabinetgetfullyinvolvedinapprovingthepolicy.MostissueshavebeendecidedbytheLDPmandarinslongbeforetheyreachthispointletalonethefloorofparliamentleavingeventheprimeministerlimitedinfluenceandallowingpreciouslittleroomforpublicdebateandevenlessforaccountability.Asaresultprogresswillprobablyremainslow.SincetheyknowthatpoliticalreformleadstoeconomicreformandhenceposesathreattotheirinterestsmostoftheLDPwillresistanyrealchanges.ButatleastahandfulofinsidershavenowboughtintooneofMrKoizumi’sbestslogans:"ChangetheLDPchangeJapan. ThediversionYasuhisaShizokienjoysismentionedinthetextto
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. 17
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. 9
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. 3
DuringthepastgenerationtheAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairpaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehasbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.Nowapinkslipabaddiagnosisoradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths. Injustonegenerationmillionsofmothershavegonetoworktransformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholarspolicymakersandcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechangesbutfewhavelookedatthesideeffect:familyriskhasrisenaswell.Today’sfamilieshavebudgetedtothelimitsoftheirnewtwo-paycheckstatus.Asaresulttheyhavelosttheparachutetheyoncehasintimesoffinancialsetback--aback-upearnerusuallyMomwhocouldgointotheworkforceiftheprimaryearnergotlaidofforfellsick.This"added-workereffect"couldsupportthesafetynetofferedbyunemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelpfamiliesweatherbadtimes.Buttodayadisruptiontofamilyfortunescannolongerbemadeupwithextraincomefromanotherwise-stay-at-homepartner. Duringthesameperiodfamilieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome.Steelworkersairlineemployeesandnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutinterestratesstockmarketfluctuationandtheharshrealitythattheymayoutlivetheirretirementmoney.FormuchofthepastyearPresidentBushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasavings-accountmodelwithretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.Foryoungerfamiliesthepictureisnotanybetter.Boththeabsolutecostofhealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverisen--andnewlyfashionablehealth-savingsplansarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkerswithmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvestmentriskforfamilies’futurehealthcare.Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamilyastheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent--andallheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistance--havejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration. Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspectivemuchofthisunderstandablylooksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibilityandagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.Thefinancialfallouthasbegunandthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarbehind. Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. 7
BothBoeingandAirbushavetrumpetedtheefficiencyoftheirnewestaircraftthe787andA350respectively.Theircleverdesignsandlightweightcompositescertainlymakeadifference.ButagroupofresearchersatStanfordUniversityledbyIlanKroohassuggestedthatairlinescouldtakeamorenaturalisticapproachtocuttingjet-fueluseanditwouldnotrequirethemtobuynewaircraft.TheanswersaysDr.Kroolieswithbirds.Since1914andaseminalpaperbyaGermanresearchercalledCarlWieselsbergerscientistshaveknownthatbirdsflyinginformation—aV-shapeechelonorotherwise—expendlessenergy.Theairflowingoverabird’swingscurlsupwardsbehindthewingtipsaphenomenonknownasupwash.Otherbirdsflyingintheupwashexperiencereduceddragandspendlessenergypropellingthemselves.PeterLissamananaeronauticsexpertwhowasformerlyatCaltechandtheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniahassuggestedthataformationof25birdsmightenjoyarangeincreaseof71%.Whenappliedtoaircrafttheprinciplesarenotsubstantiallydifferent.Dr.KrooandhisteammodeledwhatwouldhappenifthreepassengerjetsdepartingfromLosAngelesSanFranciscoandLasVegasweretorendezvousoverUtahassumeaninvertedV-formationoccasionallyswapplacessoallcouldhaveaturninthemostfavourablepositionsandproceedtoLondon.Theyfoundthattheaircraftconsumedasmuchas15%lessfuelwithaconcomitantreductionincarbon-dioxideoutput.Nitrogen-oxideemissionsduringthecruisingportionsoftheflightfellbyaroundaquarter.Thereareofcoursekinkstobeworkedout.Oneconsiderationissafetyoratleasttheperceptionofit.Wouldpassengersfeelcomfortabletravellinginconvoy’Dr.KroopointsoutthattheaircraftcouldheseparatedbyseveralnauticalmilesandwouldnotbeintheunnervinglyeasygroupingsfavouredbydisplayteamsliketheRedArrows.Apassengerpeeringoutofthewindowmightnotevenseetheotherplanes.Whethertheseparationdistancesinvolvedwouldsatisfyair-traffic-controlregulationsisanothermatteralthoughaworkinggroupattheInternationalCivilAviationOrganizationhasincludedthepossibilityofformationflyinginablueprintfornewoperationalguidelines.Itremainstobeseenhowweatherconditionsaffecttheairflowsthatmakeformationflightmoreefficient.Inzonesofincreasedturbulencetheplanes’wakeswilldecaymorequicklyandtheeffectwilldiminish.Dr.Kmosaysthisisoneoftheareashisteamwillinvestigatefurther.Itmightalsohehardforairlinestocoordinatethedeparturetimesanddestinationsofpassengeraircraftinawaythatwouldallowthemtogainfromformationflight.Cargoaircraftincontrastmightbeeasiertorescheduleasmightroutinemilitaryflights.AsithappensAmerican’sarmedforcesareontheeasealready.Earlierthisyearthecountry’sDefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyannouncedplanstopayBoeingtoinvestigateformationflightthoughtheprogrammehasyettobegin.TherearereportsthatsomemilitaryaircraftflewinformationwhentheywerelowonfuelduringtheSecondWorldWarhutDr.Lissamansaystheyareapocryphal.MyfatherwasanRAFpilotandmycousintheskipperofaLancasterlostoverBerlinheadds.Soheshouldknow.Whichofthefollowingcansupporttheprinciplesarenotsubstantiallydifferent
Somecountriesaremorepopulous;somehavemorecrime.ButinnoothercountryarecrimefightersquitesoknowledgeableaboutcitizensasinBritain.OnJanuary4thaboastfulHomeOfficedetailedthetriumphsoftheworld’sbiggestforensicDNAdatabasewhichholdssamplesfrommorethan5%oftheentirepopulationofEnglandandWales.Recentchangestotherulesgoverningthedatabasemeanthatitmayeventuallyholdprofilesfrommorethanafifthofalladults.OnceacountrystartsstoringDNAsamplesfromcriminalsitishardtoresisttheurgetoexpandthecollection.WhentheNationalDNADatabaseNDNADwassetupin1995samplescouldonlybetakenfromthosechargedwithrecordableoffences.Ifasuspectwasnottriedorwasfreedthesamplehadtobedestroyedandtheprofileremovedfromthedatabase.Thatlawwasabandonedin2001aftertwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrapehadtheircasesoverturnedonappeal-theDNAevidenceagainstthemrelatedtocrimestheyhadnotbeenconvictedofandsooughttohavebeenremovedfromthedatabase.Thechangehasledtotheretentionofaround200000samplesthatwouldpreviouslyhavebeendestroyed.Some7591oftheseweresubsequentlymatchedwithsamplesfromcrimescenesincludingthosefrom88murdersand116rapes.AndsinceApril2004policehavebeenabletotakeandkeepsamplesfromanyonearrestedforarecordableoffenceevenifchargesdonotensue.ThemainreasontheNDNADislargerthandatabasesinothercountriesisthatBritainwasfirsttostartusingDNAasaninvestigativetool.SonotonlyhasithadtimetocollectmoreDNAsamplesbutithasalsohadlongertoappreciatethesheerpowerofalargedatabase.EveryothercountrythatdoesdatabasingwillgettowhereBritainisnowsaysChrisAsplenaconsultanttolawenforcementagenciesandgovernmentsonDNAtechnology.TheincreaseduseofDNAevidencehasgivenrisetointriguingnewcourtroomdefences.DNAtestsarenowsosensitivethattheycandetectifapersonhassneezedorsweatednearanobject.JohnSwainabarristerwithabackgroundinbiochemistryrecentlydefendedamanchargedwitharmedrobbery.Thedefendant’sDNAwasonthegunthatwasusedbutthedefencesarguedthathemightjusthavebeennearitafterhehadbeentothegymandthatanerrantbeadofsweatcouldaccountforthepresenceofhisDNAonaweaponhehadneverhandled.Hewasdeclarednotguilty.TheNDNADhasmoreDNAsamplesthanothercountriesinthat
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. 15
DuringthepastgenerationtheAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairpaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehasbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.Nowapinkslipabaddiagnosisoradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths. Injustonegenerationmillionsofmothershavegonetoworktransformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholarspolicymakersandcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechangesbutfewhavelookedatthesideeffect:familyriskhasrisenaswell.Today’sfamilieshavebudgetedtothelimitsoftheirnewtwo-paycheckstatus.Asaresulttheyhavelosttheparachutetheyoncehasintimesoffinancialsetback--aback-upearnerusuallyMomwhocouldgointotheworkforceiftheprimaryearnergotlaidofforfellsick.This"added-workereffect"couldsupportthesafetynetofferedbyunemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelpfamiliesweatherbadtimes.Buttodayadisruptiontofamilyfortunescannolongerbemadeupwithextraincomefromanotherwise-stay-at-homepartner. Duringthesameperiodfamilieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome.Steelworkersairlineemployeesandnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutinterestratesstockmarketfluctuationandtheharshrealitythattheymayoutlivetheirretirementmoney.FormuchofthepastyearPresidentBushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasavings-accountmodelwithretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.Foryoungerfamiliesthepictureisnotanybetter.Boththeabsolutecostofhealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverisen--andnewlyfashionablehealth-savingsplansarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkerswithmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvestmentriskforfamilies’futurehealthcare.Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamilyastheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent--andallheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistance--havejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration. Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspectivemuchofthisunderstandablylooksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibilityandagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.Thefinancialfallouthasbegunandthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarbehind. Accordingtotheauthorhealth-savingsplanswill
RecentlyyourbestfriendLindahasbeenofferedafullscholarshipfromStanfordUniversity.WritealettertoLindatocongratulateheronherexcellentperformanceinwinningthisscholarship. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
A.PeriodicalsininitialstageB.ThefunctionofperiodicalsC.NewspapersandotherperiodicalsonlineD.TheintroductionofreviewsE.FeaturesofperiodicalsF.TheemergenceofmodernperiodicalsPeriodicalsrefertopublicationsreleasedonaregularbasisthatmayincludenewsfeaturearticlespoemsfictionalstoriesorothertypesofwriting.Manyperiodicalsalsoincludephotographsanddrawings.Periodicalsthatareaimedatageneralaudiencesuchasweeklynewsroundupsormonthlyspecial-interestpublicationsarealsocalledmagazines.Thosewithamorenarrowaudiencesuchaspublicationsofscholarlyorganizationscanbetermedjournals.Whilenewspapersareperiodicalsthetermgenerallyhascometorefertopublicationsotherthandailies.41.__________Historicallymustperiodicalshavedifferedfromnewspapersintheirformatpublicationscheduleandcontent.Mostnewspapersdealwiththenewsofthedayandareissuedonpulppaperwithrelativelylargeunboundpages.Bycontrastothertypesofperiodicalsfocusonmorespecializedmaterialandwhentheydealwithnewstheytendtodosointheformofsummariesorcommentaries.Forcenturiestheseperiodicalsgenerallyhavebeenprintedonfinerpaperthannewspaperswithsmallerboundpagesandissuedatintervalslongerthanadayweeklyeverytwoweeksmonthlyquarterlyorevenannually.42.__________Inthe1990swiththegrowthoftheInternetpublishersbegantoreleasenewspapersandotherperiodicalsonline.Thisdevelopmentblurredthelinebetweenthetwoformsbecausethegeneralformatanddesignofonlinenewspapersandperiodicalsaresimilarandthepublicationschedulesofbothformsbecamemoreflexible.Forexamplemanynewspaperpublishersupdatetheironlineversionsthroughoutthedayandsomeonlineperiodicalsdothesame.Despitethesetechnologicalchangesthetwoformsdifferingemphasisinchoiceofcontentremainsadistinguishingfactor.43.__________TheearliestperiodicalsincludetheGermanErbaulicheMonaths-UnterredungenEdifyingMonthlyDiscussions1663-1668theFrenchJournaldesScavans1665;subsequentlytitledJournaldesSavantsandtheEnglishPhilosophicalTransactions1665oftheRoyalSocietyofLondon.Thesewereessentiallycollectionsofsummarieslateressaysondevelopmentsinartliteraturephilosophyandscience.44.__________ThefirstperiodicalofthemoderngeneraltypedevotedtoamiscellanyofreadingentertainmentwastheEnglishpublicationTheGentleman’sMagazine1731—1907-thefirstinstanceoftheuseofthewordmagazinetodenoteaforumforentertainingreading.Itcontainedreportsofpoliticaldebatesessaysstoriesandpoemsandwaswidelyinfluential.ItservedasthemodelforthefirsttrueAmericanperiodicalsGeneralMagazineandHistoricalChronicleandAmericanMagazine.BothoftheseperiodicalsfirstappearedinPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniainJanuary1741asrivalpublications;neitherlastedmorethanafewmonthshowever.TheformerwasfoundedbytheAmericanstatesmanandscientistBenjaminFranklinandthelatterbytheAmericanprinterAndrewBradford.MonthlyorquarterlyreviewsusuallypartisaninpoliticsandwitharticlescontributedbyeminentauthorsandpoliticianswereintroducedinBritainearlyinthe19thcentury.Ofthesetwobecameoutstanding.TheEdinburghReview1802-1929foundedinsupportoftheWhigPartywasoneofthemostinfluentialcriticaljournalsofitsdayandnumberedamongitscontributors-theEnglishwritersSirWalterScottThomasCarlyleMatthewArnoldandWilliamHazlitt.Blackwood’sEdinburghMagazine1817-1981aTorypublicationwasearlyinitscareernotedforitsserializationofScottishfictionanditssatiricalcommentariesonScottishaffairs.OneofthemostimportantseriousperiodicalsintheUnitedStatesinthe19thcenturywastheNorthAmericanReview1815-1940;revivedin1964.EditorsduringitskongandillustriouscareerincludedsuchliteraryfiguresasJamesRussellLowellCharlesEliotNortonandHenryAdams;contributorsincludedHenryJamesH.G.WellsandMarkTwain.AmongtheEuropeanequivalentsofsuchperiodicalsweretheFrenchRevuedesDeuxMondesandtheGermanLiterarischesWochenblatt.
Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnoutandifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynewtheyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoicesinthismatter.46Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon’tandifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformationalongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits. TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictruthaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweaxeprofoundlyignorantaboutnature.IndeedIregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology.Itisinitswayanilluminatingpieceofnews.47Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmenttobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingseemsthewayahead.48Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethatrepresentsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.Inearliertimesweeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblemorsimplymadeupstoriestofillthegaps.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnestwearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsareandhowfarfrombeinganswered.Becauseofthiswearedepressed.49Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorant;thehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorancetheworstspotsandhereandtherethenot-so-badspotsbutnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted. Butwearemakingabeginningandthereoughttobesomesatisfaction.Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan’tbeansweredsoonerorlaterincludingeventhematterofconsciousness.50Tobesuretheremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkupeverandthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellectbutthatisanothermatter.Withinourlimitsweshouldbeabletoworkourwaythroughtoallouranswersifwekeepatitlongenoughandpayattention. 47Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmenttobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingseemsthewayahead.
OnemorningafewyearsagoHarvardPresidentNellRudenstineoverslept.41______________________________________.Onlyafterathree-monthsabbatical--duringwhichhereadessayistLewisThomaslistenedtoRavelandwalkedwithhiswifeonaCaribbeanbeach--washeabletoreturntohispost.ThatweekhispicturewasonthecoverofNewsweekmagazinebesidethebannerheadline"Exhausted!" Intherelentlessbusynessofmodemlifewehavelosttherhythmbetweenactionandrest.Ispeakwithpeopleinbusinessandeducationdoctorsandday-careworkersshopkeepersandsocialworkersparentsandteachersnursesandlawyersstudentsandtherapistscommunityactivistandcooks.Remarkablythereisauniversalrefrain"Iamsobusy".Themoreourlifespeedsupthemorewefeelwearyoverwhelmedandlost. 42______________________________________.Insteadthewholeexperienceofbeingalivebeginstomeltintooneenormousobligation.Itbecomesthestandardgreetingeverywhere"Iamsobusy." Wesaythistooneanotherwithnosmalldegreeofpride.Thebusierwearethemoreimportantweseemtoourselvesandweimaginetoothers.Tobeunavailabletoourfriendsandfamilytobeunabletofindtimeforthesunsetoreventoknowthatthesunhassetatalltowhizthroughourobligationswithouttimeforasinglemindfulbreath--thishasbecomethemodelofasuccessfullife. Becausewedonotrestweloseourway.Welosethenourishmentthatgivesussuccor.Wemissthequietthatgivesuswisdom.Poisonedbythehypnoticbeliefthatgoodthingscomeonlythroughtirelesseffortwenevertrulyrest. Thisisnottheworldwedreamedofwhenwewereyoung.Howdidwegetsoterriblyrushedinaworldsaturatedwithworkandresponsibilityyetsomehowbereftofjoyanddelight WehaveforgottentheSabbath. 43______________________________________.Itistimetobenourishedandrefreshedasweletourworkourchoresandourimportantprojectsliefallowtrustingthattherearelargerforcesatworktakingcareoftheworldwhenweareatrest. Ifcertainplantspeciesdonotliedormantduringwintertheplantbeginstodieoff.44______________________________________. So"RemembertheSabbath"ismorethansimplyalifestylesuggestion.Itisacommandmentanethicalpreceptasseriousasprohibitionsagainstkillingstealingandlying. Sabbathismorethantheabsenceofwork.Manyofusinourdesperatedrivetobesuccessfulandcareforourmanyresponsibilitiesfeelterribleguiltwhenwetaketimetorest.ButtheSabbathhasprovenitswisdomovertheages.ManyofusstillrecallwhennotlongagoshopsandofficeswhereclosedonSundays.ThosequietSundayafternoonsareembeddedinourculturalmemory. Muchofmodemlifeisspecificallydesignedtoseduceourattentionawayfromrest.WhenweareintheworldwithoureyeswideopentheSeductionsareinsatiable.45______________________________________.Forthoseofuswithchildrenthereareendlesssoccerpracticesbaseballgameshomeworklaundryhousecleaningerrands.EveryresponsibilityeverystimuluscompetesforOurattention:Buyme.Dome.Watchme.Tryme.Drinkme.Itisasifwehaveinadvertentlystumbledintosomehorrificwonderland. A.Restisnotjustapsychologicalconvenience;itisabiologicalnecessity. B.After’yearsofnon-stoptoilinanatmospherethatrewardedfranticoverworkRudenstinecollapsed. C.Hundredsofchannelsofcableandsatellitetelevision;phoneswithmultiplelinesandcall-waitingbeggingustotalktomorethanonepersonatatime;maile-mailandovernightmailfaxmachines;billboards;magazines;newspapers;radio. D.SometimesyoucanhavearestonSundays.Butyourheartandsoulisnolongerquiet. E.Sabbathisthetimethatconsecratedtoenjoyandcelebratewhatisbeautifulandgood-timetolightcandlessingsongsworshiptellstoriesblessourchildrenandlovedonesgivethankssharemealsnapwalkandevenmakelove. F.Onceuponatime.Sabbathisourheaven.Weoftenwalkinthegreenparkswithfriendsorhaveapicniclunchwiththefamily.Listeningto.thebirdsonthetreemakesmefeelpeaceful.Butwhateverhappenedtosundaynow G.Todayourlifeandworkrarelyfeellightpleasantorhealing. 45
OnemorningafewyearsagoHarvardPresidentNellRudenstineoverslept.41______________________________________.Onlyafterathree-monthsabbatical--duringwhichhereadessayistLewisThomaslistenedtoRavelandwalkedwithhiswifeonaCaribbeanbeach--washeabletoreturntohispost.ThatweekhispicturewasonthecoverofNewsweekmagazinebesidethebannerheadline"Exhausted!" Intherelentlessbusynessofmodemlifewehavelosttherhythmbetweenactionandrest.Ispeakwithpeopleinbusinessandeducationdoctorsandday-careworkersshopkeepersandsocialworkersparentsandteachersnursesandlawyersstudentsandtherapistscommunityactivistandcooks.Remarkablythereisauniversalrefrain"Iamsobusy".Themoreourlifespeedsupthemorewefeelwearyoverwhelmedandlost. 42______________________________________.Insteadthewholeexperienceofbeingalivebeginstomeltintooneenormousobligation.Itbecomesthestandardgreetingeverywhere"Iamsobusy." Wesaythistooneanotherwithnosmalldegreeofpride.Thebusierwearethemoreimportantweseemtoourselvesandweimaginetoothers.Tobeunavailabletoourfriendsandfamilytobeunabletofindtimeforthesunsetoreventoknowthatthesunhassetatalltowhizthroughourobligationswithouttimeforasinglemindfulbreath--thishasbecomethemodelofasuccessfullife. Becausewedonotrestweloseourway.Welosethenourishmentthatgivesussuccor.Wemissthequietthatgivesuswisdom.Poisonedbythehypnoticbeliefthatgoodthingscomeonlythroughtirelesseffortwenevertrulyrest. Thisisnottheworldwedreamedofwhenwewereyoung.Howdidwegetsoterriblyrushedinaworldsaturatedwithworkandresponsibilityyetsomehowbereftofjoyanddelight WehaveforgottentheSabbath. 43______________________________________.Itistimetobenourishedandrefreshedasweletourworkourchoresandourimportantprojectsliefallowtrustingthattherearelargerforcesatworktakingcareoftheworldwhenweareatrest. Ifcertainplantspeciesdonotliedormantduringwintertheplantbeginstodieoff.44______________________________________. So"RemembertheSabbath"ismorethansimplyalifestylesuggestion.Itisacommandmentanethicalpreceptasseriousasprohibitionsagainstkillingstealingandlying. Sabbathismorethantheabsenceofwork.Manyofusinourdesperatedrivetobesuccessfulandcareforourmanyresponsibilitiesfeelterribleguiltwhenwetaketimetorest.ButtheSabbathhasprovenitswisdomovertheages.ManyofusstillrecallwhennotlongagoshopsandofficeswhereclosedonSundays.ThosequietSundayafternoonsareembeddedinourculturalmemory. Muchofmodemlifeisspecificallydesignedtoseduceourattentionawayfromrest.WhenweareintheworldwithoureyeswideopentheSeductionsareinsatiable.45______________________________________.Forthoseofuswithchildrenthereareendlesssoccerpracticesbaseballgameshomeworklaundryhousecleaningerrands.EveryresponsibilityeverystimuluscompetesforOurattention:Buyme.Dome.Watchme.Tryme.Drinkme.Itisasifwehaveinadvertentlystumbledintosomehorrificwonderland. A.Restisnotjustapsychologicalconvenience;itisabiologicalnecessity. B.After’yearsofnon-stoptoilinanatmospherethatrewardedfranticoverworkRudenstinecollapsed. C.Hundredsofchannelsofcableandsatellitetelevision;phoneswithmultiplelinesandcall-waitingbeggingustotalktomorethanonepersonatatime;maile-mailandovernightmailfaxmachines;billboards;magazines;newspapers;radio. D.SometimesyoucanhavearestonSundays.Butyourheartandsoulisnolongerquiet. E.Sabbathisthetimethatconsecratedtoenjoyandcelebratewhatisbeautifulandgood-timetolightcandlessingsongsworshiptellstoriesblessourchildrenandlovedonesgivethankssharemealsnapwalkandevenmakelove. F.Onceuponatime.Sabbathisourheaven.Weoftenwalkinthegreenparkswithfriendsorhaveapicniclunchwiththefamily.Listeningto.thebirdsonthetreemakesmefeelpeaceful.Butwhateverhappenedtosundaynow G.Todayourlifeandworkrarelyfeellightpleasantorhealing. 41
OnemorningafewyearsagoHarvardPresidentNellRudenstineoverslept.41______________________________________.Onlyafterathree-monthsabbatical--duringwhichhereadessayistLewisThomaslistenedtoRavelandwalkedwithhiswifeonaCaribbeanbeach--washeabletoreturntohispost.ThatweekhispicturewasonthecoverofNewsweekmagazinebesidethebannerheadline"Exhausted!" Intherelentlessbusynessofmodemlifewehavelosttherhythmbetweenactionandrest.Ispeakwithpeopleinbusinessandeducationdoctorsandday-careworkersshopkeepersandsocialworkersparentsandteachersnursesandlawyersstudentsandtherapistscommunityactivistandcooks.Remarkablythereisauniversalrefrain"Iamsobusy".Themoreourlifespeedsupthemorewefeelwearyoverwhelmedandlost. 42______________________________________.Insteadthewholeexperienceofbeingalivebeginstomeltintooneenormousobligation.Itbecomesthestandardgreetingeverywhere"Iamsobusy." Wesaythistooneanotherwithnosmalldegreeofpride.Thebusierwearethemoreimportantweseemtoourselvesandweimaginetoothers.Tobeunavailabletoourfriendsandfamilytobeunabletofindtimeforthesunsetoreventoknowthatthesunhassetatalltowhizthroughourobligationswithouttimeforasinglemindfulbreath--thishasbecomethemodelofasuccessfullife. Becausewedonotrestweloseourway.Welosethenourishmentthatgivesussuccor.Wemissthequietthatgivesuswisdom.Poisonedbythehypnoticbeliefthatgoodthingscomeonlythroughtirelesseffortwenevertrulyrest. Thisisnottheworldwedreamedofwhenwewereyoung.Howdidwegetsoterriblyrushedinaworldsaturatedwithworkandresponsibilityyetsomehowbereftofjoyanddelight WehaveforgottentheSabbath. 43______________________________________.Itistimetobenourishedandrefreshedasweletourworkourchoresandourimportantprojectsliefallowtrustingthattherearelargerforcesatworktakingcareoftheworldwhenweareatrest. Ifcertainplantspeciesdonotliedormantduringwintertheplantbeginstodieoff.44______________________________________. So"RemembertheSabbath"ismorethansimplyalifestylesuggestion.Itisacommandmentanethicalpreceptasseriousasprohibitionsagainstkillingstealingandlying. Sabbathismorethantheabsenceofwork.Manyofusinourdesperatedrivetobesuccessfulandcareforourmanyresponsibilitiesfeelterribleguiltwhenwetaketimetorest.ButtheSabbathhasprovenitswisdomovertheages.ManyofusstillrecallwhennotlongagoshopsandofficeswhereclosedonSundays.ThosequietSundayafternoonsareembeddedinourculturalmemory. Muchofmodemlifeisspecificallydesignedtoseduceourattentionawayfromrest.WhenweareintheworldwithoureyeswideopentheSeductionsareinsatiable.45______________________________________.Forthoseofuswithchildrenthereareendlesssoccerpracticesbaseballgameshomeworklaundryhousecleaningerrands.EveryresponsibilityeverystimuluscompetesforOurattention:Buyme.Dome.Watchme.Tryme.Drinkme.Itisasifwehaveinadvertentlystumbledintosomehorrificwonderland. A.Restisnotjustapsychologicalconvenience;itisabiologicalnecessity. B.After’yearsofnon-stoptoilinanatmospherethatrewardedfranticoverworkRudenstinecollapsed. C.Hundredsofchannelsofcableandsatellitetelevision;phoneswithmultiplelinesandcall-waitingbeggingustotalktomorethanonepersonatatime;maile-mailandovernightmailfaxmachines;billboards;magazines;newspapers;radio. D.SometimesyoucanhavearestonSundays.Butyourheartandsoulisnolongerquiet. E.Sabbathisthetimethatconsecratedtoenjoyandcelebratewhatisbeautifulandgood-timetolightcandlessingsongsworshiptellstoriesblessourchildrenandlovedonesgivethankssharemealsnapwalkandevenmakelove. F.Onceuponatime.Sabbathisourheaven.Weoftenwalkinthegreenparkswithfriendsorhaveapicniclunchwiththefamily.Listeningto.thebirdsonthetreemakesmefeelpeaceful.Butwhateverhappenedtosundaynow G.Todayourlifeandworkrarelyfeellightpleasantorhealing. 43
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. 5
Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnoutandifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynewtheyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoicesinthismatter.46Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon’tandifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformationalongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits. TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictruthaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweaxeprofoundlyignorantaboutnature.IndeedIregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology.Itisinitswayanilluminatingpieceofnews.47Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmenttobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingseemsthewayahead.48Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethatrepresentsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.Inearliertimesweeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblemorsimplymadeupstoriestofillthegaps.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnestwearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsareandhowfarfrombeinganswered.Becauseofthiswearedepressed.49Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorant;thehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorancetheworstspotsandhereandtherethenot-so-badspotsbutnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted. Butwearemakingabeginningandthereoughttobesomesatisfaction.Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan’tbeansweredsoonerorlaterincludingeventhematterofconsciousness.50Tobesuretheremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkupeverandthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellectbutthatisanothermatter.Withinourlimitsweshouldbeabletoworkourwaythroughtoallouranswersifwekeepatitlongenoughandpayattention. 49Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorant;thehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorancetheworstspotsandhereandtherethenot-so-badspotsbutnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted.
YasuhisaShizokia51-yearoldMPfromJapan’srulingLiberalDemocraticPartyLDPstartstappinghisfingeronthedismaleconomicchartonhiscoffeetable."Unlesswechangethedecision-makingprocess"hesaysbluntly"wearenotgoingtobeabletosolvethiskindofproblem."WiththeeconomyinsuchamessitmayseemabitofadiversiontobetryingtosortoutJapan’spoliticalstructuresaswellasitseconomicproblems. Sinceco-writingareportonpoliticalreformwhichwasreleasedbyanLDPpanellastweekMrShiozakihasfurtherupsettheparty’soldguard.Itslegionariesflankedbycolumnsofthebureaucracycontinuetohampermostattemptstooverhaultheeconomy.JunichiroKoizumiwassupposedtochangeallthatbygoingovertheirheadsandappealingdirectlytothepublic.YetnearlyayearafterbecomingprimeministerMrKoizumihaspreciouslittletoshowforhisefforts.Hispopularityisnowflaggingandhisdeterminationisincreasinglyindoubt. AshopesofimmediateeconomicreformfadeoptimistsarefocusingonanotherpotentialbenefitofMrKoizumi’stenure.TheyhopethathishighlypersonalizedstyleofleadershipwillpavethewayforapermanentchangeinJapanesepolitics:towardsmoreunitedandauthoritativecabinetsthatarehelddirectlyaccountablefortheirpolicies.Asthathappensthethinkinggoesrealeconomicreformswillbeabletofollow.Unfortunatelydamagelimitationinthefaceofscandaltoooftensubstitutesforrealreform.Moreoftenthescandalsservemerelyasdistractions.Whatisreallyneededisanoverhauloftherulesthemselves.Aleadingcandidateforchangeisthe40-year-oldsystem--informalbutreligiouslyfollowed--throughwhichtheLDPmachineryvetseverybillbeforeitevergetstoparliament.MostlegislationstartsintheLDP’spartycommitteeswhichmirrortheparliamentarycommitteestructure.ProposalsthengothroughtwohigherLDPbodieswhichhammeroutpoliticaldealstosmooththeirpassage.Onlythendoestheprimeminister’scabinetgetfullyinvolvedinapprovingthepolicy.MostissueshavebeendecidedbytheLDPmandarinslongbeforetheyreachthispointletalonethefloorofparliamentleavingeventheprimeministerlimitedinfluenceandallowingpreciouslittleroomforpublicdebateandevenlessforaccountability.Asaresultprogresswillprobablyremainslow.SincetheyknowthatpoliticalreformleadstoeconomicreformandhenceposesathreattotheirinterestsmostoftheLDPwillresistanyrealchanges.ButatleastahandfulofinsidershavenowboughtintooneofMrKoizumi’sbestslogans:"ChangetheLDPchangeJapan. Itseemsthatthewriteisverycriticalof
BothBoeingandAirbushavetrumpetedtheefficiencyoftheirnewestaircraftthe787andA350respectively.Theircleverdesignsandlightweightcompositescertainlymakeadifference.ButagroupofresearchersatStanfordUniversityledbyIlanKroohassuggestedthatairlinescouldtakeamorenaturalisticapproachtocuttingjet-fueluseanditwouldnotrequirethemtobuynewaircraft.TheanswersaysDr.Kroolieswithbirds.Since1914andaseminalpaperbyaGermanresearchercalledCarlWieselsbergerscientistshaveknownthatbirdsflyinginformation—aV-shapeechelonorotherwise—expendlessenergy.Theairflowingoverabird’swingscurlsupwardsbehindthewingtipsaphenomenonknownasupwash.Otherbirdsflyingintheupwashexperiencereduceddragandspendlessenergypropellingthemselves.PeterLissamananaeronauticsexpertwhowasformerlyatCaltechandtheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniahassuggestedthataformationof25birdsmightenjoyarangeincreaseof71%.Whenappliedtoaircrafttheprinciplesarenotsubstantiallydifferent.Dr.KrooandhisteammodeledwhatwouldhappenifthreepassengerjetsdepartingfromLosAngelesSanFranciscoandLasVegasweretorendezvousoverUtahassumeaninvertedV-formationoccasionallyswapplacessoallcouldhaveaturninthemostfavourablepositionsandproceedtoLondon.Theyfoundthattheaircraftconsumedasmuchas15%lessfuelwithaconcomitantreductionincarbon-dioxideoutput.Nitrogen-oxideemissionsduringthecruisingportionsoftheflightfellbyaroundaquarter.Thereareofcoursekinkstobeworkedout.Oneconsiderationissafetyoratleasttheperceptionofit.Wouldpassengersfeelcomfortabletravellinginconvoy’Dr.KroopointsoutthattheaircraftcouldheseparatedbyseveralnauticalmilesandwouldnotbeintheunnervinglyeasygroupingsfavouredbydisplayteamsliketheRedArrows.Apassengerpeeringoutofthewindowmightnotevenseetheotherplanes.Whethertheseparationdistancesinvolvedwouldsatisfyair-traffic-controlregulationsisanothermatteralthoughaworkinggroupattheInternationalCivilAviationOrganizationhasincludedthepossibilityofformationflyinginablueprintfornewoperationalguidelines.Itremainstobeseenhowweatherconditionsaffecttheairflowsthatmakeformationflightmoreefficient.Inzonesofincreasedturbulencetheplanes’wakeswilldecaymorequicklyandtheeffectwilldiminish.Dr.Kmosaysthisisoneoftheareashisteamwillinvestigatefurther.Itmightalsohehardforairlinestocoordinatethedeparturetimesanddestinationsofpassengeraircraftinawaythatwouldallowthemtogainfromformationflight.Cargoaircraftincontrastmightbeeasiertorescheduleasmightroutinemilitaryflights.AsithappensAmerican’sarmedforcesareontheeasealready.Earlierthisyearthecountry’sDefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyannouncedplanstopayBoeingtoinvestigateformationflightthoughtheprogrammehasyettobegin.TherearereportsthatsomemilitaryaircraftflewinformationwhentheywerelowonfuelduringtheSecondWorldWarhutDr.Lissamansaystheyareapocryphal.MyfatherwasanRAFpilotandmycousintheskipperofaLancasterlostoverBerlinheadds.Soheshouldknow.Accordingtothetextwhatisbeyondhumanabilitynowisto______.
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. 1
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. 19
Contrarytotheimpressionthatgrandmothersaredelightedtohelptheirgrowndaughtersandcarefortheirgrandchildrenastudyofmultigenerationalfamiliesindicatesthatmanyolderwomenresentthefrequentimpositionsoftheyoungergenerationsontheirhomeandenergy.YoungwomenwithchildrenareunderalotofpressurethesedaysandtheyexpecttheirmotherstohelpthempickupthepiecesnotedDr.BertramJ.CohlerabehavioralscientistattheUniversityofChicago.ThisisoftenthestrongestsourceofresentmentonthepartofGrandmotherwhohasfinishedwithchildcaringandnowhasherownlifetolive.Grandmothersliketoseetheirchildrenandgrandchildrenbutontheirowntime.InallthefourNewEnglandfamiliesstudiedtheolderwomenresentedthenumerousphonecallsandvisitsfromtheirgrowndaughterwhooftenturnedtotheirmothersforadvicephysicalresourcesaffectionandcompanionshipaswellasbabysittingservices.Americansocietykeepspilingontheburdensforolderpeopleparticularlythoseintheir50sand60sDr.Cohlersaidinaninterviewhere.They’restillworkingandthey’retakingcareoftheirgrownchildrenandmaybealsotheiragedparents.Sometimeslifegetstobetoomuch.That’sonereasonmanyolderfolksmovefarawaytoFloridaorArizona.Theyneedmorespaceandtimetoattendtotheirownaffairandfriends.Youngpeopledon’tunderstandthisandthat’spartofwhatcreatetensionbetweengenerations.Hehasfoundthatcontrarytowhattheyoungergenerationsmayhavethoughtolderpeoplehaveanenormousamounttodo.Morethanhalfofworking-classgrandmothersstillworkandifthey’reretiredtheyhaveactivitiesinthecommunitythatkeepthemoccupiedhesaid.EachgenerationhasgottoappreciatetheuniqueneedsoftheotherDr.Cohlerwenton.Theyoungergenerationhastorealizethatgrandparentshavebusyactivelivesandthattheyneedprivacyandmorespaceforthemselves.Andtheoldergenerationhastorealizethatcontinuingtobepartofthefamilyisimportanttotheyoungergenerationandthattheyneedhelpandsupport.Henotedthatproblemswithinterdependencebetweengenerationswerelikelytobemoreintenseinworking-classfamiliesthaninmiddleandupper-classfamilies.Heexplainedthattheworkingclasstendedtobegeographicallylessmobileandtohavefeweroutsideresourcesandthatdaughtersweremorelikelytoberearedwithastrongfamilyorientationandlessemphasisonestablishinganindependentlife.Accordingtothepassagewhichstatementistrue
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