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Text 4 The city of Venice may not be the obvious place for a call for the moral revival of Euro...
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Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Text4 Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.Itfastensitsattentionuponthosephysicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhichdistinguishonecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudymoreothersocietiesthanourown.ForitspurposesanysocialregulationofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourownthoughitmaybethatoftheSeaDyaksandhavenopossiblehistoricalrelationtothatofourcivilization.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfordealingwithacommonproblemaridinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheisboundtoavoidanyweightingofoneinfavoroftheotherlieisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytraditionwhatsoever.Heisinterestedinawiderangeofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeanddifferentiatedthedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthemannerinwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesoftheindividuals. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasasubjectofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.Asamatteroffactitistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffirstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest. Forseriousstudyananthropologist
Text2 Breakfastisindispensable.Notonlydoesitprovideessentialearly-morningnourishmenttopeopleofallagesthroughouttheweekit’salsoBecomingmoreandmoretrendyforbothbusinessmeetingsandsocialgatherings.Anytimefamiliesandfriendswanttogettogetherinarelaxedsettingtheyconsiderbreakfast. WhyBecausethemealhasauniversalappealtoallagesandallpocketbooks. Low-carbdietsalsohavebroughtonce-forbiddenbreakfastfoodsbackintofavor.Eggconsumptionhasrisensteadilyinrecentyears."In1993itwas234.6percapita;in2003thefigurewas254.1"saysLindaBraundirectorofconsumereducationfortheAmericanEggBoard. MissBraunattributessomeofthistodietarytrendsbutsaysamorecompellingreasonisthateggsoffersomenewlyidentifiedbenefits."Theyolksarerichincholineanutrientthatshowspromiseinearlystudiesforpreventingmemorylossinlaterlifeandluteinknowntocombatage-relatedmaculardegenerationandcataracts"shesays. Whatevertherationalesteakandeggsandabarnyardfullofothereggdishesfromfrittatastohuevosrancherosarebeingdevouredwithgusto. Athomeomeletsandtoasthavealwaysbeenpopularintheweehoursafteranightonthetownorwhenyou’realoneandwanttocurlupwithsomecomfortfoodablanketandagoodbook. Inrestaurantsthemealoncewasprettymuchoverby10a.m..Todaythat’snolongertrue.Withchanginglifestylespeopleareenjoyingbreakfastfareatallhoursofthedayandeveningtoo.NumerousrestaurantsacrossAmericaincludingthemostfashionableeateriesservetraditionalmorningfoodswellpastnoon. AttheStamfordConn.CityLimitsDineroneofthreedinersbythisnameintheareamanagerMargaretCallanansaysthatwithinthepastfewyearsbreakfastbusinessprobablyhasdoubled. "Thefirstsegmenttoarriveinmorningarethe’suits’competitivelawyersandbusinessmenwhousethehourtotreatclientslikeguestsratherthanservingthembagelsintheiroffice"shesays. TypicalofmanydinersCityLimitsoffersanenormousmenu.Alongwithwafflesandpancakesitservesrefineddishesthataresurprisingataplaceinthiscategory.AgreatfavoriteisMaryland-lump-crab-and-lobstercakeBenedict.IfyouleaveouttheEnglishmuffintherichcombinationisevenlow-carb-friendly. Themostpopularitemisthecountrybreakfast.Itincludeseggshouse-madehashbrownpotatoessausagebaconandhamplusmultigraintoastfrombreadbakedonthepremises.At＄7itisabargain. Wecaninferfromthetextthat
Text3 TheUSdollarreachedanall-timelowagainsttheeuroyesterdayforthefourthstraightdaybrieflypushingtheEuropeancurrencyabove＄1.33beforerecoveringslightlyamidconcernsaboutthetwinUSdeficitsandthelackofanycentralbankactiontostopthedollar’sdecline. Thedollaralsodippedtoanearlyfive-yearlowagainsttheyenbutlaterregainedground. Yesterdaytheeuroroseto＄1.3329inearlytradingbeforedippingbackto＄1.3290laterinNewYork.Theeurotopped＄1.32forthefirsttimethedaybeforeinEuropeantrading.USmarketswereclosedThursdayfortheThanksgivingholiday. ThedollaralsotradednearitslowestlevelssinceDecember1999againsttheJapaneseyenyesterdayslippingto102.56yendownfrom102.81lateWednesdayinNewYork. Onereasontheeurohaskeptrisingisalackofconcertedactionbycentralbankstosupportthedollarbysellingholdingsoftheothermajorcurrencies. "＄1.35isdefinitelyonthecardsnow--asforhowsoonwe’llgetthereI’mnotsure"saidRizDinacurrencyanalystwithBarclay’sCapitalinLondon. "Itincreasinglylooksasifdespiteweakerdataintheeuroareatheprospectsforintervention..areveryverylowatcurrentrates." ThelatestdollarcollapsefueledbyconcernsovertheUStradeandbudgetdeficitshastakentheeurofromaround＄1.20abouttwomonthsago. Becausetheeuro’srisetendstomakeEuropeanproductsmoreexpensiveEuropeanleadershavevoicedfearsthatitmighthurtthecontinent’sexport-driveneconomicrecovery.TheEuropeanCentralBank’spresidenthascalledtherapidincrease"brutal". Butthedollar’sweaknessisgoodnewsforUSexportershelpingmakeAmericanproductslessexpensiveoverseas. CommerzbankeconomistMichaelSchubertsaidspeculationagainstthedollarwasmakingitsslide"abitfasterthanIhadexpected". "Obviouslyit’sdifficulttostopthetrain"Mr.SchubertsaidinFrankfurt.AcombinationofinterventionbycentralbanksandpositiveUSeconomicdatacouldapplythebrakesheadded. EconomistssaytheEuropeanCentralBankECBiswaryofinterveninginthecurrencymarketsonitsownandtheUnitedStatesWouldbeunlikelytojoininsuchamove. Europeanleadersprimarilyfearthat
Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Text3 TheUSdollarreachedanall-timelowagainsttheeuroyesterdayforthefourthstraightdaybrieflypushingtheEuropeancurrencyabove＄1.33beforerecoveringslightlyamidconcernsaboutthetwinUSdeficitsandthelackofanycentralbankactiontostopthedollar’sdecline. Thedollaralsodippedtoanearlyfive-yearlowagainsttheyenbutlaterregainedground. Yesterdaytheeuroroseto＄1.3329inearlytradingbeforedippingbackto＄1.3290laterinNewYork.Theeurotopped＄1.32forthefirsttimethedaybeforeinEuropeantrading.USmarketswereclosedThursdayfortheThanksgivingholiday. ThedollaralsotradednearitslowestlevelssinceDecember1999againsttheJapaneseyenyesterdayslippingto102.56yendownfrom102.81lateWednesdayinNewYork. Onereasontheeurohaskeptrisingisalackofconcertedactionbycentralbankstosupportthedollarbysellingholdingsoftheothermajorcurrencies. "＄1.35isdefinitelyonthecardsnow--asforhowsoonwe’llgetthereI’mnotsure"saidRizDinacurrencyanalystwithBarclay’sCapitalinLondon. "Itincreasinglylooksasifdespiteweakerdataintheeuroareatheprospectsforintervention..areveryverylowatcurrentrates." ThelatestdollarcollapsefueledbyconcernsovertheUStradeandbudgetdeficitshastakentheeurofromaround＄1.20abouttwomonthsago. Becausetheeuro’srisetendstomakeEuropeanproductsmoreexpensiveEuropeanleadershavevoicedfearsthatitmighthurtthecontinent’sexport-driveneconomicrecovery.TheEuropeanCentralBank’spresidenthascalledtherapidincrease"brutal". Butthedollar’sweaknessisgoodnewsforUSexportershelpingmakeAmericanproductslessexpensiveoverseas. CommerzbankeconomistMichaelSchubertsaidspeculationagainstthedollarwasmakingitsslide"abitfasterthanIhadexpected". "Obviouslyit’sdifficulttostopthetrain"Mr.SchubertsaidinFrankfurt.AcombinationofinterventionbycentralbanksandpositiveUSeconomicdatacouldapplythebrakesheadded. EconomistssaytheEuropeanCentralBankECBiswaryofinterveninginthecurrencymarketsonitsownandtheUnitedStatesWouldbeunlikelytojoininsuchamove. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
Text3 Investmentinthepublicsectorsuchaselectricityirrigationpublicservicesandtransportexcludingvehiclesshipsandplanesincreasedbyabout10%althoughtheemphasismovedtothetransportandawayfromtheothersectorsmentioned.Tradeandservicesrecordeda16%～17%investmentgrowthincludinga30%increaseininvestmentinbusinesspremises.Industrialinvestmentisestimatedtohaverisenby8%.Althoughtheshareofagricultureintotalgrossinvestmentintheeconomycontinuedtodeclineinvestmentgrew9%inabsolutetermslargelyspurredonbya23%expansionofinvestmentinagriculturalequipment.Housingconstructionhad12%moreinvestedinitin1964notsomuchowingtoincreaseddemandastofearsofnewtaxesandlimitationofbuilding. Totalconsumptioninrealtermsrosebycloseon11%during1964andpercapitalpersonalconsumptionbyunder7%asin1963.Theundesirabletrendtowardsarapidriseinconsumptionevidentinpreviousyearsremainedunaltered.Sinceatcurrentpricesconsumptionroseby16%anddisposableincomeby13%therewasevidentlyafallintherateofsavingintheprivatesectoroftheeconomy.Onceagainconsumptionpatternsindicatedaswiftadvanceinthestandardofliving.Expenditureonfooddeclinedinsignificancealthoughconsumptionoffruitincreased. Spendingonfurnitureandhouseholdequipmenthealtheducationandrecreationcontinuedtoincrease.Thegreatestproofofalteredlivingstandardswastherapidexpansionofexpenditureontransportincludingprivatecarsandpersonalservicesofallkindswhichoccurredduring1964.Theprogressivewealthoflargesectorsofthepublicwasdemonstratedbythechangingcompositionofdurablegoodspurchased.Saturationpointwasrapidlybeingapproachedforitemssuchasthefirsthouseholdradiogascookersandelectricrefrigeratorswhereasincreasingpurchasesofautomobilesandtelevisionsetswereregistered. Fromthispassagewelearnthatthepeople
Ifthe20thcenturyhasbeentheAmericancenturythenthereareplentyofpeoplesayingwatchthisspace:thetwentyfirstcenturywillbedifferent.Thedistinguishingcharacteristicofthepost-cold-warworldisthatthereisonlyonesuperpower.41_______________. Themilitarymuscle-flexingwehaveseenfromChinaoverthelastfewyearscouldbeanindicationofhowthingsarelikelytogoalthoughithastobesaidthattomanypeople’ssurprisetheChinesehavebeenquiteconstructiveoverEastTimor.ButIthinkwemustassumethatthemainstruggleinthe21stcenturywillbewithChinaalreadytheworld’slargestnation.HappilytheChineseseemtohavenoglobalpretensions.Onecan’tseetheminterferinginsomefar-distantconflictandinbothmilitaryandeconomictermstheyarestilllightyearsbehindAmerica. 42_______________. Europeisalreadythelargesttradingblockintheworld43_______________..It’sworthrememberingthatwhileEuropespends60percentofwhattheUSAdoesindefenceithasonly10percentoftheAmericans’firepower. IntheMiddleEastinarelativelyshortspaceoftimebubblingconflictshavemovedclosertoresolution.TheArabIsraelidisputehasbeenreducedtoitscoreessentialswhileagreementbetweenSyriaandIsraelremainsthestrategicprizeforpeace.IranisundergoingaslowtransformationbuttheoutstandingpoliticalissuehereisIraqandSaddamHussein’sextraordinarysurvival.Theinternationalcommunityremainsbitterlydividedaboutwhattodo. AfricaIfearisgoingtoremainadisasterareasimplybecauseitdoesnotfigureonpeople’smentalmaps.CurrentlythereiswarraginginsixcountriesaroundtheCongoyetthere’sverylittlesensetheinternationalcommunitywilldoanythingaboutit.Thereisthoughsomegoodnews.IfyoulookbackayearagotoAlgeriaitwasdrowninginitsownblood.Nowitseemstobebackontherighttrack. 44_______________.Formanyyearsthenon-proliferationregimeactuallyworkedsurprisinglywellbutIndiaandPakistangoingnuclearhasbeenagreatblowtothestatusquo.Andnowtherearenewbiologicalandchemicalweapons—undreamed-ofhorrors—nottomentionthewholelegacyofthecoldwarwhichhasn’tbeencleanedupsuchasRussiannuclearwasteintheArctic. Thefundamentalproblemisthattherearecountriesthataresimplybeingleftbehindbytheonwardmarchofglobalization.Globalissuessuchastheenvironmentanddrugs—andperhapsevenhumanrights—aregoingtocomemuchmoretothefore.45_______________. [A]Itiscalledtobeaneconomicgiantespeciallywhentheeurohasbeenissued. [B]butwhiletheeurocouldhelpitbecomeaneconomicgiantandevenchallengethedollaritlookslikelytoremainapoliticalandmilitarypygmy. [C]Andthere’sonlyonecandidateonthehorizontochallengetheUS—China. [D]Astheworldshrinkssoweshallhaveanincreasingsenseoftheneedforaninternationalhumanitarianorder.Globalizationmaybeagoodthingbutithasadarkunderbelly. [E]Russiaisapowerfulcountrywhichownsmilitarysuperiority [F]WemustalsoassumethecontinueddeclineofRussia.ItshowshowfarthingshavegoneandhowquicklywhenwhatwasoncethesecondmostpowerfulcountryintheworldisbeingbatteredbyIslamicrebelsfromtheCaucasus.NowwehaveaRussianstatewhichsimplycannotcope. [G]Idothinkarmscontrolwillbeabigitemontheagendainfuture. 41
Text3 Investmentinthepublicsectorsuchaselectricityirrigationpublicservicesandtransportexcludingvehiclesshipsandplanesincreasedbyabout10%althoughtheemphasismovedtothetransportandawayfromtheothersectorsmentioned.Tradeandservicesrecordeda16%～17%investmentgrowthincludinga30%increaseininvestmentinbusinesspremises.Industrialinvestmentisestimatedtohaverisenby8%.Althoughtheshareofagricultureintotalgrossinvestmentintheeconomycontinuedtodeclineinvestmentgrew9%inabsolutetermslargelyspurredonbya23%expansionofinvestmentinagriculturalequipment.Housingconstructionhad12%moreinvestedinitin1964notsomuchowingtoincreaseddemandastofearsofnewtaxesandlimitationofbuilding. Totalconsumptioninrealtermsrosebycloseon11%during1964andpercapitalpersonalconsumptionbyunder7%asin1963.Theundesirabletrendtowardsarapidriseinconsumptionevidentinpreviousyearsremainedunaltered.Sinceatcurrentpricesconsumptionroseby16%anddisposableincomeby13%therewasevidentlyafallintherateofsavingintheprivatesectoroftheeconomy.Onceagainconsumptionpatternsindicatedaswiftadvanceinthestandardofliving.Expenditureonfooddeclinedinsignificancealthoughconsumptionoffruitincreased. Spendingonfurnitureandhouseholdequipmenthealtheducationandrecreationcontinuedtoincrease.Thegreatestproofofalteredlivingstandardswastherapidexpansionofexpenditureontransportincludingprivatecarsandpersonalservicesofallkindswhichoccurredduring1964.Theprogressivewealthoflargesectorsofthepublicwasdemonstratedbythechangingcompositionofdurablegoodspurchased.Saturationpointwasrapidlybeingapproachedforitemssuchasthefirsthouseholdradiogascookersandelectricrefrigeratorswhereasincreasingpurchasesofautomobilesandtelevisionsetswereregistered. theauthorthinksthatthetrendtowardsarapidriseinconsumptionwasundesirablebecause
Text4 MountingfinancialandlegalwoesaregivingMerckaprescription-strengthheadache.WithChiefExecutiveOfficerRayGilmartintestifyingonCapitolHillaboutwhatMerckknewaboutVioxxandwhenitiseasytooverlookthedruggiant’songoingeffortstotreatandcuredisease. Beforeitsstockpricesagged40percentandbothlitigatorsandregulatorsbegancirclingoverheadMerckinvitedseveraljournaliststoits415-acreresearchanddevelopmentcenter30milesfromPhiladelphia.AsotherpharmaceuticalinvestigatorscanattestMerck’s10000scientistsandsupportpersonnelherehelpexplainwhynewdrugsoftencostsomuch.Standinginthemiddleofhis＄4millionlabDr.GrahamSmithpointstoanLCMSMassSpectrometerthatatomizestestcompoundsandevaluatesthemforhealingproperties. "Ofthe1200moleculestestedherelastyear"Dr.Smithsays"eightwentontothenextstep.Andnotallofthosewillgoontobecomedrugs."Dr.Smithandhisteamofanalyticchemistsfailsteadilyonaveragefor6weeksbeforediscoveringapotentialherapy.Another32daysusuallypassbeforethathappensagain. Merckisnotaloneinthrowingmostofitsdartsstraightintothefloor.AccordingtoJohnT.KellyM.D.oftheWashington-basedPharmaceuticalResearchandManufacturersofAmerica"Only5in5000compoundsthatenterpreclinicaltestingmakeittohumantesting.Andonly1ofthese5testedinpeopleisapprovedforsale.: CitingTuftsUniversitydataDr.Kellyadded:"Onaverageitcostsacompany＄802milliontogetonenewmedicinefromthelaboratorytoUSpatients.Thisprocessnormallytakes10to15years." EliavBartM.D.Merck’sseniordirectorforclinicalresearchworksonavaccinetopreventtheHumanPapillomavirus.SoonerorlaterHPVafflicts50to75percentofsexuallyactiveadults.HPVcausesgenitalwartsaswellascancersofthecervixvulvaandanus.Sofartestshavefoundthevaccine100percenteffectiveagainstHPV16oneofthevirus’particularlymenacingstrains. Noneofthiscomescheapeither. "SeveralhundredpeopleareworkingonthisexclusivelyaroundtheworldforMerck"Dr.Barrsays.ConsequentlythecompanyhasbuiltclinicsinIcelandPeruandThailand."Merckputequipmentinandwe’llleaveitin"Dr.Barrsays.Thiswillprovideasteadystreamofscientificdataforobstetriciansandgynecologists. Merckalsohasbuilta$100millionstructurespecificallytomanufacturetheHPVvaccine.Ifapprovedthedrug’spricewillreflectinpartthishugeup-frontinvestment.ButifitfailstosecureFoodandDrugAdministrationapprovalMerckwillbetheproudownerofagleaming＄100millionwhiteelephant.ThissunkcostwillhavetobespreadacrosstherestofMerck’sproductline.Alternativelythismoneycouldbesubtractedfromshareholderdividendsemployeesalariesornewresearchanddevelopment.Thesearelamelongtermstrategies.Thatandmoreaddsup. ThevaccineagainstthisailmentisforpharmaceuticalcompaniestoteachAmericans-startingwithWashington’sbipartisanpoliticalclass--asimplebutviraltruth:Thoselittlepillsdonotinventthemselves. ThetermsunkcostLine4Paragraph9mayprobablymeanthat
Text3 TheUSdollarreachedanall-timelowagainsttheeuroyesterdayforthefourthstraightdaybrieflypushingtheEuropeancurrencyabove＄1.33beforerecoveringslightlyamidconcernsaboutthetwinUSdeficitsandthelackofanycentralbankactiontostopthedollar’sdecline. Thedollaralsodippedtoanearlyfive-yearlowagainsttheyenbutlaterregainedground. Yesterdaytheeuroroseto＄1.3329inearlytradingbeforedippingbackto＄1.3290laterinNewYork.Theeurotopped＄1.32forthefirsttimethedaybeforeinEuropeantrading.USmarketswereclosedThursdayfortheThanksgivingholiday. ThedollaralsotradednearitslowestlevelssinceDecember1999againsttheJapaneseyenyesterdayslippingto102.56yendownfrom102.81lateWednesdayinNewYork. Onereasontheeurohaskeptrisingisalackofconcertedactionbycentralbankstosupportthedollarbysellingholdingsoftheothermajorcurrencies. "＄1.35isdefinitelyonthecardsnow--asforhowsoonwe’llgetthereI’mnotsure"saidRizDinacurrencyanalystwithBarclay’sCapitalinLondon. "Itincreasinglylooksasifdespiteweakerdataintheeuroareatheprospectsforintervention..areveryverylowatcurrentrates." ThelatestdollarcollapsefueledbyconcernsovertheUStradeandbudgetdeficitshastakentheeurofromaround＄1.20abouttwomonthsago. Becausetheeuro’srisetendstomakeEuropeanproductsmoreexpensiveEuropeanleadershavevoicedfearsthatitmighthurtthecontinent’sexport-driveneconomicrecovery.TheEuropeanCentralBank’spresidenthascalledtherapidincrease"brutal". Butthedollar’sweaknessisgoodnewsforUSexportershelpingmakeAmericanproductslessexpensiveoverseas. CommerzbankeconomistMichaelSchubertsaidspeculationagainstthedollarwasmakingitsslide"abitfasterthanIhadexpected". "Obviouslyit’sdifficulttostopthetrain"Mr.SchubertsaidinFrankfurt.AcombinationofinterventionbycentralbanksandpositiveUSeconomicdatacouldapplythebrakesheadded. EconomistssaytheEuropeanCentralBankECBiswaryofinterveninginthecurrencymarketsonitsownandtheUnitedStatesWouldbeunlikelytojoininsuchamove. ThefactorNOTaccountingfortheslideofdollaris
Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Ifthe20thcenturyhasbeentheAmericancenturythenthereareplentyofpeoplesayingwatchthisspace:thetwentyfirstcenturywillbedifferent.Thedistinguishingcharacteristicofthepost-cold-warworldisthatthereisonlyonesuperpower.41_______________. Themilitarymuscle-flexingwehaveseenfromChinaoverthelastfewyearscouldbeanindicationofhowthingsarelikelytogoalthoughithastobesaidthattomanypeople’ssurprisetheChinesehavebeenquiteconstructiveoverEastTimor.ButIthinkwemustassumethatthemainstruggleinthe21stcenturywillbewithChinaalreadytheworld’slargestnation.HappilytheChineseseemtohavenoglobalpretensions.Onecan’tseetheminterferinginsomefar-distantconflictandinbothmilitaryandeconomictermstheyarestilllightyearsbehindAmerica. 42_______________. Europeisalreadythelargesttradingblockintheworld43_______________..It’sworthrememberingthatwhileEuropespends60percentofwhattheUSAdoesindefenceithasonly10percentoftheAmericans’firepower. IntheMiddleEastinarelativelyshortspaceoftimebubblingconflictshavemovedclosertoresolution.TheArabIsraelidisputehasbeenreducedtoitscoreessentialswhileagreementbetweenSyriaandIsraelremainsthestrategicprizeforpeace.IranisundergoingaslowtransformationbuttheoutstandingpoliticalissuehereisIraqandSaddamHussein’sextraordinarysurvival.Theinternationalcommunityremainsbitterlydividedaboutwhattodo. AfricaIfearisgoingtoremainadisasterareasimplybecauseitdoesnotfigureonpeople’smentalmaps.CurrentlythereiswarraginginsixcountriesaroundtheCongoyetthere’sverylittlesensetheinternationalcommunitywilldoanythingaboutit.Thereisthoughsomegoodnews.IfyoulookbackayearagotoAlgeriaitwasdrowninginitsownblood.Nowitseemstobebackontherighttrack. 44_______________.Formanyyearsthenon-proliferationregimeactuallyworkedsurprisinglywellbutIndiaandPakistangoingnuclearhasbeenagreatblowtothestatusquo.Andnowtherearenewbiologicalandchemicalweapons—undreamed-ofhorrors—nottomentionthewholelegacyofthecoldwarwhichhasn’tbeencleanedupsuchasRussiannuclearwasteintheArctic. Thefundamentalproblemisthattherearecountriesthataresimplybeingleftbehindbytheonwardmarchofglobalization.Globalissuessuchastheenvironmentanddrugs—andperhapsevenhumanrights—aregoingtocomemuchmoretothefore.45_______________. [A]Itiscalledtobeaneconomicgiantespeciallywhentheeurohasbeenissued. [B]butwhiletheeurocouldhelpitbecomeaneconomicgiantandevenchallengethedollaritlookslikelytoremainapoliticalandmilitarypygmy. [C]Andthere’sonlyonecandidateonthehorizontochallengetheUS—China. [D]Astheworldshrinkssoweshallhaveanincreasingsenseoftheneedforaninternationalhumanitarianorder.Globalizationmaybeagoodthingbutithasadarkunderbelly. [E]Russiaisapowerfulcountrywhichownsmilitarysuperiority [F]WemustalsoassumethecontinueddeclineofRussia.ItshowshowfarthingshavegoneandhowquicklywhenwhatwasoncethesecondmostpowerfulcountryintheworldisbeingbatteredbyIslamicrebelsfromtheCaucasus.NowwehaveaRussianstatewhichsimplycannotcope. [G]Idothinkarmscontrolwillbeabigitemontheagendainfuture. 43
Directions:TomafriendofyourswouldliketovisityourpartofChina.Writealettertogivehimadviceaboutthefollowingsubjects:Whenandhowtotravel;whattobring;howlongtostay;weather;healthandmedicine;whichplacestovisit;whattobuy.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Text4 Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.Itfastensitsattentionuponthosephysicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhichdistinguishonecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudymoreothersocietiesthanourown.ForitspurposesanysocialregulationofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourownthoughitmaybethatoftheSeaDyaksandhavenopossiblehistoricalrelationtothatofourcivilization.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfordealingwithacommonproblemaridinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheisboundtoavoidanyweightingofoneinfavoroftheotherlieisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytraditionwhatsoever.Heisinterestedinawiderangeofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeanddifferentiatedthedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthemannerinwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesoftheindividuals. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasasubjectofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.Asamatteroffactitistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffirstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest. Whichofthefollowingdoestheauthormostprobablyagreewith
Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Text1 RetailersarelookingatbiggersalesnumbersfordigitaltelevisionsetsthisChristmasseasonboostingthespiritsoffederalregulatorsandtheindustry.GovernmentandindustryanalystsalikehaveworriedthatthisnationofTVviewersisshiftingitsgazetooslowlytodigitalfromold-fashionedanalogsets. Yetalmost7milliondigitaltelevisionorDTVsetswillbesoldthisyearaccordingtotheConsumerElectronicsAssociationatradegroupformanufacturersandretailers.Roughly3millionofthesesetswillbesoldduringthelastthreemonthsoftheyear. Independentgroupsalsopredictabigsalesspike. HomesintheUnitedStateswillhave12.1millionhigh-definitionorHDTVsets--themostsophisticatedformofDTVsets--bytheendoftheyearcomparedwith7millionattheendof2003accordingtotheYankeeGroupaBostontechnologyresearchoutfit. HDTVshaveaccountedforthevastmajorityofabout13milliondigitaltelevisionssoldsincethefallof1998. "Thenumbersareveryencouraging.Webelieveconsumersareembracingthistechnology"saysJennyMillertheConsumerElectronicsAssociation’sspokeswoman. AboostinsalesofdigitaltelevisionswillbewelcomenewsformajorretailersanxiouslywatchingtheChristmasshoppingseasonthatbeganyesterday.Manynationalretailersluredcustomersintotheirstoreswithextra-earlyhoursanddeepdiscounts. DTVsetsstillsellbehindtraditionalanalogsets.Almost22millionanalogsetsareexpectedtobesoldthisyearoutpacingeventherosiestpredictionsforDTVsales. UntilrecentlyconsumerswhowantedtobuyDTVexperiencedstickershock.Whenthesetsfirstreachedthemarketinthelate1990stheycostseveralthousanddollarsturningoffmanyconsumers. NowpricesforbasicDTVsetsgenerallystartatabout＄500.HDTVsetsofferthebest-qualitypictureandsoundandcancostasmuchas＄15000accordingtoConsumerReportspublishedbythenonprofitConsumersUnionadvocacygroup. "You’retalkingaboutacoupleofhundreddollarsattheveryleastunlessyougoforaflatpanelorplasmascreeninwhichcaseyou’retalkingthousandsofdollars"saysAdityaKishoresenioranalystfortheYankeeGroup. InadditiontofallingpricesanalystscreditthesalesboostforDTVtoanincreaseinthenumberofprogramsbroadcastindigitallycompatible"highdefinition"aswellasagovernment-ledconsumereducationcampaign. Speakingofthenumberofdigitaltelevisionssoldin2003theauthorimpliesthat
Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Text1 RetailersarelookingatbiggersalesnumbersfordigitaltelevisionsetsthisChristmasseasonboostingthespiritsoffederalregulatorsandtheindustry.GovernmentandindustryanalystsalikehaveworriedthatthisnationofTVviewersisshiftingitsgazetooslowlytodigitalfromold-fashionedanalogsets. Yetalmost7milliondigitaltelevisionorDTVsetswillbesoldthisyearaccordingtotheConsumerElectronicsAssociationatradegroupformanufacturersandretailers.Roughly3millionofthesesetswillbesoldduringthelastthreemonthsoftheyear. Independentgroupsalsopredictabigsalesspike. HomesintheUnitedStateswillhave12.1millionhigh-definitionorHDTVsets--themostsophisticatedformofDTVsets--bytheendoftheyearcomparedwith7millionattheendof2003accordingtotheYankeeGroupaBostontechnologyresearchoutfit. HDTVshaveaccountedforthevastmajorityofabout13milliondigitaltelevisionssoldsincethefallof1998. "Thenumbersareveryencouraging.Webelieveconsumersareembracingthistechnology"saysJennyMillertheConsumerElectronicsAssociation’sspokeswoman. AboostinsalesofdigitaltelevisionswillbewelcomenewsformajorretailersanxiouslywatchingtheChristmasshoppingseasonthatbeganyesterday.Manynationalretailersluredcustomersintotheirstoreswithextra-earlyhoursanddeepdiscounts. DTVsetsstillsellbehindtraditionalanalogsets.Almost22millionanalogsetsareexpectedtobesoldthisyearoutpacingeventherosiestpredictionsforDTVsales. UntilrecentlyconsumerswhowantedtobuyDTVexperiencedstickershock.Whenthesetsfirstreachedthemarketinthelate1990stheycostseveralthousanddollarsturningoffmanyconsumers. NowpricesforbasicDTVsetsgenerallystartatabout＄500.HDTVsetsofferthebest-qualitypictureandsoundandcancostasmuchas＄15000accordingtoConsumerReportspublishedbythenonprofitConsumersUnionadvocacygroup. "You’retalkingaboutacoupleofhundreddollarsattheveryleastunlessyougoforaflatpanelorplasmascreeninwhichcaseyou’retalkingthousandsofdollars"saysAdityaKishoresenioranalystfortheYankeeGroup. InadditiontofallingpricesanalystscreditthesalesboostforDTVtoanincreaseinthenumberofprogramsbroadcastindigitallycompatible"highdefinition"aswellasagovernment-ledconsumereducationcampaign. Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthetextisto
Text2 Breakfastisindispensable.Notonlydoesitprovideessentialearly-morningnourishmenttopeopleofallagesthroughouttheweekit’salsoBecomingmoreandmoretrendyforbothbusinessmeetingsandsocialgatherings.Anytimefamiliesandfriendswanttogettogetherinarelaxedsettingtheyconsiderbreakfast. WhyBecausethemealhasauniversalappealtoallagesandallpocketbooks. Low-carbdietsalsohavebroughtonce-forbiddenbreakfastfoodsbackintofavor.Eggconsumptionhasrisensteadilyinrecentyears."In1993itwas234.6percapita;in2003thefigurewas254.1"saysLindaBraundirectorofconsumereducationfortheAmericanEggBoard. MissBraunattributessomeofthistodietarytrendsbutsaysamorecompellingreasonisthateggsoffersomenewlyidentifiedbenefits."Theyolksarerichincholineanutrientthatshowspromiseinearlystudiesforpreventingmemorylossinlaterlifeandluteinknowntocombatage-relatedmaculardegenerationandcataracts"shesays. Whatevertherationalesteakandeggsandabarnyardfullofothereggdishesfromfrittatastohuevosrancherosarebeingdevouredwithgusto. Athomeomeletsandtoasthavealwaysbeenpopularintheweehoursafteranightonthetownorwhenyou’realoneandwanttocurlupwithsomecomfortfoodablanketandagoodbook. Inrestaurantsthemealoncewasprettymuchoverby10a.m..Todaythat’snolongertrue.Withchanginglifestylespeopleareenjoyingbreakfastfareatallhoursofthedayandeveningtoo.NumerousrestaurantsacrossAmericaincludingthemostfashionableeateriesservetraditionalmorningfoodswellpastnoon. AttheStamfordConn.CityLimitsDineroneofthreedinersbythisnameintheareamanagerMargaretCallanansaysthatwithinthepastfewyearsbreakfastbusinessprobablyhasdoubled. "Thefirstsegmenttoarriveinmorningarethe’suits’competitivelawyersandbusinessmenwhousethehourtotreatclientslikeguestsratherthanservingthembagelsintheiroffice"shesays. TypicalofmanydinersCityLimitsoffersanenormousmenu.Alongwithwafflesandpancakesitservesrefineddishesthataresurprisingataplaceinthiscategory.AgreatfavoriteisMaryland-lump-crab-and-lobstercakeBenedict.IfyouleaveouttheEnglishmuffintherichcombinationisevenlow-carb-friendly. Themostpopularitemisthecountrybreakfast.Itincludeseggshouse-madehashbrownpotatoessausagebaconandhamplusmultigraintoastfrombreadbakedonthepremises.At＄7itisabargain. Speakingoftherisingeggconsumptiontheauthorimpliesthedominantfactoraccountingforthisisthat
Text4 MountingfinancialandlegalwoesaregivingMerckaprescription-strengthheadache.WithChiefExecutiveOfficerRayGilmartintestifyingonCapitolHillaboutwhatMerckknewaboutVioxxandwhenitiseasytooverlookthedruggiant’songoingeffortstotreatandcuredisease. Beforeitsstockpricesagged40percentandbothlitigatorsandregulatorsbegancirclingoverheadMerckinvitedseveraljournaliststoits415-acreresearchanddevelopmentcenter30milesfromPhiladelphia.AsotherpharmaceuticalinvestigatorscanattestMerck’s10000scientistsandsupportpersonnelherehelpexplainwhynewdrugsoftencostsomuch.Standinginthemiddleofhis＄4millionlabDr.GrahamSmithpointstoanLCMSMassSpectrometerthatatomizestestcompoundsandevaluatesthemforhealingproperties. "Ofthe1200moleculestestedherelastyear"Dr.Smithsays"eightwentontothenextstep.Andnotallofthosewillgoontobecomedrugs."Dr.Smithandhisteamofanalyticchemistsfailsteadilyonaveragefor6weeksbeforediscoveringapotentialherapy.Another32daysusuallypassbeforethathappensagain. Merckisnotaloneinthrowingmostofitsdartsstraightintothefloor.AccordingtoJohnT.KellyM.D.oftheWashington-basedPharmaceuticalResearchandManufacturersofAmerica"Only5in5000compoundsthatenterpreclinicaltestingmakeittohumantesting.Andonly1ofthese5testedinpeopleisapprovedforsale.: CitingTuftsUniversitydataDr.Kellyadded:"Onaverageitcostsacompany＄802milliontogetonenewmedicinefromthelaboratorytoUSpatients.Thisprocessnormallytakes10to15years." EliavBartM.D.Merck’sseniordirectorforclinicalresearchworksonavaccinetopreventtheHumanPapillomavirus.SoonerorlaterHPVafflicts50to75percentofsexuallyactiveadults.HPVcausesgenitalwartsaswellascancersofthecervixvulvaandanus.Sofartestshavefoundthevaccine100percenteffectiveagainstHPV16oneofthevirus’particularlymenacingstrains. Noneofthiscomescheapeither. "SeveralhundredpeopleareworkingonthisexclusivelyaroundtheworldforMerck"Dr.Barrsays.ConsequentlythecompanyhasbuiltclinicsinIcelandPeruandThailand."Merckputequipmentinandwe’llleaveitin"Dr.Barrsays.Thiswillprovideasteadystreamofscientificdataforobstetriciansandgynecologists. Merckalsohasbuilta$100millionstructurespecificallytomanufacturetheHPVvaccine.Ifapprovedthedrug’spricewillreflectinpartthishugeup-frontinvestment.ButifitfailstosecureFoodandDrugAdministrationapprovalMerckwillbetheproudownerofagleaming＄100millionwhiteelephant.ThissunkcostwillhavetobespreadacrosstherestofMerck’sproductline.Alternativelythismoneycouldbesubtractedfromshareholderdividendsemployeesalariesornewresearchanddevelopment.Thesearelamelongtermstrategies.Thatandmoreaddsup. ThevaccineagainstthisailmentisforpharmaceuticalcompaniestoteachAmericans-startingwithWashington’sbipartisanpoliticalclass--asimplebutviraltruth:Thoselittlepillsdonotinventthemselves. Itcanbeconcludedfromthetextthat
Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Ifthe20thcenturyhasbeentheAmericancenturythenthereareplentyofpeoplesayingwatchthisspace:thetwentyfirstcenturywillbedifferent.Thedistinguishingcharacteristicofthepost-cold-warworldisthatthereisonlyonesuperpower.41_______________. Themilitarymuscle-flexingwehaveseenfromChinaoverthelastfewyearscouldbeanindicationofhowthingsarelikelytogoalthoughithastobesaidthattomanypeople’ssurprisetheChinesehavebeenquiteconstructiveoverEastTimor.ButIthinkwemustassumethatthemainstruggleinthe21stcenturywillbewithChinaalreadytheworld’slargestnation.HappilytheChineseseemtohavenoglobalpretensions.Onecan’tseetheminterferinginsomefar-distantconflictandinbothmilitaryandeconomictermstheyarestilllightyearsbehindAmerica. 42_______________. Europeisalreadythelargesttradingblockintheworld43_______________..It’sworthrememberingthatwhileEuropespends60percentofwhattheUSAdoesindefenceithasonly10percentoftheAmericans’firepower. IntheMiddleEastinarelativelyshortspaceoftimebubblingconflictshavemovedclosertoresolution.TheArabIsraelidisputehasbeenreducedtoitscoreessentialswhileagreementbetweenSyriaandIsraelremainsthestrategicprizeforpeace.IranisundergoingaslowtransformationbuttheoutstandingpoliticalissuehereisIraqandSaddamHussein’sextraordinarysurvival.Theinternationalcommunityremainsbitterlydividedaboutwhattodo. AfricaIfearisgoingtoremainadisasterareasimplybecauseitdoesnotfigureonpeople’smentalmaps.CurrentlythereiswarraginginsixcountriesaroundtheCongoyetthere’sverylittlesensetheinternationalcommunitywilldoanythingaboutit.Thereisthoughsomegoodnews.IfyoulookbackayearagotoAlgeriaitwasdrowninginitsownblood.Nowitseemstobebackontherighttrack. 44_______________.Formanyyearsthenon-proliferationregimeactuallyworkedsurprisinglywellbutIndiaandPakistangoingnuclearhasbeenagreatblowtothestatusquo.Andnowtherearenewbiologicalandchemicalweapons—undreamed-ofhorrors—nottomentionthewholelegacyofthecoldwarwhichhasn’tbeencleanedupsuchasRussiannuclearwasteintheArctic. Thefundamentalproblemisthattherearecountriesthataresimplybeingleftbehindbytheonwardmarchofglobalization.Globalissuessuchastheenvironmentanddrugs—andperhapsevenhumanrights—aregoingtocomemuchmoretothefore.45_______________. [A]Itiscalledtobeaneconomicgiantespeciallywhentheeurohasbeenissued. [B]butwhiletheeurocouldhelpitbecomeaneconomicgiantandevenchallengethedollaritlookslikelytoremainapoliticalandmilitarypygmy. [C]Andthere’sonlyonecandidateonthehorizontochallengetheUS—China. [D]Astheworldshrinkssoweshallhaveanincreasingsenseoftheneedforaninternationalhumanitarianorder.Globalizationmaybeagoodthingbutithasadarkunderbelly. [E]Russiaisapowerfulcountrywhichownsmilitarysuperiority [F]WemustalsoassumethecontinueddeclineofRussia.ItshowshowfarthingshavegoneandhowquicklywhenwhatwasoncethesecondmostpowerfulcountryintheworldisbeingbatteredbyIslamicrebelsfromtheCaucasus.NowwehaveaRussianstatewhichsimplycannotcope. [G]Idothinkarmscontrolwillbeabigitemontheagendainfuture. 45
Text1 RetailersarelookingatbiggersalesnumbersfordigitaltelevisionsetsthisChristmasseasonboostingthespiritsoffederalregulatorsandtheindustry.GovernmentandindustryanalystsalikehaveworriedthatthisnationofTVviewersisshiftingitsgazetooslowlytodigitalfromold-fashionedanalogsets. Yetalmost7milliondigitaltelevisionorDTVsetswillbesoldthisyearaccordingtotheConsumerElectronicsAssociationatradegroupformanufacturersandretailers.Roughly3millionofthesesetswillbesoldduringthelastthreemonthsoftheyear. Independentgroupsalsopredictabigsalesspike. HomesintheUnitedStateswillhave12.1millionhigh-definitionorHDTVsets--themostsophisticatedformofDTVsets--bytheendoftheyearcomparedwith7millionattheendof2003accordingtotheYankeeGroupaBostontechnologyresearchoutfit. HDTVshaveaccountedforthevastmajorityofabout13milliondigitaltelevisionssoldsincethefallof1998. "Thenumbersareveryencouraging.Webelieveconsumersareembracingthistechnology"saysJennyMillertheConsumerElectronicsAssociation’sspokeswoman. AboostinsalesofdigitaltelevisionswillbewelcomenewsformajorretailersanxiouslywatchingtheChristmasshoppingseasonthatbeganyesterday.Manynationalretailersluredcustomersintotheirstoreswithextra-earlyhoursanddeepdiscounts. DTVsetsstillsellbehindtraditionalanalogsets.Almost22millionanalogsetsareexpectedtobesoldthisyearoutpacingeventherosiestpredictionsforDTVsales. UntilrecentlyconsumerswhowantedtobuyDTVexperiencedstickershock.Whenthesetsfirstreachedthemarketinthelate1990stheycostseveralthousanddollarsturningoffmanyconsumers. NowpricesforbasicDTVsetsgenerallystartatabout＄500.HDTVsetsofferthebest-qualitypictureandsoundandcancostasmuchas＄15000accordingtoConsumerReportspublishedbythenonprofitConsumersUnionadvocacygroup. "You’retalkingaboutacoupleofhundreddollarsattheveryleastunlessyougoforaflatpanelorplasmascreeninwhichcaseyou’retalkingthousandsofdollars"saysAdityaKishoresenioranalystfortheYankeeGroup. InadditiontofallingpricesanalystscreditthesalesboostforDTVtoanincreaseinthenumberofprogramsbroadcastindigitallycompatible"highdefinition"aswellasagovernment-ledconsumereducationcampaign. Fromthebeginningofthetextwecanlearnthat
46TheteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageESLinschoolshashadahistoryofconflictingargumentsinterestinginnovationsandsomeverypositivemethodologicalchanges.Tounderstandthepresentsituationitisnecessarytoconsiderthepastandthewidereducationalcontextwhichhasabearingonit. UntilquiterecentlyapproachestoESLworkhavebeenstronglyinfluencedbymethodsdevelopedtoteachEnglishasaforeignlanguagetoolderlearners.Thesemethodsplacedmuchemphasisondrillsexercisesandremedialprogramsthatfocusonlanguageinabstraction.47Theprescriptivenatureofsuchmethodsandthedemandstheymadeontheteacher’stimedevelopedthebeliefthatESLworkwouldbetackledonlybythespecialistESLteacherworkingwithsmallgroupsofchildren.48SuchanapproachdoesnotfitcomfortablyintocurrentnotionsoflearningandteachingintheprimaryschoolnordoesitsufficientlvequipESLlearnersinthesecondaryschooltobenefitfromnormalschooling.Inprescribingwhatlanguageistobetaughtithasignoredwhatchildrenbringtothelearningtaskandthechoicestheymakeabouthowandwhattheywanttolearn.Furthermorethelocationandorganizationoflanguageprovisiondidnotmeasureuptothedemand.49ThelanguagecentersandEnglishlanguageservicesallcontributedtoprovidingspecialandconcentratedteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageinsmallgroupsvaryinginsizefromfourorfivetofifteenWhateverthepatternofprovisionthemainaimwastogivepupilssufficientEnglishtoenablethemtojoinnormalschoolsasquicklyaspossible.Thesuccessofsuchspecialprovisiondependedverymuchonthecloseandconstantliaisonoflanguageteacherswiththesubjectteachersandtheclassteachersandonthecontinuityoflearningexperiencesprovidedbythem.OneoftheimportantdisadvantagesoflanguagecentersandwithdrawalgroupswasthatESLchildrenwerebeingtaughtawayfromthoseEnglish-speakerswhoprovidethemostpowerfulmodelsi.e.theirpeer地位相同的group. PeergroupinteractionisanimportantelementinanylearningsituationbutitsparticularstrengthsinaclassroomwithESLlearnerscannotbeover-emphasized. 50Theseparationofsecond-languagelearnersfromthemain-streamclassroomcannoteasilybejustifiedoneducationalgroundssinceinpracticeitleadstoboththeircurriculumandlanguagelearningbeingimpoverished. ThelanguagecentersandEnglishlanguageservicesallcontributedtoprovidingspecialandconcentratedteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageinsmallgroupsvaryinginsizefromfourorfivetofifteenWhateverthepatternofprovisionthemainaimwastogivepupilssufficientEnglishtoenablethemtojoinnormalschoolsasquicklyaspossible.
46TheteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageESLinschoolshashadahistoryofconflictingargumentsinterestinginnovationsandsomeverypositivemethodologicalchanges.Tounderstandthepresentsituationitisnecessarytoconsiderthepastandthewidereducationalcontextwhichhasabearingonit. UntilquiterecentlyapproachestoESLworkhavebeenstronglyinfluencedbymethodsdevelopedtoteachEnglishasaforeignlanguagetoolderlearners.Thesemethodsplacedmuchemphasisondrillsexercisesandremedialprogramsthatfocusonlanguageinabstraction.47Theprescriptivenatureofsuchmethodsandthedemandstheymadeontheteacher’stimedevelopedthebeliefthatESLworkwouldbetackledonlybythespecialistESLteacherworkingwithsmallgroupsofchildren.48SuchanapproachdoesnotfitcomfortablyintocurrentnotionsoflearningandteachingintheprimaryschoolnordoesitsufficientlvequipESLlearnersinthesecondaryschooltobenefitfromnormalschooling.Inprescribingwhatlanguageistobetaughtithasignoredwhatchildrenbringtothelearningtaskandthechoicestheymakeabouthowandwhattheywanttolearn.Furthermorethelocationandorganizationoflanguageprovisiondidnotmeasureuptothedemand.49ThelanguagecentersandEnglishlanguageservicesallcontributedtoprovidingspecialandconcentratedteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageinsmallgroupsvaryinginsizefromfourorfivetofifteenWhateverthepatternofprovisionthemainaimwastogivepupilssufficientEnglishtoenablethemtojoinnormalschoolsasquicklyaspossible.Thesuccessofsuchspecialprovisiondependedverymuchonthecloseandconstantliaisonoflanguageteacherswiththesubjectteachersandtheclassteachersandonthecontinuityoflearningexperiencesprovidedbythem.OneoftheimportantdisadvantagesoflanguagecentersandwithdrawalgroupswasthatESLchildrenwerebeingtaughtawayfromthoseEnglish-speakerswhoprovidethemostpowerfulmodelsi.e.theirpeer地位相同的group. PeergroupinteractionisanimportantelementinanylearningsituationbutitsparticularstrengthsinaclassroomwithESLlearnerscannotbeover-emphasized. 50Theseparationofsecond-languagelearnersfromthemain-streamclassroomcannoteasilybejustifiedoneducationalgroundssinceinpracticeitleadstoboththeircurriculumandlanguagelearningbeingimpoverished. Theprescriptivenatureofsuchmethodsandthedemandstheymadeontheteacher’stimedevelopedthebeliefthatESLworkwouldbetackledonlybythespecialistESLteacherworkingwithsmallgroupsofchildren.
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