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Accordingtothenewschoolofscientiststechnologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.46Sciencemovesforwardtheysaynotsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.47"Inshort"paleaderofthenewschoolcontend%"thescientificrevolutionaswecallitwaslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections". 48Overtheyear%toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileoNewtonMaxwellEinsteinandinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportancetoandderivedgreatbenefitfromcraftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments. Thecenterpieceoftheargumentofatechnology-yesgenius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo’sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemyanastronomerofthesecondcenturywhoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.49Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvemoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.Buttherealheroofthestoryaccordingtothenewschoolofscientistswasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformakingeyeglasses. Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvs.geniusdispute.50WhethertheGovernmentshouldin-creasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversa反之oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce. Inshortpaleaderofthenewschoolcontend%thescientificrevolutionaswecallitwaslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.
OnthegroundfloorofafivestorybuildinginRomeItalyaleadapronedmancarefullyplacesa400-year-o.ldpaintingonatable.Thenhestepsbackandflipstheswitchofa50000-voltX-raymachine.Nearbyanotherpaintingisbeingwheeledintoaspecialoven.Elsewherethebuzzofapowersawisheardfrombehindacloseddoor.Twoworkersarecuttingthebackoffa500-year-oldwoodpanelpainting. SuchthingshappeneverydayatRome’sInstituteofRestoration.41____________IntermsofantreasuresItalyisoneoftherichestcountriesintheworld.Yetuntil1939whenItaly’sgovernmentfoundedtheInstitutethecountry"smuseumshadtohireprivaterestorersforcleaningandrepairjobs.SaysDoctorUrbani"Mostoftherestorersdidnothavepropertraining.Theyoftendidmoreharmthangood." Nowondertheydidharm.42____________. 43____________.Sometimestheyevenchangedthepicture. Anynumberofthingscandamage’anartwork.Smogeatsawayatstoneandmetal.Insectschewwood.Moisturecauseswoodandcanvastoswellshrinkandfinallyrot.ForoneartshowapaintingwasflownfromEnglandtoRome.Duringtheflightthecanvasshranksomuchthatthepaintlostitsgripandbeganpeeling.WhentheboxwasopenedinRometherewasahalfbarepainting——andapileoftinycoloredflakes. DoctorUrbaniremembers"Thepaintingwasrushedtous.Itlookedhopeless.Butwenevergiveuponacase."Aftermonthsofslowcarefulworkeverypieceofpainthadbeenpuzzledbacktogetherandgluedonanewcanvas.Thejobwassowelldonethatnodamagecouldbeseen. Whenapaintingarrivesatthearthospitalitgoestothelaboratorywherescientificworkisdone.Infraredandultra-violetphotographsaretaken.44____________.NewercoatsofpaintstandoutasdarkspotsagainstoldercoatsofpaintifthereseemstobeadifferentpicturebeneaththeoneshowingonthesurfacethepaintingisfinallyX-rayed. Paintingsonwoodarethencarriedintoaboxcarsizedroom.45____________.For24hoursadeadlygasseepsintoallthecracksinthewoodtokillhiddenbugsandtheireggs.Paintingsontorncanvasgotoaroomwherenewclothhackingsaregluedandironedon.Finallythepaintingsarereadytobegivennewlifebyoneoftherestorers. [A]Insteadofjusttouchingupdamagedspotsmostearlyrestorerspaintedoverthemwithaheavyhand. [B]Usingthesephotographsandananalysisofthepaintitbeganremovingdirtandoldyellowedvarnishwithcottondippedinaspecialliquid. [C]HeadedbyDoctorGiovanuiUrbanithemenandwomenhereworkatkeepingworksofartingoodhealth. [D]Thesephotographsmakeitpossibletoseethroughthethintopcoatsofpainttofindoutifthepaintinghasbeentoucheduporpaintedoverinthepast. [E]Theyoftencleanedpaintingswithstrongblacksoaporscrubbedthemwithrawonionsandgreenapples. [F]Tiledoorissealedshut. [G]Aftercleaningtheybeganthejoboffillinginthespotswherepaintwasmissing. 45
Text2 Themorewomenandminoritiesmaketheirwayintotheranksofmanagementthemoretheyseemtowanttotalkaboutthingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid.Thenewcomersalsotendtoseeofficematterswithafresheyeintheprocesssometimescomingupwithcriticalanalysesoftheforcesthatshapeeveryone’sexperienceintheorganization. ConsiderthenovelviewsofHarveyColemanofAtlantaonthesubjectofgettingahead. Colemanisblack.Hespent11yearswithIBMhalfofthemworkinginmanagementdepartmentandnowservesasaconsultanttothelikesofAT&TCocaColaPrudentialandMerch.Colemansaysthatbasedonwhathe’sseenatbigcompaniesheweighsthedifferentelementsthatmakeforlongtermcareersuccessasfollows:performancecountsamere10%;image30%;andexposureafull60%. Colemanconcludesthatexcellentjobperformanceissocommonthesedaysthatwhiledoingyourworkwellmaywinyoupayincreasesitwon’tsecureyouthebigpromotion. Hefindsthatadvancementmoreoftendependsonhowmanypeopleknowyouandyourworkandhowhighuptheyare.RidiculousbeliefsNottoomanypeopleespeciallymanywomenandmembersofminorityraceswholikeColemanfeelthatthescaleshavedroppedfromtheireyes. "Womenandblacksinorganizationsworkunderfalsebeliefs"saysKaleelJamisonaNewYorkbasedmanagementconsultantwhohelpscorporationsdealwiththeseissues."Theythinkthatifyouworkhardyou’11getaheadthatsomeoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgiveyouapromotion."Sheadded"Mostwomenandblacksaresofrightenedthatpeoplewillthinkthey’vegottenaheadbecauseoftheirsexorcolorthattheyplaydowntheirvisibility."Heradvicetothosefolks:learnthewaysthatwhitemaleshavetraditionallyusedtofindtheirwayintothespotlight. Toachievesuccessinyourcareerthemostimportantfactoraccordingtothepassageisto
Text1 TheSupremeCourt’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering. Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof"doubleeffect"acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleifthedoctorintendsonlythegoodeffect. Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients’paineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient. NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho"untilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthas-tendeath."GeorgeAnnaschiefofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorpre-scribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath."It’slikesurgery"hesays."Wedon’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’tintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’reaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatient’ssuicideaslongasyoudon’tintendtheirsuicide." Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying. JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof"ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying"asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare. TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife. Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare."Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering"totheextentthatitconstitutes"systematicpatientabuse."Hesaysmedicallicensingboards"mustmakeitclearthatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension." Fromthefirstthreeparagraphswelearnthat
YourfriendStevenandJennyhavejusthadanewbabyboy.Pleasewritealettertocongratulatethem.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEETII.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Text4 AsthetwentiethcenturybegantheimportanceofformaleducationintheUnitedStatesincreased.Thefrontierhadmostlydisappearedandby1910mostAmericanslivedintownsandcities.Industrializationandthebureaucratizationofeconomiclifecombinedwithanewemphasisuponcredentialsandexpertisetomakeschoolingincreasinglyimportantforeconomicandsocialmobility.IncreasinglytooschoolswereviewedasthemostimportantmeansofintegratingimmigrantsintoAmericansociety. ThearrivalofagreatwaveofsouthernandeasternEuropeanimmigrantsattheturnofthecenturycoincidedwithandcontributedtoanenormousexpansionofformalschooling.By1920schoolingtoagefourteenorbeyondwascompulsoryinmoststatesandtheschoolyearwasgreatlylengthened.Kindergartensvacationschoolsextracurricularactivitiesandvocationaleducationandcounselingextendedtheinfluenceofpublicschoolsoverthelivesofstudentsmanyofwhominthelargerindustrialcitieswerethechildrenofimmigrants.ClassesforadultimmigrantsweresponsoredbypublicschoolscorporationsUnionschurchesandotheragencies. Reformersearlyinthetwentiethcenturysuggestedthateducationprogramsshouldsuittheneedsofspecificpopulations.Immigrantwomenwereonesuchpopulation.Schoolstriedtoeducateyoungwomensotheycouldoccupyproductiveplacesintheurbanindustrialeconomyandoneplacemanyeducatorsconsideredappropriateforwomenwasthehome. Althoughlookingafterthehouseandfamilywasfamiliartoimmigrantwomen.Americaneducationgavehomemakinganewdefinition.Inpreindustrialeconomieshomemakinghadmeanttheproductionaswellastheconsumptionofgoodsanditcommonlyincludedincome-producingactivitiesbothinsideandoutsidethehomeinthehighlyindustrializedearlytwentieth-centuryUnitedStates.Howeveroverproductionratherthanscarcitywasbecomingaproblem.ThustheidealAmericanhomemakerwasviewedasaconsumerratherthanaproducer.Schoolstrainedwomentobeconsumerhomemakerscookingshoppingdecoratingandcaringforchildren"efficiently"intheirownhomesorifeconomicnecessitydemandedasemployeesinthehomesofothers.Subsequentreformshavemadethesenotionsseemquiteout-of-date. ThephrasecoincidedwithinthefirstsentenceofPara.2isclosestinmeaningto
Atthebeginningofthecenturymedicalscientistsmadeasurprisingdiscovery:thatweare1notjustoffleshandbloodbutalsooftime.Theywereableto2thatweallhaveaninternal"bodyclock"which3theriseandfallofourbodyenergiesmakingusdifferentfromonedaytothe5.Theseforcesbecameknownasbiorhythms:theycreatethe5inoureverydaylife. The6ofaninternal"bodyclock"shouldnotbetoosurprising7thelivesofmostlivingthingsaredominatedbythe24-hournight-and-daycycle.Themostobvious8ofthiscycleisthe9wefeeltiredandfallasleepatnightandbecomeawakeand10duringtheday.11the24-hourrhythmisinterruptedmostpeopleexperienceunpleasantsideeffects. 12internationalaeroplanetravelersoftenexperience"jetlag"whentravelingacrosstime13.Peoplewhoarenotusedto14workcanfindthatlackofsleepaffectstheirworkperformance. 15thedailyrhythmofsleepingandwakingwealsohaveotherrhythmswhich16.longerthanonedayandwhichinfluencewideareasofourlives.Mostofuswouldagreethatwefeelgoodon17daysandnetsogoodonothers.Sometimesweare18fingersandthumbsbutonotherdayswehaveexcellentcoordination.Therearetimeswhenweappeartobeaccident-proneorwhenourtemperseemstobeonashortfuse.Isn’titalsostrange19ideasseemtoflowonsomedaysbutatothertimesare20nonexistentMusicianspaintersandwritersoftentalkabout"dryspells". Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.3
TheRevolutionaryWarwhichbeganofficiallyonApril191775draggedonformorethansixbitteryears.ItwasconflictfoughtbythecolonialsfortherighteouscauseofsecuringfreedomfromintolerableBritishinterventioninAmericaaffairs. 41_______________.WhenlegalrestrictionswereimplementedbyboththeBritishandthecolonistsin1775nearlyallAmericanoverseascommerceabruptlyceased.Bymid-1775thecoloniesfacedacuteshortagesinsuchmilitaryessentialsaspowderflintsmusketsandknives.Evensaltshoeswoolensandlinenswereinshortsupply.Latein1775CongressauthorizedlimitedtradewiththeWestIndiesmainlytoprocurearmsandammunitionsandtradewithothernon-Britishareaswasonanunrestrictedbasisbythespringof1776. 42_______________.Yetthecoloniesengagedininternationaltradedespitetheblockade.FormaltreatiesofcommercewithFrancein1778andwithHollandandSpainshortlythereafterstimulatedtheflowsofoverseastrade.Between1778andearly1782Americanwartimecommercewasatitszenith.DuringthoseyearsFranceHollandSpainandtheirpossessionsallactivelytradedwiththecolonies.Evensotheflowofgoodsinandoutofthecoloniesremainedwellbelowprewarlevels.SmugglingprivateeringandlegaltradewithoverseaspartnersonlypartiallyoffsetthedrastictradereductionswithBritain.Eventhecoastaltradeswerecurtailedbyalackofvesselsbyblockadesandbywartimefreightrates.British-occupiedportssuchasNewYorkgeneratedsomeimportactivitybutlittleornothinginthewayofexports. 43_______________.InPhiladelphiaforinstancenearly4000womenwereemployedtospinmaterialsintheirhomesforthenewlyestablishedtextileplants.Asharpincreasealsooccurredinthenumberofartisanworkshopswithasimilarstimulusintheproductionofbeerwhiskeyandotherdomesticalcoholicbeverages.44_______________.Onlytheleastcommercializedruralareasremainedlittleaffectedbytheserpentinepathofwarandthesporadicflowsofwartimecommerce. Overallthewarimposedadistincteconomichardshiponthenewnation.Mostgoodsroseincostandweremoredifficulttoobtain.Highpricesandseverecommercialdifficultiesencouragedsomeinvestorstoturnfromcommercetomanufacturing.Thenoncethetradelanesreopenedwiththe.comingofpeaceeventhosewhoprofitedfromthewarwerestungby thetideofimportsthatsweptittoAmericanportsandsharplyloweredprices.45_______________. [A]TherechannelingofAmericanresourcesintoimportcompetingindustrieswasespeciallystrongalongthecoastandinthemajorportcities. [B]Asexportsandimportsfellimportsubstitutionaboundedandtilecolonialeconomybecameconsiderablymoreself-sufficient. [C]AlthoughmanyAmericansescapedthedirectordealsofwarfewAmericanswereuntouchedbyit—atleastindirectly. [D]NeverthelesstheBritishmaintainedafairlyeffectivenavalblockadeofAmericanportsespeciallyduringthefirsttwoyearsofthewar. [E]Internallythe.mostpressingproblemswerefinancial. [F]MoreimportantwasthefactthatCongresshadnoindependentincomeandhadtorelyforfundsoncatchascatchcancontributionsfromthestatesmaderoughlyinproportiontotheirindividualpopulations. [G]Maritimecommercewasalwaysanimportantfactorinthewareffortandtradelinkageswerevitaltothesupplyofarmsandammunitions. 43
Atthebeginningofthecenturymedicalscientistsmadeasurprisingdiscovery:thatweare1notjustoffleshandbloodbutalsooftime.Theywereableto2thatweallhaveaninternal"bodyclock"which3theriseandfallofourbodyenergiesmakingusdifferentfromonedaytothe5.Theseforcesbecameknownasbiorhythms:theycreatethe5inoureverydaylife. The6ofaninternal"bodyclock"shouldnotbetoosurprising7thelivesofmostlivingthingsaredominatedbythe24-hournight-and-daycycle.Themostobvious8ofthiscycleisthe9wefeeltiredandfallasleepatnightandbecomeawakeand10duringtheday.11the24-hourrhythmisinterruptedmostpeopleexperienceunpleasantsideeffects. 12internationalaeroplanetravelersoftenexperience"jetlag"whentravelingacrosstime13.Peoplewhoarenotusedto14workcanfindthatlackofsleepaffectstheirworkperformance. 15thedailyrhythmofsleepingandwakingwealsohaveotherrhythmswhich16.longerthanonedayandwhichinfluencewideareasofourlives.Mostofuswouldagreethatwefeelgoodon17daysandnetsogoodonothers.Sometimesweare18fingersandthumbsbutonotherdayswehaveexcellentcoordination.Therearetimeswhenweappeartobeaccident-proneorwhenourtemperseemstobeonashortfuse.Isn’titalsostrange19ideasseemtoflowonsomedaysbutatothertimesare20nonexistentMusicianspaintersandwritersoftentalkabout"dryspells". Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.5
OnthegroundfloorofafivestorybuildinginRomeItalyaleadapronedmancarefullyplacesa400-year-o.ldpaintingonatable.Thenhestepsbackandflipstheswitchofa50000-voltX-raymachine.Nearbyanotherpaintingisbeingwheeledintoaspecialoven.Elsewherethebuzzofapowersawisheardfrombehindacloseddoor.Twoworkersarecuttingthebackoffa500-year-oldwoodpanelpainting. SuchthingshappeneverydayatRome’sInstituteofRestoration.41____________IntermsofantreasuresItalyisoneoftherichestcountriesintheworld.Yetuntil1939whenItaly’sgovernmentfoundedtheInstitutethecountry"smuseumshadtohireprivaterestorersforcleaningandrepairjobs.SaysDoctorUrbani"Mostoftherestorersdidnothavepropertraining.Theyoftendidmoreharmthangood." Nowondertheydidharm.42____________. 43____________.Sometimestheyevenchangedthepicture. Anynumberofthingscandamage’anartwork.Smogeatsawayatstoneandmetal.Insectschewwood.Moisturecauseswoodandcanvastoswellshrinkandfinallyrot.ForoneartshowapaintingwasflownfromEnglandtoRome.Duringtheflightthecanvasshranksomuchthatthepaintlostitsgripandbeganpeeling.WhentheboxwasopenedinRometherewasahalfbarepainting——andapileoftinycoloredflakes. DoctorUrbaniremembers"Thepaintingwasrushedtous.Itlookedhopeless.Butwenevergiveuponacase."Aftermonthsofslowcarefulworkeverypieceofpainthadbeenpuzzledbacktogetherandgluedonanewcanvas.Thejobwassowelldonethatnodamagecouldbeseen. Whenapaintingarrivesatthearthospitalitgoestothelaboratorywherescientificworkisdone.Infraredandultra-violetphotographsaretaken.44____________.NewercoatsofpaintstandoutasdarkspotsagainstoldercoatsofpaintifthereseemstobeadifferentpicturebeneaththeoneshowingonthesurfacethepaintingisfinallyX-rayed. Paintingsonwoodarethencarriedintoaboxcarsizedroom.45____________.For24hoursadeadlygasseepsintoallthecracksinthewoodtokillhiddenbugsandtheireggs.Paintingsontorncanvasgotoaroomwherenewclothhackingsaregluedandironedon.Finallythepaintingsarereadytobegivennewlifebyoneoftherestorers. [A]Insteadofjusttouchingupdamagedspotsmostearlyrestorerspaintedoverthemwithaheavyhand. [B]Usingthesephotographsandananalysisofthepaintitbeganremovingdirtandoldyellowedvarnishwithcottondippedinaspecialliquid. [C]HeadedbyDoctorGiovanuiUrbanithemenandwomenhereworkatkeepingworksofartingoodhealth. [D]Thesephotographsmakeitpossibletoseethroughthethintopcoatsofpainttofindoutifthepaintinghasbeentoucheduporpaintedoverinthepast. [E]Theyoftencleanedpaintingswithstrongblacksoaporscrubbedthemwithrawonionsandgreenapples. [F]Tiledoorissealedshut. [G]Aftercleaningtheybeganthejoboffillinginthespotswherepaintwasmissing. 43
Text4 CouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturnSinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarchthepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrelupfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshockwhenpricesquadrupledand1979-80whentheyalsoalmosttri-pled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sotherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexperts.Strengtheningeconomicgrowthalthe’sametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemispherecouldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortItem. Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEuropetuxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailpricesoevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast. Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywereandsolesssensitivetoswingsinthe’oilprice.Energyconservationashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavyenergy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Softwareconsultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDPinconstantpricesricheconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthatoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyearcomparedwith$13in1998thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhandoil-importingemergingeconomies—towhichheavyindustryhasshifted—havebecomemoreenergy-intensiveandsecouldhemoreseriouslysqueezed. Onemorereasonnettolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthatunliketherisesinthe1970sithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%. TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries
Atthebeginningofthecenturymedicalscientistsmadeasurprisingdiscovery:thatweare1notjustoffleshandbloodbutalsooftime.Theywereableto2thatweallhaveaninternal"bodyclock"which3theriseandfallofourbodyenergiesmakingusdifferentfromonedaytothe5.Theseforcesbecameknownasbiorhythms:theycreatethe5inoureverydaylife. The6ofaninternal"bodyclock"shouldnotbetoosurprising7thelivesofmostlivingthingsaredominatedbythe24-hournight-and-daycycle.Themostobvious8ofthiscycleisthe9wefeeltiredandfallasleepatnightandbecomeawakeand10duringtheday.11the24-hourrhythmisinterruptedmostpeopleexperienceunpleasantsideeffects. 12internationalaeroplanetravelersoftenexperience"jetlag"whentravelingacrosstime13.Peoplewhoarenotusedto14workcanfindthatlackofsleepaffectstheirworkperformance. 15thedailyrhythmofsleepingandwakingwealsohaveotherrhythmswhich16.longerthanonedayandwhichinfluencewideareasofourlives.Mostofuswouldagreethatwefeelgoodon17daysandnetsogoodonothers.Sometimesweare18fingersandthumbsbutonotherdayswehaveexcellentcoordination.Therearetimeswhenweappeartobeaccident-proneorwhenourtemperseemstobeonashortfuse.Isn’titalsostrange19ideasseemtoflowonsomedaysbutatothertimesare20nonexistentMusicianspaintersandwritersoftentalkabout"dryspells". Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.9
Text1 TheSupremeCourt’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering. Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof"doubleeffect"acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleifthedoctorintendsonlythegoodeffect. Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients’paineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient. NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho"untilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthas-tendeath."GeorgeAnnaschiefofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorpre-scribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath."It’slikesurgery"hesays."Wedon’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’tintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’reaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatient’ssuicideaslongasyoudon’tintendtheirsuicide." Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying. JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof"ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying"asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare. TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife. Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare."Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering"totheextentthatitconstitutes"systematicpatientabuse."Hesaysmedicallicensingboards"mustmakeitclearthatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension." GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey
Text4 AsthetwentiethcenturybegantheimportanceofformaleducationintheUnitedStatesincreased.Thefrontierhadmostlydisappearedandby1910mostAmericanslivedintownsandcities.Industrializationandthebureaucratizationofeconomiclifecombinedwithanewemphasisuponcredentialsandexpertisetomakeschoolingincreasinglyimportantforeconomicandsocialmobility.IncreasinglytooschoolswereviewedasthemostimportantmeansofintegratingimmigrantsintoAmericansociety. ThearrivalofagreatwaveofsouthernandeasternEuropeanimmigrantsattheturnofthecenturycoincidedwithandcontributedtoanenormousexpansionofformalschooling.By1920schoolingtoagefourteenorbeyondwascompulsoryinmoststatesandtheschoolyearwasgreatlylengthened.Kindergartensvacationschoolsextracurricularactivitiesandvocationaleducationandcounselingextendedtheinfluenceofpublicschoolsoverthelivesofstudentsmanyofwhominthelargerindustrialcitieswerethechildrenofimmigrants.ClassesforadultimmigrantsweresponsoredbypublicschoolscorporationsUnionschurchesandotheragencies. Reformersearlyinthetwentiethcenturysuggestedthateducationprogramsshouldsuittheneedsofspecificpopulations.Immigrantwomenwereonesuchpopulation.Schoolstriedtoeducateyoungwomensotheycouldoccupyproductiveplacesintheurbanindustrialeconomyandoneplacemanyeducatorsconsideredappropriateforwomenwasthehome. Althoughlookingafterthehouseandfamilywasfamiliartoimmigrantwomen.Americaneducationgavehomemakinganewdefinition.Inpreindustrialeconomieshomemakinghadmeanttheproductionaswellastheconsumptionofgoodsanditcommonlyincludedincome-producingactivitiesbothinsideandoutsidethehomeinthehighlyindustrializedearlytwentieth-centuryUnitedStates.Howeveroverproductionratherthanscarcitywasbecomingaproblem.ThustheidealAmericanhomemakerwasviewedasaconsumerratherthanaproducer.Schoolstrainedwomentobeconsumerhomemakerscookingshoppingdecoratingandcaringforchildren"efficiently"intheirownhomesorifeconomicnecessitydemandedasemployeesinthehomesofothers.Subsequentreformshavemadethesenotionsseemquiteout-of-date. AccordingtothepassageoneimportantchangeinUnitedStateseducationbythe1920'swasthat
TheRevolutionaryWarwhichbeganofficiallyonApril191775draggedonformorethansixbitteryears.ItwasconflictfoughtbythecolonialsfortherighteouscauseofsecuringfreedomfromintolerableBritishinterventioninAmericaaffairs. 41_______________.WhenlegalrestrictionswereimplementedbyboththeBritishandthecolonistsin1775nearlyallAmericanoverseascommerceabruptlyceased.Bymid-1775thecoloniesfacedacuteshortagesinsuchmilitaryessentialsaspowderflintsmusketsandknives.Evensaltshoeswoolensandlinenswereinshortsupply.Latein1775CongressauthorizedlimitedtradewiththeWestIndiesmainlytoprocurearmsandammunitionsandtradewithothernon-Britishareaswasonanunrestrictedbasisbythespringof1776. 42_______________.Yetthecoloniesengagedininternationaltradedespitetheblockade.FormaltreatiesofcommercewithFrancein1778andwithHollandandSpainshortlythereafterstimulatedtheflowsofoverseastrade.Between1778andearly1782Americanwartimecommercewasatitszenith.DuringthoseyearsFranceHollandSpainandtheirpossessionsallactivelytradedwiththecolonies.Evensotheflowofgoodsinandoutofthecoloniesremainedwellbelowprewarlevels.SmugglingprivateeringandlegaltradewithoverseaspartnersonlypartiallyoffsetthedrastictradereductionswithBritain.Eventhecoastaltradeswerecurtailedbyalackofvesselsbyblockadesandbywartimefreightrates.British-occupiedportssuchasNewYorkgeneratedsomeimportactivitybutlittleornothinginthewayofexports. 43_______________.InPhiladelphiaforinstancenearly4000womenwereemployedtospinmaterialsintheirhomesforthenewlyestablishedtextileplants.Asharpincreasealsooccurredinthenumberofartisanworkshopswithasimilarstimulusintheproductionofbeerwhiskeyandotherdomesticalcoholicbeverages.44_______________.Onlytheleastcommercializedruralareasremainedlittleaffectedbytheserpentinepathofwarandthesporadicflowsofwartimecommerce. Overallthewarimposedadistincteconomichardshiponthenewnation.Mostgoodsroseincostandweremoredifficulttoobtain.Highpricesandseverecommercialdifficultiesencouragedsomeinvestorstoturnfromcommercetomanufacturing.Thenoncethetradelanesreopenedwiththe.comingofpeaceeventhosewhoprofitedfromthewarwerestungby thetideofimportsthatsweptittoAmericanportsandsharplyloweredprices.45_______________. [A]TherechannelingofAmericanresourcesintoimportcompetingindustrieswasespeciallystrongalongthecoastandinthemajorportcities. [B]Asexportsandimportsfellimportsubstitutionaboundedandtilecolonialeconomybecameconsiderablymoreself-sufficient. [C]AlthoughmanyAmericansescapedthedirectordealsofwarfewAmericanswereuntouchedbyit—atleastindirectly. [D]NeverthelesstheBritishmaintainedafairlyeffectivenavalblockadeofAmericanportsespeciallyduringthefirsttwoyearsofthewar. [E]Internallythe.mostpressingproblemswerefinancial. [F]MoreimportantwasthefactthatCongresshadnoindependentincomeandhadtorelyforfundsoncatchascatchcancontributionsfromthestatesmaderoughlyinproportiontotheirindividualpopulations. [G]Maritimecommercewasalwaysanimportantfactorinthewareffortandtradelinkageswerevitaltothesupplyofarmsandammunitions. 45
Atthebeginningofthecenturymedicalscientistsmadeasurprisingdiscovery:thatweare1notjustoffleshandbloodbutalsooftime.Theywereableto2thatweallhaveaninternal"bodyclock"which3theriseandfallofourbodyenergiesmakingusdifferentfromonedaytothe5.Theseforcesbecameknownasbiorhythms:theycreatethe5inoureverydaylife. The6ofaninternal"bodyclock"shouldnotbetoosurprising7thelivesofmostlivingthingsaredominatedbythe24-hournight-and-daycycle.Themostobvious8ofthiscycleisthe9wefeeltiredandfallasleepatnightandbecomeawakeand10duringtheday.11the24-hourrhythmisinterruptedmostpeopleexperienceunpleasantsideeffects. 12internationalaeroplanetravelersoftenexperience"jetlag"whentravelingacrosstime13.Peoplewhoarenotusedto14workcanfindthatlackofsleepaffectstheirworkperformance. 15thedailyrhythmofsleepingandwakingwealsohaveotherrhythmswhich16.longerthanonedayandwhichinfluencewideareasofourlives.Mostofuswouldagreethatwefeelgoodon17daysandnetsogoodonothers.Sometimesweare18fingersandthumbsbutonotherdayswehaveexcellentcoordination.Therearetimeswhenweappeartobeaccident-proneorwhenourtemperseemstobeonashortfuse.Isn’titalsostrange19ideasseemtoflowonsomedaysbutatothertimesare20nonexistentMusicianspaintersandwritersoftentalkabout"dryspells". Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.17
Text1 TheSupremeCourt’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering. Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof"doubleeffect"acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleifthedoctorintendsonlythegoodeffect. Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients’paineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient. NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho"untilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthas-tendeath."GeorgeAnnaschiefofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorpre-scribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath."It’slikesurgery"hesays."Wedon’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’tintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’reaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatient’ssuicideaslongasyoudon’tintendtheirsuicide." Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying. JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof"ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying"asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare. TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife. Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare."Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering"totheextentthatitconstitutes"systematicpatientabuse."Hesaysmedicallicensingboards"mustmakeitclearthatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension." WhichofthefollowingbestdefinesthewordaggressiveLine3Paragraph6
Atthebeginningofthecenturymedicalscientistsmadeasurprisingdiscovery:thatweare1notjustoffleshandbloodbutalsooftime.Theywereableto2thatweallhaveaninternal"bodyclock"which3theriseandfallofourbodyenergiesmakingusdifferentfromonedaytothe5.Theseforcesbecameknownasbiorhythms:theycreatethe5inoureverydaylife. The6ofaninternal"bodyclock"shouldnotbetoosurprising7thelivesofmostlivingthingsaredominatedbythe24-hournight-and-daycycle.Themostobvious8ofthiscycleisthe9wefeeltiredandfallasleepatnightandbecomeawakeand10duringtheday.11the24-hourrhythmisinterruptedmostpeopleexperienceunpleasantsideeffects. 12internationalaeroplanetravelersoftenexperience"jetlag"whentravelingacrosstime13.Peoplewhoarenotusedto14workcanfindthatlackofsleepaffectstheirworkperformance. 15thedailyrhythmofsleepingandwakingwealsohaveotherrhythmswhich16.longerthanonedayandwhichinfluencewideareasofourlives.Mostofuswouldagreethatwefeelgoodon17daysandnetsogoodonothers.Sometimesweare18fingersandthumbsbutonotherdayswehaveexcellentcoordination.Therearetimeswhenweappeartobeaccident-proneorwhenourtemperseemstobeonashortfuse.Isn’titalsostrange19ideasseemtoflowonsomedaysbutatothertimesare20nonexistentMusicianspaintersandwritersoftentalkabout"dryspells". Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.7
TheRevolutionaryWarwhichbeganofficiallyonApril191775draggedonformorethansixbitteryears.ItwasconflictfoughtbythecolonialsfortherighteouscauseofsecuringfreedomfromintolerableBritishinterventioninAmericaaffairs. 41_______________.WhenlegalrestrictionswereimplementedbyboththeBritishandthecolonistsin1775nearlyallAmericanoverseascommerceabruptlyceased.Bymid-1775thecoloniesfacedacuteshortagesinsuchmilitaryessentialsaspowderflintsmusketsandknives.Evensaltshoeswoolensandlinenswereinshortsupply.Latein1775CongressauthorizedlimitedtradewiththeWestIndiesmainlytoprocurearmsandammunitionsandtradewithothernon-Britishareaswasonanunrestrictedbasisbythespringof1776. 42_______________.Yetthecoloniesengagedininternationaltradedespitetheblockade.FormaltreatiesofcommercewithFrancein1778andwithHollandandSpainshortlythereafterstimulatedtheflowsofoverseastrade.Between1778andearly1782Americanwartimecommercewasatitszenith.DuringthoseyearsFranceHollandSpainandtheirpossessionsallactivelytradedwiththecolonies.Evensotheflowofgoodsinandoutofthecoloniesremainedwellbelowprewarlevels.SmugglingprivateeringandlegaltradewithoverseaspartnersonlypartiallyoffsetthedrastictradereductionswithBritain.Eventhecoastaltradeswerecurtailedbyalackofvesselsbyblockadesandbywartimefreightrates.British-occupiedportssuchasNewYorkgeneratedsomeimportactivitybutlittleornothinginthewayofexports. 43_______________.InPhiladelphiaforinstancenearly4000womenwereemployedtospinmaterialsintheirhomesforthenewlyestablishedtextileplants.Asharpincreasealsooccurredinthenumberofartisanworkshopswithasimilarstimulusintheproductionofbeerwhiskeyandotherdomesticalcoholicbeverages.44_______________.Onlytheleastcommercializedruralareasremainedlittleaffectedbytheserpentinepathofwarandthesporadicflowsofwartimecommerce. Overallthewarimposedadistincteconomichardshiponthenewnation.Mostgoodsroseincostandweremoredifficulttoobtain.Highpricesandseverecommercialdifficultiesencouragedsomeinvestorstoturnfromcommercetomanufacturing.Thenoncethetradelanesreopenedwiththe.comingofpeaceeventhosewhoprofitedfromthewarwerestungby thetideofimportsthatsweptittoAmericanportsandsharplyloweredprices.45_______________. [A]TherechannelingofAmericanresourcesintoimportcompetingindustrieswasespeciallystrongalongthecoastandinthemajorportcities. [B]Asexportsandimportsfellimportsubstitutionaboundedandtilecolonialeconomybecameconsiderablymoreself-sufficient. [C]AlthoughmanyAmericansescapedthedirectordealsofwarfewAmericanswereuntouchedbyit—atleastindirectly. [D]NeverthelesstheBritishmaintainedafairlyeffectivenavalblockadeofAmericanportsespeciallyduringthefirsttwoyearsofthewar. [E]Internallythe.mostpressingproblemswerefinancial. [F]MoreimportantwasthefactthatCongresshadnoindependentincomeandhadtorelyforfundsoncatchascatchcancontributionsfromthestatesmaderoughlyinproportiontotheirindividualpopulations. [G]Maritimecommercewasalwaysanimportantfactorinthewareffortandtradelinkageswerevitaltothesupplyofarmsandammunitions. 41
Atthebeginningofthecenturymedicalscientistsmadeasurprisingdiscovery:thatweare1notjustoffleshandbloodbutalsooftime.Theywereableto2thatweallhaveaninternal"bodyclock"which3theriseandfallofourbodyenergiesmakingusdifferentfromonedaytothe5.Theseforcesbecameknownasbiorhythms:theycreatethe5inoureverydaylife. The6ofaninternal"bodyclock"shouldnotbetoosurprising7thelivesofmostlivingthingsaredominatedbythe24-hournight-and-daycycle.Themostobvious8ofthiscycleisthe9wefeeltiredandfallasleepatnightandbecomeawakeand10duringtheday.11the24-hourrhythmisinterruptedmostpeopleexperienceunpleasantsideeffects. 12internationalaeroplanetravelersoftenexperience"jetlag"whentravelingacrosstime13.Peoplewhoarenotusedto14workcanfindthatlackofsleepaffectstheirworkperformance. 15thedailyrhythmofsleepingandwakingwealsohaveotherrhythmswhich16.longerthanonedayandwhichinfluencewideareasofourlives.Mostofuswouldagreethatwefeelgoodon17daysandnetsogoodonothers.Sometimesweare18fingersandthumbsbutonotherdayswehaveexcellentcoordination.Therearetimeswhenweappeartobeaccident-proneorwhenourtemperseemstobeonashortfuse.Isn’titalsostrange19ideasseemtoflowonsomedaysbutatothertimesare20nonexistentMusicianspaintersandwritersoftentalkabout"dryspells". Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.15
Text3 Undercertaincircumstancesthehumanbodymustcopewithgasesatgreater-than-normalatmosphericpressure.Forexamplegaspressuresincreaserapidlyduringadivemadewithscubagearbecausethebreathingequipmentallowsdiverstostayunderwaterlongeranddivedeeper. Thepressureexertedonthehumanbodyincreasesby1atmosphereforevery10metersofdepthinseawatersothatat30metersinseawateradiverisexposedtoapressureofabout4atmospheres.Thepressureofthegasesbeingbreathedmustequaltheexternalpressureappliedtothebodyotherwisebreathingisverydifficult.Thereforeallofthegasesintheairbreathedbyascubadiverat40metersarepresentatfivetimestheirusualpressure.Nitrogenwhichcomposes80percentoftheairwebreatheusuallycausesabalmyfeelingofwell-beingatthispressure.Atadepthof5atmospheresnitrogencausessymptomsresemblingalcoholintoxicationknownasnitrogennarcosis.Nitrogennarcosisapparentlyresultsfromadirecteffectonthebrainofthelargeamountsofnitrogencauseunderthesepressurizedheliumdoesnotexertasimilarnarcoticeffect. Asascubadiverdescendsthepressureofnitrogeninthelungsincreases.Nitrogenthendiffusesfromthelungstothebloodandfromthebloodtobodytissues.Thereverseoccurswhenthediversurfaces;thenitrogenpressureinthelungsfallsandthenitrogendiffusesfromthetissuesintothebloodandfromthebloodintothelungs.Ifthereturntothesurfaceistoorapidnitrogeninthetissuesandbloodcannotdiffuseoutrapidlyenoughandnitrogenbubblesareformed.Theycancauseseverepainsparticularlyaroundthejoints. Anothercomplicationmayresultifthebreathisheldduringascent.Duringascentfromadepthof10metersthevolumeofairinthelungswilldoublebecausetheairpressureatthesurfaceisonlyhalfofwhatitwasat10meters.Thischangeinvolumemaycausethelungstodistendandevenrupture.Thisconditioniscalledairembolism.Toavoidthiseventadivermustascendslowlyneveratarateexceedingtheriseoftheexhaledairbubblesandmustexhaleduringascent. Whathappenstonitrogeninbodytissuesifadiverascendstooquickly
OnthegroundfloorofafivestorybuildinginRomeItalyaleadapronedmancarefullyplacesa400-year-o.ldpaintingonatable.Thenhestepsbackandflipstheswitchofa50000-voltX-raymachine.Nearbyanotherpaintingisbeingwheeledintoaspecialoven.Elsewherethebuzzofapowersawisheardfrombehindacloseddoor.Twoworkersarecuttingthebackoffa500-year-oldwoodpanelpainting. SuchthingshappeneverydayatRome’sInstituteofRestoration.41____________IntermsofantreasuresItalyisoneoftherichestcountriesintheworld.Yetuntil1939whenItaly’sgovernmentfoundedtheInstitutethecountry"smuseumshadtohireprivaterestorersforcleaningandrepairjobs.SaysDoctorUrbani"Mostoftherestorersdidnothavepropertraining.Theyoftendidmoreharmthangood." Nowondertheydidharm.42____________. 43____________.Sometimestheyevenchangedthepicture. Anynumberofthingscandamage’anartwork.Smogeatsawayatstoneandmetal.Insectschewwood.Moisturecauseswoodandcanvastoswellshrinkandfinallyrot.ForoneartshowapaintingwasflownfromEnglandtoRome.Duringtheflightthecanvasshranksomuchthatthepaintlostitsgripandbeganpeeling.WhentheboxwasopenedinRometherewasahalfbarepainting——andapileoftinycoloredflakes. DoctorUrbaniremembers"Thepaintingwasrushedtous.Itlookedhopeless.Butwenevergiveuponacase."Aftermonthsofslowcarefulworkeverypieceofpainthadbeenpuzzledbacktogetherandgluedonanewcanvas.Thejobwassowelldonethatnodamagecouldbeseen. Whenapaintingarrivesatthearthospitalitgoestothelaboratorywherescientificworkisdone.Infraredandultra-violetphotographsaretaken.44____________.NewercoatsofpaintstandoutasdarkspotsagainstoldercoatsofpaintifthereseemstobeadifferentpicturebeneaththeoneshowingonthesurfacethepaintingisfinallyX-rayed. Paintingsonwoodarethencarriedintoaboxcarsizedroom.45____________.For24hoursadeadlygasseepsintoallthecracksinthewoodtokillhiddenbugsandtheireggs.Paintingsontorncanvasgotoaroomwherenewclothhackingsaregluedandironedon.Finallythepaintingsarereadytobegivennewlifebyoneoftherestorers. [A]Insteadofjusttouchingupdamagedspotsmostearlyrestorerspaintedoverthemwithaheavyhand. [B]Usingthesephotographsandananalysisofthepaintitbeganremovingdirtandoldyellowedvarnishwithcottondippedinaspecialliquid. [C]HeadedbyDoctorGiovanuiUrbanithemenandwomenhereworkatkeepingworksofartingoodhealth. [D]Thesephotographsmakeitpossibletoseethroughthethintopcoatsofpainttofindoutifthepaintinghasbeentoucheduporpaintedoverinthepast. [E]Theyoftencleanedpaintingswithstrongblacksoaporscrubbedthemwithrawonionsandgreenapples. [F]Tiledoorissealedshut. [G]Aftercleaningtheybeganthejoboffillinginthespotswherepaintwasmissing. 41
Accordingtothenewschoolofscientiststechnologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.46Sciencemovesforwardtheysaynotsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.47"Inshort"paleaderofthenewschoolcontend%"thescientificrevolutionaswecallitwaslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections". 48Overtheyear%toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileoNewtonMaxwellEinsteinandinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportancetoandderivedgreatbenefitfromcraftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments. Thecenterpieceoftheargumentofatechnology-yesgenius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo’sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemyanastronomerofthesecondcenturywhoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.49Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvemoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.Buttherealheroofthestoryaccordingtothenewschoolofscientistswasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformakingeyeglasses. Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvs.geniusdispute.50WhethertheGovernmentshouldin-creasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversa反之oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce. Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvemoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.
Atthebeginningofthecenturymedicalscientistsmadeasurprisingdiscovery:thatweare1notjustoffleshandbloodbutalsooftime.Theywereableto2thatweallhaveaninternal"bodyclock"which3theriseandfallofourbodyenergiesmakingusdifferentfromonedaytothe5.Theseforcesbecameknownasbiorhythms:theycreatethe5inoureverydaylife. The6ofaninternal"bodyclock"shouldnotbetoosurprising7thelivesofmostlivingthingsaredominatedbythe24-hournight-and-daycycle.Themostobvious8ofthiscycleisthe9wefeeltiredandfallasleepatnightandbecomeawakeand10duringtheday.11the24-hourrhythmisinterruptedmostpeopleexperienceunpleasantsideeffects. 12internationalaeroplanetravelersoftenexperience"jetlag"whentravelingacrosstime13.Peoplewhoarenotusedto14workcanfindthatlackofsleepaffectstheirworkperformance. 15thedailyrhythmofsleepingandwakingwealsohaveotherrhythmswhich16.longerthanonedayandwhichinfluencewideareasofourlives.Mostofuswouldagreethatwefeelgoodon17daysandnetsogoodonothers.Sometimesweare18fingersandthumbsbutonotherdayswehaveexcellentcoordination.Therearetimeswhenweappeartobeaccident-proneorwhenourtemperseemstobeonashortfuse.Isn’titalsostrange19ideasseemtoflowonsomedaysbutatothertimesare20nonexistentMusicianspaintersandwritersoftentalkabout"dryspells". Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.1
Atthebeginningofthecenturymedicalscientistsmadeasurprisingdiscovery:thatweare1notjustoffleshandbloodbutalsooftime.Theywereableto2thatweallhaveaninternal"bodyclock"which3theriseandfallofourbodyenergiesmakingusdifferentfromonedaytothe5.Theseforcesbecameknownasbiorhythms:theycreatethe5inoureverydaylife. The6ofaninternal"bodyclock"shouldnotbetoosurprising7thelivesofmostlivingthingsaredominatedbythe24-hournight-and-daycycle.Themostobvious8ofthiscycleisthe9wefeeltiredandfallasleepatnightandbecomeawakeand10duringtheday.11the24-hourrhythmisinterruptedmostpeopleexperienceunpleasantsideeffects. 12internationalaeroplanetravelersoftenexperience"jetlag"whentravelingacrosstime13.Peoplewhoarenotusedto14workcanfindthatlackofsleepaffectstheirworkperformance. 15thedailyrhythmofsleepingandwakingwealsohaveotherrhythmswhich16.longerthanonedayandwhichinfluencewideareasofourlives.Mostofuswouldagreethatwefeelgoodon17daysandnetsogoodonothers.Sometimesweare18fingersandthumbsbutonotherdayswehaveexcellentcoordination.Therearetimeswhenweappeartobeaccident-proneorwhenourtemperseemstobeonashortfuse.Isn’titalsostrange19ideasseemtoflowonsomedaysbutatothertimesare20nonexistentMusicianspaintersandwritersoftentalkabout"dryspells". Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.11
Atthebeginningofthecenturymedicalscientistsmadeasurprisingdiscovery:thatweare1notjustoffleshandbloodbutalsooftime.Theywereableto2thatweallhaveaninternal"bodyclock"which3theriseandfallofourbodyenergiesmakingusdifferentfromonedaytothe5.Theseforcesbecameknownasbiorhythms:theycreatethe5inoureverydaylife. The6ofaninternal"bodyclock"shouldnotbetoosurprising7thelivesofmostlivingthingsaredominatedbythe24-hournight-and-daycycle.Themostobvious8ofthiscycleisthe9wefeeltiredandfallasleepatnightandbecomeawakeand10duringtheday.11the24-hourrhythmisinterruptedmostpeopleexperienceunpleasantsideeffects. 12internationalaeroplanetravelersoftenexperience"jetlag"whentravelingacrosstime13.Peoplewhoarenotusedto14workcanfindthatlackofsleepaffectstheirworkperformance. 15thedailyrhythmofsleepingandwakingwealsohaveotherrhythmswhich16.longerthanonedayandwhichinfluencewideareasofourlives.Mostofuswouldagreethatwefeelgoodon17daysandnetsogoodonothers.Sometimesweare18fingersandthumbsbutonotherdayswehaveexcellentcoordination.Therearetimeswhenweappeartobeaccident-proneorwhenourtemperseemstobeonashortfuse.Isn’titalsostrange19ideasseemtoflowonsomedaysbutatothertimesare20nonexistentMusicianspaintersandwritersoftentalkabout"dryspells". Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.19
Text3 Undercertaincircumstancesthehumanbodymustcopewithgasesatgreater-than-normalatmosphericpressure.Forexamplegaspressuresincreaserapidlyduringadivemadewithscubagearbecausethebreathingequipmentallowsdiverstostayunderwaterlongeranddivedeeper. Thepressureexertedonthehumanbodyincreasesby1atmosphereforevery10metersofdepthinseawatersothatat30metersinseawateradiverisexposedtoapressureofabout4atmospheres.Thepressureofthegasesbeingbreathedmustequaltheexternalpressureappliedtothebodyotherwisebreathingisverydifficult.Thereforeallofthegasesintheairbreathedbyascubadiverat40metersarepresentatfivetimestheirusualpressure.Nitrogenwhichcomposes80percentoftheairwebreatheusuallycausesabalmyfeelingofwell-beingatthispressure.Atadepthof5atmospheresnitrogencausessymptomsresemblingalcoholintoxicationknownasnitrogennarcosis.Nitrogennarcosisapparentlyresultsfromadirecteffectonthebrainofthelargeamountsofnitrogencauseunderthesepressurizedheliumdoesnotexertasimilarnarcoticeffect. Asascubadiverdescendsthepressureofnitrogeninthelungsincreases.Nitrogenthendiffusesfromthelungstothebloodandfromthebloodtobodytissues.Thereverseoccurswhenthediversurfaces;thenitrogenpressureinthelungsfallsandthenitrogendiffusesfromthetissuesintothebloodandfromthebloodintothelungs.Ifthereturntothesurfaceistoorapidnitrogeninthetissuesandbloodcannotdiffuseoutrapidlyenoughandnitrogenbubblesareformed.Theycancauseseverepainsparticularlyaroundthejoints. Anothercomplicationmayresultifthebreathisheldduringascent.Duringascentfromadepthof10metersthevolumeofairinthelungswilldoublebecausetheairpressureatthesurfaceisonlyhalfofwhatitwasat10meters.Thischangeinvolumemaycausethelungstodistendandevenrupture.Thisconditioniscalledairembolism.Toavoidthiseventadivermustascendslowlyneveratarateexceedingtheriseoftheexhaledairbubblesandmustexhaleduringascent. Whatshouldadriverdowhenascending
Atthebeginningofthecenturymedicalscientistsmadeasurprisingdiscovery:thatweare1notjustoffleshandbloodbutalsooftime.Theywereableto2thatweallhaveaninternal"bodyclock"which3theriseandfallofourbodyenergiesmakingusdifferentfromonedaytothe5.Theseforcesbecameknownasbiorhythms:theycreatethe5inoureverydaylife. The6ofaninternal"bodyclock"shouldnotbetoosurprising7thelivesofmostlivingthingsaredominatedbythe24-hournight-and-daycycle.Themostobvious8ofthiscycleisthe9wefeeltiredandfallasleepatnightandbecomeawakeand10duringtheday.11the24-hourrhythmisinterruptedmostpeopleexperienceunpleasantsideeffects. 12internationalaeroplanetravelersoftenexperience"jetlag"whentravelingacrosstime13.Peoplewhoarenotusedto14workcanfindthatlackofsleepaffectstheirworkperformance. 15thedailyrhythmofsleepingandwakingwealsohaveotherrhythmswhich16.longerthanonedayandwhichinfluencewideareasofourlives.Mostofuswouldagreethatwefeelgoodon17daysandnetsogoodonothers.Sometimesweare18fingersandthumbsbutonotherdayswehaveexcellentcoordination.Therearetimeswhenweappeartobeaccident-proneorwhenourtemperseemstobeonashortfuse.Isn’titalsostrange19ideasseemtoflowonsomedaysbutatothertimesare20nonexistentMusicianspaintersandwritersoftentalkabout"dryspells". Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.13
Text2 Themorewomenandminoritiesmaketheirwayintotheranksofmanagementthemoretheyseemtowanttotalkaboutthingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid.Thenewcomersalsotendtoseeofficematterswithafresheyeintheprocesssometimescomingupwithcriticalanalysesoftheforcesthatshapeeveryone’sexperienceintheorganization. ConsiderthenovelviewsofHarveyColemanofAtlantaonthesubjectofgettingahead. Colemanisblack.Hespent11yearswithIBMhalfofthemworkinginmanagementdepartmentandnowservesasaconsultanttothelikesofAT&TCocaColaPrudentialandMerch.Colemansaysthatbasedonwhathe’sseenatbigcompaniesheweighsthedifferentelementsthatmakeforlongtermcareersuccessasfollows:performancecountsamere10%;image30%;andexposureafull60%. Colemanconcludesthatexcellentjobperformanceissocommonthesedaysthatwhiledoingyourworkwellmaywinyoupayincreasesitwon’tsecureyouthebigpromotion. Hefindsthatadvancementmoreoftendependsonhowmanypeopleknowyouandyourworkandhowhighuptheyare.RidiculousbeliefsNottoomanypeopleespeciallymanywomenandmembersofminorityraceswholikeColemanfeelthatthescaleshavedroppedfromtheireyes. "Womenandblacksinorganizationsworkunderfalsebeliefs"saysKaleelJamisonaNewYorkbasedmanagementconsultantwhohelpscorporationsdealwiththeseissues."Theythinkthatifyouworkhardyou’11getaheadthatsomeoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgiveyouapromotion."Sheadded"Mostwomenandblacksaresofrightenedthatpeoplewillthinkthey’vegottenaheadbecauseoftheirsexorcolorthattheyplaydowntheirvisibility."Heradvicetothosefolks:learnthewaysthatwhitemaleshavetraditionallyusedtofindtheirwayintothespotlight. AccordingtothepassagethingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaidPara.1probablyrefersto.
Text3 Undercertaincircumstancesthehumanbodymustcopewithgasesatgreater-than-normalatmosphericpressure.Forexamplegaspressuresincreaserapidlyduringadivemadewithscubagearbecausethebreathingequipmentallowsdiverstostayunderwaterlongeranddivedeeper. Thepressureexertedonthehumanbodyincreasesby1atmosphereforevery10metersofdepthinseawatersothatat30metersinseawateradiverisexposedtoapressureofabout4atmospheres.Thepressureofthegasesbeingbreathedmustequaltheexternalpressureappliedtothebodyotherwisebreathingisverydifficult.Thereforeallofthegasesintheairbreathedbyascubadiverat40metersarepresentatfivetimestheirusualpressure.Nitrogenwhichcomposes80percentoftheairwebreatheusuallycausesabalmyfeelingofwell-beingatthispressure.Atadepthof5atmospheresnitrogencausessymptomsresemblingalcoholintoxicationknownasnitrogennarcosis.Nitrogennarcosisapparentlyresultsfromadirecteffectonthebrainofthelargeamountsofnitrogencauseunderthesepressurizedheliumdoesnotexertasimilarnarcoticeffect. Asascubadiverdescendsthepressureofnitrogeninthelungsincreases.Nitrogenthendiffusesfromthelungstothebloodandfromthebloodtobodytissues.Thereverseoccurswhenthediversurfaces;thenitrogenpressureinthelungsfallsandthenitrogendiffusesfromthetissuesintothebloodandfromthebloodintothelungs.Ifthereturntothesurfaceistoorapidnitrogeninthetissuesandbloodcannotdiffuseoutrapidlyenoughandnitrogenbubblesareformed.Theycancauseseverepainsparticularlyaroundthejoints. Anothercomplicationmayresultifthebreathisheldduringascent.Duringascentfromadepthof10metersthevolumeofairinthelungswilldoublebecausetheairpressureatthesurfaceisonlyhalfofwhatitwasat10meters.Thischangeinvolumemaycausethelungstodistendandevenrupture.Thisconditioniscalledairembolism.Toavoidthiseventadivermustascendslowlyneveratarateexceedingtheriseoftheexhaledairbubblesandmustexhaleduringascent. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingpresentsthegreatestdangertodiver
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