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Text 2 Breakfast is indispensable. Not only does it provide essential early-morning nourishment...
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quicklyadv.很快地quickadj.很快的eatquickly/haveaquickbr
2分Doesyourbreakfast﹣roomgetawonderfulviewofthelak
---It'stime.---I'mcomingmum.
for breakfast
have breakfast
for I to have breakfast
for have breakfast
---It'stime_________.---I'mcomingMum.
for breakfast
have breakfast
for you have breakfast
for have breakfast
Breakfastisveryimportant.It’soneofthemostimportant
Idon'thavemuchtimeforbreakfastsoIeatbreakfastquic
It’stimeforbreakfast.改为同义句It'stime breakfast.
Hehas______athome
a breakfast
breakfast
the breakfast
the breakfast
Janehasmilkforbreakfast.Jane’sparentsdon’thavemilk
After_______jackhurriedtowork.
a quick breakfast
quick breakfast
eating quickly breakfast
eating quickly the breakfast
---It'stime.---I'mcomingmum.
for breakfast
have breakfast
for I to have breakfast
for have breakfast
Weshouldhavebreakfastwellbecausebreakfastisveryim
Abalanceddietmeansthenutritionofthreemealsinadays
It’stime.
for breakfast
have breakfast
for I to have breakfast
for have breakfast
2分We'dlikesomecakesforbreakfast.改为否定句 Welikecake
Hedoesn'thavemuchtimeforbreakfastsoheusuallyeatsb
Healwayshasbreakfastateightintheevening.That'safun
Jackathomeeveryday.
have breakfast
have a breakfast
has breakfast
has a breakfast
---It'stime.---I'mcomingmum.
for breakfast
have breakfast
for I to have breakfast
for have breakfast
Studiesshowthatchildrenwhoeatbreakfastdobetterinsc
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Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases1trialofRosemaryWest.Inasignificant2oflegalcontrolsoverthepress.LordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea3billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses4andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof5thatcanbegiventoacase6atrialbegins.InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofcommonsmediaselectcommittee.LordIrvinesaidhe7withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot8sufficientcontrol.9ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda10ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe11ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges12toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich13theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally14inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas15toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. "Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands16ourBritishjudges"hesaid.Witnesspaymentsbecamean17afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere18tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers. Concernswereraised19witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto20guiltyverdicts. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases1trialofRosemaryWest.Inasignificant2oflegalcontrolsoverthepress.LordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea3billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses4andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof5thatcanbegiventoacase6atrialbegins.InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofcommonsmediaselectcommittee.LordIrvinesaidhe7withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot8sufficientcontrol.9ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda10ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe11ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges12toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich13theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally14inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas15toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. "Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands16ourBritishjudges"hesaid.Witnesspaymentsbecamean17afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere18tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers. Concernswereraised19witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto20guiltyverdicts. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases1trialofRosemaryWest.Inasignificant2oflegalcontrolsoverthepress.LordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea3billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses4andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof5thatcanbegiventoacase6atrialbegins.InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofcommonsmediaselectcommittee.LordIrvinesaidhe7withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot8sufficientcontrol.9ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda10ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe11ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges12toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich13theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally14inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas15toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. "Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands16ourBritishjudges"hesaid.Witnesspaymentsbecamean17afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere18tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers. Concernswereraised19witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto20guiltyverdicts. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Text2 Themorewomenandminoritiesmaketheirwayintotheranksofmanagementthemoretheyseemtowanttotalkaboutthingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid.Thenewcomersalsotendtoseeofficematterswithafresheyeintheprocesssometimescomingupwithcriticalanalysesoftheforcesthatshapeeveryone’sexperienceintheorganization. ConsiderthenovelviewsofHarveyColemanofAtlantaonthesubjectofgettingahead. Colemanisblack.Hespent11yearswithIBMhalfofthemworkinginmanagementdepartmentandnowservesasaconsultanttothelikesofAT&TCocaColaPrudentialandMerch.Colemansaysthatbasedonwhathe’sseenatbigcompaniesheweighsthedifferentelementsthatmakeforlongtermcareersuccessasfollows:performancecountsamere10%;image30%;andexposureafull60%. Colemanconcludesthatexcellentjobperformanceissocommonthesedaysthatwhiledoingyourworkwellmaywinyoupayincreasesitwon’tsecureyouthebigpromotion. Hefindsthatadvancementmoreoftendependsonhowmanypeopleknowyouandyourworkandhowhighuptheyare.RidiculousbeliefsNottoomanypeopleespeciallymanywomenandmembersofminorityraceswholikeColemanfeelthatthescaleshavedroppedfromtheireyes. "Womenandblacksinorganizationsworkunderfalsebeliefs"saysKaleelJamisonaNewYorkbasedmanagementconsultantwhohelpscorporationsdealwiththeseissues."Theythinkthatifyouworkhardyou’11getaheadthatsomeoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgiveyouapromotion."Sheadded"Mostwomenandblacksaresofrightenedthatpeoplewillthinkthey’vegottenaheadbecauseoftheirsexorcolorthattheyplaydowntheirvisibility."Heradvicetothosefolks:learnthewaysthatwhitemaleshavetraditionallyusedtofindtheirwayintothespotlight. Toachievesuccessinyourcareerthemostimportantfactoraccordingtothepassageisto
Text1 TheSupremeCourt’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering. Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof"doubleeffect"acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleifthedoctorintendsonlythegoodeffect. Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients’paineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient. NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho"untilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthas-tendeath."GeorgeAnnaschiefofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorpre-scribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath."It’slikesurgery"hesays."Wedon’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’tintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’reaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatient’ssuicideaslongasyoudon’tintendtheirsuicide." Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying. JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof"ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying"asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare. TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife. Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare."Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering"totheextentthatitconstitutes"systematicpatientabuse."Hesaysmedicallicensingboards"mustmakeitclearthatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension." Fromthefirstthreeparagraphswelearnthat
Text4 AsthetwentiethcenturybegantheimportanceofformaleducationintheUnitedStatesincreased.Thefrontierhadmostlydisappearedandby1910mostAmericanslivedintownsandcities.Industrializationandthebureaucratizationofeconomiclifecombinedwithanewemphasisuponcredentialsandexpertisetomakeschoolingincreasinglyimportantforeconomicandsocialmobility.IncreasinglytooschoolswereviewedasthemostimportantmeansofintegratingimmigrantsintoAmericansociety. ThearrivalofagreatwaveofsouthernandeasternEuropeanimmigrantsattheturnofthecenturycoincidedwithandcontributedtoanenormousexpansionofformalschooling.By1920schoolingtoagefourteenorbeyondwascompulsoryinmoststatesandtheschoolyearwasgreatlylengthened.Kindergartensvacationschoolsextracurricularactivitiesandvocationaleducationandcounselingextendedtheinfluenceofpublicschoolsoverthelivesofstudentsmanyofwhominthelargerindustrialcitieswerethechildrenofimmigrants.ClassesforadultimmigrantsweresponsoredbypublicschoolscorporationsUnionschurchesandotheragencies. Reformersearlyinthetwentiethcenturysuggestedthateducationprogramsshouldsuittheneedsofspecificpopulations.Immigrantwomenwereonesuchpopulation.Schoolstriedtoeducateyoungwomensotheycouldoccupyproductiveplacesintheurbanindustrialeconomyandoneplacemanyeducatorsconsideredappropriateforwomenwasthehome. Althoughlookingafterthehouseandfamilywasfamiliartoimmigrantwomen.Americaneducationgavehomemakinganewdefinition.Inpreindustrialeconomieshomemakinghadmeanttheproductionaswellastheconsumptionofgoodsanditcommonlyincludedincome-producingactivitiesbothinsideandoutsidethehomeinthehighlyindustrializedearlytwentieth-centuryUnitedStates.Howeveroverproductionratherthanscarcitywasbecomingaproblem.ThustheidealAmericanhomemakerwasviewedasaconsumerratherthanaproducer.Schoolstrainedwomentobeconsumerhomemakerscookingshoppingdecoratingandcaringforchildren"efficiently"intheirownhomesorifeconomicnecessitydemandedasemployeesinthehomesofothers.Subsequentreformshavemadethesenotionsseemquiteout-of-date. ThephrasecoincidedwithinthefirstsentenceofPara.2isclosestinmeaningto
TheRevolutionaryWarwhichbeganofficiallyonApril191775draggedonformorethansixbitteryears.ItwasconflictfoughtbythecolonialsfortherighteouscauseofsecuringfreedomfromintolerableBritishinterventioninAmericaaffairs. 41_______________.WhenlegalrestrictionswereimplementedbyboththeBritishandthecolonistsin1775nearlyallAmericanoverseascommerceabruptlyceased.Bymid-1775thecoloniesfacedacuteshortagesinsuchmilitaryessentialsaspowderflintsmusketsandknives.Evensaltshoeswoolensandlinenswereinshortsupply.Latein1775CongressauthorizedlimitedtradewiththeWestIndiesmainlytoprocurearmsandammunitionsandtradewithothernon-Britishareaswasonanunrestrictedbasisbythespringof1776. 42_______________.Yetthecoloniesengagedininternationaltradedespitetheblockade.FormaltreatiesofcommercewithFrancein1778andwithHollandandSpainshortlythereafterstimulatedtheflowsofoverseastrade.Between1778andearly1782Americanwartimecommercewasatitszenith.DuringthoseyearsFranceHollandSpainandtheirpossessionsallactivelytradedwiththecolonies.Evensotheflowofgoodsinandoutofthecoloniesremainedwellbelowprewarlevels.SmugglingprivateeringandlegaltradewithoverseaspartnersonlypartiallyoffsetthedrastictradereductionswithBritain.Eventhecoastaltradeswerecurtailedbyalackofvesselsbyblockadesandbywartimefreightrates.British-occupiedportssuchasNewYorkgeneratedsomeimportactivitybutlittleornothinginthewayofexports. 43_______________.InPhiladelphiaforinstancenearly4000womenwereemployedtospinmaterialsintheirhomesforthenewlyestablishedtextileplants.Asharpincreasealsooccurredinthenumberofartisanworkshopswithasimilarstimulusintheproductionofbeerwhiskeyandotherdomesticalcoholicbeverages.44_______________.Onlytheleastcommercializedruralareasremainedlittleaffectedbytheserpentinepathofwarandthesporadicflowsofwartimecommerce. Overallthewarimposedadistincteconomichardshiponthenewnation.Mostgoodsroseincostandweremoredifficulttoobtain.Highpricesandseverecommercialdifficultiesencouragedsomeinvestorstoturnfromcommercetomanufacturing.Thenoncethetradelanesreopenedwiththe.comingofpeaceeventhosewhoprofitedfromthewarwerestungby thetideofimportsthatsweptittoAmericanportsandsharplyloweredprices.45_______________. [A]TherechannelingofAmericanresourcesintoimportcompetingindustrieswasespeciallystrongalongthecoastandinthemajorportcities. [B]Asexportsandimportsfellimportsubstitutionaboundedandtilecolonialeconomybecameconsiderablymoreself-sufficient. [C]AlthoughmanyAmericansescapedthedirectordealsofwarfewAmericanswereuntouchedbyit—atleastindirectly. [D]NeverthelesstheBritishmaintainedafairlyeffectivenavalblockadeofAmericanportsespeciallyduringthefirsttwoyearsofthewar. [E]Internallythe.mostpressingproblemswerefinancial. [F]MoreimportantwasthefactthatCongresshadnoindependentincomeandhadtorelyforfundsoncatchascatchcancontributionsfromthestatesmaderoughlyinproportiontotheirindividualpopulations. [G]Maritimecommercewasalwaysanimportantfactorinthewareffortandtradelinkageswerevitaltothesupplyofarmsandammunitions. 43
Text1 TheSupremeCourt’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering. Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof"doubleeffect"acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleifthedoctorintendsonlythegoodeffect. Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients’paineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient. NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho"untilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthas-tendeath."GeorgeAnnaschiefofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorpre-scribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath."It’slikesurgery"hesays."Wedon’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’tintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’reaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatient’ssuicideaslongasyoudon’tintendtheirsuicide." Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying. JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof"ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying"asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare. TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife. Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare."Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering"totheextentthatitconstitutes"systematicpatientabuse."Hesaysmedicallicensingboards"mustmakeitclearthatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension." GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey
Text4 AsthetwentiethcenturybegantheimportanceofformaleducationintheUnitedStatesincreased.Thefrontierhadmostlydisappearedandby1910mostAmericanslivedintownsandcities.Industrializationandthebureaucratizationofeconomiclifecombinedwithanewemphasisuponcredentialsandexpertisetomakeschoolingincreasinglyimportantforeconomicandsocialmobility.IncreasinglytooschoolswereviewedasthemostimportantmeansofintegratingimmigrantsintoAmericansociety. ThearrivalofagreatwaveofsouthernandeasternEuropeanimmigrantsattheturnofthecenturycoincidedwithandcontributedtoanenormousexpansionofformalschooling.By1920schoolingtoagefourteenorbeyondwascompulsoryinmoststatesandtheschoolyearwasgreatlylengthened.Kindergartensvacationschoolsextracurricularactivitiesandvocationaleducationandcounselingextendedtheinfluenceofpublicschoolsoverthelivesofstudentsmanyofwhominthelargerindustrialcitieswerethechildrenofimmigrants.ClassesforadultimmigrantsweresponsoredbypublicschoolscorporationsUnionschurchesandotheragencies. Reformersearlyinthetwentiethcenturysuggestedthateducationprogramsshouldsuittheneedsofspecificpopulations.Immigrantwomenwereonesuchpopulation.Schoolstriedtoeducateyoungwomensotheycouldoccupyproductiveplacesintheurbanindustrialeconomyandoneplacemanyeducatorsconsideredappropriateforwomenwasthehome. Althoughlookingafterthehouseandfamilywasfamiliartoimmigrantwomen.Americaneducationgavehomemakinganewdefinition.Inpreindustrialeconomieshomemakinghadmeanttheproductionaswellastheconsumptionofgoodsanditcommonlyincludedincome-producingactivitiesbothinsideandoutsidethehomeinthehighlyindustrializedearlytwentieth-centuryUnitedStates.Howeveroverproductionratherthanscarcitywasbecomingaproblem.ThustheidealAmericanhomemakerwasviewedasaconsumerratherthanaproducer.Schoolstrainedwomentobeconsumerhomemakerscookingshoppingdecoratingandcaringforchildren"efficiently"intheirownhomesorifeconomicnecessitydemandedasemployeesinthehomesofothers.Subsequentreformshavemadethesenotionsseemquiteout-of-date. AccordingtothepassageoneimportantchangeinUnitedStateseducationbythe1920'swasthat
TheRevolutionaryWarwhichbeganofficiallyonApril191775draggedonformorethansixbitteryears.ItwasconflictfoughtbythecolonialsfortherighteouscauseofsecuringfreedomfromintolerableBritishinterventioninAmericaaffairs. 41_______________.WhenlegalrestrictionswereimplementedbyboththeBritishandthecolonistsin1775nearlyallAmericanoverseascommerceabruptlyceased.Bymid-1775thecoloniesfacedacuteshortagesinsuchmilitaryessentialsaspowderflintsmusketsandknives.Evensaltshoeswoolensandlinenswereinshortsupply.Latein1775CongressauthorizedlimitedtradewiththeWestIndiesmainlytoprocurearmsandammunitionsandtradewithothernon-Britishareaswasonanunrestrictedbasisbythespringof1776. 42_______________.Yetthecoloniesengagedininternationaltradedespitetheblockade.FormaltreatiesofcommercewithFrancein1778andwithHollandandSpainshortlythereafterstimulatedtheflowsofoverseastrade.Between1778andearly1782Americanwartimecommercewasatitszenith.DuringthoseyearsFranceHollandSpainandtheirpossessionsallactivelytradedwiththecolonies.Evensotheflowofgoodsinandoutofthecoloniesremainedwellbelowprewarlevels.SmugglingprivateeringandlegaltradewithoverseaspartnersonlypartiallyoffsetthedrastictradereductionswithBritain.Eventhecoastaltradeswerecurtailedbyalackofvesselsbyblockadesandbywartimefreightrates.British-occupiedportssuchasNewYorkgeneratedsomeimportactivitybutlittleornothinginthewayofexports. 43_______________.InPhiladelphiaforinstancenearly4000womenwereemployedtospinmaterialsintheirhomesforthenewlyestablishedtextileplants.Asharpincreasealsooccurredinthenumberofartisanworkshopswithasimilarstimulusintheproductionofbeerwhiskeyandotherdomesticalcoholicbeverages.44_______________.Onlytheleastcommercializedruralareasremainedlittleaffectedbytheserpentinepathofwarandthesporadicflowsofwartimecommerce. Overallthewarimposedadistincteconomichardshiponthenewnation.Mostgoodsroseincostandweremoredifficulttoobtain.Highpricesandseverecommercialdifficultiesencouragedsomeinvestorstoturnfromcommercetomanufacturing.Thenoncethetradelanesreopenedwiththe.comingofpeaceeventhosewhoprofitedfromthewarwerestungby thetideofimportsthatsweptittoAmericanportsandsharplyloweredprices.45_______________. [A]TherechannelingofAmericanresourcesintoimportcompetingindustrieswasespeciallystrongalongthecoastandinthemajorportcities. [B]Asexportsandimportsfellimportsubstitutionaboundedandtilecolonialeconomybecameconsiderablymoreself-sufficient. [C]AlthoughmanyAmericansescapedthedirectordealsofwarfewAmericanswereuntouchedbyit—atleastindirectly. [D]NeverthelesstheBritishmaintainedafairlyeffectivenavalblockadeofAmericanportsespeciallyduringthefirsttwoyearsofthewar. [E]Internallythe.mostpressingproblemswerefinancial. [F]MoreimportantwasthefactthatCongresshadnoindependentincomeandhadtorelyforfundsoncatchascatchcancontributionsfromthestatesmaderoughlyinproportiontotheirindividualpopulations. [G]Maritimecommercewasalwaysanimportantfactorinthewareffortandtradelinkageswerevitaltothesupplyofarmsandammunitions. 45
Text1 Saythewordbacteriaandmostfolksconjureupimagesofanastygermlikestaphylococcusorsalmonellathatcanmakeyoureallysick.Butmostbacteriaaren’tbadforyou.Infactconsumingextraamountsofsomebacteriacanactuallypromotegoodhealth.Thesebeneficialbacteriaareavailablewithoutaprescriptionindrugandhealth-foodstoresandinfoodslikeyogurt.Sofarthebestresultshavebeenseeninthetreatmentofdiarrheaparticularlyinchildren.ButresearchersarealsolookingintothepossibilitythatbeneficialbacteriamaythwartvaginalinfectionsinwomenpreventsomefoodallergiesinchildrenandlessensymptomsofCrohn’sdiseasearelativelyrarebutpainfulgastrointestinaldisorder. SowherehavethesegoodgermsbeenlurkingallyourlifeInyourintestinesespeciallythelowersectioncalledthecolonwhichharborsatleast400speciesofbacteria.Whichonesyouhavedependslargelyonyourenvironmentanddiet.Anabundanceofgoodbacteriainthecolongenerallycrowdsoutstraybadbacteriainyourfood.Butifthebadoutnumberthegood—forexampleafterantibiotictreatmentforasinusoranearinfectionwhichkillsnormalintestinalgermsaswell—theresultcanbediarrhea. Forgenerationspeoplehaverestoredthebalancebyeatingyogurtbuttermilkorotherproductsmadefromfermentedmilk.Butnowadaysyoucanalsodownafewpillsthatcontainfreeze-driedgerms.Thesepreparationsarecalledprobioticstodistinguishthemfromantibiotics.Unfortunatelyyoucan’talwaysbesurethatthebacteriaintheproductsyoubuyarethesamestrainsasthoselistedonthelabeloreventhatthey’restillalive.Probioticsareusuallysensitivetobothheatandmoisture.AmongthemostpromisingandmostthoroughlyresearchedprobioticsistheGGstrainofLaetobacillusdiscoveredbyDr.SherwoodGorbachandbiochemistBarryGoldinbothatTuftsUniversitySchoolofMedicine.L-GGasit’scalledhasbeenusedtotreattraveler’sdiarrheaandintestinalupsetscausedbyantibiotics.EvenmoreintriguingL-GGalsoseemstoworkagainstsomevirusesincludingrotavirusoneofthemostcommoncausesofdiarrheainchildrenintheU.S.andaroundtheworld.Heretheeffectisindirect.SomehowL-GGjump-startstheimmunesystemintorecognizingthethreatposedbythevirus. PediatriciansatJohnsHopkinsarestudyingadifferentbugtheBb-12strainofBifidobacteriumwhichwasdiscoveredbyresearchersatCHRHansenBiosystems.LikeL-GGBb-12stimulatestheimmunesystem.Forreasonsthatarenotdearinfantswhoarebreast-fedhavelargeamountsofbifidobacteriaintheirintestines.Theyalsohavefewerintestinalupsets.Dr.JoseSaavedraandcolleaguesatHopkinshaveshownthatBb-12preventsseveraltypesofdiarrheaincludingthatcausedbyr0tavirusinhospitalizedinfantsasyoungasfourmonths.Ithasalsobeenusedtocurediarrheainchildrenofallages. Whattheauthormainlyintendstosayinthefirstparagraphis
46Economicgrowthinvolvesincreasesovertimeinthevolumeofacountry’spercapitagrossnationalproductGNPofgoadsandservices.Suchcontinuingincreasescanraiseaveragelivingstandardssubstantiallyandprovideastrongerbaseforotherpolicyobjectives.47Itisonlyinthelasttwocenturiesthatcontinuedgrowthinlivingstandardshasbeenrealizedforanumberofnow—developedcountriesandthisprocesshasbroadenedinthe20thcenturytoincludeanumberofdevelopingcountries.48Howeverthefairlysteadyexpansioninthethirdquarterofthe20thcenturygavewaytoaperiodofslowerandmoreerraticgrowthforboth-high-andlow-incomecountrieswhilesomeoftheeconomicallypoorestcountrieswerethusfarunabletoestablishaserf-sustainingpatternofdevelopment.Italsobecameincreasinglyevidentthattherewereseriousenvironmentalproblemsassociatedwithsometypesofgrowthinproduction.Inexaminingtherecordofeconomicgrowthanddevelopmenteconomistsoffersomeexplanationsforthechangesinvolvedandtheattemptsbygovernmentstoplanthesechanges.Fivemajorissuesareinvolved. Thefirstiswhyeconomicgrowthoccursmorequicklyinsomecountriesandperiodsthaninothers.Itistheincreaseinthesizeandqualityofthefactorsofproductionthatunderliesgrowthbutcertainforcesdeservespecialattention.Avarietyofmodelsofeconomicgrowthgiveexpressiontotheunderstandingoftheseforces.Increasingattentionhasbeenpaidinthesemodelsandinpolicytotheinternationalaspectsofgrowth.Thistrendispartlyareflectionofthegrowinginternationalizationofeconomicactivity.Italsoreflectsanumberofpotentiallydestabilizingchangesintheinternationaleconomythatbecameevidentduringthe1970s. 49Asecondissueisthechallengesfacingthelow-incomecountriesnamelytomovefromsubsistencelevelsofpercapitaincometoalevelthatwouldgenerateself-sustaininggrowthandalsotoreducethegapbetweenthemselvesandthehigher-incomecountries.Athirdissueproductivityiscentraltochangesinlivingstandardsandto-theanalysisofinternationalcompetitiveness. Afourthmajorissueistheattempttomaintaingrowthandincreasedevelopmentthrougheconomicplanning.50PlanningbecameawidespreadphenomenonduringandjustafterWorldWarⅡandwasgivenfurtheremphasisinmanynewlyindependentcountriesthatwereindustrializing.Beginninginthe1970stheemphasisshiftedtomoredecentralizedplanningwithderegulationandprivatizationofindustryastwoaspectsofthisprocess. Underlyingeconomicgrowthandplanningisafifthissuetheattempttopredicteconomicactivity.Modernforecastinginvolvesavarietyofcomputer-basedtechniquesatthelevelofthefirmthecountryandtheinternationaleconomy.Theaccuracyofforecastinghasbeenreducedbyincreaseduncertaintyintheglobalandnationaleconomiessincetheearly1970s. Asecondissueisthechallengesfacingthelow-incomecountriesnamelytomovefromsubsistencelevelsofpercapitaincometoalevelthatwouldgenerateself-sustaininggrowthandalsotoreducethegapbetweenthemselvesandthehigher-incomecountries.
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases1trialofRosemaryWest.Inasignificant2oflegalcontrolsoverthepress.LordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea3billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses4andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof5thatcanbegiventoacase6atrialbegins.InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofcommonsmediaselectcommittee.LordIrvinesaidhe7withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot8sufficientcontrol.9ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda10ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe11ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges12toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich13theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally14inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas15toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. "Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands16ourBritishjudges"hesaid.Witnesspaymentsbecamean17afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere18tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers. Concernswereraised19witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto20guiltyverdicts. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
TheRevolutionaryWarwhichbeganofficiallyonApril191775draggedonformorethansixbitteryears.ItwasconflictfoughtbythecolonialsfortherighteouscauseofsecuringfreedomfromintolerableBritishinterventioninAmericaaffairs. 41_______________.WhenlegalrestrictionswereimplementedbyboththeBritishandthecolonistsin1775nearlyallAmericanoverseascommerceabruptlyceased.Bymid-1775thecoloniesfacedacuteshortagesinsuchmilitaryessentialsaspowderflintsmusketsandknives.Evensaltshoeswoolensandlinenswereinshortsupply.Latein1775CongressauthorizedlimitedtradewiththeWestIndiesmainlytoprocurearmsandammunitionsandtradewithothernon-Britishareaswasonanunrestrictedbasisbythespringof1776. 42_______________.Yetthecoloniesengagedininternationaltradedespitetheblockade.FormaltreatiesofcommercewithFrancein1778andwithHollandandSpainshortlythereafterstimulatedtheflowsofoverseastrade.Between1778andearly1782Americanwartimecommercewasatitszenith.DuringthoseyearsFranceHollandSpainandtheirpossessionsallactivelytradedwiththecolonies.Evensotheflowofgoodsinandoutofthecoloniesremainedwellbelowprewarlevels.SmugglingprivateeringandlegaltradewithoverseaspartnersonlypartiallyoffsetthedrastictradereductionswithBritain.Eventhecoastaltradeswerecurtailedbyalackofvesselsbyblockadesandbywartimefreightrates.British-occupiedportssuchasNewYorkgeneratedsomeimportactivitybutlittleornothinginthewayofexports. 43_______________.InPhiladelphiaforinstancenearly4000womenwereemployedtospinmaterialsintheirhomesforthenewlyestablishedtextileplants.Asharpincreasealsooccurredinthenumberofartisanworkshopswithasimilarstimulusintheproductionofbeerwhiskeyandotherdomesticalcoholicbeverages.44_______________.Onlytheleastcommercializedruralareasremainedlittleaffectedbytheserpentinepathofwarandthesporadicflowsofwartimecommerce. Overallthewarimposedadistincteconomichardshiponthenewnation.Mostgoodsroseincostandweremoredifficulttoobtain.Highpricesandseverecommercialdifficultiesencouragedsomeinvestorstoturnfromcommercetomanufacturing.Thenoncethetradelanesreopenedwiththe.comingofpeaceeventhosewhoprofitedfromthewarwerestungby thetideofimportsthatsweptittoAmericanportsandsharplyloweredprices.45_______________. [A]TherechannelingofAmericanresourcesintoimportcompetingindustrieswasespeciallystrongalongthecoastandinthemajorportcities. [B]Asexportsandimportsfellimportsubstitutionaboundedandtilecolonialeconomybecameconsiderablymoreself-sufficient. [C]AlthoughmanyAmericansescapedthedirectordealsofwarfewAmericanswereuntouchedbyit—atleastindirectly. [D]NeverthelesstheBritishmaintainedafairlyeffectivenavalblockadeofAmericanportsespeciallyduringthefirsttwoyearsofthewar. [E]Internallythe.mostpressingproblemswerefinancial. [F]MoreimportantwasthefactthatCongresshadnoindependentincomeandhadtorelyforfundsoncatchascatchcancontributionsfromthestatesmaderoughlyinproportiontotheirindividualpopulations. [G]Maritimecommercewasalwaysanimportantfactorinthewareffortandtradelinkageswerevitaltothesupplyofarmsandammunitions. 41
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases1trialofRosemaryWest.Inasignificant2oflegalcontrolsoverthepress.LordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea3billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses4andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof5thatcanbegiventoacase6atrialbegins.InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofcommonsmediaselectcommittee.LordIrvinesaidhe7withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot8sufficientcontrol.9ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda10ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe11ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges12toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich13theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally14inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas15toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. "Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands16ourBritishjudges"hesaid.Witnesspaymentsbecamean17afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere18tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers. Concernswereraised19witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto20guiltyverdicts. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
46Economicgrowthinvolvesincreasesovertimeinthevolumeofacountry’spercapitagrossnationalproductGNPofgoadsandservices.Suchcontinuingincreasescanraiseaveragelivingstandardssubstantiallyandprovideastrongerbaseforotherpolicyobjectives.47Itisonlyinthelasttwocenturiesthatcontinuedgrowthinlivingstandardshasbeenrealizedforanumberofnow—developedcountriesandthisprocesshasbroadenedinthe20thcenturytoincludeanumberofdevelopingcountries.48Howeverthefairlysteadyexpansioninthethirdquarterofthe20thcenturygavewaytoaperiodofslowerandmoreerraticgrowthforboth-high-andlow-incomecountrieswhilesomeoftheeconomicallypoorestcountrieswerethusfarunabletoestablishaserf-sustainingpatternofdevelopment.Italsobecameincreasinglyevidentthattherewereseriousenvironmentalproblemsassociatedwithsometypesofgrowthinproduction.Inexaminingtherecordofeconomicgrowthanddevelopmenteconomistsoffersomeexplanationsforthechangesinvolvedandtheattemptsbygovernmentstoplanthesechanges.Fivemajorissuesareinvolved. Thefirstiswhyeconomicgrowthoccursmorequicklyinsomecountriesandperiodsthaninothers.Itistheincreaseinthesizeandqualityofthefactorsofproductionthatunderliesgrowthbutcertainforcesdeservespecialattention.Avarietyofmodelsofeconomicgrowthgiveexpressiontotheunderstandingoftheseforces.Increasingattentionhasbeenpaidinthesemodelsandinpolicytotheinternationalaspectsofgrowth.Thistrendispartlyareflectionofthegrowinginternationalizationofeconomicactivity.Italsoreflectsanumberofpotentiallydestabilizingchangesintheinternationaleconomythatbecameevidentduringthe1970s. 49Asecondissueisthechallengesfacingthelow-incomecountriesnamelytomovefromsubsistencelevelsofpercapitaincometoalevelthatwouldgenerateself-sustaininggrowthandalsotoreducethegapbetweenthemselvesandthehigher-incomecountries.Athirdissueproductivityiscentraltochangesinlivingstandardsandto-theanalysisofinternationalcompetitiveness. Afourthmajorissueistheattempttomaintaingrowthandincreasedevelopmentthrougheconomicplanning.50PlanningbecameawidespreadphenomenonduringandjustafterWorldWarⅡandwasgivenfurtheremphasisinmanynewlyindependentcountriesthatwereindustrializing.Beginninginthe1970stheemphasisshiftedtomoredecentralizedplanningwithderegulationandprivatizationofindustryastwoaspectsofthisprocess. Underlyingeconomicgrowthandplanningisafifthissuetheattempttopredicteconomicactivity.Modernforecastinginvolvesavarietyofcomputer-basedtechniquesatthelevelofthefirmthecountryandtheinternationaleconomy.Theaccuracyofforecastinghasbeenreducedbyincreaseduncertaintyintheglobalandnationaleconomiessincetheearly1970s. Itisonlyinthelasttwocenturiesthatcontinuedgrowthinlivingstandardshasbeenrealizedforanumberofnow—developedcountriesandthisprocesshasbroadenedinthe20thcenturytoincludeanumberofdevelopingcountries.
Text1 Saythewordbacteriaandmostfolksconjureupimagesofanastygermlikestaphylococcusorsalmonellathatcanmakeyoureallysick.Butmostbacteriaaren’tbadforyou.Infactconsumingextraamountsofsomebacteriacanactuallypromotegoodhealth.Thesebeneficialbacteriaareavailablewithoutaprescriptionindrugandhealth-foodstoresandinfoodslikeyogurt.Sofarthebestresultshavebeenseeninthetreatmentofdiarrheaparticularlyinchildren.ButresearchersarealsolookingintothepossibilitythatbeneficialbacteriamaythwartvaginalinfectionsinwomenpreventsomefoodallergiesinchildrenandlessensymptomsofCrohn’sdiseasearelativelyrarebutpainfulgastrointestinaldisorder. SowherehavethesegoodgermsbeenlurkingallyourlifeInyourintestinesespeciallythelowersectioncalledthecolonwhichharborsatleast400speciesofbacteria.Whichonesyouhavedependslargelyonyourenvironmentanddiet.Anabundanceofgoodbacteriainthecolongenerallycrowdsoutstraybadbacteriainyourfood.Butifthebadoutnumberthegood—forexampleafterantibiotictreatmentforasinusoranearinfectionwhichkillsnormalintestinalgermsaswell—theresultcanbediarrhea. Forgenerationspeoplehaverestoredthebalancebyeatingyogurtbuttermilkorotherproductsmadefromfermentedmilk.Butnowadaysyoucanalsodownafewpillsthatcontainfreeze-driedgerms.Thesepreparationsarecalledprobioticstodistinguishthemfromantibiotics.Unfortunatelyyoucan’talwaysbesurethatthebacteriaintheproductsyoubuyarethesamestrainsasthoselistedonthelabeloreventhatthey’restillalive.Probioticsareusuallysensitivetobothheatandmoisture.AmongthemostpromisingandmostthoroughlyresearchedprobioticsistheGGstrainofLaetobacillusdiscoveredbyDr.SherwoodGorbachandbiochemistBarryGoldinbothatTuftsUniversitySchoolofMedicine.L-GGasit’scalledhasbeenusedtotreattraveler’sdiarrheaandintestinalupsetscausedbyantibiotics.EvenmoreintriguingL-GGalsoseemstoworkagainstsomevirusesincludingrotavirusoneofthemostcommoncausesofdiarrheainchildrenintheU.S.andaroundtheworld.Heretheeffectisindirect.SomehowL-GGjump-startstheimmunesystemintorecognizingthethreatposedbythevirus. PediatriciansatJohnsHopkinsarestudyingadifferentbugtheBb-12strainofBifidobacteriumwhichwasdiscoveredbyresearchersatCHRHansenBiosystems.LikeL-GGBb-12stimulatestheimmunesystem.Forreasonsthatarenotdearinfantswhoarebreast-fedhavelargeamountsofbifidobacteriaintheirintestines.Theyalsohavefewerintestinalupsets.Dr.JoseSaavedraandcolleaguesatHopkinshaveshownthatBb-12preventsseveraltypesofdiarrheaincludingthatcausedbyr0tavirusinhospitalizedinfantsasyoungasfourmonths.Ithasalsobeenusedtocurediarrheainchildrenofallages. Thewordintriguinginparagraph3refersto
Text2 Achildwhohasoncebeenpleasedwithatalelikesasaruletohaveitretoldinidenticallythesamewordsbutthisshouldnotleadparentstotreatprintedfairystoriesassacredtexts.Itisalwaysmuchbettertotellastorythanreaditoutofabookandifaparentcanproducewhatintheactualcircumstancesofthetimeandtheindividualchildisanimprovementontheprintedtextsomuchthebetter. Achargemadeagainstfairytalesisthattheyharmthechildbyfrighteninghimorarousinghissadisticimpulses.Toprovethelatteronewouldhavetoshowinacontrolledexperimentthatchildrenwhohavereadfairystoriesweremoreoftenguiltyofcrueltythanthosewhohadnot. Aggressivedestructivesadisticimpulseseverychildhasandonthewholetheirsymbolicverbaldischargeseenistoberatherasafetyvalvethananincitementtoovertaction.AstofearsthereareIthinkwell-authenticatedcasesofchildrenbeingdangerouslyterrifiedbysomefairystories. Oftenhoweverthisarisesfromthechildhavingheardthestoryonce.Familiarity.withthestorybyrepetitionturnsthepainoffearintothepleasureofthefearfacedandmastered.Therearealsopeoplewhoobjecttofairystoriesonthegroundsthattheyarenotobjectivelytruethatgiantswitchestwo-headeddragonsmagiccarpetsetc.donotexist;andthatinsteadofindulginghisfantasiesinfairytalesthechildshouldbetaughthowtoadapttorealitybystudyinghistoryandmechanics.IfindsuchpeopleImustconfesssounsympatheticandpeculiarthatIdonotknowhowtoarguewiththem.IftheircaseweresoundtheworldshouldbefullofmadmenattemptingtoflyfromNewYorktoPhiladelphiaonabroomstickorcoveringatelephonewithkissesinthebeliefthatitwastheirenchantedgirl-friend. Nofairystoryeverclaimedtobeadescriptionoftheexternalworldandnosanechildhaseverbelievedthatitwas. Theadvantageclaimedforrepeatingfairystoriestoyoungchildrenisthatit
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases1trialofRosemaryWest.Inasignificant2oflegalcontrolsoverthepress.LordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea3billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses4andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof5thatcanbegiventoacase6atrialbegins.InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofcommonsmediaselectcommittee.LordIrvinesaidhe7withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot8sufficientcontrol.9ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda10ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe11ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges12toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich13theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally14inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas15toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. "Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands16ourBritishjudges"hesaid.Witnesspaymentsbecamean17afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere18tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers. Concernswereraised19witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto20guiltyverdicts. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Text3 Undercertaincircumstancesthehumanbodymustcopewithgasesatgreater-than-normalatmosphericpressure.Forexamplegaspressuresincreaserapidlyduringadivemadewithscubagearbecausethebreathingequipmentallowsdiverstostayunderwaterlongeranddivedeeper. Thepressureexertedonthehumanbodyincreasesby1atmosphereforevery10metersofdepthinseawatersothatat30metersinseawateradiverisexposedtoapressureofabout4atmospheres.Thepressureofthegasesbeingbreathedmustequaltheexternalpressureappliedtothebodyotherwisebreathingisverydifficult.Thereforeallofthegasesintheairbreathedbyascubadiverat40metersarepresentatfivetimestheirusualpressure.Nitrogenwhichcomposes80percentoftheairwebreatheusuallycausesabalmyfeelingofwell-beingatthispressure.Atadepthof5atmospheresnitrogencausessymptomsresemblingalcoholintoxicationknownasnitrogennarcosis.Nitrogennarcosisapparentlyresultsfromadirecteffectonthebrainofthelargeamountsofnitrogencauseunderthesepressurizedheliumdoesnotexertasimilarnarcoticeffect. Asascubadiverdescendsthepressureofnitrogeninthelungsincreases.Nitrogenthendiffusesfromthelungstothebloodandfromthebloodtobodytissues.Thereverseoccurswhenthediversurfaces;thenitrogenpressureinthelungsfallsandthenitrogendiffusesfromthetissuesintothebloodandfromthebloodintothelungs.Ifthereturntothesurfaceistoorapidnitrogeninthetissuesandbloodcannotdiffuseoutrapidlyenoughandnitrogenbubblesareformed.Theycancauseseverepainsparticularlyaroundthejoints. Anothercomplicationmayresultifthebreathisheldduringascent.Duringascentfromadepthof10metersthevolumeofairinthelungswilldoublebecausetheairpressureatthesurfaceisonlyhalfofwhatitwasat10meters.Thischangeinvolumemaycausethelungstodistendandevenrupture.Thisconditioniscalledairembolism.Toavoidthiseventadivermustascendslowlyneveratarateexceedingtheriseoftheexhaledairbubblesandmustexhaleduringascent. Whathappenstonitrogeninbodytissuesifadiverascendstooquickly
Directions:Yourneighboroftenplaysrecordssoloudlydeepintothenight.Writeanotetoconveyyourcomplaint.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.
Text2 Achildwhohasoncebeenpleasedwithatalelikesasaruletohaveitretoldinidenticallythesamewordsbutthisshouldnotleadparentstotreatprintedfairystoriesassacredtexts.Itisalwaysmuchbettertotellastorythanreaditoutofabookandifaparentcanproducewhatintheactualcircumstancesofthetimeandtheindividualchildisanimprovementontheprintedtextsomuchthebetter. Achargemadeagainstfairytalesisthattheyharmthechildbyfrighteninghimorarousinghissadisticimpulses.Toprovethelatteronewouldhavetoshowinacontrolledexperimentthatchildrenwhohavereadfairystoriesweremoreoftenguiltyofcrueltythanthosewhohadnot. Aggressivedestructivesadisticimpulseseverychildhasandonthewholetheirsymbolicverbaldischargeseenistoberatherasafetyvalvethananincitementtoovertaction.AstofearsthereareIthinkwell-authenticatedcasesofchildrenbeingdangerouslyterrifiedbysomefairystories. Oftenhoweverthisarisesfromthechildhavingheardthestoryonce.Familiarity.withthestorybyrepetitionturnsthepainoffearintothepleasureofthefearfacedandmastered.Therearealsopeoplewhoobjecttofairystoriesonthegroundsthattheyarenotobjectivelytruethatgiantswitchestwo-headeddragonsmagiccarpetsetc.donotexist;andthatinsteadofindulginghisfantasiesinfairytalesthechildshouldbetaughthowtoadapttorealitybystudyinghistoryandmechanics.IfindsuchpeopleImustconfesssounsympatheticandpeculiarthatIdonotknowhowtoarguewiththem.IftheircaseweresoundtheworldshouldbefullofmadmenattemptingtoflyfromNewYorktoPhiladelphiaonabroomstickorcoveringatelephonewithkissesinthebeliefthatitwastheirenchantedgirl-friend. Nofairystoryeverclaimedtobeadescriptionoftheexternalworldandnosanechildhaseverbelievedthatitwas. Theauthor'smentionofbroomsticksandtelephonesismeanttosuggestthat
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases1trialofRosemaryWest.Inasignificant2oflegalcontrolsoverthepress.LordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea3billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses4andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof5thatcanbegiventoacase6atrialbegins.InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofcommonsmediaselectcommittee.LordIrvinesaidhe7withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot8sufficientcontrol.9ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda10ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe11ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges12toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich13theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally14inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas15toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. "Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands16ourBritishjudges"hesaid.Witnesspaymentsbecamean17afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere18tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers. Concernswereraised19witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto20guiltyverdicts. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Text3 Undercertaincircumstancesthehumanbodymustcopewithgasesatgreater-than-normalatmosphericpressure.Forexamplegaspressuresincreaserapidlyduringadivemadewithscubagearbecausethebreathingequipmentallowsdiverstostayunderwaterlongeranddivedeeper. Thepressureexertedonthehumanbodyincreasesby1atmosphereforevery10metersofdepthinseawatersothatat30metersinseawateradiverisexposedtoapressureofabout4atmospheres.Thepressureofthegasesbeingbreathedmustequaltheexternalpressureappliedtothebodyotherwisebreathingisverydifficult.Thereforeallofthegasesintheairbreathedbyascubadiverat40metersarepresentatfivetimestheirusualpressure.Nitrogenwhichcomposes80percentoftheairwebreatheusuallycausesabalmyfeelingofwell-beingatthispressure.Atadepthof5atmospheresnitrogencausessymptomsresemblingalcoholintoxicationknownasnitrogennarcosis.Nitrogennarcosisapparentlyresultsfromadirecteffectonthebrainofthelargeamountsofnitrogencauseunderthesepressurizedheliumdoesnotexertasimilarnarcoticeffect. Asascubadiverdescendsthepressureofnitrogeninthelungsincreases.Nitrogenthendiffusesfromthelungstothebloodandfromthebloodtobodytissues.Thereverseoccurswhenthediversurfaces;thenitrogenpressureinthelungsfallsandthenitrogendiffusesfromthetissuesintothebloodandfromthebloodintothelungs.Ifthereturntothesurfaceistoorapidnitrogeninthetissuesandbloodcannotdiffuseoutrapidlyenoughandnitrogenbubblesareformed.Theycancauseseverepainsparticularlyaroundthejoints. Anothercomplicationmayresultifthebreathisheldduringascent.Duringascentfromadepthof10metersthevolumeofairinthelungswilldoublebecausetheairpressureatthesurfaceisonlyhalfofwhatitwasat10meters.Thischangeinvolumemaycausethelungstodistendandevenrupture.Thisconditioniscalledairembolism.Toavoidthiseventadivermustascendslowlyneveratarateexceedingtheriseoftheexhaledairbubblesandmustexhaleduringascent. Whatshouldadriverdowhenascending
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases1trialofRosemaryWest.Inasignificant2oflegalcontrolsoverthepress.LordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea3billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses4andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof5thatcanbegiventoacase6atrialbegins.InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofcommonsmediaselectcommittee.LordIrvinesaidhe7withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot8sufficientcontrol.9ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda10ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe11ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges12toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich13theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally14inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas15toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. "Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands16ourBritishjudges"hesaid.Witnesspaymentsbecamean17afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere18tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers. Concernswereraised19witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto20guiltyverdicts. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases1trialofRosemaryWest.Inasignificant2oflegalcontrolsoverthepress.LordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea3billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses4andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof5thatcanbegiventoacase6atrialbegins.InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofcommonsmediaselectcommittee.LordIrvinesaidhe7withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot8sufficientcontrol.9ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda10ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe11ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges12toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich13theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally14inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas15toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. "Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands16ourBritishjudges"hesaid.Witnesspaymentsbecamean17afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere18tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers. Concernswereraised19witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto20guiltyverdicts. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases1trialofRosemaryWest.Inasignificant2oflegalcontrolsoverthepress.LordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea3billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses4andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof5thatcanbegiventoacase6atrialbegins.InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofcommonsmediaselectcommittee.LordIrvinesaidhe7withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot8sufficientcontrol.9ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda10ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe11ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges12toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich13theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally14inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas15toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. "Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands16ourBritishjudges"hesaid.Witnesspaymentsbecamean17afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere18tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers. Concernswereraised19witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto20guiltyverdicts. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Text2 Themorewomenandminoritiesmaketheirwayintotheranksofmanagementthemoretheyseemtowanttotalkaboutthingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid.Thenewcomersalsotendtoseeofficematterswithafresheyeintheprocesssometimescomingupwithcriticalanalysesoftheforcesthatshapeeveryone’sexperienceintheorganization. ConsiderthenovelviewsofHarveyColemanofAtlantaonthesubjectofgettingahead. Colemanisblack.Hespent11yearswithIBMhalfofthemworkinginmanagementdepartmentandnowservesasaconsultanttothelikesofAT&TCocaColaPrudentialandMerch.Colemansaysthatbasedonwhathe’sseenatbigcompaniesheweighsthedifferentelementsthatmakeforlongtermcareersuccessasfollows:performancecountsamere10%;image30%;andexposureafull60%. Colemanconcludesthatexcellentjobperformanceissocommonthesedaysthatwhiledoingyourworkwellmaywinyoupayincreasesitwon’tsecureyouthebigpromotion. Hefindsthatadvancementmoreoftendependsonhowmanypeopleknowyouandyourworkandhowhighuptheyare.RidiculousbeliefsNottoomanypeopleespeciallymanywomenandmembersofminorityraceswholikeColemanfeelthatthescaleshavedroppedfromtheireyes. "Womenandblacksinorganizationsworkunderfalsebeliefs"saysKaleelJamisonaNewYorkbasedmanagementconsultantwhohelpscorporationsdealwiththeseissues."Theythinkthatifyouworkhardyou’11getaheadthatsomeoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgiveyouapromotion."Sheadded"Mostwomenandblacksaresofrightenedthatpeoplewillthinkthey’vegottenaheadbecauseoftheirsexorcolorthattheyplaydowntheirvisibility."Heradvicetothosefolks:learnthewaysthatwhitemaleshavetraditionallyusedtofindtheirwayintothespotlight. AccordingtothepassagethingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaidPara.1probablyrefersto.
Text1 Saythewordbacteriaandmostfolksconjureupimagesofanastygermlikestaphylococcusorsalmonellathatcanmakeyoureallysick.Butmostbacteriaaren’tbadforyou.Infactconsumingextraamountsofsomebacteriacanactuallypromotegoodhealth.Thesebeneficialbacteriaareavailablewithoutaprescriptionindrugandhealth-foodstoresandinfoodslikeyogurt.Sofarthebestresultshavebeenseeninthetreatmentofdiarrheaparticularlyinchildren.ButresearchersarealsolookingintothepossibilitythatbeneficialbacteriamaythwartvaginalinfectionsinwomenpreventsomefoodallergiesinchildrenandlessensymptomsofCrohn’sdiseasearelativelyrarebutpainfulgastrointestinaldisorder. SowherehavethesegoodgermsbeenlurkingallyourlifeInyourintestinesespeciallythelowersectioncalledthecolonwhichharborsatleast400speciesofbacteria.Whichonesyouhavedependslargelyonyourenvironmentanddiet.Anabundanceofgoodbacteriainthecolongenerallycrowdsoutstraybadbacteriainyourfood.Butifthebadoutnumberthegood—forexampleafterantibiotictreatmentforasinusoranearinfectionwhichkillsnormalintestinalgermsaswell—theresultcanbediarrhea. Forgenerationspeoplehaverestoredthebalancebyeatingyogurtbuttermilkorotherproductsmadefromfermentedmilk.Butnowadaysyoucanalsodownafewpillsthatcontainfreeze-driedgerms.Thesepreparationsarecalledprobioticstodistinguishthemfromantibiotics.Unfortunatelyyoucan’talwaysbesurethatthebacteriaintheproductsyoubuyarethesamestrainsasthoselistedonthelabeloreventhatthey’restillalive.Probioticsareusuallysensitivetobothheatandmoisture.AmongthemostpromisingandmostthoroughlyresearchedprobioticsistheGGstrainofLaetobacillusdiscoveredbyDr.SherwoodGorbachandbiochemistBarryGoldinbothatTuftsUniversitySchoolofMedicine.L-GGasit’scalledhasbeenusedtotreattraveler’sdiarrheaandintestinalupsetscausedbyantibiotics.EvenmoreintriguingL-GGalsoseemstoworkagainstsomevirusesincludingrotavirusoneofthemostcommoncausesofdiarrheainchildrenintheU.S.andaroundtheworld.Heretheeffectisindirect.SomehowL-GGjump-startstheimmunesystemintorecognizingthethreatposedbythevirus. PediatriciansatJohnsHopkinsarestudyingadifferentbugtheBb-12strainofBifidobacteriumwhichwasdiscoveredbyresearchersatCHRHansenBiosystems.LikeL-GGBb-12stimulatestheimmunesystem.Forreasonsthatarenotdearinfantswhoarebreast-fedhavelargeamountsofbifidobacteriaintheirintestines.Theyalsohavefewerintestinalupsets.Dr.JoseSaavedraandcolleaguesatHopkinshaveshownthatBb-12preventsseveraltypesofdiarrheaincludingthatcausedbyr0tavirusinhospitalizedinfantsasyoungasfourmonths.Ithasalsobeenusedtocurediarrheainchildrenofallages. Itisn'tsaidinthepassagethatL-GGcanbeusedto
Text3 Undercertaincircumstancesthehumanbodymustcopewithgasesatgreater-than-normalatmosphericpressure.Forexamplegaspressuresincreaserapidlyduringadivemadewithscubagearbecausethebreathingequipmentallowsdiverstostayunderwaterlongeranddivedeeper. Thepressureexertedonthehumanbodyincreasesby1atmosphereforevery10metersofdepthinseawatersothatat30metersinseawateradiverisexposedtoapressureofabout4atmospheres.Thepressureofthegasesbeingbreathedmustequaltheexternalpressureappliedtothebodyotherwisebreathingisverydifficult.Thereforeallofthegasesintheairbreathedbyascubadiverat40metersarepresentatfivetimestheirusualpressure.Nitrogenwhichcomposes80percentoftheairwebreatheusuallycausesabalmyfeelingofwell-beingatthispressure.Atadepthof5atmospheresnitrogencausessymptomsresemblingalcoholintoxicationknownasnitrogennarcosis.Nitrogennarcosisapparentlyresultsfromadirecteffectonthebrainofthelargeamountsofnitrogencauseunderthesepressurizedheliumdoesnotexertasimilarnarcoticeffect. Asascubadiverdescendsthepressureofnitrogeninthelungsincreases.Nitrogenthendiffusesfromthelungstothebloodandfromthebloodtobodytissues.Thereverseoccurswhenthediversurfaces;thenitrogenpressureinthelungsfallsandthenitrogendiffusesfromthetissuesintothebloodandfromthebloodintothelungs.Ifthereturntothesurfaceistoorapidnitrogeninthetissuesandbloodcannotdiffuseoutrapidlyenoughandnitrogenbubblesareformed.Theycancauseseverepainsparticularlyaroundthejoints. Anothercomplicationmayresultifthebreathisheldduringascent.Duringascentfromadepthof10metersthevolumeofairinthelungswilldoublebecausetheairpressureatthesurfaceisonlyhalfofwhatitwasat10meters.Thischangeinvolumemaycausethelungstodistendandevenrupture.Thisconditioniscalledairembolism.Toavoidthiseventadivermustascendslowlyneveratarateexceedingtheriseoftheexhaledairbubblesandmustexhaleduringascent. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingpresentsthegreatestdangertodiver
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