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It is hardly necessary to point out that we live in a world of increasing industrialization. Whil...
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ManywillknowthatthewordmusclecomesfromtheLatinformouseripplingundertheskinsotospeak.ButwhataboutchagrinderivedfromtheTurkishforroughenedleatherorscalysharkskin.OrlenswhichcomesfromtheLatinlentilorwindowmeaningeyeofwindinoldNorseLookedatcloselythelanguagecomesapartinimageslikethosestrangepaintingsbyGiuseppeArcimboldowhereheadsaremadeoffruitandvegetables.NotthatHenryHitchings’sbookisaboutverbalsurrealism.ThatisanextrapleasureinabookwhichisreallyaboutthewaytheEnglishlanguagehasroamedtheworldhelpingitselfliberallytowordsabsorbingthemforgettingwheretheycamefromandmovingonwithanever-growingloadofexoticscrossbreedsandsubtlyshadednear-synonyms.Itisalsoaboutmigrationswithinthelanguage’sownbordersaboutupwardanddownwardmobilityaboutwordslosingtheirrootsturningupinnewsurroundingsorlyinginwaitlikeduvetwhichwasmentionedbySamuelJohnsonfortheirmoment.Allthisisanotherwayofwritinghistory.TheArabetymologiesofsaffroncrimsonandsugarspeakofEngland’smedievaltradewiththeArabworld.Wehavechequeandtarifffromthissourcetooplusarithmeticandalgorithm-justaswehaveetchandsketchfromtheDutchmusicaltermsfromtheItaliansandphilosophicalonesfromtheGermans.Frenchnuanceandfinesseareeverywhere.Ateverystagethebookisaboutpeopleandideasonthemoveaboutinvasionrefugeesimmigrantstraderscolonistsandexplorers.Thisisahugesubjectandonethatisalmostboundtoprovokequestion-marksandexplosionsinthemargins-soonforgotteninthebook’ssheersweepandscale.Abalancebetweenstraighthistoryandwordhistoryissometimesdifficulttostrikethough.Thereisafeelingoccasionallyofbeingbundledtoofastthroughcomplexlinguisticdevelopmentsandusagesorofbeinggiveninterestingslicesofhistoryforthesakeafterallofnotmuchmorethanagongoramoccasin.Butitischurlishtocarp.Theauthor’szestandgrasparewonderful.Hemakesyouwanttocheckouteverything-carpandzestincluded.WhateverishybridfluidandunpolicedaboutEnglishdelightshim.EnglishhasneverhaditsAcadmieFrancaisebutoverthecenturiesithasnotlackedfuriousdefendersagainstforeigncorruption.Therehavebeenrearguardactionstopreserveitsmanlypre-NormanoriginseventoreconstructitalongAnglo-Saxonlines:wheel-saddleforbicyclepainloreforpathology.Buttheomnivorousbeastisrampantstill.Morepeoplespeakitastheirsecondlanguagethanastheirfirst.ForgetthelanguageofShakespeare.It’sGlobishnowthelanguageofaspiration.Nooneownsitacausefordespairtosome.Mr.Hitchingsadmitstowincingoccasionallybutalmostonprincipleheismorecheerfulthannot.WhydoestheauthorquotethepaintingsbyGiuseppeArcimboldo
"Inthelongrun"asJohnMaynardKeynesobserved"wearealldead."True.Butcanthe1runbeelongatedinawaythatmakesthelongrun2AndifsohowandatwhatcostPeoplehavedreamtof3sincetimeimmemorial.Theyhavesoughtitsincethefirstalchemistputanelixirof4onthesameshoppinglistasawaytoturnleadintogold.Theyhave5aboutitinfictionfromRiderHaggard’s"She"toFrankHerbert’s"Dune".Andnowwiththegrowthof6knowledgethathasmarkedthepastfewdecadesafewresearchersbelieveitmightbewithin7. Tothinkaboutthequestionitisimportanttounderstandwhyorganisms-people8-ageinthefirstplace.Peoplearelikemachines:they9Thatmuchisobvious.Howeveramachinecanalwaysbe10Agoodmechanicwithastockofsparepartscankeepitgoing11.Eventuallynopartofthe12mayremainbutitstillcarriesonlikeLincoln’sfamousaxethathadthreenewhandlesandtwonewblade. Thequestionofcourseiswhetherthemachineisworth13.Itisherethatpeopleandnature14.Ortoputitslightly15twobitsofnaturedisagreewitheachother.Fromtheindividual’spointofview16isanimperative.Youcannotreproduceunlessyouarealive.Afearofdeathisasensibleevolvedresponseandsince17isasurewayofdyingitisnosurprisethatpeoplewanttostopitinitstracks.Moreovereventheappearanceofageingcanbe18.It19therangeofpotentialsexualpartnerswhofindyouattractive-sinceitisasignthatyouarenotgoingtobe20allthatlongtohelpbringupbaby-andthusagaincurbsyourreproduction. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.18
In1959theaverageAmericanfamilypaid$989forayear’ssupplyoffood.In1972thefamilypaid$1311．Thatwasapriceincreaseofnearlyone-third.Everyfamilyhashadthissortofexperience.Everyoneagreesthatthecostoffeedingafamilyhasrisensharply.41．______. Manyblamethefarmerswhoproducethevegetablesfruitmeateggsandcheesethatstoresofferforsale.AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculturethefarmer’sshareofthe$1311spentbythefamilyin1972was$521．Thiswas31percentmorethanthefarmerhadreceivedin1959. Butfarmersclaimthatthisincreasewasverysmallcomparedtotheincreaseintheircostofliving.42．______Theseincludetruckdriversmeatpackersmanufacturersofpackagesandotherfoodcontainersandtheownersofstoreswherefoodissold.Theyareamongthe"middlemen"whostandbetweenthefarmerandthepeoplewhobuyandeatthefood.Aremiddlementheonestoblameforrisingfoodprices Ofthe$1311familyfoodbillin1972middlementreceived$790whichwas33percentmorethantheyhadreceivedin1959．Itappearsthatthemiddlemen’sprofithasincreasedmorethanfarmer’s.43．AccordingtoeconomistsattheFirstNationalCityBanktheprofitformeatpackersandfoodstoresamountedtolessthanonepercent.Duringthesameperiodallothermanufacturersweremakingaprofitofmorethanfivepercent.Bycomparisonwithothermembersoftheeconomicsystembothfarmersandmiddlemenhaveprofitedsurprisinglylittlefromtheriseinfoodprices. 44．______TheeconomistsatFirstNationalCityBankhaveananswertogivehousewivesbutmanypeoplewillnotlikeit.Theseeconomistsblamethehousewifeherselfforthejumpinfoodprices.Theysaythatfoodcostsmorenowbecausewomendon’twanttospendmuchtimeinthekitchen.Womenprefertobuyfoodwhichhasalreadybeenpreparedbeforeitreachesthemarket. Vegetablesandchickencostmorewhentheyhavebeencutintopiecesbysomeoneotherthantheonewhobuysit.Afamilyshouldexpecttopaymorewhenseveral"TVdinners"aretakenhomefromthestore.Thesearefullycookedmealsconsistingofmeatvegetablesandsometimesdessertallarrangedonametaldish.Thedishisputintotheovenandheatedwhilethehousewifeisdoingsomethingelse.Suchaconveniencecostsmoney.45. Economistsremindusthatmanymodemhousewiveshavejobsoutsidethehome.Theyearnmoneythathelpstopaythefamilyfoodbills.Thehousewifenaturallyhaslesstimeandenergyforcookingafteraday’swork.Shewantstobuymanykindsoffoodthatcanbeputonherfamily’stableeasilyandquickly."Ifthehousewifewantsallofthese"theeconomistssay"thatisherprivilegebutshemustbepreparedtopayfortheservicesofthosewhomakeherworkeasier." Itappearsthattheanswertothequestionofrisingpricesisnotasimpleone.Producersconsumersandmiddlemenallsharetheresponsibilityforthesharpriseinfoodcosts. [A]Howeversomeeconomistsbelievethatcontrolscanhavenegativeeffectsoveralongperiodoftime.Incitieswithrentcontrolthecitygovernmentsetsthemaximumrentthatalandlordcanchargeforanapartment. [B]Farmerstendtoblameothersforthesharpriseinfoodprices.Theyparticularlyblamethosewhoprocessthefarmproductsaftertheproductsleavethefarm. [C]Thusaseconomistspointout:"Someofthebasicreasonsforwideningfoodpricespreadsareeasilytraceabletotheincreasinguseofconveniencefoodswhichtransfermuchofthetimeandworkofmealpreparationfromthekitchentothefoodprocessor’splant." [D]Butsomeeconomistsclaimthatthemiddleman’sactualprofitwasverylow. [E]Whothenisactuallyresponsibleforthesizeofthebillahousewifemustpaybeforeshecarriesthefoodhomefromthestore’ [F]Butthereislessagreementwhenreasonsfortherisearebeingdiscussed.Whoisreallyresponsible [G]Economistsdonot.agreeonsomeofthepredictions.Theyalsodonotagreeonthevalueofdifferentdecisions.Someeconomistssupportaparticulardecisionwhileotherscriticizeit. 42
"Inthelongrun"asJohnMaynardKeynesobserved"wearealldead."True.Butcanthe1runbeelongatedinawaythatmakesthelongrun2AndifsohowandatwhatcostPeoplehavedreamtof3sincetimeimmemorial.Theyhavesoughtitsincethefirstalchemistputanelixirof4onthesameshoppinglistasawaytoturnleadintogold.Theyhave5aboutitinfictionfromRiderHaggard’s"She"toFrankHerbert’s"Dune".Andnowwiththegrowthof6knowledgethathasmarkedthepastfewdecadesafewresearchersbelieveitmightbewithin7. Tothinkaboutthequestionitisimportanttounderstandwhyorganisms-people8-ageinthefirstplace.Peoplearelikemachines:they9Thatmuchisobvious.Howeveramachinecanalwaysbe10Agoodmechanicwithastockofsparepartscankeepitgoing11.Eventuallynopartofthe12mayremainbutitstillcarriesonlikeLincoln’sfamousaxethathadthreenewhandlesandtwonewblade. Thequestionofcourseiswhetherthemachineisworth13.Itisherethatpeopleandnature14.Ortoputitslightly15twobitsofnaturedisagreewitheachother.Fromtheindividual’spointofview16isanimperative.Youcannotreproduceunlessyouarealive.Afearofdeathisasensibleevolvedresponseandsince17isasurewayofdyingitisnosurprisethatpeoplewanttostopitinitstracks.Moreovereventheappearanceofageingcanbe18.It19therangeofpotentialsexualpartnerswhofindyouattractive-sinceitisasignthatyouarenotgoingtobe20allthatlongtohelpbringupbaby-andthusagaincurbsyourreproduction. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.14
BeforetheeconomyfellapartitwasBritain’ssocietythatwassupposedtobeinterminaldeclineespeciallyintheeyesoftheTories.DavidCamerontheConservativePartyleaderwaswonttobemoanbrokenBritainmiredinmoraldegeneracywithhighratesofteenagepregnancylowratesofmarriageandotherlessquantifiablebreakdownsinthecivilisedschemeofthings.SuchantediluvianworrieswererakedoveragainonJuly13thwhenIainDuncanSmithaformerToryleadercalledforanofficialendorsementofmarriage.MrDuncanSmithcitesseveralreasonstoencouragewedlockincludingfamilystabilitymarriedcouplesaremuchlesslikelytosplitthancohabitingonesandhealthierchildrenwhodobetterinlaterlife.Therewastalkofstate-runcounsellingpro-marriagepropagandainschoolsandmandatorycooling-offperiodsbeforedivorces.MrDuncanSmithfavourstaxbreaksformarriedcouplessomethingthatLabourhaslongrefusedtoendorse.Itistruethatmarriageisadeclininginstitution.Marriageratesareattheirlowestsince1895．Butcuriouslythosewhodomarrynowstaytogetherforlonger.Divorceratesarefallingnotrisingandhavebeenforseveralyears.In200711.9marriedcouplesperthousanduntiedtheknotdownfrom12.2theyearbeforeandthelowestsince1981．Thetimethatdivorcingcouplesendureeachotherbeforeflingingbacktheringshaslengthenedtoo.from10.1yearsin1981to11.7in2007．Indifferencetowardsthesacramentofmarriageappearsstrongestamongtheelderlynotthefecklessyoung.Since2004whentheoveralldivorceratepeakedat14.1perthousandover-60shavebeentheonlypartofthepopulationwhoserateshavecontinuedtorise.Thereareplentyofcompetingexplanationsforthediminishingappealofdivorceandnoeasywaytodiscoverwhicharetrue.Immigrationmayhavehelpedsinceimmigrantfamiliesoftenhavemoreconservativeattitudesthanthedegeneratenatives.Accountantsanddivorcelawyersreckonastringofrecentbigsettlementsmayhaveactedasadeterrentalthoughitcouldequallyhaveencouragedthepoorerpartnersinfinanciallyunequalmarriages.FallingmarriageratesandfallingdivorceratescouldbetwosidesofthesamecoinsaysKathleenKiernanaprofessorofsocialpolicyatYorkUniversity.Theunpopularityofmarriageandtherelativeeaseofdivorcehasleftonlyahardcoreofstablecouplesboundinwedlock.Andtheriseintheaverageageatwhichpeoplegetmarriednow36formenand33forwomenishelpingtoosinceolderbridesandgroomstendtostaytogetherlongerinanycase.Ifsopoliticiansshouldbecautiousabouthandingouttaxbreaks.EveniftheyworkandMsKiernanthinkstheywouldhavetobeenormoustohavemucheffectchivvyingunmarriedcouplesintowedlockislikelytomeanmoredivorcesinthefuture.AccordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingisNOTthereasonwhypeopledonotinclinetodivorce
TheSouthdaleshoppingcentreinMinnesotahasanatriumafoodcourtfountainsandacresofparking.ItsshopsincludeaDairyQueenaVictoria’sSecretandapurveyorofcomicT-shirts.ItmaynotseemlikealandmarkasimportanttoarchitecturalhistoryastheLouvreorNewYork’sWoolworthBuilding.Butitis.ohmygod!chimesagroupofteenagegirlsonlearningthattheyarestandingintheworld’sfirsttrueshoppingmall.Thatisthecoolestthinganybodyhassaidtousallday.InthepasthalfcenturySouthdaleanditsmanyimitatorshavetransformedshoppinghabitsurbaneconomiesandteenagespeech.Americanowhassome1100enclosedshoppingmallsaccordingtotheInternationalCouncilofShoppingCentres.CloneshaveappearedfromChennaitoMartinique.Yetthemall’sstoryisfarfromtriumphal.InventedbyaEuropeansocialistwhohatedcarsandcametoderidehisowncreationithasamurkyfuture.WhilemallscontinuetomultiplyoutsideAmericatheyaregraduallydyinginthecountrythatpioneeredthem.Southdale’screatorarrivedinAmericaasarefugeefromNazi-occupiedVienna.VictorGruenwasaJewishbohemianwhobegantodesignshopsforfellowimmigrantsinNewYorkafterfailingincabarettheatre.Hisworkwasadmiredpartlyforitsunclutteredmodernistlookwhichseemedrevolutionaryin1930sAmerica.ButGruen’ssecretwasthewayheusedarcadesandeye-leveldisplaycasestolurecustomersintostoresalmostagainsttheirwill.Asacriticcomplainedhisshopswerelikemousetraps.Afewyearslaterthesamewouldbesaidofhisshoppingmalls.Bythe1940sdepartmentstoreswerealreadymovingtothesuburbs.Somehadbeguntobuildadjacentstripsofshopswhichtheyfilledwithboutiquesinanattempttore-createurbanshoppingdistricts.In1947ashoppingcentreopenedinLosAngelesfeaturingtwodepartmentstoresaclusterofsmallshopsandalargecarpark.Itwasineffectanoutdoorshoppingmall.FineforbalmysouthernCaliforniaperhapsbutnotforMinnesota’sharshclimate.CommissionedtobuildashoppingcentreatSouthdalein1956Gruenthrewaroofoverthestructureandinstalledanair-conditioningsystemtokeepthetemperatureat75°F24℃—whichacontemporarypressreleasecalledEternalSpring.Themallwasborn.Gruengotanextraordinarynumberofthingsrightfirsttime.Hebuiltaslopingroadaroundtheperimeterofthemallsothathalfoftheshoppersenteredonthegroundfloorandhalfonthefirstfloor-somethingthatbecameastandardfeatureofmalls.Southdale’sbalconieswerelowsothatshopperscouldseetheshopsontheflooraboveorbelowthem.Thecarparkhadanimalsignstohelpshoppersrememberthewaybacktotheirvehicles.ItwasasthoughOrvilleandWilburWrighthadnotjustdiscoveredpoweredflightbuthadbuiltaplanewithtraytablesandaduty-freeservice.WhydidcriticscomplainthatGruen’sshopswerelikemousetraps
Oneofthestrangestaspectsofthemechanicalapproachtolifeisthewidespreadlackofconcernaboutthedangeroftotaldestructionbynuclearweapons;apossibilitypeopleareconsciouslyawareof.TheexplanationIbelieveisthattheyaremoreproudofthanfrightenedbythegadgetsofmassdestruction.46Alsotheyaresofrightenedoftheirpersonalfailureandhumiliationthattheiranxietyaboutpersonalmatterspreventsthemfromfeelinganxietyaboutthepossibilitythateverybodyandeverythingmaybedestroyed.Perhapstotaldestructionisevenmoreattractivethantotalinsecurityandneverendingpersonalanxiety. AmIsuggestingthatmodernmanisdoomedandthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortonineteenthcentury"freeenterprise"capitalismCertainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.47IsuggesttransformingourSocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandthefulldevelopmentofhispotentialities--thoseofloveandofreason--aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisendandshouldbepreventedfromrulingman. ToattainthisgoalweneedtocreateaRenaissanceofEnlightenmentandofHumanism.ItmustbeanEnlightenmenthowevermoreradicallyrealisticandcriticalthanthatoftheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies.ItmustbeaHumanismthataimsatthefulldevelopmentofthetotalmannotthegadgetmannottheconsumermannottheorganizationman.Theaimofahumanistsocietyisthemanwholoveslifewhohasfaithinlifewhoisproductiveandindependent.48Suchatransformationispossibleifwerecognizethatourpresentwayoflifemakesussterileandeventuallydestroysthevitalitynecessaryforsurvival. 49Whethersuchtransformationislikelyisanothermatter.Butwewillnotbeabletosucceedunlessweseethealternativesclearlyandrealizethatthechoiceisstill’ours.Dissatisfactionwithourwayoflifeisthefirststeptowardchangingit.Astothesechangesonethingiscertain:Theymusttakeplaceinallspheressimultaneously--intheeconomicthesocialthepoliticalandthespiritual.50ChangeinonlyonespherewillleadintoblindalleysasdidthepurelypoliticalFrenchRevolutionandthepurelyeconomicRussianRevolution. 46
Mostmarketingoperationspaycloseattentiontowhatyoungpeoplearebuyingandthinking.NotBritain’spoliticalpartieshoweverforthesimplereasonthattheunder-30sareunlikelytogoanywherenearapollingbooth.In196411%ofthoseaged18to24claimednottovoteaccordingtotheBritishElectionStudy.Atthegeneralelectionlastyearthatfigureroseto55%.46.AreportthisweekbyReformathink-tanksuggeststhatthisreticenceiscostingthemdearly.Changesingovernmentpolicyitargueshaveturnedbeingyoungintoaterriblebore. 47.Therearealreadytwopowerfuleconomicforcesworkingagainsttheso-called"IPODgeneration"thatarebeyondthegovernment’scontrol.Firsttheageingofthepopulationisfastincreasingtheratioofpeopleinretirementtothoseofworkingage.Sotheyoungcanlookforwardtohandingoverarisingproportionoftheirpaytosupporttheoldiesintheirdecline.Secondthecostofbuyingahouseinplaceswherepeoplewanttolivehasshotupbeyondthereachoftheyoung.In199524%ofallfirst-timehomebuyerswereunder25;todaylessthan15%areaccordingtotheHalifaxabank. Thismuchisuncontroversial.ButthereportalsoarguesthattheLabourgovernmenthasmadelifeworseforyoungpeopleinthreeways.Firstincreasedspendingonhealthcarehastendedtobenefittheoldwho’usetheNHSmorethantheyoung.Secondtiltingthetaxandbenefitsystemtowardspeoplewithchildrenhastransferredmoneyfromtheyoungtothemiddle-aged.Thirdhighertuitionfeesarelandinguniversitygraduateswithheftydebts.48．Andthefuturedoesn’tlookmuchbetter:thegovernment’sproposedpensionreformsalongwiththedeclineofdefined-benefitcompany-pensionschemesmakegrimreadingfortheunder-30stoo. "Thesechangesoughttohavebroughtaboutare-examinationoftheburdenoftaxationonthisagegroup"saysNickBosanquetofImperialCollegeLondononeoftheauthorsofthereporttiereckonsthatafterpayingvarioustaxmenandlendersgraduatestakehomeonlyaroundhalfoftheirsalaries.Theaverageforallsalariedworkersisaboutthree-fifths. ArethingsreallythatbadWhenexaminedinafreeze-framebeingyoungdoesnotlookmuchfunfinancially.Butwelfarestatesaremeanttotransferresourcesfromthevigoroustothefragile.Somebenefitsaremerelydeferred:today’s25-year-oldswillhavebabiesandhipreplacementsoneday.49．Andalthoughpeopleintheir20sand30stendtobeheavilyindebtedthispasseswhentheysinkintotheir40sand50ssaysRichardDisneyofNottinghamUniversity. Evensothefeelingthatyoungpeoplearebeingsqueezedpresentsapoliticalopportunityfortheoppositionparties.50．DavidWillettstheConservativeshadoweducationsecretarysaidinaspeechlastyearthattheyoung"couldbeforgivenforbelievingthatthewayinwhicheconomicandsocialpolicyisnowconductedislittlelessthanaconspiracybythemiddle-aged"againstthem_.TheLiberalDemocratcommissionontaxpolicyworriedinAugustaboutinter-generationalunfairnesstoo. Therewillbemoreofsuchtalk.FortheToriesitoffersawaytodiscussreducingspendingwithoutsoundingasiftheyaremerelythemouthpieceofthewealthy.ItgivesLibDemleadersawaytoargueactivistsoutofpromisingtoout-spendLabour.Anditmightevenpersuadesomeofthosegloomy25-year-oldstovote. AreportthisweekbyReformathink-tanksuggeststhatthisreticenceiscostingthemdearly.Changesingovernmentpolicyitargueshaveturnedbeingyoungintoaterriblebore.
"Inthelongrun"asJohnMaynardKeynesobserved"wearealldead."True.Butcanthe1runbeelongatedinawaythatmakesthelongrun2AndifsohowandatwhatcostPeoplehavedreamtof3sincetimeimmemorial.Theyhavesoughtitsincethefirstalchemistputanelixirof4onthesameshoppinglistasawaytoturnleadintogold.Theyhave5aboutitinfictionfromRiderHaggard’s"She"toFrankHerbert’s"Dune".Andnowwiththegrowthof6knowledgethathasmarkedthepastfewdecadesafewresearchersbelieveitmightbewithin7. Tothinkaboutthequestionitisimportanttounderstandwhyorganisms-people8-ageinthefirstplace.Peoplearelikemachines:they9Thatmuchisobvious.Howeveramachinecanalwaysbe10Agoodmechanicwithastockofsparepartscankeepitgoing11.Eventuallynopartofthe12mayremainbutitstillcarriesonlikeLincoln’sfamousaxethathadthreenewhandlesandtwonewblade. Thequestionofcourseiswhetherthemachineisworth13.Itisherethatpeopleandnature14.Ortoputitslightly15twobitsofnaturedisagreewitheachother.Fromtheindividual’spointofview16isanimperative.Youcannotreproduceunlessyouarealive.Afearofdeathisasensibleevolvedresponseandsince17isasurewayofdyingitisnosurprisethatpeoplewanttostopitinitstracks.Moreovereventheappearanceofageingcanbe18.It19therangeofpotentialsexualpartnerswhofindyouattractive-sinceitisasignthatyouarenotgoingtobe20allthatlongtohelpbringupbaby-andthusagaincurbsyourreproduction. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.16
"Inthelongrun"asJohnMaynardKeynesobserved"wearealldead."True.Butcanthe1runbeelongatedinawaythatmakesthelongrun2AndifsohowandatwhatcostPeoplehavedreamtof3sincetimeimmemorial.Theyhavesoughtitsincethefirstalchemistputanelixirof4onthesameshoppinglistasawaytoturnleadintogold.Theyhave5aboutitinfictionfromRiderHaggard’s"She"toFrankHerbert’s"Dune".Andnowwiththegrowthof6knowledgethathasmarkedthepastfewdecadesafewresearchersbelieveitmightbewithin7. Tothinkaboutthequestionitisimportanttounderstandwhyorganisms-people8-ageinthefirstplace.Peoplearelikemachines:they9Thatmuchisobvious.Howeveramachinecanalwaysbe10Agoodmechanicwithastockofsparepartscankeepitgoing11.Eventuallynopartofthe12mayremainbutitstillcarriesonlikeLincoln’sfamousaxethathadthreenewhandlesandtwonewblade. Thequestionofcourseiswhetherthemachineisworth13.Itisherethatpeopleandnature14.Ortoputitslightly15twobitsofnaturedisagreewitheachother.Fromtheindividual’spointofview16isanimperative.Youcannotreproduceunlessyouarealive.Afearofdeathisasensibleevolvedresponseandsince17isasurewayofdyingitisnosurprisethatpeoplewanttostopitinitstracks.Moreovereventheappearanceofageingcanbe18.It19therangeofpotentialsexualpartnerswhofindyouattractive-sinceitisasignthatyouarenotgoingtobe20allthatlongtohelpbringupbaby-andthusagaincurbsyourreproduction. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.4
"Inthelongrun"asJohnMaynardKeynesobserved"wearealldead."True.Butcanthe1runbeelongatedinawaythatmakesthelongrun2AndifsohowandatwhatcostPeoplehavedreamtof3sincetimeimmemorial.Theyhavesoughtitsincethefirstalchemistputanelixirof4onthesameshoppinglistasawaytoturnleadintogold.Theyhave5aboutitinfictionfromRiderHaggard’s"She"toFrankHerbert’s"Dune".Andnowwiththegrowthof6knowledgethathasmarkedthepastfewdecadesafewresearchersbelieveitmightbewithin7. Tothinkaboutthequestionitisimportanttounderstandwhyorganisms-people8-ageinthefirstplace.Peoplearelikemachines:they9Thatmuchisobvious.Howeveramachinecanalwaysbe10Agoodmechanicwithastockofsparepartscankeepitgoing11.Eventuallynopartofthe12mayremainbutitstillcarriesonlikeLincoln’sfamousaxethathadthreenewhandlesandtwonewblade. Thequestionofcourseiswhetherthemachineisworth13.Itisherethatpeopleandnature14.Ortoputitslightly15twobitsofnaturedisagreewitheachother.Fromtheindividual’spointofview16isanimperative.Youcannotreproduceunlessyouarealive.Afearofdeathisasensibleevolvedresponseandsince17isasurewayofdyingitisnosurprisethatpeoplewanttostopitinitstracks.Moreovereventheappearanceofageingcanbe18.It19therangeofpotentialsexualpartnerswhofindyouattractive-sinceitisasignthatyouarenotgoingtobe20allthatlongtohelpbringupbaby-andthusagaincurbsyourreproduction. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.2
"Inthelongrun"asJohnMaynardKeynesobserved"wearealldead."True.Butcanthe1runbeelongatedinawaythatmakesthelongrun2AndifsohowandatwhatcostPeoplehavedreamtof3sincetimeimmemorial.Theyhavesoughtitsincethefirstalchemistputanelixirof4onthesameshoppinglistasawaytoturnleadintogold.Theyhave5aboutitinfictionfromRiderHaggard’s"She"toFrankHerbert’s"Dune".Andnowwiththegrowthof6knowledgethathasmarkedthepastfewdecadesafewresearchersbelieveitmightbewithin7. Tothinkaboutthequestionitisimportanttounderstandwhyorganisms-people8-ageinthefirstplace.Peoplearelikemachines:they9Thatmuchisobvious.Howeveramachinecanalwaysbe10Agoodmechanicwithastockofsparepartscankeepitgoing11.Eventuallynopartofthe12mayremainbutitstillcarriesonlikeLincoln’sfamousaxethathadthreenewhandlesandtwonewblade. Thequestionofcourseiswhetherthemachineisworth13.Itisherethatpeopleandnature14.Ortoputitslightly15twobitsofnaturedisagreewitheachother.Fromtheindividual’spointofview16isanimperative.Youcannotreproduceunlessyouarealive.Afearofdeathisasensibleevolvedresponseandsince17isasurewayofdyingitisnosurprisethatpeoplewanttostopitinitstracks.Moreovereventheappearanceofageingcanbe18.It19therangeofpotentialsexualpartnerswhofindyouattractive-sinceitisasignthatyouarenotgoingtobe20allthatlongtohelpbringupbaby-andthusagaincurbsyourreproduction. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.12
A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayofabout160-200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1Describethedrawing 2interpretitsmeaningand 3giveyourcomments.
In1959theaverageAmericanfamilypaid$989forayear’ssupplyoffood.In1972thefamilypaid$1311．Thatwasapriceincreaseofnearlyone-third.Everyfamilyhashadthissortofexperience.Everyoneagreesthatthecostoffeedingafamilyhasrisensharply.41．______. Manyblamethefarmerswhoproducethevegetablesfruitmeateggsandcheesethatstoresofferforsale.AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculturethefarmer’sshareofthe$1311spentbythefamilyin1972was$521．Thiswas31percentmorethanthefarmerhadreceivedin1959. Butfarmersclaimthatthisincreasewasverysmallcomparedtotheincreaseintheircostofliving.42．______Theseincludetruckdriversmeatpackersmanufacturersofpackagesandotherfoodcontainersandtheownersofstoreswherefoodissold.Theyareamongthe"middlemen"whostandbetweenthefarmerandthepeoplewhobuyandeatthefood.Aremiddlementheonestoblameforrisingfoodprices Ofthe$1311familyfoodbillin1972middlementreceived$790whichwas33percentmorethantheyhadreceivedin1959．Itappearsthatthemiddlemen’sprofithasincreasedmorethanfarmer’s.43．AccordingtoeconomistsattheFirstNationalCityBanktheprofitformeatpackersandfoodstoresamountedtolessthanonepercent.Duringthesameperiodallothermanufacturersweremakingaprofitofmorethanfivepercent.Bycomparisonwithothermembersoftheeconomicsystembothfarmersandmiddlemenhaveprofitedsurprisinglylittlefromtheriseinfoodprices. 44．______TheeconomistsatFirstNationalCityBankhaveananswertogivehousewivesbutmanypeoplewillnotlikeit.Theseeconomistsblamethehousewifeherselfforthejumpinfoodprices.Theysaythatfoodcostsmorenowbecausewomendon’twanttospendmuchtimeinthekitchen.Womenprefertobuyfoodwhichhasalreadybeenpreparedbeforeitreachesthemarket. Vegetablesandchickencostmorewhentheyhavebeencutintopiecesbysomeoneotherthantheonewhobuysit.Afamilyshouldexpecttopaymorewhenseveral"TVdinners"aretakenhomefromthestore.Thesearefullycookedmealsconsistingofmeatvegetablesandsometimesdessertallarrangedonametaldish.Thedishisputintotheovenandheatedwhilethehousewifeisdoingsomethingelse.Suchaconveniencecostsmoney.45. Economistsremindusthatmanymodemhousewiveshavejobsoutsidethehome.Theyearnmoneythathelpstopaythefamilyfoodbills.Thehousewifenaturallyhaslesstimeandenergyforcookingafteraday’swork.Shewantstobuymanykindsoffoodthatcanbeputonherfamily’stableeasilyandquickly."Ifthehousewifewantsallofthese"theeconomistssay"thatisherprivilegebutshemustbepreparedtopayfortheservicesofthosewhomakeherworkeasier." Itappearsthattheanswertothequestionofrisingpricesisnotasimpleone.Producersconsumersandmiddlemenallsharetheresponsibilityforthesharpriseinfoodcosts. [A]Howeversomeeconomistsbelievethatcontrolscanhavenegativeeffectsoveralongperiodoftime.Incitieswithrentcontrolthecitygovernmentsetsthemaximumrentthatalandlordcanchargeforanapartment. [B]Farmerstendtoblameothersforthesharpriseinfoodprices.Theyparticularlyblamethosewhoprocessthefarmproductsaftertheproductsleavethefarm. [C]Thusaseconomistspointout:"Someofthebasicreasonsforwideningfoodpricespreadsareeasilytraceabletotheincreasinguseofconveniencefoodswhichtransfermuchofthetimeandworkofmealpreparationfromthekitchentothefoodprocessor’splant." [D]Butsomeeconomistsclaimthatthemiddleman’sactualprofitwasverylow. [E]Whothenisactuallyresponsibleforthesizeofthebillahousewifemustpaybeforeshecarriesthefoodhomefromthestore’ [F]Butthereislessagreementwhenreasonsfortherisearebeingdiscussed.Whoisreallyresponsible [G]Economistsdonot.agreeonsomeofthepredictions.Theyalsodonotagreeonthevalueofdifferentdecisions.Someeconomistssupportaparticulardecisionwhileotherscriticizeit. 44
ManywillknowthatthewordmusclecomesfromtheLatinformouseripplingundertheskinsotospeak.ButwhataboutchagrinderivedfromtheTurkishforroughenedleatherorscalysharkskin.OrlenswhichcomesfromtheLatinlentilorwindowmeaningeyeofwindinoldNorseLookedatcloselythelanguagecomesapartinimageslikethosestrangepaintingsbyGiuseppeArcimboldowhereheadsaremadeoffruitandvegetables.NotthatHenryHitchings’sbookisaboutverbalsurrealism.ThatisanextrapleasureinabookwhichisreallyaboutthewaytheEnglishlanguagehasroamedtheworldhelpingitselfliberallytowordsabsorbingthemforgettingwheretheycamefromandmovingonwithanever-growingloadofexoticscrossbreedsandsubtlyshadednear-synonyms.Itisalsoaboutmigrationswithinthelanguage’sownbordersaboutupwardanddownwardmobilityaboutwordslosingtheirrootsturningupinnewsurroundingsorlyinginwaitlikeduvetwhichwasmentionedbySamuelJohnsonfortheirmoment.Allthisisanotherwayofwritinghistory.TheArabetymologiesofsaffroncrimsonandsugarspeakofEngland’smedievaltradewiththeArabworld.Wehavechequeandtarifffromthissourcetooplusarithmeticandalgorithm-justaswehaveetchandsketchfromtheDutchmusicaltermsfromtheItaliansandphilosophicalonesfromtheGermans.Frenchnuanceandfinesseareeverywhere.Ateverystagethebookisaboutpeopleandideasonthemoveaboutinvasionrefugeesimmigrantstraderscolonistsandexplorers.Thisisahugesubjectandonethatisalmostboundtoprovokequestion-marksandexplosionsinthemargins-soonforgotteninthebook’ssheersweepandscale.Abalancebetweenstraighthistoryandwordhistoryissometimesdifficulttostrikethough.Thereisafeelingoccasionallyofbeingbundledtoofastthroughcomplexlinguisticdevelopmentsandusagesorofbeinggiveninterestingslicesofhistoryforthesakeafterallofnotmuchmorethanagongoramoccasin.Butitischurlishtocarp.Theauthor’szestandgrasparewonderful.Hemakesyouwanttocheckouteverything-carpandzestincluded.WhateverishybridfluidandunpolicedaboutEnglishdelightshim.EnglishhasneverhaditsAcadmieFrancaisebutoverthecenturiesithasnotlackedfuriousdefendersagainstforeigncorruption.Therehavebeenrearguardactionstopreserveitsmanlypre-NormanoriginseventoreconstructitalongAnglo-Saxonlines:wheel-saddleforbicyclepainloreforpathology.Buttheomnivorousbeastisrampantstill.Morepeoplespeakitastheirsecondlanguagethanastheirfirst.ForgetthelanguageofShakespeare.It’sGlobishnowthelanguageofaspiration.Nooneownsitacausefordespairtosome.Mr.Hitchingsadmitstowincingoccasionallybutalmostonprincipleheismorecheerfulthannot.AccordingtothetextwhatdoesAcadmieFrancaisereferto
TheSouthdaleshoppingcentreinMinnesotahasanatriumafoodcourtfountainsandacresofparking.ItsshopsincludeaDairyQueenaVictoria’sSecretandapurveyorofcomicT-shirts.ItmaynotseemlikealandmarkasimportanttoarchitecturalhistoryastheLouvreorNewYork’sWoolworthBuilding.Butitis.ohmygod!chimesagroupofteenagegirlsonlearningthattheyarestandingintheworld’sfirsttrueshoppingmall.Thatisthecoolestthinganybodyhassaidtousallday.InthepasthalfcenturySouthdaleanditsmanyimitatorshavetransformedshoppinghabitsurbaneconomiesandteenagespeech.Americanowhassome1100enclosedshoppingmallsaccordingtotheInternationalCouncilofShoppingCentres.CloneshaveappearedfromChennaitoMartinique.Yetthemall’sstoryisfarfromtriumphal.InventedbyaEuropeansocialistwhohatedcarsandcametoderidehisowncreationithasamurkyfuture.WhilemallscontinuetomultiplyoutsideAmericatheyaregraduallydyinginthecountrythatpioneeredthem.Southdale’screatorarrivedinAmericaasarefugeefromNazi-occupiedVienna.VictorGruenwasaJewishbohemianwhobegantodesignshopsforfellowimmigrantsinNewYorkafterfailingincabarettheatre.Hisworkwasadmiredpartlyforitsunclutteredmodernistlookwhichseemedrevolutionaryin1930sAmerica.ButGruen’ssecretwasthewayheusedarcadesandeye-leveldisplaycasestolurecustomersintostoresalmostagainsttheirwill.Asacriticcomplainedhisshopswerelikemousetraps.Afewyearslaterthesamewouldbesaidofhisshoppingmalls.Bythe1940sdepartmentstoreswerealreadymovingtothesuburbs.Somehadbeguntobuildadjacentstripsofshopswhichtheyfilledwithboutiquesinanattempttore-createurbanshoppingdistricts.In1947ashoppingcentreopenedinLosAngelesfeaturingtwodepartmentstoresaclusterofsmallshopsandalargecarpark.Itwasineffectanoutdoorshoppingmall.FineforbalmysouthernCaliforniaperhapsbutnotforMinnesota’sharshclimate.CommissionedtobuildashoppingcentreatSouthdalein1956Gruenthrewaroofoverthestructureandinstalledanair-conditioningsystemtokeepthetemperatureat75°F24℃—whichacontemporarypressreleasecalledEternalSpring.Themallwasborn.Gruengotanextraordinarynumberofthingsrightfirsttime.Hebuiltaslopingroadaroundtheperimeterofthemallsothathalfoftheshoppersenteredonthegroundfloorandhalfonthefirstfloor-somethingthatbecameastandardfeatureofmalls.Southdale’sbalconieswerelowsothatshopperscouldseetheshopsontheflooraboveorbelowthem.Thecarparkhadanimalsignstohelpshoppersrememberthewaybacktotheirvehicles.ItwasasthoughOrvilleandWilburWrighthadnotjustdiscoveredpoweredflightbuthadbuiltaplanewithtraytablesandaduty-freeservice.WhatdoestheauthormeanbymentioningWrightbrothersintheend
"Inthelongrun"asJohnMaynardKeynesobserved"wearealldead."True.Butcanthe1runbeelongatedinawaythatmakesthelongrun2AndifsohowandatwhatcostPeoplehavedreamtof3sincetimeimmemorial.Theyhavesoughtitsincethefirstalchemistputanelixirof4onthesameshoppinglistasawaytoturnleadintogold.Theyhave5aboutitinfictionfromRiderHaggard’s"She"toFrankHerbert’s"Dune".Andnowwiththegrowthof6knowledgethathasmarkedthepastfewdecadesafewresearchersbelieveitmightbewithin7. Tothinkaboutthequestionitisimportanttounderstandwhyorganisms-people8-ageinthefirstplace.Peoplearelikemachines:they9Thatmuchisobvious.Howeveramachinecanalwaysbe10Agoodmechanicwithastockofsparepartscankeepitgoing11.Eventuallynopartofthe12mayremainbutitstillcarriesonlikeLincoln’sfamousaxethathadthreenewhandlesandtwonewblade. Thequestionofcourseiswhetherthemachineisworth13.Itisherethatpeopleandnature14.Ortoputitslightly15twobitsofnaturedisagreewitheachother.Fromtheindividual’spointofview16isanimperative.Youcannotreproduceunlessyouarealive.Afearofdeathisasensibleevolvedresponseandsince17isasurewayofdyingitisnosurprisethatpeoplewanttostopitinitstracks.Moreovereventheappearanceofageingcanbe18.It19therangeofpotentialsexualpartnerswhofindyouattractive-sinceitisasignthatyouarenotgoingtobe20allthatlongtohelpbringupbaby-andthusagaincurbsyourreproduction. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10
"Inthelongrun"asJohnMaynardKeynesobserved"wearealldead."True.Butcanthe1runbeelongatedinawaythatmakesthelongrun2AndifsohowandatwhatcostPeoplehavedreamtof3sincetimeimmemorial.Theyhavesoughtitsincethefirstalchemistputanelixirof4onthesameshoppinglistasawaytoturnleadintogold.Theyhave5aboutitinfictionfromRiderHaggard’s"She"toFrankHerbert’s"Dune".Andnowwiththegrowthof6knowledgethathasmarkedthepastfewdecadesafewresearchersbelieveitmightbewithin7. Tothinkaboutthequestionitisimportanttounderstandwhyorganisms-people8-ageinthefirstplace.Peoplearelikemachines:they9Thatmuchisobvious.Howeveramachinecanalwaysbe10Agoodmechanicwithastockofsparepartscankeepitgoing11.Eventuallynopartofthe12mayremainbutitstillcarriesonlikeLincoln’sfamousaxethathadthreenewhandlesandtwonewblade. Thequestionofcourseiswhetherthemachineisworth13.Itisherethatpeopleandnature14.Ortoputitslightly15twobitsofnaturedisagreewitheachother.Fromtheindividual’spointofview16isanimperative.Youcannotreproduceunlessyouarealive.Afearofdeathisasensibleevolvedresponseandsince17isasurewayofdyingitisnosurprisethatpeoplewanttostopitinitstracks.Moreovereventheappearanceofageingcanbe18.It19therangeofpotentialsexualpartnerswhofindyouattractive-sinceitisasignthatyouarenotgoingtobe20allthatlongtohelpbringupbaby-andthusagaincurbsyourreproduction. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Oneofthestrangestaspectsofthemechanicalapproachtolifeisthewidespreadlackofconcernaboutthedangeroftotaldestructionbynuclearweapons;apossibilitypeopleareconsciouslyawareof.TheexplanationIbelieveisthattheyaremoreproudofthanfrightenedbythegadgetsofmassdestruction.46Alsotheyaresofrightenedoftheirpersonalfailureandhumiliationthattheiranxietyaboutpersonalmatterspreventsthemfromfeelinganxietyaboutthepossibilitythateverybodyandeverythingmaybedestroyed.Perhapstotaldestructionisevenmoreattractivethantotalinsecurityandneverendingpersonalanxiety. AmIsuggestingthatmodernmanisdoomedandthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortonineteenthcentury"freeenterprise"capitalismCertainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.47IsuggesttransformingourSocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandthefulldevelopmentofhispotentialities--thoseofloveandofreason--aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisendandshouldbepreventedfromrulingman. ToattainthisgoalweneedtocreateaRenaissanceofEnlightenmentandofHumanism.ItmustbeanEnlightenmenthowevermoreradicallyrealisticandcriticalthanthatoftheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies.ItmustbeaHumanismthataimsatthefulldevelopmentofthetotalmannotthegadgetmannottheconsumermannottheorganizationman.Theaimofahumanistsocietyisthemanwholoveslifewhohasfaithinlifewhoisproductiveandindependent.48Suchatransformationispossibleifwerecognizethatourpresentwayoflifemakesussterileandeventuallydestroysthevitalitynecessaryforsurvival. 49Whethersuchtransformationislikelyisanothermatter.Butwewillnotbeabletosucceedunlessweseethealternativesclearlyandrealizethatthechoiceisstill’ours.Dissatisfactionwithourwayoflifeisthefirststeptowardchangingit.Astothesechangesonethingiscertain:Theymusttakeplaceinallspheressimultaneously--intheeconomicthesocialthepoliticalandthespiritual.50ChangeinonlyonespherewillleadintoblindalleysasdidthepurelypoliticalFrenchRevolutionandthepurelyeconomicRussianRevolution. 50
ManywillknowthatthewordmusclecomesfromtheLatinformouseripplingundertheskinsotospeak.ButwhataboutchagrinderivedfromtheTurkishforroughenedleatherorscalysharkskin.OrlenswhichcomesfromtheLatinlentilorwindowmeaningeyeofwindinoldNorseLookedatcloselythelanguagecomesapartinimageslikethosestrangepaintingsbyGiuseppeArcimboldowhereheadsaremadeoffruitandvegetables.NotthatHenryHitchings’sbookisaboutverbalsurrealism.ThatisanextrapleasureinabookwhichisreallyaboutthewaytheEnglishlanguagehasroamedtheworldhelpingitselfliberallytowordsabsorbingthemforgettingwheretheycamefromandmovingonwithanever-growingloadofexoticscrossbreedsandsubtlyshadednear-synonyms.Itisalsoaboutmigrationswithinthelanguage’sownbordersaboutupwardanddownwardmobilityaboutwordslosingtheirrootsturningupinnewsurroundingsorlyinginwaitlikeduvetwhichwasmentionedbySamuelJohnsonfortheirmoment.Allthisisanotherwayofwritinghistory.TheArabetymologiesofsaffroncrimsonandsugarspeakofEngland’smedievaltradewiththeArabworld.Wehavechequeandtarifffromthissourcetooplusarithmeticandalgorithm-justaswehaveetchandsketchfromtheDutchmusicaltermsfromtheItaliansandphilosophicalonesfromtheGermans.Frenchnuanceandfinesseareeverywhere.Ateverystagethebookisaboutpeopleandideasonthemoveaboutinvasionrefugeesimmigrantstraderscolonistsandexplorers.Thisisahugesubjectandonethatisalmostboundtoprovokequestion-marksandexplosionsinthemargins-soonforgotteninthebook’ssheersweepandscale.Abalancebetweenstraighthistoryandwordhistoryissometimesdifficulttostrikethough.Thereisafeelingoccasionallyofbeingbundledtoofastthroughcomplexlinguisticdevelopmentsandusagesorofbeinggiveninterestingslicesofhistoryforthesakeafterallofnotmuchmorethanagongoramoccasin.Butitischurlishtocarp.Theauthor’szestandgrasparewonderful.Hemakesyouwanttocheckouteverything-carpandzestincluded.WhateverishybridfluidandunpolicedaboutEnglishdelightshim.EnglishhasneverhaditsAcadmieFrancaisebutoverthecenturiesithasnotlackedfuriousdefendersagainstforeigncorruption.Therehavebeenrearguardactionstopreserveitsmanlypre-NormanoriginseventoreconstructitalongAnglo-Saxonlines:wheel-saddleforbicyclepainloreforpathology.Buttheomnivorousbeastisrampantstill.Morepeoplespeakitastheirsecondlanguagethanastheirfirst.ForgetthelanguageofShakespeare.It’sGlobishnowthelanguageofaspiration.Nooneownsitacausefordespairtosome.Mr.Hitchingsadmitstowincingoccasionallybutalmostonprincipleheismorecheerfulthannot.AccordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingisTRUE
"Inthelongrun"asJohnMaynardKeynesobserved"wearealldead."True.Butcanthe1runbeelongatedinawaythatmakesthelongrun2AndifsohowandatwhatcostPeoplehavedreamtof3sincetimeimmemorial.Theyhavesoughtitsincethefirstalchemistputanelixirof4onthesameshoppinglistasawaytoturnleadintogold.Theyhave5aboutitinfictionfromRiderHaggard’s"She"toFrankHerbert’s"Dune".Andnowwiththegrowthof6knowledgethathasmarkedthepastfewdecadesafewresearchersbelieveitmightbewithin7. Tothinkaboutthequestionitisimportanttounderstandwhyorganisms-people8-ageinthefirstplace.Peoplearelikemachines:they9Thatmuchisobvious.Howeveramachinecanalwaysbe10Agoodmechanicwithastockofsparepartscankeepitgoing11.Eventuallynopartofthe12mayremainbutitstillcarriesonlikeLincoln’sfamousaxethathadthreenewhandlesandtwonewblade. Thequestionofcourseiswhetherthemachineisworth13.Itisherethatpeopleandnature14.Ortoputitslightly15twobitsofnaturedisagreewitheachother.Fromtheindividual’spointofview16isanimperative.Youcannotreproduceunlessyouarealive.Afearofdeathisasensibleevolvedresponseandsince17isasurewayofdyingitisnosurprisethatpeoplewanttostopitinitstracks.Moreovereventheappearanceofageingcanbe18.It19therangeofpotentialsexualpartnerswhofindyouattractive-sinceitisasignthatyouarenotgoingtobe20allthatlongtohelpbringupbaby-andthusagaincurbsyourreproduction. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.8
TheSouthdaleshoppingcentreinMinnesotahasanatriumafoodcourtfountainsandacresofparking.ItsshopsincludeaDairyQueenaVictoria’sSecretandapurveyorofcomicT-shirts.ItmaynotseemlikealandmarkasimportanttoarchitecturalhistoryastheLouvreorNewYork’sWoolworthBuilding.Butitis.ohmygod!chimesagroupofteenagegirlsonlearningthattheyarestandingintheworld’sfirsttrueshoppingmall.Thatisthecoolestthinganybodyhassaidtousallday.InthepasthalfcenturySouthdaleanditsmanyimitatorshavetransformedshoppinghabitsurbaneconomiesandteenagespeech.Americanowhassome1100enclosedshoppingmallsaccordingtotheInternationalCouncilofShoppingCentres.CloneshaveappearedfromChennaitoMartinique.Yetthemall’sstoryisfarfromtriumphal.InventedbyaEuropeansocialistwhohatedcarsandcametoderidehisowncreationithasamurkyfuture.WhilemallscontinuetomultiplyoutsideAmericatheyaregraduallydyinginthecountrythatpioneeredthem.Southdale’screatorarrivedinAmericaasarefugeefromNazi-occupiedVienna.VictorGruenwasaJewishbohemianwhobegantodesignshopsforfellowimmigrantsinNewYorkafterfailingincabarettheatre.Hisworkwasadmiredpartlyforitsunclutteredmodernistlookwhichseemedrevolutionaryin1930sAmerica.ButGruen’ssecretwasthewayheusedarcadesandeye-leveldisplaycasestolurecustomersintostoresalmostagainsttheirwill.Asacriticcomplainedhisshopswerelikemousetraps.Afewyearslaterthesamewouldbesaidofhisshoppingmalls.Bythe1940sdepartmentstoreswerealreadymovingtothesuburbs.Somehadbeguntobuildadjacentstripsofshopswhichtheyfilledwithboutiquesinanattempttore-createurbanshoppingdistricts.In1947ashoppingcentreopenedinLosAngelesfeaturingtwodepartmentstoresaclusterofsmallshopsandalargecarpark.Itwasineffectanoutdoorshoppingmall.FineforbalmysouthernCaliforniaperhapsbutnotforMinnesota’sharshclimate.CommissionedtobuildashoppingcentreatSouthdalein1956Gruenthrewaroofoverthestructureandinstalledanair-conditioningsystemtokeepthetemperatureat75°F24℃—whichacontemporarypressreleasecalledEternalSpring.Themallwasborn.Gruengotanextraordinarynumberofthingsrightfirsttime.Hebuiltaslopingroadaroundtheperimeterofthemallsothathalfoftheshoppersenteredonthegroundfloorandhalfonthefirstfloor-somethingthatbecameastandardfeatureofmalls.Southdale’sbalconieswerelowsothatshopperscouldseetheshopsontheflooraboveorbelowthem.Thecarparkhadanimalsignstohelpshoppersrememberthewaybacktotheirvehicles.ItwasasthoughOrvilleandWilburWrighthadnotjustdiscoveredpoweredflightbuthadbuiltaplanewithtraytablesandaduty-freeservice.AccordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingisTRUE
"Inthelongrun"asJohnMaynardKeynesobserved"wearealldead."True.Butcanthe1runbeelongatedinawaythatmakesthelongrun2AndifsohowandatwhatcostPeoplehavedreamtof3sincetimeimmemorial.Theyhavesoughtitsincethefirstalchemistputanelixirof4onthesameshoppinglistasawaytoturnleadintogold.Theyhave5aboutitinfictionfromRiderHaggard’s"She"toFrankHerbert’s"Dune".Andnowwiththegrowthof6knowledgethathasmarkedthepastfewdecadesafewresearchersbelieveitmightbewithin7. Tothinkaboutthequestionitisimportanttounderstandwhyorganisms-people8-ageinthefirstplace.Peoplearelikemachines:they9Thatmuchisobvious.Howeveramachinecanalwaysbe10Agoodmechanicwithastockofsparepartscankeepitgoing11.Eventuallynopartofthe12mayremainbutitstillcarriesonlikeLincoln’sfamousaxethathadthreenewhandlesandtwonewblade. Thequestionofcourseiswhetherthemachineisworth13.Itisherethatpeopleandnature14.Ortoputitslightly15twobitsofnaturedisagreewitheachother.Fromtheindividual’spointofview16isanimperative.Youcannotreproduceunlessyouarealive.Afearofdeathisasensibleevolvedresponseandsince17isasurewayofdyingitisnosurprisethatpeoplewanttostopitinitstracks.Moreovereventheappearanceofageingcanbe18.It19therangeofpotentialsexualpartnerswhofindyouattractive-sinceitisasignthatyouarenotgoingtobe20allthatlongtohelpbringupbaby-andthusagaincurbsyourreproduction. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.6
DrawingonbiomechanicsandothersportsscienceOlympichopefulstargetjusttherightmusclesandmoves.Olympiansofyesteryearsharedthesamegoalbuttheywouldhardlyrecognizetoday’strainingtechniques.ToachievetoOlympianidealof"fasterhigherstronger"coachesnowrealizeathletesdon’thavetotrainmorebuttheydohavetotrainsmarter.That’swhythesedayscross-countryNordicskierskneelonskateboardsandtugonpulleystohaulthemselvesuparamp. Byanalyzingeverymotionthatgoesintoaskijumporalugerunthescienceofbiomechanicsbreaksdowneventsintotheircomponentpartsanddetermineswhichmovementsofwhichmusclesarethekeytoasuperlativeperformance.Knowingthatiscrucialforasimplehuttomanycoachesandtrainersunexpectedreason:itturnsoutthatalthoughtrainingforgeneralconditioningimprovesfitnessthebestwaytoboostperformanceisbyworkingthemusclesandpracticingthemovesthatwillbeusedincompetition.It’scalledsport-specifictraining. 41.Waystoworktherightmusclesandtraintherightpatternsofmovement. Sport-specifictrainingdoesn’thavetomeanrunningtheactualcourseorperformingtheexactevent.Thereareotherwaystoworktherightmusclesandtraintherightpatternofmovement.DoingsitupsonaSwissballforinstancedevelopstorsocontrolaswellasstrength.TheFinnishice-hockeyteamrecentlyaddedacrobaticstoitstrainingregimebecauseithelpsplayerstobalanceontheicesaysheadcoachRaimoSummanen. Performance-enhancingstrategies. Theadvancesinphysiologythathaverevolutionizedtrainingaregivingsportsscientistsabetterunder-standingofhowtoimprovestrengthpowerspeedandbothaerobicandanaerobicfitness: 42.Trainingthestart-up. Speedispartlygenetic.Astarsprinterisprobablybornwithapreponderanceoffasttwitchmusclefiberswhichfirerepeatedlywithonlymicrosecondrestsinbetween.Speedtrainingthereforeaimstorecruitmorefast-twitchfibersandincreasethespeedofnervesignalsthatcommandmusclestomove. 43.Strengthreflectsthepercentageofmusclefibersthebodycanrecruitforagivenmovement. "Someonewithpurestrengthcanrecruit90percentofthesefiberswhilesomeoneelserecruitsonly50percent"saystheUSOC’sDavis. 44.Developinganaerobicfitness. Anaerobicfitnesskeepsthemusclesmovingevenwhentheheartcan’tprovideenoughoxygen.TopostponethepointwhenacidbeginstoaccumulateoratleasttrainthebodytotolerateitJimWalkerhasthespeedskatersheworkswithpushthemselvesbeyondwhattheyneedtodoincompetition. Powerisstrengthwithspeed. "Oneofthebiggestchangesinstrengthtrainingisthatwe’regettingawayfrompurestrengthandemphasizingpowerorexplosivestrength"saysUSOCstrength-and-conditioningcoordinatorKevinEbel. 45.Difficultiesunderway. It’sstilldifficulttopersuadecoachestoletsportsscientistsmesswiththeirathletes. ToovercomesuchresistancetheUSOC’sPeterDavishassetup"performance-enhancingteams"wherecoachesandscientistsputtheirheadstogetherandapplythebestsciencetotraining.ComeFebruarytheworldwillseehowsciencefaredinitsattempttomoldathleticexcellence.[ A]ZachLundracesskeletonahead-firstbelly-downsledraceinwhichthestartiscrucial.Hehastosprintinabent-overpositionpushinghissledalongthetrackthenhopinwithoutslowingthesled."Youhavetogofromahardsprinttobeingreallycalminordertogodownthetrackwell"saysLund.Toimprovehisspeedhedoeslegpresseswhilelyingonhisbackorlegcurlsonhisstomachbringinghisfoottohisbackside. [B]Despitethefindingthatdraftingreducesthedemandontheheartofaspeedskaterandgenerallyimprovesperformanceforinstancemostskatersstillprefertogooutfastandfirst. [C]Sprinterswhoskate500metersintheOlympicsforinstancepowerthroughmultiple300metersanddoitfasterthantheyskatethe500.Byraisingtheanaerobicthresholdthetraininggivesskatersabettershotatexplodingwithasprintatthefinish. [D]Lugeforinstancerequiresprecisecontrolofinfinitesimalmusclemovements:"Overcorrectonaturn"saysdriverMarkGrimmette"andyou’redead.’ToachievethatprecisecontrolheandhisdoublespartnerBrianMartindevoteagoodchunkoftheirtrainingtimetoexercisesonthosesquishyrubberspherescalledSwissballs. [E]AerobicfitnessishockeystarCammiGranato’sgoaloneautumnmorningasshepedalsastationarybikewithsweatyfuryattheUSOCtrainingcenterinLakePlacidNewYork.WhenGranatofinallystaggersoffthebikeandcrumplesontothepaddedplatformshe’s’hadatougherworkoutthaninanyhockeyperiod--whichisexactlythepoint [F]Thethigh’squadricepsforinstanceconsistofmillionsoffibersorganizedintowhatarecalledmotorunits.Whenaspeedskaterpushesofftheiceherecruitsacertainpercentageofthemtofire;theothersarerelaxingandsodonotcontributetothemovement. 44
Oneofthestrangestaspectsofthemechanicalapproachtolifeisthewidespreadlackofconcernaboutthedangeroftotaldestructionbynuclearweapons;apossibilitypeopleareconsciouslyawareof.TheexplanationIbelieveisthattheyaremoreproudofthanfrightenedbythegadgetsofmassdestruction.46Alsotheyaresofrightenedoftheirpersonalfailureandhumiliationthattheiranxietyaboutpersonalmatterspreventsthemfromfeelinganxietyaboutthepossibilitythateverybodyandeverythingmaybedestroyed.Perhapstotaldestructionisevenmoreattractivethantotalinsecurityandneverendingpersonalanxiety. AmIsuggestingthatmodernmanisdoomedandthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortonineteenthcentury"freeenterprise"capitalismCertainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.47IsuggesttransformingourSocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandthefulldevelopmentofhispotentialities--thoseofloveandofreason--aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisendandshouldbepreventedfromrulingman. ToattainthisgoalweneedtocreateaRenaissanceofEnlightenmentandofHumanism.ItmustbeanEnlightenmenthowevermoreradicallyrealisticandcriticalthanthatoftheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies.ItmustbeaHumanismthataimsatthefulldevelopmentofthetotalmannotthegadgetmannottheconsumermannottheorganizationman.Theaimofahumanistsocietyisthemanwholoveslifewhohasfaithinlifewhoisproductiveandindependent.48Suchatransformationispossibleifwerecognizethatourpresentwayoflifemakesussterileandeventuallydestroysthevitalitynecessaryforsurvival. 49Whethersuchtransformationislikelyisanothermatter.Butwewillnotbeabletosucceedunlessweseethealternativesclearlyandrealizethatthechoiceisstill’ours.Dissatisfactionwithourwayoflifeisthefirststeptowardchangingit.Astothesechangesonethingiscertain:Theymusttakeplaceinallspheressimultaneously--intheeconomicthesocialthepoliticalandthespiritual.50ChangeinonlyonespherewillleadintoblindalleysasdidthepurelypoliticalFrenchRevolutionandthepurelyeconomicRussianRevolution. 48
BeforetheeconomyfellapartitwasBritain’ssocietythatwassupposedtobeinterminaldeclineespeciallyintheeyesoftheTories.DavidCamerontheConservativePartyleaderwaswonttobemoanbrokenBritainmiredinmoraldegeneracywithhighratesofteenagepregnancylowratesofmarriageandotherlessquantifiablebreakdownsinthecivilisedschemeofthings.SuchantediluvianworrieswererakedoveragainonJuly13thwhenIainDuncanSmithaformerToryleadercalledforanofficialendorsementofmarriage.MrDuncanSmithcitesseveralreasonstoencouragewedlockincludingfamilystabilitymarriedcouplesaremuchlesslikelytosplitthancohabitingonesandhealthierchildrenwhodobetterinlaterlife.Therewastalkofstate-runcounsellingpro-marriagepropagandainschoolsandmandatorycooling-offperiodsbeforedivorces.MrDuncanSmithfavourstaxbreaksformarriedcouplessomethingthatLabourhaslongrefusedtoendorse.Itistruethatmarriageisadeclininginstitution.Marriageratesareattheirlowestsince1895．Butcuriouslythosewhodomarrynowstaytogetherforlonger.Divorceratesarefallingnotrisingandhavebeenforseveralyears.In200711.9marriedcouplesperthousanduntiedtheknotdownfrom12.2theyearbeforeandthelowestsince1981．Thetimethatdivorcingcouplesendureeachotherbeforeflingingbacktheringshaslengthenedtoo.from10.1yearsin1981to11.7in2007．Indifferencetowardsthesacramentofmarriageappearsstrongestamongtheelderlynotthefecklessyoung.Since2004whentheoveralldivorceratepeakedat14.1perthousandover-60shavebeentheonlypartofthepopulationwhoserateshavecontinuedtorise.Thereareplentyofcompetingexplanationsforthediminishingappealofdivorceandnoeasywaytodiscoverwhicharetrue.Immigrationmayhavehelpedsinceimmigrantfamiliesoftenhavemoreconservativeattitudesthanthedegeneratenatives.Accountantsanddivorcelawyersreckonastringofrecentbigsettlementsmayhaveactedasadeterrentalthoughitcouldequallyhaveencouragedthepoorerpartnersinfinanciallyunequalmarriages.FallingmarriageratesandfallingdivorceratescouldbetwosidesofthesamecoinsaysKathleenKiernanaprofessorofsocialpolicyatYorkUniversity.Theunpopularityofmarriageandtherelativeeaseofdivorcehasleftonlyahardcoreofstablecouplesboundinwedlock.Andtheriseintheaverageageatwhichpeoplegetmarriednow36formenand33forwomenishelpingtoosinceolderbridesandgroomstendtostaytogetherlongerinanycase.Ifsopoliticiansshouldbecautiousabouthandingouttaxbreaks.EveniftheyworkandMsKiernanthinkstheywouldhavetobeenormoustohavemucheffectchivvyingunmarriedcouplesintowedlockislikelytomeanmoredivorcesinthefuture.WhydidIainDuncanSmithcallforanofficialendorsementofmarriage
Europeisdesperatetosucceedinbusiness.TwoyearsagotheEuropeanUnion’sLisbonsummitSetagoalofbecomingtheworld’sleadingeconomyby2010.Butsuccessasanynewageexecutivecoachmighttellyourequiresconfrontingthefearoffailure.ThatiswhyEurope’sapproachtobankruptcyurgentlyneedsreform.InEuropeasintheUnitedStatesmanyheavilyindebtedcompaniesareshuttingupshopjustastheeconomybeginstorecover.Ironicallytheupturnisoftenthemomentwhenweakfirmsfinallyfail.ButAmerica’sfailureshaveabigadvantageoverEurope’sweaklings:theircountry’smorerelaxedapproachtobankruptcy.IntheUnitedStatestheChapter11lawmakesgoingbustanorderlyandevenroutineprocess.Firmsintroublesimplyapplyforbreathingspacefromcreditors.Managerssubmitaplanofreorganizationtoajudgeandcreditorsdecidewhethertogiveitagoortocomeupwithoneoftheirown.Creditorshaveasayinwhethertokeepthefirmrunningortoliquidateit.Iftheykeepitrunningtheyoftenendupwithabigchunkofequityifnotoutrightcontrol.ButshuttingabustEuropeancompanyisharderintwootherways.FirstwithnoequivalentofChapter11bankruptcyforcescompaniestostoptradingabruptly.Thatdamagesthevalueofthecreditors’potentialassetsandmayalsocausehavocforcustomers.SecondacompanythattradesacrosstheEuropeanUnionwillfindthatithastoabidebydifferentbankruptcylawsinthe15memberstateswhosecourtsandadministratorsmaymakeconflictingandsometimesincompatiblestipulations.Theabsenceofprovisionfornegotiationsbetweencompaniesandcreditorsincreasesthetemptationforgovernmenttostepin.Whengovernmentsdonotcometotherescuethelackofclearrulescanleadtochaos.AsaresultofallthisEurope’steeteringfirmsmissthechancetobecomemorecompetitivebysellingassetstootherswhomightmanagethemmoreefficiently.TheirsicklyAmericanrivalssurvivetransformedtosweepthefield.AnopportunitynowexiststothinkagainaboutEurope’sapproachtobankruptcy.TheEuropeanUnionisexpectedtoissueanewdirectiveonthesubjectinMay.Germanyhasbeguntoupdateitsinsolvencylaw.AndlastyearBritainproducedawhitepapersayingthatarigidapproachtobankruptcycouldstiflethegrowthneededtomeetLisbon’sgoals.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothetext
DrawingonbiomechanicsandothersportsscienceOlympichopefulstargetjusttherightmusclesandmoves.Olympiansofyesteryearsharedthesamegoalbuttheywouldhardlyrecognizetoday’strainingtechniques.ToachievetoOlympianidealof"fasterhigherstronger"coachesnowrealizeathletesdon’thavetotrainmorebuttheydohavetotrainsmarter.That’swhythesedayscross-countryNordicskierskneelonskateboardsandtugonpulleystohaulthemselvesuparamp. Byanalyzingeverymotionthatgoesintoaskijumporalugerunthescienceofbiomechanicsbreaksdowneventsintotheircomponentpartsanddetermineswhichmovementsofwhichmusclesarethekeytoasuperlativeperformance.Knowingthatiscrucialforasimplehuttomanycoachesandtrainersunexpectedreason:itturnsoutthatalthoughtrainingforgeneralconditioningimprovesfitnessthebestwaytoboostperformanceisbyworkingthemusclesandpracticingthemovesthatwillbeusedincompetition.It’scalledsport-specifictraining. 41.Waystoworktherightmusclesandtraintherightpatternsofmovement. Sport-specifictrainingdoesn’thavetomeanrunningtheactualcourseorperformingtheexactevent.Thereareotherwaystoworktherightmusclesandtraintherightpatternofmovement.DoingsitupsonaSwissballforinstancedevelopstorsocontrolaswellasstrength.TheFinnishice-hockeyteamrecentlyaddedacrobaticstoitstrainingregimebecauseithelpsplayerstobalanceontheicesaysheadcoachRaimoSummanen. Performance-enhancingstrategies. Theadvancesinphysiologythathaverevolutionizedtrainingaregivingsportsscientistsabetterunder-standingofhowtoimprovestrengthpowerspeedandbothaerobicandanaerobicfitness: 42.Trainingthestart-up. Speedispartlygenetic.Astarsprinterisprobablybornwithapreponderanceoffasttwitchmusclefiberswhichfirerepeatedlywithonlymicrosecondrestsinbetween.Speedtrainingthereforeaimstorecruitmorefast-twitchfibersandincreasethespeedofnervesignalsthatcommandmusclestomove. 43.Strengthreflectsthepercentageofmusclefibersthebodycanrecruitforagivenmovement. "Someonewithpurestrengthcanrecruit90percentofthesefiberswhilesomeoneelserecruitsonly50percent"saystheUSOC’sDavis. 44.Developinganaerobicfitness. Anaerobicfitnesskeepsthemusclesmovingevenwhentheheartcan’tprovideenoughoxygen.TopostponethepointwhenacidbeginstoaccumulateoratleasttrainthebodytotolerateitJimWalkerhasthespeedskatersheworkswithpushthemselvesbeyondwhattheyneedtodoincompetition. Powerisstrengthwithspeed. "Oneofthebiggestchangesinstrengthtrainingisthatwe’regettingawayfrompurestrengthandemphasizingpowerorexplosivestrength"saysUSOCstrength-and-conditioningcoordinatorKevinEbel. 45.Difficultiesunderway. It’sstilldifficulttopersuadecoachestoletsportsscientistsmesswiththeirathletes. ToovercomesuchresistancetheUSOC’sPeterDavishassetup"performance-enhancingteams"wherecoachesandscientistsputtheirheadstogetherandapplythebestsciencetotraining.ComeFebruarytheworldwillseehowsciencefaredinitsattempttomoldathleticexcellence.[ A]ZachLundracesskeletonahead-firstbelly-downsledraceinwhichthestartiscrucial.Hehastosprintinabent-overpositionpushinghissledalongthetrackthenhopinwithoutslowingthesled."Youhavetogofromahardsprinttobeingreallycalminordertogodownthetrackwell"saysLund.Toimprovehisspeedhedoeslegpresseswhilelyingonhisbackorlegcurlsonhisstomachbringinghisfoottohisbackside. [B]Despitethefindingthatdraftingreducesthedemandontheheartofaspeedskaterandgenerallyimprovesperformanceforinstancemostskatersstillprefertogooutfastandfirst. [C]Sprinterswhoskate500metersintheOlympicsforinstancepowerthroughmultiple300metersanddoitfasterthantheyskatethe500.Byraisingtheanaerobicthresholdthetraininggivesskatersabettershotatexplodingwithasprintatthefinish. [D]Lugeforinstancerequiresprecisecontrolofinfinitesimalmusclemovements:"Overcorrectonaturn"saysdriverMarkGrimmette"andyou’redead.’ToachievethatprecisecontrolheandhisdoublespartnerBrianMartindevoteagoodchunkoftheirtrainingtimetoexercisesonthosesquishyrubberspherescalledSwissballs. [E]AerobicfitnessishockeystarCammiGranato’sgoaloneautumnmorningasshepedalsastationarybikewithsweatyfuryattheUSOCtrainingcenterinLakePlacidNewYork.WhenGranatofinallystaggersoffthebikeandcrumplesontothepaddedplatformshe’s’hadatougherworkoutthaninanyhockeyperiod--whichisexactlythepoint [F]Thethigh’squadricepsforinstanceconsistofmillionsoffibersorganizedintowhatarecalledmotorunits.Whenaspeedskaterpushesofftheiceherecruitsacertainpercentageofthemtofire;theothersarerelaxingandsodonotcontributetothemovement. 42
YamatotheancientnameofJapanessentiallymeansbigharmony.ToachievesuchbalanceJapanesesocietyhasrefinedaplethoraofculturaltraits:humilityloyaltyrespectandconsensus.Inthefieldofbusinesshoweverthisoftenresultsinalackofleaderswhoarewillingtostandoutfromthecrowdpromotethemselvesandactdecisively.ThenailthatsticksupgetshammereddownisacommonJapaneserefrain;thehawkwithtalenthideshistalonsisanother.WhereasAmericanandEuropeanbossesliketoappearonthecoversofglobalbusinessmagazinestheirJapanesecounterpartsarecomfortableintheirobscurity.BusinessinJapanisgenerallyrunasagroupendeavor.Suchdemocraticvirtuesservedthecountrywellinthepost-warperiod.ButtodaytheyholdtoomanyJapanesefirmsback.Japanboastssomeofthebestcompaniesintheworld:ToyotaCanonandNintendoaretheenvyoftheirindustries.ButtheyoperateonaglobalscaleandhavetentativelyembracedsomeunconsensualAmericanmethods.InmuchoftheJapaneseeconomy-especiallyitshugedomesticservicessector-managersareinsomethingofafunk.Firmsdonotgivepromisingyoungstersresponsibilityearlyonbutallocatejobsbyage.Unnecessarilylongworkinghoursarethenormsappingproductivity.Andtherearefewwomenandforeignersinseniorroleswhichnarrowsthetalentpool.Sohowpleasingitistobeabletoreportthesuccessofabusinessleaderwhobreaksthemould.Youngdynamicandcleverheisnotafraidtopushasideoldconservativeknow-nothings.Hedisdainscorporatepoliticsandpromotespeoplebasedonmeritratherthanseniority.Hecanmakemistakeshegotinvolvedinaquestionabletakeover-defenceschemebutheiswildlypopularwithsalarymen:hiseverymoveischronicledweekly.InJunehewasgiventhetopjobatoneofJapan’sbiggestfirms.KosakuShimaofHatsushibaGoyoHoldingshasonlyoneseriousshortcoming:heisnotarealpersonbutamangaorcartooncharacter.FormanycriticsofJapanthatsaysitall:Mr.Shimacouldexistonlyinfiction.Infactthereisroomforthecountry’smanagersandevenitspoliticianstolearnfromhim.MostofthelessonsareforJapan’smanagers.Atpresentbossesrarelysaywhattheythinkbecauseitmightdisrupttheharmonyorbeseenasimmodest.Theirsubordinatesarereluctanttochallengeideasbecausethatwouldcausethebosstoloseface.Sodaftstrategiesfesterratherthangettingculledquickly.Thereislittlerisk-takingorinitiative.ThecruxoftheproblemisJapanesecompanies’cultureofconsensus-baseddecision-making.Callednemawashiliterallygoingaroundtherootsorringibottom-updecisionsithelpedtoestablishanegalitarianworkplace.Inthe1980sWesternmanagementconsultantscooedthatitwasthesourceofJapan’scompetitivestrength.Sometimesitcanbeasinperiodsofcrisiswhenanentirefirmneedstoacceptnewmarchingordersquickly.Butmostofthetimeitstranglesacompany.Relyingonconsensusmeansthatdecisionsaremadeslowlyifatall.Withsomanypeopletopleasetheresultisoftenamediocremorassofcompromises.Andwithsomanyhandsinvolvedthereisnoaccountability;noreasonforindividualstoexcel;nosanctionagainstbaddecisionssothattherearefeweroftheminfuture.OfcoursesometimestheconsensusoftheJapaneseworkplaceisjustaveneeranddecisionsarestillmadefromonhigh.Butthenwhypersistwiththepretenceparticularlyifitdrainsacompany’sefficiencyWhichofthefollowingisnotthefaultcausedbyconsensualJapanesemethodaccordingtothetext
YamatotheancientnameofJapanessentiallymeansbigharmony.ToachievesuchbalanceJapanesesocietyhasrefinedaplethoraofculturaltraits:humilityloyaltyrespectandconsensus.Inthefieldofbusinesshoweverthisoftenresultsinalackofleaderswhoarewillingtostandoutfromthecrowdpromotethemselvesandactdecisively.ThenailthatsticksupgetshammereddownisacommonJapaneserefrain;thehawkwithtalenthideshistalonsisanother.WhereasAmericanandEuropeanbossesliketoappearonthecoversofglobalbusinessmagazinestheirJapanesecounterpartsarecomfortableintheirobscurity.BusinessinJapanisgenerallyrunasagroupendeavor.Suchdemocraticvirtuesservedthecountrywellinthepost-warperiod.ButtodaytheyholdtoomanyJapanesefirmsback.Japanboastssomeofthebestcompaniesintheworld:ToyotaCanonandNintendoaretheenvyoftheirindustries.ButtheyoperateonaglobalscaleandhavetentativelyembracedsomeunconsensualAmericanmethods.InmuchoftheJapaneseeconomy-especiallyitshugedomesticservicessector-managersareinsomethingofafunk.Firmsdonotgivepromisingyoungstersresponsibilityearlyonbutallocatejobsbyage.Unnecessarilylongworkinghoursarethenormsappingproductivity.Andtherearefewwomenandforeignersinseniorroleswhichnarrowsthetalentpool.Sohowpleasingitistobeabletoreportthesuccessofabusinessleaderwhobreaksthemould.Youngdynamicandcleverheisnotafraidtopushasideoldconservativeknow-nothings.Hedisdainscorporatepoliticsandpromotespeoplebasedonmeritratherthanseniority.Hecanmakemistakeshegotinvolvedinaquestionabletakeover-defenceschemebutheiswildlypopularwithsalarymen:hiseverymoveischronicledweekly.InJunehewasgiventhetopjobatoneofJapan’sbiggestfirms.KosakuShimaofHatsushibaGoyoHoldingshasonlyoneseriousshortcoming:heisnotarealpersonbutamangaorcartooncharacter.FormanycriticsofJapanthatsaysitall:Mr.Shimacouldexistonlyinfiction.Infactthereisroomforthecountry’smanagersandevenitspoliticianstolearnfromhim.MostofthelessonsareforJapan’smanagers.Atpresentbossesrarelysaywhattheythinkbecauseitmightdisrupttheharmonyorbeseenasimmodest.Theirsubordinatesarereluctanttochallengeideasbecausethatwouldcausethebosstoloseface.Sodaftstrategiesfesterratherthangettingculledquickly.Thereislittlerisk-takingorinitiative.ThecruxoftheproblemisJapanesecompanies’cultureofconsensus-baseddecision-making.Callednemawashiliterallygoingaroundtherootsorringibottom-updecisionsithelpedtoestablishanegalitarianworkplace.Inthe1980sWesternmanagementconsultantscooedthatitwasthesourceofJapan’scompetitivestrength.Sometimesitcanbeasinperiodsofcrisiswhenanentirefirmneedstoacceptnewmarchingordersquickly.Butmostofthetimeitstranglesacompany.Relyingonconsensusmeansthatdecisionsaremadeslowlyifatall.Withsomanypeopletopleasetheresultisoftenamediocremorassofcompromises.Andwithsomanyhandsinvolvedthereisnoaccountability;noreasonforindividualstoexcel;nosanctionagainstbaddecisionssothattherearefeweroftheminfuture.OfcoursesometimestheconsensusoftheJapaneseworkplaceisjustaveneeranddecisionsarestillmadefromonhigh.Butthenwhypersistwiththepretenceparticularlyifitdrainsacompany’sefficiencyWhichofthefollowingbestillustratesthemeaningofnemawashi
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