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Yamato, the ancient name of Japan, essentially means "big harmony". To achieve such balance, Japanes...
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Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. 14
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayto1describethepicture2deducethepurposeofthedrawerofthepictureand3suggestcounter-measures.Youshouldwriteabout160—200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
41Conflicts: Ifyoudogetaplaceinthestudentdormitoryitislikelythatyouwillhavetoshareyourlivingspacewithanotherstudent.WhilehavinganAmericanroommatewillhelpyoutolearnmoreaboutAmericanwaystherewillprobablybemanytimesthatdiscomfortorconflictwillariseduetoculturaldifferences. 42Sex: WithregardtosexingeneralAmericanbehaviorisquitedifferentfromthenormsfoundinChina. 43RelationshipBetweenTeachers&Students: OnthecampusparticularlywhereclassesaresmallIfoundastrangeinformalitythatcharacterizedtherelationshipbetweenstudentsandtheirprofessors. 44Gifts: InmyinteractionwithAmericanfriendsInoticedthattheconceptofagiftisquitedifferenthere.ManythingswegivetoeachotherinChinaarenotcalled"gifts"butareconsideredtobeareflectionofordinarydutiesandmutualobligations.Accustomedaswearetousingtheword"gift"torefertosomethingvaluablegivenonspecialoccasionsitcomesasasurprisetoseehowoftenthewordisusedinAmerica.IntheUnitedStates"gifts"givenonmanydifferentoccasionsareonlyservices. 45SocialIntercourse: WhenyoudoenterAmericanhomesyouwillhaveanopportunitytoobservedifferentwaysofgreetingpeople.OnthewholeAmericanstendtobefarmorephysicalthanweintheirgreetings. [A]Iwasastonishedforexamplewhenafriendtoldmethathewasofferingtocareforhisyoungerbrotherandsistersothathisfathercouldtakeavacationforhisbirthday—thiswasagifttohim.Forusthiswouldbeconsidereddutyratherthanagift.Evenbetweenfriendsgesturesofthissortmightbeconsidered"gifts"here. [B]Whilemanystudentsdocalltheirprofessors"Professor"soandsoor"Dr."soandsosomeprofessorsprefertobecalledfamiliarlybytheirfirstnames.Andinthespiritofinformalitymanyprofessorsmayinvitestudentstotheirhomesorcanbeseenchattingwithstudentsoveramealoracupofcoffeeintheschoolcafeteria.AgoodnumberofinstructorsevenrequestthatstudentsfilloutClassevaluationformswhichassessthecontentandpresentationofthecourse. [C]Myroommatewasverysociableandhadmanyboyfriendswhocametovisitoftenverylate.OnenightaftermidnightIhadtostayinthebathroomforanextra40minutesbecauseIhadheardaman’svoiceinmyroom.MyroommatedidnotrealizehowawkwardIwouldfeelmeetingamanwhileIwasinmynightgown.YouseeAmericanstudentstendtobemuchmorecasualaboutthesematters. [D]Onmanyoccasi0hsforinstanceclosefriendsorsometimesevencasualacquaintancesembraceorkisseachotheronthecheeksingreetingorbiddingfarewell.Itmayevenhappenthatwherecouplesareclosefriendsthetwohusbandswillkisstheotherman’swife! [E]IntheUnitedStatesforexampleifastudentwantstoinvitehisteachertoadinnerpartytheinvitationshouldbesentaweekorsobeforethepartydate.Iftheinvitationisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydatetheteacherwillfeelheisnothighlyregarded. [F]ForexamplemanyAmericanstudentsseemtoliketolistentopopularandsometimesloudmusicwhilestudyingintheirrooms.Sometimestheywillevenleavethemusiconwhentheyleavetheroom.ForSomereasonmanywilltellyoumusichelpsthemtorelaxandconcentrateanideawhichotherforeignstudentsandIfoundverystrangeanddisturbing.We’dliketostudyquietlywithoutanydisturbance. 42
Text2 Miserseverywhere:thatMediterraneancruisecouldbewithinreachatlast.There’llbenofreeridetotheportandnofreefoodorentertainmentonboard.Thecabinwillmeasure30meterssquareandhousekeepingwillbeextra.Butthefiberglasssuiteiseasytocleanandcostsaslittleas￡29anight. EarlierthisyearserialentrepreneurSteliosHaji-IoannouthemanwhogaveEuropeitsfirstbudgetairlinecashedin￡14millionofhiseasyJetsharestofundwhathecallsa"littleshoppingspree."Boldlyexpandinghisno-frillsmodelintonewmarketsSteliosheinsistsonfirst-nameinformalityplanstoopenthefirsteasyHotelinLondonthisyearwithpricesfrom￡5anightaneasyBusfleetandeasyCruisereadytosailnextsummer.Alsoonthelist:easyPizzasandeasyTelecomamobile-phoneservice. CanhemakeitworkThesoaringsuccessofeasyJetanditsrivalswasEurope’sgreatbusinessstoryofthelate1990sandyetmorecarriersareemergingtoservethe10nationsthatjoinedtheEuropeanUnionlastweek.Whilecopycattingtheideamaylooklikeano-brainerthoughsomeexpertsdoubtStelios’sexpansionplanshavemuchofafuture."Theno-frillsmodelisveryfragile."saysChrisVossofLondonBusinessSchool."Steliosisapplyingitratherindiscriminately." Theentrepreneur’srecordismixed.HelaunchedeasyJetin1995whenhewas28anditnowhas70planesandrevenuesof￡932millionlastyearupnearly70percentfrom2002.Buthisfirstattempttoclonetheno-frillsmodelaEurope-widechainofInternetcafeslaunchedattheheightofthebubblehassincestruggledtomakemoney.HisfirsteasyCinema-ticketsforjust50penceissufferingbecausebigdistributorsfearfulofundercuttingtheirotherbusinessrefusetoallowcheapscreeningsofnewblockbusters. Thelargerproblem:reducingpricesisnotenoughtomakeno-frillswork.Steliosforexamplelikestoselldirecttothecustomerpreferablyonlineandavoidscorporateaccountsonthetheorythatonlyindividualscareenoughaboutpricetobeloyalno-killscustomers.Hechoosesonlysectorsinwhichthevolumeofbusinesswillclearlyriseaspricesfall.There’snopointsayinofferingacut-rateburialservice.SaysStelios:"Thedemandforfuneralsisn’tgoingtogoup--regardlessoftheprice." SomeexpertslikeChrisVossthinkthat
Text3 Inthetwodecadesbetween1910and1930overtenpercentoftheBlackpopulationoftheUnitedStateslefttheSouthwherethemajorityoftheBlackpopulationhadbeenlocatedandmigratedtonorthernstateswiththelargestnumbermovingitisclaimedbetween1916and1918.IthasbeenfrequentlyassumedbutnotprovedthatmostofthemigrantsinwhathascometobecalledtheGreatMigrationcamefromruralareasandweremotivatedbytwoconcurrentfactors:thecollapseofcottonindustryfollowingbollweevilinfestationwhichbeganin1898andincreaseddemandintheNorthforlaborfollowingthecessationofEuropeanimmigrationcausedbytheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWarin1914.Thisassumptionhasledtotheconclusionthatthemigrants’subsequentlackofeconomicmobilityintheNorthistiedtoruralbackgroundabackgroundthatimpliesunfamiliaritywithurbanlivingandalackofindustrialskills. ButthequestionofwhoactuallylefttheSouthhasneverbeeninvestigatedindetail.AlthoughnumerousinvestigationsdocumentaflightfromruralsouthernareastosoutherncitiespriortotheGreatMigrationnoonehasconsideredwhetherthesamemigrantsthenmovedontonortherncities.In1910over600000BlackworkersortenpercentoftheBlackworkforcereportedthemselvestobeengagedin"manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits"thefederalcensuscategoryroughlyincludingtheentireindustrialsector.TheGreatMigrationcouldeasilyhavebeenmadeupentirelyofthisgroupandtheirfamilies.ItisperhapssurprisingtoarguethatanemployedpopulationcouldbetemptedtomovebutanexplanationliesinthelaborconditionsthenprevalentintheSouth. Aboutthirty-fivepercentoftheurbanBlackpopulationintheSouthwasengagedinskilledtrades.Somewerefromtheoldartisanclassofslavery—blacksmithsmasonscarpenterswhichhadamonopolyofcertaintradesbuttheyweregraduallybeingpushedoutbycompetitionmechanizationandobsolescence.Theremainingsixty-fivepercentmorerecentlyurbanizedworkedinnewlydevelopedindustries—tobaccolumbercoalandironmanufactureandrailroads.WagesintheSouthhoweverwerelowandBlackworkerswereawarethroughlaborrecruitersandtheBlackpressthattheycouldearnmoreevenasunskilledworkersintheNorththantheycouldasartisansintheSouth.AfterthebollweevilinfestationurbanBlackworkersfacedcompetitionfromthecontinuinginfluxofbothBlackandWhiteruralworkerswhoweredriventoundercutthewagesformerlypaidforindustrialjobs.Thusamove’northwouldbeseenasadvantageoustoagroupthatwasalreadyurbanizedandsteadilyemployedandtheeasyconclusiontyingtheirsubsequenteconomicproblemsintheNorthtotheirruralbackgroundscomesintoquestion. Notes:bollweevilinfestation棉铃虫蔓延cessation中止停止mason泥瓦匠recruiter招募者influx入涌入 Accordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingistrueofwagesinsoutherncitiesin1910
Text4 BernardBailynhasrecentlyreinterpretedtheearlyhistoryoftheUnitedStatesbyapplyingnewsocialresearchfindingsontheexperiencesofEuropeanmigrants.Inhisreinterpretationmigrationbecomestheorganizingprincipleforrewritingthehistoryofpre-industrialNorthAmerica.Hisapproachrestsonfourseparatepropositions. ThefirstoftheseassertsthatresidentsofearlymodernEnglandmovedregularlyabouttheircountryside:migratingtotheNewWorldwassimplya"naturalspillover’.AlthoughatfirstthecoloniesheldlittlepositiveattractionfortheEnglish—theywouldratherhavestayedhome—bytheeighteenthcenturypeopleincreasinglymigratedtoAmericabecausetheyregardeditasthelandofopportunity.SecondlyBailynholdsthatcontrarytothenotionthatusedtoflourishinAmericanhistorytextbookstherewasneveratypicalNewWorldcommunity.ForexampletheeconomicanddemographiccharacterofearlyNewEnglandtownsvariedconsiderably. Bailyn’sthirdpropositionsuggeststwogeneralpatternsprevailingamongthemanythousandsofmigrants:onegroupcameasindenturedservantsanothercametoacquireland.SurprisinglyBailynsuggeststhatthosewhorecruitedindenturedservantsweredrivingforcesoftransatlanticmigration.Thesecolonialentrepreneurshelpeddeterminethesocialcharacterofpeoplewhocametopre-industrialNorthAmerica.Atfirstthousandsofunskilledlaborerswererecruited;bythe1730’showeverAmericanemployersdemandedskilledworkers. FinallyBailynarguesthatthecolonieswereahalf-civilizedhinterlandoftheEuropeanculturesystem.HeisundoubtedlycorrecttoinsistthatthecolonieswerepartoftheAnglo-Americanempire.ButtodividetheempireintoEnglishcoreandcolonialperipheryasBailyndoesdevaluestheachievementsofcolonialculture.ItistrueasBailynclaimsthathighcultureinthecoloniesnevermatchedthatinEngland.Butwhatofseventeenth-centuryNewEnglandwherethesettlerscreatedeffectivelawsbuiltadistinguisheduniversityandpublishedbooksBailynmightrespondthatNewEnglandwasexceptional.HowevertheideasandinstitutionsdevelopedbyNewEnglandPuritanshadpowerfuleffectsonNorthAmericanculture. AlthoughBailyngoesontoapplyhisapproachtosomethousandsofindenturedservantswhomigratedjustpriortotherevolutionhefailstolinktheirexperiencewiththepoliticaldevelopmentoftheUnitedStates.Evidencepresentedinhisworksuggestshowwemightmakesuchaconnection.TheseindenturedservantsweretreatedasslavesfortheperiodduringwhichtheyhadsoldtheirtimetoAmericanemployers.Itisnotsurprisingthatassoonastheyservedtheirtimetheygaveupgoodwagesinthecitiesandheadedwesttoensuretheirpersonalindependencebyacquiringland.ThusitisinthewestthatapeculiarlyAmerican.politicalculturebeganamongcolonistswhoweresuspiciousofauthorityandintenselyanti-aristocratic. Notes:spillovern.外流indenturedservant合同工hinterlandn.内地Anglo-American英裔美国人的peripheryn.边缘anti-aristocratic反垢贵族的demographics人口统计特点 Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheauthor'sevaluationofBailyn'sfourthproposition
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. 8
Twomodesofargumentationhavebeenusedonbehalfofwomen’semancipationinWesternsocieties.46Argumentsinwhatcouldbecalledthe"relational"feministtraditionmaintainthedoctrineof"equalityindifference"orequityasdistinctfromequality.Theycontendthatbiologicaldistinctionsbetweenthesexesresultinanecessarysexualdivisionoflaborinthefamilyandthroughoutsocietyandthatwomen’sprocreativelaboriscurrently’undervaluedbysocietytothedisadvantageofwomen.47Bycontrasttheindividualistfeministtraditionemphasizesindividualhumanrightsandcerebrateswomen’squestforpersonalautonomywhiledownplayingtheimportanceofgenderrolesandminimizingdiscussionofchildbearinganditsattendantresponsibilities.Beforethelatenineteenthcenturytheseviewscoexistedwithinthefeministmovementoftenwithinthewritingsofthesameindividual.48Between1890and1920howeverrelationalfeminismwhichhadbeenthedominantstraininfeministthoughtandwhichstillpredominatesamongEuropeanandnon-WesternfeministslostgroundinEnglandandtheUnitedStates.BecausetheconceptofindividualrightswasalreadywellestablishedintheAnglo-SaxonlegalandpoliticaltraditionindividualistfeminismcametopredominateinEnglish-speakingcountries.Atthesametimethegoalsofthetwoapproachesbegantoseemincreasinglyirreconcilable.Individualistfeministsbegantoadvocateatotallygender-blindsystemwithequalrightsforall.49Relationalfeministswhileagreeingthatequaleducationalandeconomicopportunitiesoutsidethehomeshouldbeavailableforallwomencontinuedtoemphasizewomen’sspecialcontributionstosocietyashomemakersandmothers.Theydemandedspecialtreatmentforwomenincludingprotectivelegislationforwomenworkersstate-sponsoredmaternitybenefitsandpaidcompensationforhousework. Relationalargumentshaveamajorpitfall:becausetheyunderlinewomen’sphysiologicalandpsychologicaldistinctivenesstheyareoftenappropriatedbypoliticaladversariesandusedtoendorsemaleprivilege.50Buttheindividualistapproachbyattackinggenderrolesdenyingthesignificanceofphysiologicaldifferenceandcondemningexistingfamilialinstitutionsashopelesslypatriarchalhasoftensimplytreatedasirrelevantthefamilyrolesimportanttomanywomen.Iftheindividualistframeworkwithitsclaimforwomen’sautonomycouldbeharmonizedwiththefamily-orientedconcernsofrelationalfeministsamorefruitfulmodelforcontemporaryfeministpoliticscouldemerge. Notes:emancipationn.解放equityn.公平procreative生育的undervaluevt.低估......的价值celebratevt.颂扬questn.寻求downplayvt.贬低低估loseground退却失利maternitybenefit产妇津贴pitfalln.隐患appropriatevt.盗用adversaryn.敌手endorsevt.赞同patriarchal家长制的 Buttheindividualistapproachbyattackinggenderrolesdenyingthesignificanceofphysiologicaldifferenceandcondemningexistingfamilialinstitutionsashopelesslypatriarchalhasoftensimplytreatedasirrelevantthefamilyrolesimportanttomanywomen.
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. 16
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. 4
Twomodesofargumentationhavebeenusedonbehalfofwomen’semancipationinWesternsocieties.46Argumentsinwhatcouldbecalledthe"relational"feministtraditionmaintainthedoctrineof"equalityindifference"orequityasdistinctfromequality.Theycontendthatbiologicaldistinctionsbetweenthesexesresultinanecessarysexualdivisionoflaborinthefamilyandthroughoutsocietyandthatwomen’sprocreativelaboriscurrently’undervaluedbysocietytothedisadvantageofwomen.47Bycontrasttheindividualistfeministtraditionemphasizesindividualhumanrightsandcerebrateswomen’squestforpersonalautonomywhiledownplayingtheimportanceofgenderrolesandminimizingdiscussionofchildbearinganditsattendantresponsibilities.Beforethelatenineteenthcenturytheseviewscoexistedwithinthefeministmovementoftenwithinthewritingsofthesameindividual.48Between1890and1920howeverrelationalfeminismwhichhadbeenthedominantstraininfeministthoughtandwhichstillpredominatesamongEuropeanandnon-WesternfeministslostgroundinEnglandandtheUnitedStates.BecausetheconceptofindividualrightswasalreadywellestablishedintheAnglo-SaxonlegalandpoliticaltraditionindividualistfeminismcametopredominateinEnglish-speakingcountries.Atthesametimethegoalsofthetwoapproachesbegantoseemincreasinglyirreconcilable.Individualistfeministsbegantoadvocateatotallygender-blindsystemwithequalrightsforall.49Relationalfeministswhileagreeingthatequaleducationalandeconomicopportunitiesoutsidethehomeshouldbeavailableforallwomencontinuedtoemphasizewomen’sspecialcontributionstosocietyashomemakersandmothers.Theydemandedspecialtreatmentforwomenincludingprotectivelegislationforwomenworkersstate-sponsoredmaternitybenefitsandpaidcompensationforhousework. Relationalargumentshaveamajorpitfall:becausetheyunderlinewomen’sphysiologicalandpsychologicaldistinctivenesstheyareoftenappropriatedbypoliticaladversariesandusedtoendorsemaleprivilege.50Buttheindividualistapproachbyattackinggenderrolesdenyingthesignificanceofphysiologicaldifferenceandcondemningexistingfamilialinstitutionsashopelesslypatriarchalhasoftensimplytreatedasirrelevantthefamilyrolesimportanttomanywomen.Iftheindividualistframeworkwithitsclaimforwomen’sautonomycouldbeharmonizedwiththefamily-orientedconcernsofrelationalfeministsamorefruitfulmodelforcontemporaryfeministpoliticscouldemerge. Notes:emancipationn.解放equityn.公平procreative生育的undervaluevt.低估......的价值celebratevt.颂扬questn.寻求downplayvt.贬低低估loseground退却失利maternitybenefit产妇津贴pitfalln.隐患appropriatevt.盗用adversaryn.敌手endorsevt.赞同patriarchal家长制的 Argumentsinwhatcouldbecalledtherelationalfeministtraditionmaintainthedoctrineofequalityindifferenceorequityasdistinctfromequality
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. 2
Text1 ImprovingthebalancebetweentheworkingpartofthedayandtherestofitisagoalofagrowingnumberofworkersinrichWesterncountries.Someareturningawayfromtheidealsoftheirparentsforwhomworkalwayscamefirst;otherswithscarceskillsaredemandingmorebecausetheyknowtheycangetit.EmployersCaughtbetweenafallingpopulationofworkersandtightcontrolsonimmigrationareeagertoidentifyextraperksthatwillluremore"talent"theirway.Justnowtheyarefocusingonbenefitsespeciallyflexibleworkingthatofferemployeesmorethanjustpay. Somecompaniessawthechangeofmoodsometimeago.IBMhasmorethan50differentprogrammespromotingwork-lifebalanceandBankofAmericaover30.Butplentyofotherfirmsremainunconvincedandmanylackthecapacitytocatertosuchideaseveniftheywantedto.HelenMuftiswithHayGroupahuman-resourcesconsultancyseesawideninggapbetweenfirms"atthecreativeendofemployment"andthosethatarenot. Thechiefcomponentofalmostallschemestopromotework-lifebalanceisflexibleworking.Thisallowspeopletoescaperigidnine-to-fiveschedulesandworkawayfromaformaloffice.IBMsaysthat40%ofitsemployeestodayworkoffthecompanypremises.Formanybusinessesflexibleworkingisanecessity.Globalizationhasspreadthehoursinwhichworkersneedtocommunicatewitheachotherandincreasedthecallforflexibleshifts. NellaBarkleyanAmericanwhoadvisescompaniesonwork-lifebalancesaysthatlargefirmsalebeginningtounderstandthevalueofsuchschemes"butonlyslowly".Formostofthemtheystillmeanlittlemorethanchildcarehealthcareandflexibleworking. Tosomeextenttheproliferationofwork-life-balanceschemesisafunctionoftoday’slabourmarket.Companiesinknowledgebasedindustriesworryabouttheshortageofskillsandhowtheyaregoingtopersuadetalentedpeopletoworkforthem.Althoughwhite-collarworkersaremorelikelytobelaidoffnowadaystheyarealsolikelytogetrehired.UnemploymentamongcollegegraduatesinAmericaisjustover2%.Thesamecompetitionforscarce.talentisevidentinBritain. ForsometimetocometalentedpeopleintheWestwilldemandmorefromemployersandcleveremployerswillcreatenewgewgawstoenticethemtojoin.Thoseemployersshouldnotethatforagrowingnumberoftheseworkersthemostappealinggewgawofallisthefreedomtoworkasandwhentheyplease. IBMismentionedinthethirdparagraphtoshowthat
Text2 InthepastAmericancollegesanduniversitieswerecreatedtoserveadualpurposetoadvancelearningandtoofferachancetobecomefamiliarwithbodiesofknowledgealreadydiscoveredtothosewhowishedit.TocreateandtoimpartthesewerethedistinctivefeaturesofAmericanhighereducationpriortothemostrecentdisorderlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury.Thesuccessfulinstitutionofhigherlearninghadneverbeenonewhosemissioncouldbedefinedintermsofprovidingvocationalskillsorasastrategyforresolvingsocietalproblems.InasubtlewayAmericansbelievedhighereducationtobeusefulbutnotnecessarilyofimmediateuse. AnotherpurposehasnowbeenassignedtothemissionofAmericancollegesanduniversities.Institutionsofhigherlearning—publicorprivate—commonlyfacethechallengeofdefiningtheirprogramsinsuchawayastocontributetotheserviceofthecommunity. Thisservicerolehasvariousapplications.Mostcommonareprogramstomeetthedemandsofregionalemploymentmarketstoprovideopportunitiesforupwardsocialandeconomicmobilitytoachieveracialethnicorsocialintegrationormoregenerallytoproduce"productive"ascomparedto"educated"graduates.Regardlessofitsprecisedefinitiontheideaofaservice-universityhaswonacceptancewithintheacademiccommunity. Oneneedonlyberemindedofthechangeinlanguagedescribingthetwo-yearcollegetoappreciatethenewvaluecurrentlybeingattachedtotheconceptofaservice-relateduniversity.Thetraditionaltwo-yearcollegehassheditspejorative"junior"collegelabelandisgenerallycalleda"community"collegeaclearlyvalue-ladenexpressionrepresentingthelatestcommitmentinhighereducation.Eventhedoctoraldegreelongrecognized’asarequired".unioncard"intheacademicworldhascomeunderseverecriticismasthepursuitoflearningforitsownsakeandtheaccumulationofknowledgewithoutimmediateapplicationtoaprofessor’sclassroomduties.Theideaofacollegeoruniversitythatperformsatriplefunction—communicatingknowledgetostudentsexpandingthecontentofvariousdisciplinesandinteractinginadirectrelationshipwithsociety—hasbeenthemostimportantchangeinhighereducationinrecentyears. Thisnoveldevelopmenthoweverisoftenoverlooked.Educatorshavealwaysbeenfamiliarwiththosepartsofthetwo-yearcollegecurriculumthathavea"service"orvocationalorientation.Itisimportanttoknowthis.ButsomecommentariesonAmericanpostsecondaryeducationtendtounderplaytheimpactoftheattemptofcollegesanduniversitiestorelatetoifnotresolvetheproblemsofsociety.What’sworsetheyobscureafundamentalquestionposedbytheservice-university—whatishighereducationsupposedtodo Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatthereexistsatendencyto
Text1 ImprovingthebalancebetweentheworkingpartofthedayandtherestofitisagoalofagrowingnumberofworkersinrichWesterncountries.Someareturningawayfromtheidealsoftheirparentsforwhomworkalwayscamefirst;otherswithscarceskillsaredemandingmorebecausetheyknowtheycangetit.EmployersCaughtbetweenafallingpopulationofworkersandtightcontrolsonimmigrationareeagertoidentifyextraperksthatwillluremore"talent"theirway.Justnowtheyarefocusingonbenefitsespeciallyflexibleworkingthatofferemployeesmorethanjustpay. Somecompaniessawthechangeofmoodsometimeago.IBMhasmorethan50differentprogrammespromotingwork-lifebalanceandBankofAmericaover30.Butplentyofotherfirmsremainunconvincedandmanylackthecapacitytocatertosuchideaseveniftheywantedto.HelenMuftiswithHayGroupahuman-resourcesconsultancyseesawideninggapbetweenfirms"atthecreativeendofemployment"andthosethatarenot. Thechiefcomponentofalmostallschemestopromotework-lifebalanceisflexibleworking.Thisallowspeopletoescaperigidnine-to-fiveschedulesandworkawayfromaformaloffice.IBMsaysthat40%ofitsemployeestodayworkoffthecompanypremises.Formanybusinessesflexibleworkingisanecessity.Globalizationhasspreadthehoursinwhichworkersneedtocommunicatewitheachotherandincreasedthecallforflexibleshifts. NellaBarkleyanAmericanwhoadvisescompaniesonwork-lifebalancesaysthatlargefirmsalebeginningtounderstandthevalueofsuchschemes"butonlyslowly".Formostofthemtheystillmeanlittlemorethanchildcarehealthcareandflexibleworking. Tosomeextenttheproliferationofwork-life-balanceschemesisafunctionoftoday’slabourmarket.Companiesinknowledgebasedindustriesworryabouttheshortageofskillsandhowtheyaregoingtopersuadetalentedpeopletoworkforthem.Althoughwhite-collarworkersaremorelikelytobelaidoffnowadaystheyarealsolikelytogetrehired.UnemploymentamongcollegegraduatesinAmericaisjustover2%.Thesamecompetitionforscarce.talentisevidentinBritain. ForsometimetocometalentedpeopleintheWestwilldemandmorefromemployersandcleveremployerswillcreatenewgewgawstoenticethemtojoin.Thoseemployersshouldnotethatforagrowingnumberoftheseworkersthemostappealinggewgawofallisthefreedomtoworkasandwhentheyplease. ThewordgewgawsLine2Paragraph6mostprobablymeans
Text2 Miserseverywhere:thatMediterraneancruisecouldbewithinreachatlast.There’llbenofreeridetotheportandnofreefoodorentertainmentonboard.Thecabinwillmeasure30meterssquareandhousekeepingwillbeextra.Butthefiberglasssuiteiseasytocleanandcostsaslittleas￡29anight. EarlierthisyearserialentrepreneurSteliosHaji-IoannouthemanwhogaveEuropeitsfirstbudgetairlinecashedin￡14millionofhiseasyJetsharestofundwhathecallsa"littleshoppingspree."Boldlyexpandinghisno-frillsmodelintonewmarketsSteliosheinsistsonfirst-nameinformalityplanstoopenthefirsteasyHotelinLondonthisyearwithpricesfrom￡5anightaneasyBusfleetandeasyCruisereadytosailnextsummer.Alsoonthelist:easyPizzasandeasyTelecomamobile-phoneservice. CanhemakeitworkThesoaringsuccessofeasyJetanditsrivalswasEurope’sgreatbusinessstoryofthelate1990sandyetmorecarriersareemergingtoservethe10nationsthatjoinedtheEuropeanUnionlastweek.Whilecopycattingtheideamaylooklikeano-brainerthoughsomeexpertsdoubtStelios’sexpansionplanshavemuchofafuture."Theno-frillsmodelisveryfragile."saysChrisVossofLondonBusinessSchool."Steliosisapplyingitratherindiscriminately." Theentrepreneur’srecordismixed.HelaunchedeasyJetin1995whenhewas28anditnowhas70planesandrevenuesof￡932millionlastyearupnearly70percentfrom2002.Buthisfirstattempttoclonetheno-frillsmodelaEurope-widechainofInternetcafeslaunchedattheheightofthebubblehassincestruggledtomakemoney.HisfirsteasyCinema-ticketsforjust50penceissufferingbecausebigdistributorsfearfulofundercuttingtheirotherbusinessrefusetoallowcheapscreeningsofnewblockbusters. Thelargerproblem:reducingpricesisnotenoughtomakeno-frillswork.Steliosforexamplelikestoselldirecttothecustomerpreferablyonlineandavoidscorporateaccountsonthetheorythatonlyindividualscareenoughaboutpricetobeloyalno-killscustomers.Hechoosesonlysectorsinwhichthevolumeofbusinesswillclearlyriseaspricesfall.There’snopointsayinofferingacut-rateburialservice.SaysStelios:"Thedemandforfuneralsisn’tgoingtogoup--regardlessoftheprice." IfonetravelsontheMediterraneancruiseinthefuture
Text3 ScientistsJohanFeenstraandRobHayesthinkthey’vefiguredouthowaprocesscalledelectrowettingcanmakepaperthatcandoanythingavideoscreendoes.Sofarthoughallthey’vegottoshowfortheireffortsisatinypieceofe-paperonecentimetersquare--only225pixelsorpictureelements.Thatwon’tbenearlyenoughforheadlinesandnewsvideos.Theonlyhintofthetechnology’spotentialisalaptoppresentationtheinventorshavesetup.ItfeaturesProfessorShapeHarryPotter’steacherholdinganelectronicnewspaperwithanembeddedvideoclip."That’swhatwewant"saysHayes. They’relikelytogetit.LatelastmonthinTokyoSonytookanimportantleapinthisdirectionbyintroducingLibrieane-bookreader.Althoughit’savailableonlyinblackandwhiteLibriehasthemostimportantcharacteristicofpaper:itreflectsnaturallight.Thatmeansitcanbereadonsunnydaysorviewedfromanyangle.Youcanevenchooseyourownfontsize.Isthisfinallythebeginningoftheendofpaper Theansweriscloserto"yes"thanyoumaythink.Theholdupsofarhasbeenuser-unfriendlyscreensbutnowe-papernolongerreliesonback-litdisplays.Areflectivedisplayiseasyontheeyeswithtwicethecontrastofcomputerscreensanduptosixtimesthebrightness.Itusespoweronlywhenchangingthepagesoabatterycanlast300hours.Severalfirmsarecompetingforleadership.ThePhilip’sdisplayonLibrieusestechnologyfromMassachusetts-basedE-InkCorp.Anelectricchargemoveseitherblackorwhitecapsulestothesurfaceofthepageinpatternsthatformimages.GyriconMediausesrotatingballswithoneblacksideandonewhitesideforsignsandbillboards.Othercompaniesarefocusingonimprovementsinliquid-crystaldisplays. Thenextchallengeistoaddcolor.Oneoptionforbookswouldbeasimplecolorfilterbutthatwouldblocktwothirdsofthelight.GuofuZhouwhorunstheE-InkprojectforPhilipsthinksproductswithcoloredinkcanbereadyforthemarketwithinsevenyears.He’snowfocusingone-paperthatcandisplay16ormoregradationsofgraywhichwouldcomeinhandyinmedicalimagingortodisplayblack-and-whitephotographsathome. Labsaroundtheworldarealsoracingtodesignarobustyetflexiblebacking.PhilipsresearchersareworkingonatechnologyforlaminatingE-Inkonaplasticlayerinsteadofglasswhichwouldthenrollintoapen-sizedtube.Aflexibleproductformobilephonesanddigitalcamerascanbereadyinthreetofiveyears. WhatscientistsJohanFeenstraandRobHayesdidwasthat
Text4 "Myveryeducatedmotherjustservedusninepizzas."ManyAmericanschoolchildrenaretaughtthissentencetohelpthemremembertheorderoftheplanetsofthesolarsystem.SoonthoughthismaychangebecauseonJuly29thateamofastronomersannouncedthediscoveryofaverydistantcelestialbodylargerthanPluto.Theresearchersclaimthatthenewbody--whichtheyareinformallycallingXena--shouldbeclassifiedasaplanet. Thenewbody--temporarilynamed2003UB313--orbitstheSunonceevery560years.Itiscurrentlyover14billionkilometresawayaboutthreetimesfartheroutthanPlutomakingitthemostdistantobjecteverdiscoveredinthesolarsystem.TheresearchersthinkitispartoftheKuiperbeltaringofrockyobjectsthatextendsbeyondNeptune. MikeBrownoftheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyChadTrujillooftheGeminiObservatoryandDavidRabinowitzofYaleUniversitydiscoveredtheobjectindatarecordedatthePalomarObservatoryinSanDiegoinOctober2003butitsmotiondidnotbecomeapparentuntiltheyreanalysedthedatainJanuary2005. Thequestionofwhetherornotthenewbodyshouldbeconsideredaplanethasrekindledthedebateoverwhatexactlycountsasaplanet.AhandfulofobjectsofsimilarsizetobutsmallerthanPlutohavebeendiscoveredintheKuiperbeltoverthepastfewyears.ThesehavenotbeenconsideredplanetsmainlybecausetheyweresmallerthanPluto.But2003UB313islargerthanPluto.IfPlutoisaplanetshouldn’titbeaswell Thecaseisnotsoclearcut.ManyastronomersarguethatPlutoshouldnotbeconsideredaplanet.Itismorelikealargeasteroidtheyhold.MeanwhileDrBrownassertsthatasPlutohashistoricallybeenconsideredaplanetanythinglargershouldalsobeconsideredone. UltimatelytheInternationalAstronomicalUnionagroupofprofessionalastronomerswillendthisexistentialanxiety.DrBrownexpectstheprocesstotakemonthsandtheteamisnotallowedtorevealitssuggestednameuntilthen.SincemostGreekandRomannameshavealreadybeenusedheandhiscolleagueshavepreviouslydrawnuponNativeAmericanandInuitmythologyfornames.Hewillonlyhintthatthenewnamecomesfromadifferenttraditionaltogether. Timewilltellwhethermotherwillbeserving"ninepolishedxylophones""ninepizzas"orjust"noodles". ThefirstsentenceinParagraph1isusedbyAmericanschoolchildrenbecause
41Conflicts: Ifyoudogetaplaceinthestudentdormitoryitislikelythatyouwillhavetoshareyourlivingspacewithanotherstudent.WhilehavinganAmericanroommatewillhelpyoutolearnmoreaboutAmericanwaystherewillprobablybemanytimesthatdiscomfortorconflictwillariseduetoculturaldifferences. 42Sex: WithregardtosexingeneralAmericanbehaviorisquitedifferentfromthenormsfoundinChina. 43RelationshipBetweenTeachers&Students: OnthecampusparticularlywhereclassesaresmallIfoundastrangeinformalitythatcharacterizedtherelationshipbetweenstudentsandtheirprofessors. 44Gifts: InmyinteractionwithAmericanfriendsInoticedthattheconceptofagiftisquitedifferenthere.ManythingswegivetoeachotherinChinaarenotcalled"gifts"butareconsideredtobeareflectionofordinarydutiesandmutualobligations.Accustomedaswearetousingtheword"gift"torefertosomethingvaluablegivenonspecialoccasionsitcomesasasurprisetoseehowoftenthewordisusedinAmerica.IntheUnitedStates"gifts"givenonmanydifferentoccasionsareonlyservices. 45SocialIntercourse: WhenyoudoenterAmericanhomesyouwillhaveanopportunitytoobservedifferentwaysofgreetingpeople.OnthewholeAmericanstendtobefarmorephysicalthanweintheirgreetings. [A]Iwasastonishedforexamplewhenafriendtoldmethathewasofferingtocareforhisyoungerbrotherandsistersothathisfathercouldtakeavacationforhisbirthday—thiswasagifttohim.Forusthiswouldbeconsidereddutyratherthanagift.Evenbetweenfriendsgesturesofthissortmightbeconsidered"gifts"here. [B]Whilemanystudentsdocalltheirprofessors"Professor"soandsoor"Dr."soandsosomeprofessorsprefertobecalledfamiliarlybytheirfirstnames.Andinthespiritofinformalitymanyprofessorsmayinvitestudentstotheirhomesorcanbeseenchattingwithstudentsoveramealoracupofcoffeeintheschoolcafeteria.AgoodnumberofinstructorsevenrequestthatstudentsfilloutClassevaluationformswhichassessthecontentandpresentationofthecourse. [C]Myroommatewasverysociableandhadmanyboyfriendswhocametovisitoftenverylate.OnenightaftermidnightIhadtostayinthebathroomforanextra40minutesbecauseIhadheardaman’svoiceinmyroom.MyroommatedidnotrealizehowawkwardIwouldfeelmeetingamanwhileIwasinmynightgown.YouseeAmericanstudentstendtobemuchmorecasualaboutthesematters. [D]Onmanyoccasi0hsforinstanceclosefriendsorsometimesevencasualacquaintancesembraceorkisseachotheronthecheeksingreetingorbiddingfarewell.Itmayevenhappenthatwherecouplesareclosefriendsthetwohusbandswillkisstheotherman’swife! [E]IntheUnitedStatesforexampleifastudentwantstoinvitehisteachertoadinnerpartytheinvitationshouldbesentaweekorsobeforethepartydate.Iftheinvitationisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydatetheteacherwillfeelheisnothighlyregarded. [F]ForexamplemanyAmericanstudentsseemtoliketolistentopopularandsometimesloudmusicwhilestudyingintheirrooms.Sometimestheywillevenleavethemusiconwhentheyleavetheroom.ForSomereasonmanywilltellyoumusichelpsthemtorelaxandconcentrateanideawhichotherforeignstudentsandIfoundverystrangeanddisturbing.We’dliketostudyquietlywithoutanydisturbance. 44
Twomodesofargumentationhavebeenusedonbehalfofwomen’semancipationinWesternsocieties.46Argumentsinwhatcouldbecalledthe"relational"feministtraditionmaintainthedoctrineof"equalityindifference"orequityasdistinctfromequality.Theycontendthatbiologicaldistinctionsbetweenthesexesresultinanecessarysexualdivisionoflaborinthefamilyandthroughoutsocietyandthatwomen’sprocreativelaboriscurrently’undervaluedbysocietytothedisadvantageofwomen.47Bycontrasttheindividualistfeministtraditionemphasizesindividualhumanrightsandcerebrateswomen’squestforpersonalautonomywhiledownplayingtheimportanceofgenderrolesandminimizingdiscussionofchildbearinganditsattendantresponsibilities.Beforethelatenineteenthcenturytheseviewscoexistedwithinthefeministmovementoftenwithinthewritingsofthesameindividual.48Between1890and1920howeverrelationalfeminismwhichhadbeenthedominantstraininfeministthoughtandwhichstillpredominatesamongEuropeanandnon-WesternfeministslostgroundinEnglandandtheUnitedStates.BecausetheconceptofindividualrightswasalreadywellestablishedintheAnglo-SaxonlegalandpoliticaltraditionindividualistfeminismcametopredominateinEnglish-speakingcountries.Atthesametimethegoalsofthetwoapproachesbegantoseemincreasinglyirreconcilable.Individualistfeministsbegantoadvocateatotallygender-blindsystemwithequalrightsforall.49Relationalfeministswhileagreeingthatequaleducationalandeconomicopportunitiesoutsidethehomeshouldbeavailableforallwomencontinuedtoemphasizewomen’sspecialcontributionstosocietyashomemakersandmothers.Theydemandedspecialtreatmentforwomenincludingprotectivelegislationforwomenworkersstate-sponsoredmaternitybenefitsandpaidcompensationforhousework. Relationalargumentshaveamajorpitfall:becausetheyunderlinewomen’sphysiologicalandpsychologicaldistinctivenesstheyareoftenappropriatedbypoliticaladversariesandusedtoendorsemaleprivilege.50Buttheindividualistapproachbyattackinggenderrolesdenyingthesignificanceofphysiologicaldifferenceandcondemningexistingfamilialinstitutionsashopelesslypatriarchalhasoftensimplytreatedasirrelevantthefamilyrolesimportanttomanywomen.Iftheindividualistframeworkwithitsclaimforwomen’sautonomycouldbeharmonizedwiththefamily-orientedconcernsofrelationalfeministsamorefruitfulmodelforcontemporaryfeministpoliticscouldemerge. Notes:emancipationn.解放equityn.公平procreative生育的undervaluevt.低估......的价值celebratevt.颂扬questn.寻求downplayvt.贬低低估loseground退却失利maternitybenefit产妇津贴pitfalln.隐患appropriatevt.盗用adversaryn.敌手endorsevt.赞同patriarchal家长制的 Between1890and1920howeverrelationalfeminismwhichhadbeenthedominantstraininfeministthoughtandwhichstillpredominatesamongEuropeanandnon-WesternfeministslostgroundinEnglandandtheUnitedStates
Text4 BernardBailynhasrecentlyreinterpretedtheearlyhistoryoftheUnitedStatesbyapplyingnewsocialresearchfindingsontheexperiencesofEuropeanmigrants.Inhisreinterpretationmigrationbecomestheorganizingprincipleforrewritingthehistoryofpre-industrialNorthAmerica.Hisapproachrestsonfourseparatepropositions. ThefirstoftheseassertsthatresidentsofearlymodernEnglandmovedregularlyabouttheircountryside:migratingtotheNewWorldwassimplya"naturalspillover’.AlthoughatfirstthecoloniesheldlittlepositiveattractionfortheEnglish—theywouldratherhavestayedhome—bytheeighteenthcenturypeopleincreasinglymigratedtoAmericabecausetheyregardeditasthelandofopportunity.SecondlyBailynholdsthatcontrarytothenotionthatusedtoflourishinAmericanhistorytextbookstherewasneveratypicalNewWorldcommunity.ForexampletheeconomicanddemographiccharacterofearlyNewEnglandtownsvariedconsiderably. Bailyn’sthirdpropositionsuggeststwogeneralpatternsprevailingamongthemanythousandsofmigrants:onegroupcameasindenturedservantsanothercametoacquireland.SurprisinglyBailynsuggeststhatthosewhorecruitedindenturedservantsweredrivingforcesoftransatlanticmigration.Thesecolonialentrepreneurshelpeddeterminethesocialcharacterofpeoplewhocametopre-industrialNorthAmerica.Atfirstthousandsofunskilledlaborerswererecruited;bythe1730’showeverAmericanemployersdemandedskilledworkers. FinallyBailynarguesthatthecolonieswereahalf-civilizedhinterlandoftheEuropeanculturesystem.HeisundoubtedlycorrecttoinsistthatthecolonieswerepartoftheAnglo-Americanempire.ButtodividetheempireintoEnglishcoreandcolonialperipheryasBailyndoesdevaluestheachievementsofcolonialculture.ItistrueasBailynclaimsthathighcultureinthecoloniesnevermatchedthatinEngland.Butwhatofseventeenth-centuryNewEnglandwherethesettlerscreatedeffectivelawsbuiltadistinguisheduniversityandpublishedbooksBailynmightrespondthatNewEnglandwasexceptional.HowevertheideasandinstitutionsdevelopedbyNewEnglandPuritanshadpowerfuleffectsonNorthAmericanculture. AlthoughBailyngoesontoapplyhisapproachtosomethousandsofindenturedservantswhomigratedjustpriortotherevolutionhefailstolinktheirexperiencewiththepoliticaldevelopmentoftheUnitedStates.Evidencepresentedinhisworksuggestshowwemightmakesuchaconnection.TheseindenturedservantsweretreatedasslavesfortheperiodduringwhichtheyhadsoldtheirtimetoAmericanemployers.Itisnotsurprisingthatassoonastheyservedtheirtimetheygaveupgoodwagesinthecitiesandheadedwesttoensuretheirpersonalindependencebyacquiringland.ThusitisinthewestthatapeculiarlyAmerican.politicalculturebeganamongcolonistswhoweresuspiciousofauthorityandintenselyanti-aristocratic. Notes:spillovern.外流indenturedservant合同工hinterlandn.内地Anglo-American英裔美国人的peripheryn.边缘anti-aristocratic反垢贵族的demographics人口统计特点 Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. 18
Text3 Inthetwodecadesbetween1910and1930overtenpercentoftheBlackpopulationoftheUnitedStateslefttheSouthwherethemajorityoftheBlackpopulationhadbeenlocatedandmigratedtonorthernstateswiththelargestnumbermovingitisclaimedbetween1916and1918.IthasbeenfrequentlyassumedbutnotprovedthatmostofthemigrantsinwhathascometobecalledtheGreatMigrationcamefromruralareasandweremotivatedbytwoconcurrentfactors:thecollapseofcottonindustryfollowingbollweevilinfestationwhichbeganin1898andincreaseddemandintheNorthforlaborfollowingthecessationofEuropeanimmigrationcausedbytheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWarin1914.Thisassumptionhasledtotheconclusionthatthemigrants’subsequentlackofeconomicmobilityintheNorthistiedtoruralbackgroundabackgroundthatimpliesunfamiliaritywithurbanlivingandalackofindustrialskills. ButthequestionofwhoactuallylefttheSouthhasneverbeeninvestigatedindetail.AlthoughnumerousinvestigationsdocumentaflightfromruralsouthernareastosoutherncitiespriortotheGreatMigrationnoonehasconsideredwhetherthesamemigrantsthenmovedontonortherncities.In1910over600000BlackworkersortenpercentoftheBlackworkforcereportedthemselvestobeengagedin"manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits"thefederalcensuscategoryroughlyincludingtheentireindustrialsector.TheGreatMigrationcouldeasilyhavebeenmadeupentirelyofthisgroupandtheirfamilies.ItisperhapssurprisingtoarguethatanemployedpopulationcouldbetemptedtomovebutanexplanationliesinthelaborconditionsthenprevalentintheSouth. Aboutthirty-fivepercentoftheurbanBlackpopulationintheSouthwasengagedinskilledtrades.Somewerefromtheoldartisanclassofslavery—blacksmithsmasonscarpenterswhichhadamonopolyofcertaintradesbuttheyweregraduallybeingpushedoutbycompetitionmechanizationandobsolescence.Theremainingsixty-fivepercentmorerecentlyurbanizedworkedinnewlydevelopedindustries—tobaccolumbercoalandironmanufactureandrailroads.WagesintheSouthhoweverwerelowandBlackworkerswereawarethroughlaborrecruitersandtheBlackpressthattheycouldearnmoreevenasunskilledworkersintheNorththantheycouldasartisansintheSouth.AfterthebollweevilinfestationurbanBlackworkersfacedcompetitionfromthecontinuinginfluxofbothBlackandWhiteruralworkerswhoweredriventoundercutthewagesformerlypaidforindustrialjobs.Thusamove’northwouldbeseenasadvantageoustoagroupthatwasalreadyurbanizedandsteadilyemployedandtheeasyconclusiontyingtheirsubsequenteconomicproblemsintheNorthtotheirruralbackgroundscomesintoquestion. Notes:bollweevilinfestation棉铃虫蔓延cessation中止停止mason泥瓦匠recruiter招募者influx入涌入 Thematerialinthetextwouldbemostrelevanttoalongdiscussionofwhichofthefollowingtopics
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. 6
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. 10
Text2 Miserseverywhere:thatMediterraneancruisecouldbewithinreachatlast.There’llbenofreeridetotheportandnofreefoodorentertainmentonboard.Thecabinwillmeasure30meterssquareandhousekeepingwillbeextra.Butthefiberglasssuiteiseasytocleanandcostsaslittleas￡29anight. EarlierthisyearserialentrepreneurSteliosHaji-IoannouthemanwhogaveEuropeitsfirstbudgetairlinecashedin￡14millionofhiseasyJetsharestofundwhathecallsa"littleshoppingspree."Boldlyexpandinghisno-frillsmodelintonewmarketsSteliosheinsistsonfirst-nameinformalityplanstoopenthefirsteasyHotelinLondonthisyearwithpricesfrom￡5anightaneasyBusfleetandeasyCruisereadytosailnextsummer.Alsoonthelist:easyPizzasandeasyTelecomamobile-phoneservice. CanhemakeitworkThesoaringsuccessofeasyJetanditsrivalswasEurope’sgreatbusinessstoryofthelate1990sandyetmorecarriersareemergingtoservethe10nationsthatjoinedtheEuropeanUnionlastweek.Whilecopycattingtheideamaylooklikeano-brainerthoughsomeexpertsdoubtStelios’sexpansionplanshavemuchofafuture."Theno-frillsmodelisveryfragile."saysChrisVossofLondonBusinessSchool."Steliosisapplyingitratherindiscriminately." Theentrepreneur’srecordismixed.HelaunchedeasyJetin1995whenhewas28anditnowhas70planesandrevenuesof￡932millionlastyearupnearly70percentfrom2002.Buthisfirstattempttoclonetheno-frillsmodelaEurope-widechainofInternetcafeslaunchedattheheightofthebubblehassincestruggledtomakemoney.HisfirsteasyCinema-ticketsforjust50penceissufferingbecausebigdistributorsfearfulofundercuttingtheirotherbusinessrefusetoallowcheapscreeningsofnewblockbusters. Thelargerproblem:reducingpricesisnotenoughtomakeno-frillswork.Steliosforexamplelikestoselldirecttothecustomerpreferablyonlineandavoidscorporateaccountsonthetheorythatonlyindividualscareenoughaboutpricetobeloyalno-killscustomers.Hechoosesonlysectorsinwhichthevolumeofbusinesswillclearlyriseaspricesfall.There’snopointsayinofferingacut-rateburialservice.SaysStelios:"Thedemandforfuneralsisn’tgoingtogoup--regardlessoftheprice." Stelios'recordislistedinordertoshowthat
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. 12
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. 20
Text4 BernardBailynhasrecentlyreinterpretedtheearlyhistoryoftheUnitedStatesbyapplyingnewsocialresearchfindingsontheexperiencesofEuropeanmigrants.Inhisreinterpretationmigrationbecomestheorganizingprincipleforrewritingthehistoryofpre-industrialNorthAmerica.Hisapproachrestsonfourseparatepropositions. ThefirstoftheseassertsthatresidentsofearlymodernEnglandmovedregularlyabouttheircountryside:migratingtotheNewWorldwassimplya"naturalspillover’.AlthoughatfirstthecoloniesheldlittlepositiveattractionfortheEnglish—theywouldratherhavestayedhome—bytheeighteenthcenturypeopleincreasinglymigratedtoAmericabecausetheyregardeditasthelandofopportunity.SecondlyBailynholdsthatcontrarytothenotionthatusedtoflourishinAmericanhistorytextbookstherewasneveratypicalNewWorldcommunity.ForexampletheeconomicanddemographiccharacterofearlyNewEnglandtownsvariedconsiderably. Bailyn’sthirdpropositionsuggeststwogeneralpatternsprevailingamongthemanythousandsofmigrants:onegroupcameasindenturedservantsanothercametoacquireland.SurprisinglyBailynsuggeststhatthosewhorecruitedindenturedservantsweredrivingforcesoftransatlanticmigration.Thesecolonialentrepreneurshelpeddeterminethesocialcharacterofpeoplewhocametopre-industrialNorthAmerica.Atfirstthousandsofunskilledlaborerswererecruited;bythe1730’showeverAmericanemployersdemandedskilledworkers. FinallyBailynarguesthatthecolonieswereahalf-civilizedhinterlandoftheEuropeanculturesystem.HeisundoubtedlycorrecttoinsistthatthecolonieswerepartoftheAnglo-Americanempire.ButtodividetheempireintoEnglishcoreandcolonialperipheryasBailyndoesdevaluestheachievementsofcolonialculture.ItistrueasBailynclaimsthathighcultureinthecoloniesnevermatchedthatinEngland.Butwhatofseventeenth-centuryNewEnglandwherethesettlerscreatedeffectivelawsbuiltadistinguisheduniversityandpublishedbooksBailynmightrespondthatNewEnglandwasexceptional.HowevertheideasandinstitutionsdevelopedbyNewEnglandPuritanshadpowerfuleffectsonNorthAmericanculture. AlthoughBailyngoesontoapplyhisapproachtosomethousandsofindenturedservantswhomigratedjustpriortotherevolutionhefailstolinktheirexperiencewiththepoliticaldevelopmentoftheUnitedStates.Evidencepresentedinhisworksuggestshowwemightmakesuchaconnection.TheseindenturedservantsweretreatedasslavesfortheperiodduringwhichtheyhadsoldtheirtimetoAmericanemployers.Itisnotsurprisingthatassoonastheyservedtheirtimetheygaveupgoodwagesinthecitiesandheadedwesttoensuretheirpersonalindependencebyacquiringland.ThusitisinthewestthatapeculiarlyAmerican.politicalculturebeganamongcolonistswhoweresuspiciousofauthorityandintenselyanti-aristocratic. Notes:spillovern.外流indenturedservant合同工hinterlandn.内地Anglo-American英裔美国人的peripheryn.边缘anti-aristocratic反垢贵族的demographics人口统计特点 AccordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingistrueofEnglishmigrantstothecoloniesduringthe18thcentury
Text3 ScientistsJohanFeenstraandRobHayesthinkthey’vefiguredouthowaprocesscalledelectrowettingcanmakepaperthatcandoanythingavideoscreendoes.Sofarthoughallthey’vegottoshowfortheireffortsisatinypieceofe-paperonecentimetersquare--only225pixelsorpictureelements.Thatwon’tbenearlyenoughforheadlinesandnewsvideos.Theonlyhintofthetechnology’spotentialisalaptoppresentationtheinventorshavesetup.ItfeaturesProfessorShapeHarryPotter’steacherholdinganelectronicnewspaperwithanembeddedvideoclip."That’swhatwewant"saysHayes. They’relikelytogetit.LatelastmonthinTokyoSonytookanimportantleapinthisdirectionbyintroducingLibrieane-bookreader.Althoughit’savailableonlyinblackandwhiteLibriehasthemostimportantcharacteristicofpaper:itreflectsnaturallight.Thatmeansitcanbereadonsunnydaysorviewedfromanyangle.Youcanevenchooseyourownfontsize.Isthisfinallythebeginningoftheendofpaper Theansweriscloserto"yes"thanyoumaythink.Theholdupsofarhasbeenuser-unfriendlyscreensbutnowe-papernolongerreliesonback-litdisplays.Areflectivedisplayiseasyontheeyeswithtwicethecontrastofcomputerscreensanduptosixtimesthebrightness.Itusespoweronlywhenchangingthepagesoabatterycanlast300hours.Severalfirmsarecompetingforleadership.ThePhilip’sdisplayonLibrieusestechnologyfromMassachusetts-basedE-InkCorp.Anelectricchargemoveseitherblackorwhitecapsulestothesurfaceofthepageinpatternsthatformimages.GyriconMediausesrotatingballswithoneblacksideandonewhitesideforsignsandbillboards.Othercompaniesarefocusingonimprovementsinliquid-crystaldisplays. Thenextchallengeistoaddcolor.Oneoptionforbookswouldbeasimplecolorfilterbutthatwouldblocktwothirdsofthelight.GuofuZhouwhorunstheE-InkprojectforPhilipsthinksproductswithcoloredinkcanbereadyforthemarketwithinsevenyears.He’snowfocusingone-paperthatcandisplay16ormoregradationsofgraywhichwouldcomeinhandyinmedicalimagingortodisplayblack-and-whitephotographsathome. Labsaroundtheworldarealsoracingtodesignarobustyetflexiblebacking.PhilipsresearchersareworkingonatechnologyforlaminatingE-Inkonaplasticlayerinsteadofglasswhichwouldthenrollintoapen-sizedtube.Aflexibleproductformobilephonesanddigitalcamerascanbereadyinthreetofiveyears. Theansweriscloserto'yes'Line1Paragraph3because
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