首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
Many will know that the word "muscle" comes from the Latin for "mouse" (rippling under the skin, so ...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《单选集》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
PassageFour Coolisawordwithmanymeanings.
only one meaning
no meanings
the same meaning
many different meanings
第二部分阅读理解共两节满分30分第一节共10小题每小题2分满分20分阅读下列短文从每题所给的A.B.
完形填空TherearemanywordsintheEnglishlanguagE.Youwilln
Coolisawordwithmanymeanings.Itsoldmeaningisusedtoe
Coolisawordwithmanymeanings.Itsoldmeaningisusedtoe
Coolisawordwithmanymeanings.Itsoldmeaningisusedtoe
完形填空TherearemanywordsintheEnglishlanguagE.Youwilln
Coolisawordwithmanymeanings.Itsoldmeaningisusedtoe
Coolisawordwithmanymeanings.Itsoldmeaningisusedtoe
---Doyouknow_______?----SorryI’venoide
A.the word means
that the word means
what the word means
what does the word mean
AlsoeveryoneknowsthemeaningofMr.Mrs.andMiss.Mr.isu
Coolisawordwithmanymeanings.Itsoldmeaningisusedtoe
阅读理解选择一个最佳答案Coolisawordwithmanymeanings.Itsoldmean
Ifyoudon’tknowthewordyoucanlook_______thewordinadi
for
at
over
up
Coolisawordwithmanymeanings.Itsoldmeaningisused
only one meaning
no meanings
the same meaning
many different meanings
阅读理解Coolisawordwithmanymeanings.Itsoldmeaningisuse
Idon’tknowthe______原始的meaningofthewordbutIknowhowt
Coolisawordwithmanymeanings.Itsoldmeaningisusedtoe
首字母缺词填空Therea__1_manywordsinEnglishbutyoucan’tknow
Coolisawordwithmanymeanings.Itsoldmeaningisusedtoe
only one meaning
no meanings
the same meaning
many different meanings
热门试题
更多
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. 14
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayto1describethepicture2deducethepurposeofthedrawerofthepictureand3suggestcounter-measures.Youshouldwriteabout160—200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
41Conflicts: Ifyoudogetaplaceinthestudentdormitoryitislikelythatyouwillhavetoshareyourlivingspacewithanotherstudent.WhilehavinganAmericanroommatewillhelpyoutolearnmoreaboutAmericanwaystherewillprobablybemanytimesthatdiscomfortorconflictwillariseduetoculturaldifferences. 42Sex: WithregardtosexingeneralAmericanbehaviorisquitedifferentfromthenormsfoundinChina. 43RelationshipBetweenTeachers&Students: OnthecampusparticularlywhereclassesaresmallIfoundastrangeinformalitythatcharacterizedtherelationshipbetweenstudentsandtheirprofessors. 44Gifts: InmyinteractionwithAmericanfriendsInoticedthattheconceptofagiftisquitedifferenthere.ManythingswegivetoeachotherinChinaarenotcalled"gifts"butareconsideredtobeareflectionofordinarydutiesandmutualobligations.Accustomedaswearetousingtheword"gift"torefertosomethingvaluablegivenonspecialoccasionsitcomesasasurprisetoseehowoftenthewordisusedinAmerica.IntheUnitedStates"gifts"givenonmanydifferentoccasionsareonlyservices. 45SocialIntercourse: WhenyoudoenterAmericanhomesyouwillhaveanopportunitytoobservedifferentwaysofgreetingpeople.OnthewholeAmericanstendtobefarmorephysicalthanweintheirgreetings. [A]Iwasastonishedforexamplewhenafriendtoldmethathewasofferingtocareforhisyoungerbrotherandsistersothathisfathercouldtakeavacationforhisbirthday—thiswasagifttohim.Forusthiswouldbeconsidereddutyratherthanagift.Evenbetweenfriendsgesturesofthissortmightbeconsidered"gifts"here. [B]Whilemanystudentsdocalltheirprofessors"Professor"soandsoor"Dr."soandsosomeprofessorsprefertobecalledfamiliarlybytheirfirstnames.Andinthespiritofinformalitymanyprofessorsmayinvitestudentstotheirhomesorcanbeseenchattingwithstudentsoveramealoracupofcoffeeintheschoolcafeteria.AgoodnumberofinstructorsevenrequestthatstudentsfilloutClassevaluationformswhichassessthecontentandpresentationofthecourse. [C]Myroommatewasverysociableandhadmanyboyfriendswhocametovisitoftenverylate.OnenightaftermidnightIhadtostayinthebathroomforanextra40minutesbecauseIhadheardaman’svoiceinmyroom.MyroommatedidnotrealizehowawkwardIwouldfeelmeetingamanwhileIwasinmynightgown.YouseeAmericanstudentstendtobemuchmorecasualaboutthesematters. [D]Onmanyoccasi0hsforinstanceclosefriendsorsometimesevencasualacquaintancesembraceorkisseachotheronthecheeksingreetingorbiddingfarewell.Itmayevenhappenthatwherecouplesareclosefriendsthetwohusbandswillkisstheotherman’swife! [E]IntheUnitedStatesforexampleifastudentwantstoinvitehisteachertoadinnerpartytheinvitationshouldbesentaweekorsobeforethepartydate.Iftheinvitationisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydatetheteacherwillfeelheisnothighlyregarded. [F]ForexamplemanyAmericanstudentsseemtoliketolistentopopularandsometimesloudmusicwhilestudyingintheirrooms.Sometimestheywillevenleavethemusiconwhentheyleavetheroom.ForSomereasonmanywilltellyoumusichelpsthemtorelaxandconcentrateanideawhichotherforeignstudentsandIfoundverystrangeanddisturbing.We’dliketostudyquietlywithoutanydisturbance. 42
Text2 Miserseverywhere:thatMediterraneancruisecouldbewithinreachatlast.There’llbenofreeridetotheportandnofreefoodorentertainmentonboard.Thecabinwillmeasure30meterssquareandhousekeepingwillbeextra.Butthefiberglasssuiteiseasytocleanandcostsaslittleas￡29anight. EarlierthisyearserialentrepreneurSteliosHaji-IoannouthemanwhogaveEuropeitsfirstbudgetairlinecashedin￡14millionofhiseasyJetsharestofundwhathecallsa"littleshoppingspree."Boldlyexpandinghisno-frillsmodelintonewmarketsSteliosheinsistsonfirst-nameinformalityplanstoopenthefirsteasyHotelinLondonthisyearwithpricesfrom￡5anightaneasyBusfleetandeasyCruisereadytosailnextsummer.Alsoonthelist:easyPizzasandeasyTelecomamobile-phoneservice. CanhemakeitworkThesoaringsuccessofeasyJetanditsrivalswasEurope’sgreatbusinessstoryofthelate1990sandyetmorecarriersareemergingtoservethe10nationsthatjoinedtheEuropeanUnionlastweek.Whilecopycattingtheideamaylooklikeano-brainerthoughsomeexpertsdoubtStelios’sexpansionplanshavemuchofafuture."Theno-frillsmodelisveryfragile."saysChrisVossofLondonBusinessSchool."Steliosisapplyingitratherindiscriminately." Theentrepreneur’srecordismixed.HelaunchedeasyJetin1995whenhewas28anditnowhas70planesandrevenuesof￡932millionlastyearupnearly70percentfrom2002.Buthisfirstattempttoclonetheno-frillsmodelaEurope-widechainofInternetcafeslaunchedattheheightofthebubblehassincestruggledtomakemoney.HisfirsteasyCinema-ticketsforjust50penceissufferingbecausebigdistributorsfearfulofundercuttingtheirotherbusinessrefusetoallowcheapscreeningsofnewblockbusters. Thelargerproblem:reducingpricesisnotenoughtomakeno-frillswork.Steliosforexamplelikestoselldirecttothecustomerpreferablyonlineandavoidscorporateaccountsonthetheorythatonlyindividualscareenoughaboutpricetobeloyalno-killscustomers.Hechoosesonlysectorsinwhichthevolumeofbusinesswillclearlyriseaspricesfall.There’snopointsayinofferingacut-rateburialservice.SaysStelios:"Thedemandforfuneralsisn’tgoingtogoup--regardlessoftheprice." SomeexpertslikeChrisVossthinkthat
Text3 Inthetwodecadesbetween1910and1930overtenpercentoftheBlackpopulationoftheUnitedStateslefttheSouthwherethemajorityoftheBlackpopulationhadbeenlocatedandmigratedtonorthernstateswiththelargestnumbermovingitisclaimedbetween1916and1918.IthasbeenfrequentlyassumedbutnotprovedthatmostofthemigrantsinwhathascometobecalledtheGreatMigrationcamefromruralareasandweremotivatedbytwoconcurrentfactors:thecollapseofcottonindustryfollowingbollweevilinfestationwhichbeganin1898andincreaseddemandintheNorthforlaborfollowingthecessationofEuropeanimmigrationcausedbytheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWarin1914.Thisassumptionhasledtotheconclusionthatthemigrants’subsequentlackofeconomicmobilityintheNorthistiedtoruralbackgroundabackgroundthatimpliesunfamiliaritywithurbanlivingandalackofindustrialskills. ButthequestionofwhoactuallylefttheSouthhasneverbeeninvestigatedindetail.AlthoughnumerousinvestigationsdocumentaflightfromruralsouthernareastosoutherncitiespriortotheGreatMigrationnoonehasconsideredwhetherthesamemigrantsthenmovedontonortherncities.In1910over600000BlackworkersortenpercentoftheBlackworkforcereportedthemselvestobeengagedin"manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits"thefederalcensuscategoryroughlyincludingtheentireindustrialsector.TheGreatMigrationcouldeasilyhavebeenmadeupentirelyofthisgroupandtheirfamilies.ItisperhapssurprisingtoarguethatanemployedpopulationcouldbetemptedtomovebutanexplanationliesinthelaborconditionsthenprevalentintheSouth. Aboutthirty-fivepercentoftheurbanBlackpopulationintheSouthwasengagedinskilledtrades.Somewerefromtheoldartisanclassofslavery—blacksmithsmasonscarpenterswhichhadamonopolyofcertaintradesbuttheyweregraduallybeingpushedoutbycompetitionmechanizationandobsolescence.Theremainingsixty-fivepercentmorerecentlyurbanizedworkedinnewlydevelopedindustries—tobaccolumbercoalandironmanufactureandrailroads.WagesintheSouthhoweverwerelowandBlackworkerswereawarethroughlaborrecruitersandtheBlackpressthattheycouldearnmoreevenasunskilledworkersintheNorththantheycouldasartisansintheSouth.AfterthebollweevilinfestationurbanBlackworkersfacedcompetitionfromthecontinuinginfluxofbothBlackandWhiteruralworkerswhoweredriventoundercutthewagesformerlypaidforindustrialjobs.Thusamove’northwouldbeseenasadvantageoustoagroupthatwasalreadyurbanizedandsteadilyemployedandtheeasyconclusiontyingtheirsubsequenteconomicproblemsintheNorthtotheirruralbackgroundscomesintoquestion. Notes:bollweevilinfestation棉铃虫蔓延cessation中止停止mason泥瓦匠recruiter招募者influx入涌入 Accordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingistrueofwagesinsoutherncitiesin1910
Text4 BernardBailynhasrecentlyreinterpretedtheearlyhistoryoftheUnitedStatesbyapplyingnewsocialresearchfindingsontheexperiencesofEuropeanmigrants.Inhisreinterpretationmigrationbecomestheorganizingprincipleforrewritingthehistoryofpre-industrialNorthAmerica.Hisapproachrestsonfourseparatepropositions. ThefirstoftheseassertsthatresidentsofearlymodernEnglandmovedregularlyabouttheircountryside:migratingtotheNewWorldwassimplya"naturalspillover’.AlthoughatfirstthecoloniesheldlittlepositiveattractionfortheEnglish—theywouldratherhavestayedhome—bytheeighteenthcenturypeopleincreasinglymigratedtoAmericabecausetheyregardeditasthelandofopportunity.SecondlyBailynholdsthatcontrarytothenotionthatusedtoflourishinAmericanhistorytextbookstherewasneveratypicalNewWorldcommunity.ForexampletheeconomicanddemographiccharacterofearlyNewEnglandtownsvariedconsiderably. Bailyn’sthirdpropositionsuggeststwogeneralpatternsprevailingamongthemanythousandsofmigrants:onegroupcameasindenturedservantsanothercametoacquireland.SurprisinglyBailynsuggeststhatthosewhorecruitedindenturedservantsweredrivingforcesoftransatlanticmigration.Thesecolonialentrepreneurshelpeddeterminethesocialcharacterofpeoplewhocametopre-industrialNorthAmerica.Atfirstthousandsofunskilledlaborerswererecruited;bythe1730’showeverAmericanemployersdemandedskilledworkers. FinallyBailynarguesthatthecolonieswereahalf-civilizedhinterlandoftheEuropeanculturesystem.HeisundoubtedlycorrecttoinsistthatthecolonieswerepartoftheAnglo-Americanempire.ButtodividetheempireintoEnglishcoreandcolonialperipheryasBailyndoesdevaluestheachievementsofcolonialculture.ItistrueasBailynclaimsthathighcultureinthecoloniesnevermatchedthatinEngland.Butwhatofseventeenth-centuryNewEnglandwherethesettlerscreatedeffectivelawsbuiltadistinguisheduniversityandpublishedbooksBailynmightrespondthatNewEnglandwasexceptional.HowevertheideasandinstitutionsdevelopedbyNewEnglandPuritanshadpowerfuleffectsonNorthAmericanculture. AlthoughBailyngoesontoapplyhisapproachtosomethousandsofindenturedservantswhomigratedjustpriortotherevolutionhefailstolinktheirexperiencewiththepoliticaldevelopmentoftheUnitedStates.Evidencepresentedinhisworksuggestshowwemightmakesuchaconnection.TheseindenturedservantsweretreatedasslavesfortheperiodduringwhichtheyhadsoldtheirtimetoAmericanemployers.Itisnotsurprisingthatassoonastheyservedtheirtimetheygaveupgoodwagesinthecitiesandheadedwesttoensuretheirpersonalindependencebyacquiringland.ThusitisinthewestthatapeculiarlyAmerican.politicalculturebeganamongcolonistswhoweresuspiciousofauthorityandintenselyanti-aristocratic. Notes:spillovern.外流indenturedservant合同工hinterlandn.内地Anglo-American英裔美国人的peripheryn.边缘anti-aristocratic反垢贵族的demographics人口统计特点 Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheauthor'sevaluationofBailyn'sfourthproposition
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. 8
Twomodesofargumentationhavebeenusedonbehalfofwomen’semancipationinWesternsocieties.46Argumentsinwhatcouldbecalledthe"relational"feministtraditionmaintainthedoctrineof"equalityindifference"orequityasdistinctfromequality.Theycontendthatbiologicaldistinctionsbetweenthesexesresultinanecessarysexualdivisionoflaborinthefamilyandthroughoutsocietyandthatwomen’sprocreativelaboriscurrently’undervaluedbysocietytothedisadvantageofwomen.47Bycontrasttheindividualistfeministtraditionemphasizesindividualhumanrightsandcerebrateswomen’squestforpersonalautonomywhiledownplayingtheimportanceofgenderrolesandminimizingdiscussionofchildbearinganditsattendantresponsibilities.Beforethelatenineteenthcenturytheseviewscoexistedwithinthefeministmovementoftenwithinthewritingsofthesameindividual.48Between1890and1920howeverrelationalfeminismwhichhadbeenthedominantstraininfeministthoughtandwhichstillpredominatesamongEuropeanandnon-WesternfeministslostgroundinEnglandandtheUnitedStates.BecausetheconceptofindividualrightswasalreadywellestablishedintheAnglo-SaxonlegalandpoliticaltraditionindividualistfeminismcametopredominateinEnglish-speakingcountries.Atthesametimethegoalsofthetwoapproachesbegantoseemincreasinglyirreconcilable.Individualistfeministsbegantoadvocateatotallygender-blindsystemwithequalrightsforall.49Relationalfeministswhileagreeingthatequaleducationalandeconomicopportunitiesoutsidethehomeshouldbeavailableforallwomencontinuedtoemphasizewomen’sspecialcontributionstosocietyashomemakersandmothers.Theydemandedspecialtreatmentforwomenincludingprotectivelegislationforwomenworkersstate-sponsoredmaternitybenefitsandpaidcompensationforhousework. Relationalargumentshaveamajorpitfall:becausetheyunderlinewomen’sphysiologicalandpsychologicaldistinctivenesstheyareoftenappropriatedbypoliticaladversariesandusedtoendorsemaleprivilege.50Buttheindividualistapproachbyattackinggenderrolesdenyingthesignificanceofphysiologicaldifferenceandcondemningexistingfamilialinstitutionsashopelesslypatriarchalhasoftensimplytreatedasirrelevantthefamilyrolesimportanttomanywomen.Iftheindividualistframeworkwithitsclaimforwomen’sautonomycouldbeharmonizedwiththefamily-orientedconcernsofrelationalfeministsamorefruitfulmodelforcontemporaryfeministpoliticscouldemerge. Notes:emancipationn.解放equityn.公平procreative生育的undervaluevt.低估......的价值celebratevt.颂扬questn.寻求downplayvt.贬低低估loseground退却失利maternitybenefit产妇津贴pitfalln.隐患appropriatevt.盗用adversaryn.敌手endorsevt.赞同patriarchal家长制的 Buttheindividualistapproachbyattackinggenderrolesdenyingthesignificanceofphysiologicaldifferenceandcondemningexistingfamilialinstitutionsashopelesslypatriarchalhasoftensimplytreatedasirrelevantthefamilyrolesimportanttomanywomen.
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. 16
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. 4
Twomodesofargumentationhavebeenusedonbehalfofwomen’semancipationinWesternsocieties.46Argumentsinwhatcouldbecalledthe"relational"feministtraditionmaintainthedoctrineof"equalityindifference"orequityasdistinctfromequality.Theycontendthatbiologicaldistinctionsbetweenthesexesresultinanecessarysexualdivisionoflaborinthefamilyandthroughoutsocietyandthatwomen’sprocreativelaboriscurrently’undervaluedbysocietytothedisadvantageofwomen.47Bycontrasttheindividualistfeministtraditionemphasizesindividualhumanrightsandcerebrateswomen’squestforpersonalautonomywhiledownplayingtheimportanceofgenderrolesandminimizingdiscussionofchildbearinganditsattendantresponsibilities.Beforethelatenineteenthcenturytheseviewscoexistedwithinthefeministmovementoftenwithinthewritingsofthesameindividual.48Between1890and1920howeverrelationalfeminismwhichhadbeenthedominantstraininfeministthoughtandwhichstillpredominatesamongEuropeanandnon-WesternfeministslostgroundinEnglandandtheUnitedStates.BecausetheconceptofindividualrightswasalreadywellestablishedintheAnglo-SaxonlegalandpoliticaltraditionindividualistfeminismcametopredominateinEnglish-speakingcountries.Atthesametimethegoalsofthetwoapproachesbegantoseemincreasinglyirreconcilable.Individualistfeministsbegantoadvocateatotallygender-blindsystemwithequalrightsforall.49Relationalfeministswhileagreeingthatequaleducationalandeconomicopportunitiesoutsidethehomeshouldbeavailableforallwomencontinuedtoemphasizewomen’sspecialcontributionstosocietyashomemakersandmothers.Theydemandedspecialtreatmentforwomenincludingprotectivelegislationforwomenworkersstate-sponsoredmaternitybenefitsandpaidcompensationforhousework. Relationalargumentshaveamajorpitfall:becausetheyunderlinewomen’sphysiologicalandpsychologicaldistinctivenesstheyareoftenappropriatedbypoliticaladversariesandusedtoendorsemaleprivilege.50Buttheindividualistapproachbyattackinggenderrolesdenyingthesignificanceofphysiologicaldifferenceandcondemningexistingfamilialinstitutionsashopelesslypatriarchalhasoftensimplytreatedasirrelevantthefamilyrolesimportanttomanywomen.Iftheindividualistframeworkwithitsclaimforwomen’sautonomycouldbeharmonizedwiththefamily-orientedconcernsofrelationalfeministsamorefruitfulmodelforcontemporaryfeministpoliticscouldemerge. Notes:emancipationn.解放equityn.公平procreative生育的undervaluevt.低估......的价值celebratevt.颂扬questn.寻求downplayvt.贬低低估loseground退却失利maternitybenefit产妇津贴pitfalln.隐患appropriatevt.盗用adversaryn.敌手endorsevt.赞同patriarchal家长制的 Argumentsinwhatcouldbecalledtherelationalfeministtraditionmaintainthedoctrineofequalityindifferenceorequityasdistinctfromequality
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. 2
Text1 ImprovingthebalancebetweentheworkingpartofthedayandtherestofitisagoalofagrowingnumberofworkersinrichWesterncountries.Someareturningawayfromtheidealsoftheirparentsforwhomworkalwayscamefirst;otherswithscarceskillsaredemandingmorebecausetheyknowtheycangetit.EmployersCaughtbetweenafallingpopulationofworkersandtightcontrolsonimmigrationareeagertoidentifyextraperksthatwillluremore"talent"theirway.Justnowtheyarefocusingonbenefitsespeciallyflexibleworkingthatofferemployeesmorethanjustpay. Somecompaniessawthechangeofmoodsometimeago.IBMhasmorethan50differentprogrammespromotingwork-lifebalanceandBankofAmericaover30.Butplentyofotherfirmsremainunconvincedandmanylackthecapacitytocatertosuchideaseveniftheywantedto.HelenMuftiswithHayGroupahuman-resourcesconsultancyseesawideninggapbetweenfirms"atthecreativeendofemployment"andthosethatarenot. Thechiefcomponentofalmostallschemestopromotework-lifebalanceisflexibleworking.Thisallowspeopletoescaperigidnine-to-fiveschedulesandworkawayfromaformaloffice.IBMsaysthat40%ofitsemployeestodayworkoffthecompanypremises.Formanybusinessesflexibleworkingisanecessity.Globalizationhasspreadthehoursinwhichworkersneedtocommunicatewitheachotherandincreasedthecallforflexibleshifts. NellaBarkleyanAmericanwhoadvisescompaniesonwork-lifebalancesaysthatlargefirmsalebeginningtounderstandthevalueofsuchschemes"butonlyslowly".Formostofthemtheystillmeanlittlemorethanchildcarehealthcareandflexibleworking. Tosomeextenttheproliferationofwork-life-balanceschemesisafunctionoftoday’slabourmarket.Companiesinknowledgebasedindustriesworryabouttheshortageofskillsandhowtheyaregoingtopersuadetalentedpeopletoworkforthem.Althoughwhite-collarworkersaremorelikelytobelaidoffnowadaystheyarealsolikelytogetrehired.UnemploymentamongcollegegraduatesinAmericaisjustover2%.Thesamecompetitionforscarce.talentisevidentinBritain. ForsometimetocometalentedpeopleintheWestwilldemandmorefromemployersandcleveremployerswillcreatenewgewgawstoenticethemtojoin.Thoseemployersshouldnotethatforagrowingnumberoftheseworkersthemostappealinggewgawofallisthefreedomtoworkasandwhentheyplease. IBMismentionedinthethirdparagraphtoshowthat
Text2 InthepastAmericancollegesanduniversitieswerecreatedtoserveadualpurposetoadvancelearningandtoofferachancetobecomefamiliarwithbodiesofknowledgealreadydiscoveredtothosewhowishedit.TocreateandtoimpartthesewerethedistinctivefeaturesofAmericanhighereducationpriortothemostrecentdisorderlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury.Thesuccessfulinstitutionofhigherlearninghadneverbeenonewhosemissioncouldbedefinedintermsofprovidingvocationalskillsorasastrategyforresolvingsocietalproblems.InasubtlewayAmericansbelievedhighereducationtobeusefulbutnotnecessarilyofimmediateuse. AnotherpurposehasnowbeenassignedtothemissionofAmericancollegesanduniversities.Institutionsofhigherlearning—publicorprivate—commonlyfacethechallengeofdefiningtheirprogramsinsuchawayastocontributetotheserviceofthecommunity. Thisservicerolehasvariousapplications.Mostcommonareprogramstomeetthedemandsofregionalemploymentmarketstoprovideopportunitiesforupwardsocialandeconomicmobilitytoachieveracialethnicorsocialintegrationormoregenerallytoproduce"productive"ascomparedto"educated"graduates.Regardlessofitsprecisedefinitiontheideaofaservice-universityhaswonacceptancewithintheacademiccommunity. Oneneedonlyberemindedofthechangeinlanguagedescribingthetwo-yearcollegetoappreciatethenewvaluecurrentlybeingattachedtotheconceptofaservice-relateduniversity.Thetraditionaltwo-yearcollegehassheditspejorative"junior"collegelabelandisgenerallycalleda"community"collegeaclearlyvalue-ladenexpressionrepresentingthelatestcommitmentinhighereducation.Eventhedoctoraldegreelongrecognized’asarequired".unioncard"intheacademicworldhascomeunderseverecriticismasthepursuitoflearningforitsownsakeandtheaccumulationofknowledgewithoutimmediateapplicationtoaprofessor’sclassroomduties.Theideaofacollegeoruniversitythatperformsatriplefunction—communicatingknowledgetostudentsexpandingthecontentofvariousdisciplinesandinteractinginadirectrelationshipwithsociety—hasbeenthemostimportantchangeinhighereducationinrecentyears. Thisnoveldevelopmenthoweverisoftenoverlooked.Educatorshavealwaysbeenfamiliarwiththosepartsofthetwo-yearcollegecurriculumthathavea"service"orvocationalorientation.Itisimportanttoknowthis.ButsomecommentariesonAmericanpostsecondaryeducationtendtounderplaytheimpactoftheattemptofcollegesanduniversitiestorelatetoifnotresolvetheproblemsofsociety.What’sworsetheyobscureafundamentalquestionposedbytheservice-university—whatishighereducationsupposedtodo Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatthereexistsatendencyto
Text2 InthepastAmericancollegesanduniversitieswerecreatedtoserveadualpurposetoadvancelearningandtoofferachancetobecomefamiliarwithbodiesofknowledgealreadydiscoveredtothosewhowishedit.TocreateandtoimpartthesewerethedistinctivefeaturesofAmericanhighereducationpriortothemostrecentdisorderlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury.Thesuccessfulinstitutionofhigherlearninghadneverbeenonewhosemissioncouldbedefinedintermsofprovidingvocationalskillsorasastrategyforresolvingsocietalproblems.InasubtlewayAmericansbelievedhighereducationtobeusefulbutnotnecessarilyofimmediateuse. AnotherpurposehasnowbeenassignedtothemissionofAmericancollegesanduniversities.Institutionsofhigherlearning—publicorprivate—commonlyfacethechallengeofdefiningtheirprogramsinsuchawayastocontributetotheserviceofthecommunity. Thisservicerolehasvariousapplications.Mostcommonareprogramstomeetthedemandsofregionalemploymentmarketstoprovideopportunitiesforupwardsocialandeconomicmobilitytoachieveracialethnicorsocialintegrationormoregenerallytoproduce"productive"ascomparedto"educated"graduates.Regardlessofitsprecisedefinitiontheideaofaservice-universityhaswonacceptancewithintheacademiccommunity. Oneneedonlyberemindedofthechangeinlanguagedescribingthetwo-yearcollegetoappreciatethenewvaluecurrentlybeingattachedtotheconceptofaservice-relateduniversity.Thetraditionaltwo-yearcollegehassheditspejorative"junior"collegelabelandisgenerallycalleda"community"collegeaclearlyvalue-ladenexpressionrepresentingthelatestcommitmentinhighereducation.Eventhedoctoraldegreelongrecognized’asarequired".unioncard"intheacademicworldhascomeunderseverecriticismasthepursuitoflearningforitsownsakeandtheaccumulationofknowledgewithoutimmediateapplicationtoaprofessor’sclassroomduties.Theideaofacollegeoruniversitythatperformsatriplefunction—communicatingknowledgetostudentsexpandingthecontentofvariousdisciplinesandinteractinginadirectrelationshipwithsociety—hasbeenthemostimportantchangeinhighereducationinrecentyears. Thisnoveldevelopmenthoweverisoftenoverlooked.Educatorshavealwaysbeenfamiliarwiththosepartsofthetwo-yearcollegecurriculumthathavea"service"orvocationalorientation.Itisimportanttoknowthis.ButsomecommentariesonAmericanpostsecondaryeducationtendtounderplaytheimpactoftheattemptofcollegesanduniversitiestorelatetoifnotresolvetheproblemsofsociety.What’sworsetheyobscureafundamentalquestionposedbytheservice-university—whatishighereducationsupposedtodo Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheservice-educationconceptis
Text1 ImprovingthebalancebetweentheworkingpartofthedayandtherestofitisagoalofagrowingnumberofworkersinrichWesterncountries.Someareturningawayfromtheidealsoftheirparentsforwhomworkalwayscamefirst;otherswithscarceskillsaredemandingmorebecausetheyknowtheycangetit.EmployersCaughtbetweenafallingpopulationofworkersandtightcontrolsonimmigrationareeagertoidentifyextraperksthatwillluremore"talent"theirway.Justnowtheyarefocusingonbenefitsespeciallyflexibleworkingthatofferemployeesmorethanjustpay. Somecompaniessawthechangeofmoodsometimeago.IBMhasmorethan50differentprogrammespromotingwork-lifebalanceandBankofAmericaover30.Butplentyofotherfirmsremainunconvincedandmanylackthecapacitytocatertosuchideaseveniftheywantedto.HelenMuftiswithHayGroupahuman-resourcesconsultancyseesawideninggapbetweenfirms"atthecreativeendofemployment"andthosethatarenot. Thechiefcomponentofalmostallschemestopromotework-lifebalanceisflexibleworking.Thisallowspeopletoescaperigidnine-to-fiveschedulesandworkawayfromaformaloffice.IBMsaysthat40%ofitsemployeestodayworkoffthecompanypremises.Formanybusinessesflexibleworkingisanecessity.Globalizationhasspreadthehoursinwhichworkersneedtocommunicatewitheachotherandincreasedthecallforflexibleshifts. NellaBarkleyanAmericanwhoadvisescompaniesonwork-lifebalancesaysthatlargefirmsalebeginningtounderstandthevalueofsuchschemes"butonlyslowly".Formostofthemtheystillmeanlittlemorethanchildcarehealthcareandflexibleworking. Tosomeextenttheproliferationofwork-life-balanceschemesisafunctionoftoday’slabourmarket.Companiesinknowledgebasedindustriesworryabouttheshortageofskillsandhowtheyaregoingtopersuadetalentedpeopletoworkforthem.Althoughwhite-collarworkersaremorelikelytobelaidoffnowadaystheyarealsolikelytogetrehired.UnemploymentamongcollegegraduatesinAmericaisjustover2%.Thesamecompetitionforscarce.talentisevidentinBritain. ForsometimetocometalentedpeopleintheWestwilldemandmorefromemployersandcleveremployerswillcreatenewgewgawstoenticethemtojoin.Thoseemployersshouldnotethatforagrowingnumberoftheseworkersthemostappealinggewgawofallisthefreedomtoworkasandwhentheyplease. ThewordgewgawsLine2Paragraph6mostprobablymeans
41Conflicts: Ifyoudogetaplaceinthestudentdormitoryitislikelythatyouwillhavetoshareyourlivingspacewithanotherstudent.WhilehavinganAmericanroommatewillhelpyoutolearnmoreaboutAmericanwaystherewillprobablybemanytimesthatdiscomfortorconflictwillariseduetoculturaldifferences. 42Sex: WithregardtosexingeneralAmericanbehaviorisquitedifferentfromthenormsfoundinChina. 43RelationshipBetweenTeachers&Students: OnthecampusparticularlywhereclassesaresmallIfoundastrangeinformalitythatcharacterizedtherelationshipbetweenstudentsandtheirprofessors. 44Gifts: InmyinteractionwithAmericanfriendsInoticedthattheconceptofagiftisquitedifferenthere.ManythingswegivetoeachotherinChinaarenotcalled"gifts"butareconsideredtobeareflectionofordinarydutiesandmutualobligations.Accustomedaswearetousingtheword"gift"torefertosomethingvaluablegivenonspecialoccasionsitcomesasasurprisetoseehowoftenthewordisusedinAmerica.IntheUnitedStates"gifts"givenonmanydifferentoccasionsareonlyservices. 45SocialIntercourse: WhenyoudoenterAmericanhomesyouwillhaveanopportunitytoobservedifferentwaysofgreetingpeople.OnthewholeAmericanstendtobefarmorephysicalthanweintheirgreetings. [A]Iwasastonishedforexamplewhenafriendtoldmethathewasofferingtocareforhisyoungerbrotherandsistersothathisfathercouldtakeavacationforhisbirthday—thiswasagifttohim.Forusthiswouldbeconsidereddutyratherthanagift.Evenbetweenfriendsgesturesofthissortmightbeconsidered"gifts"here. [B]Whilemanystudentsdocalltheirprofessors"Professor"soandsoor"Dr."soandsosomeprofessorsprefertobecalledfamiliarlybytheirfirstnames.Andinthespiritofinformalitymanyprofessorsmayinvitestudentstotheirhomesorcanbeseenchattingwithstudentsoveramealoracupofcoffeeintheschoolcafeteria.AgoodnumberofinstructorsevenrequestthatstudentsfilloutClassevaluationformswhichassessthecontentandpresentationofthecourse. [C]Myroommatewasverysociableandhadmanyboyfriendswhocametovisitoftenverylate.OnenightaftermidnightIhadtostayinthebathroomforanextra40minutesbecauseIhadheardaman’svoiceinmyroom.MyroommatedidnotrealizehowawkwardIwouldfeelmeetingamanwhileIwasinmynightgown.YouseeAmericanstudentstendtobemuchmorecasualaboutthesematters. [D]Onmanyoccasi0hsforinstanceclosefriendsorsometimesevencasualacquaintancesembraceorkisseachotheronthecheeksingreetingorbiddingfarewell.Itmayevenhappenthatwherecouplesareclosefriendsthetwohusbandswillkisstheotherman’swife! [E]IntheUnitedStatesforexampleifastudentwantstoinvitehisteachertoadinnerpartytheinvitationshouldbesentaweekorsobeforethepartydate.Iftheinvitationisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydatetheteacherwillfeelheisnothighlyregarded. [F]ForexamplemanyAmericanstudentsseemtoliketolistentopopularandsometimesloudmusicwhilestudyingintheirrooms.Sometimestheywillevenleavethemusiconwhentheyleavetheroom.ForSomereasonmanywilltellyoumusichelpsthemtorelaxandconcentrateanideawhichotherforeignstudentsandIfoundverystrangeanddisturbing.We’dliketostudyquietlywithoutanydisturbance. 44
Twomodesofargumentationhavebeenusedonbehalfofwomen’semancipationinWesternsocieties.46Argumentsinwhatcouldbecalledthe"relational"feministtraditionmaintainthedoctrineof"equalityindifference"orequityasdistinctfromequality.Theycontendthatbiologicaldistinctionsbetweenthesexesresultinanecessarysexualdivisionoflaborinthefamilyandthroughoutsocietyandthatwomen’sprocreativelaboriscurrently’undervaluedbysocietytothedisadvantageofwomen.47Bycontrasttheindividualistfeministtraditionemphasizesindividualhumanrightsandcerebrateswomen’squestforpersonalautonomywhiledownplayingtheimportanceofgenderrolesandminimizingdiscussionofchildbearinganditsattendantresponsibilities.Beforethelatenineteenthcenturytheseviewscoexistedwithinthefeministmovementoftenwithinthewritingsofthesameindividual.48Between1890and1920howeverrelationalfeminismwhichhadbeenthedominantstraininfeministthoughtandwhichstillpredominatesamongEuropeanandnon-WesternfeministslostgroundinEnglandandtheUnitedStates.BecausetheconceptofindividualrightswasalreadywellestablishedintheAnglo-SaxonlegalandpoliticaltraditionindividualistfeminismcametopredominateinEnglish-speakingcountries.Atthesametimethegoalsofthetwoapproachesbegantoseemincreasinglyirreconcilable.Individualistfeministsbegantoadvocateatotallygender-blindsystemwithequalrightsforall.49Relationalfeministswhileagreeingthatequaleducationalandeconomicopportunitiesoutsidethehomeshouldbeavailableforallwomencontinuedtoemphasizewomen’sspecialcontributionstosocietyashomemakersandmothers.Theydemandedspecialtreatmentforwomenincludingprotectivelegislationforwomenworkersstate-sponsoredmaternitybenefitsandpaidcompensationforhousework. Relationalargumentshaveamajorpitfall:becausetheyunderlinewomen’sphysiologicalandpsychologicaldistinctivenesstheyareoftenappropriatedbypoliticaladversariesandusedtoendorsemaleprivilege.50Buttheindividualistapproachbyattackinggenderrolesdenyingthesignificanceofphysiologicaldifferenceandcondemningexistingfamilialinstitutionsashopelesslypatriarchalhasoftensimplytreatedasirrelevantthefamilyrolesimportanttomanywomen.Iftheindividualistframeworkwithitsclaimforwomen’sautonomycouldbeharmonizedwiththefamily-orientedconcernsofrelationalfeministsamorefruitfulmodelforcontemporaryfeministpoliticscouldemerge. Notes:emancipationn.解放equityn.公平procreative生育的undervaluevt.低估......的价值celebratevt.颂扬questn.寻求downplayvt.贬低低估loseground退却失利maternitybenefit产妇津贴pitfalln.隐患appropriatevt.盗用adversaryn.敌手endorsevt.赞同patriarchal家长制的 Between1890and1920howeverrelationalfeminismwhichhadbeenthedominantstraininfeministthoughtandwhichstillpredominatesamongEuropeanandnon-WesternfeministslostgroundinEnglandandtheUnitedStates
Text1 Inaperfectlyfreeandopenmarketeconomythetypeofemployer—governmentorprivate—shouldhavelittleornoimpactontheearningsdifferentialsbetweenwomenandmen.Howeverifthereisdiscriminationagainstonesexitisunlikelythatthedegreeofdiscriminationbygovernmentandprivateemployerswillbethesame.Differencesinthedegreeofdiscriminationwouldresultinearningsdifferentialsassociatedwiththetypeofemployer.Giventhenatureofgovernmentandprivateemployersitseemsmostlikelythatdiscriminationbyprivateemployerswouldbegreater.Thusonewouldexpectthatifwomenarebeingdiscriminatedagainstgovernmentemploymentwouldhaveapositiveeffectonwomen’searningsascomparedwiththeirearningsfromprivateemployment.TheresultsofastudybyFuchssupportthisassumption.Fuchs’sresultssuggestthattheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedentirelyofgovernmentemployeeswouldbe14.6percentgreaterthantheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedexclusivelyofprivateemployeesotherthingsbeingequal. InadditionbothFuchsandSanbornhavesuggestedthattheeffectofdiscriminationbyconsumersontheearningsofself-employedwomenmaybegreaterthantheeffectofeithergovernmentorprivateemployerdiscriminationontheearningsofwomenemployees.TotestthishypothesisBrownselectedalargesampleofWhitemaleandfemaleworkersfromthe1970Censusanddividedthemintothreecategories:privateemployeesgovernmentemployeesandself-employed.Blackworkerswereexcludedfromthesampletoavoidpickingupearningsdifferentialsthatweretheresultofracialdisparities.Brown’sresearchdesigncontrolledforeducationlabor-forceparticipationmobilitymotivationandageinordertoeliminatethesefactorsasexplanationsofthestudy’sresults.Brown’sresultssuggestthatmenandwomenarenottreatedthesamebyemployersandconsumers.Formenself-employmentisthehighestearningscategorywithprivateemploymentnextandgovernmentlowest.Forwomenthisorderisreversed. OnecaninferfromBrown’sresultsthatconsumersdiscriminateagainstself-employedwomen.Inadditionself-employedwomenmayhavemoredifficultythanmeningettinggoodemployeesandmayencounterdiscriminationfromsuppliersandfromfinancialinstitutions. Brown’sresultsareclearlyconsistentwithFuchs’sargumentthatdiscriminationbyconsumershasagreaterimpactontheearningsofwomenthandoesdiscriminationbyeithergovernmentorprivateemployers.Alsothefactthatwomendobetterworkingforgovernmentthanforprivateemployersimpliesthatprivateemployersarediscriminatingagainstwomen.Theresultsdonotprovethatgovernmentdoesnotdiscriminateagainstwomen.Theydohoweverdemonstratethatifgovernmentisdiscriminatingagainstwomenitsdiscriminationisnothavingasmucheffectonwomen’searningsasisdiscriminationintheprivatesector. Theauthorwouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingconclusions
Text4 BernardBailynhasrecentlyreinterpretedtheearlyhistoryoftheUnitedStatesbyapplyingnewsocialresearchfindingsontheexperiencesofEuropeanmigrants.Inhisreinterpretationmigrationbecomestheorganizingprincipleforrewritingthehistoryofpre-industrialNorthAmerica.Hisapproachrestsonfourseparatepropositions. ThefirstoftheseassertsthatresidentsofearlymodernEnglandmovedregularlyabouttheircountryside:migratingtotheNewWorldwassimplya"naturalspillover’.AlthoughatfirstthecoloniesheldlittlepositiveattractionfortheEnglish—theywouldratherhavestayedhome—bytheeighteenthcenturypeopleincreasinglymigratedtoAmericabecausetheyregardeditasthelandofopportunity.SecondlyBailynholdsthatcontrarytothenotionthatusedtoflourishinAmericanhistorytextbookstherewasneveratypicalNewWorldcommunity.ForexampletheeconomicanddemographiccharacterofearlyNewEnglandtownsvariedconsiderably. Bailyn’sthirdpropositionsuggeststwogeneralpatternsprevailingamongthemanythousandsofmigrants:onegroupcameasindenturedservantsanothercametoacquireland.SurprisinglyBailynsuggeststhatthosewhorecruitedindenturedservantsweredrivingforcesoftransatlanticmigration.Thesecolonialentrepreneurshelpeddeterminethesocialcharacterofpeoplewhocametopre-industrialNorthAmerica.Atfirstthousandsofunskilledlaborerswererecruited;bythe1730’showeverAmericanemployersdemandedskilledworkers. FinallyBailynarguesthatthecolonieswereahalf-civilizedhinterlandoftheEuropeanculturesystem.HeisundoubtedlycorrecttoinsistthatthecolonieswerepartoftheAnglo-Americanempire.ButtodividetheempireintoEnglishcoreandcolonialperipheryasBailyndoesdevaluestheachievementsofcolonialculture.ItistrueasBailynclaimsthathighcultureinthecoloniesnevermatchedthatinEngland.Butwhatofseventeenth-centuryNewEnglandwherethesettlerscreatedeffectivelawsbuiltadistinguisheduniversityandpublishedbooksBailynmightrespondthatNewEnglandwasexceptional.HowevertheideasandinstitutionsdevelopedbyNewEnglandPuritanshadpowerfuleffectsonNorthAmericanculture. AlthoughBailyngoesontoapplyhisapproachtosomethousandsofindenturedservantswhomigratedjustpriortotherevolutionhefailstolinktheirexperiencewiththepoliticaldevelopmentoftheUnitedStates.Evidencepresentedinhisworksuggestshowwemightmakesuchaconnection.TheseindenturedservantsweretreatedasslavesfortheperiodduringwhichtheyhadsoldtheirtimetoAmericanemployers.Itisnotsurprisingthatassoonastheyservedtheirtimetheygaveupgoodwagesinthecitiesandheadedwesttoensuretheirpersonalindependencebyacquiringland.ThusitisinthewestthatapeculiarlyAmerican.politicalculturebeganamongcolonistswhoweresuspiciousofauthorityandintenselyanti-aristocratic. Notes:spillovern.外流indenturedservant合同工hinterlandn.内地Anglo-American英裔美国人的peripheryn.边缘anti-aristocratic反垢贵族的demographics人口统计特点 Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. 18
Text3 Inthetwodecadesbetween1910and1930overtenpercentoftheBlackpopulationoftheUnitedStateslefttheSouthwherethemajorityoftheBlackpopulationhadbeenlocatedandmigratedtonorthernstateswiththelargestnumbermovingitisclaimedbetween1916and1918.IthasbeenfrequentlyassumedbutnotprovedthatmostofthemigrantsinwhathascometobecalledtheGreatMigrationcamefromruralareasandweremotivatedbytwoconcurrentfactors:thecollapseofcottonindustryfollowingbollweevilinfestationwhichbeganin1898andincreaseddemandintheNorthforlaborfollowingthecessationofEuropeanimmigrationcausedbytheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWarin1914.Thisassumptionhasledtotheconclusionthatthemigrants’subsequentlackofeconomicmobilityintheNorthistiedtoruralbackgroundabackgroundthatimpliesunfamiliaritywithurbanlivingandalackofindustrialskills. ButthequestionofwhoactuallylefttheSouthhasneverbeeninvestigatedindetail.AlthoughnumerousinvestigationsdocumentaflightfromruralsouthernareastosoutherncitiespriortotheGreatMigrationnoonehasconsideredwhetherthesamemigrantsthenmovedontonortherncities.In1910over600000BlackworkersortenpercentoftheBlackworkforcereportedthemselvestobeengagedin"manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits"thefederalcensuscategoryroughlyincludingtheentireindustrialsector.TheGreatMigrationcouldeasilyhavebeenmadeupentirelyofthisgroupandtheirfamilies.ItisperhapssurprisingtoarguethatanemployedpopulationcouldbetemptedtomovebutanexplanationliesinthelaborconditionsthenprevalentintheSouth. Aboutthirty-fivepercentoftheurbanBlackpopulationintheSouthwasengagedinskilledtrades.Somewerefromtheoldartisanclassofslavery—blacksmithsmasonscarpenterswhichhadamonopolyofcertaintradesbuttheyweregraduallybeingpushedoutbycompetitionmechanizationandobsolescence.Theremainingsixty-fivepercentmorerecentlyurbanizedworkedinnewlydevelopedindustries—tobaccolumbercoalandironmanufactureandrailroads.WagesintheSouthhoweverwerelowandBlackworkerswereawarethroughlaborrecruitersandtheBlackpressthattheycouldearnmoreevenasunskilledworkersintheNorththantheycouldasartisansintheSouth.AfterthebollweevilinfestationurbanBlackworkersfacedcompetitionfromthecontinuinginfluxofbothBlackandWhiteruralworkerswhoweredriventoundercutthewagesformerlypaidforindustrialjobs.Thusamove’northwouldbeseenasadvantageoustoagroupthatwasalreadyurbanizedandsteadilyemployedandtheeasyconclusiontyingtheirsubsequenteconomicproblemsintheNorthtotheirruralbackgroundscomesintoquestion. Notes:bollweevilinfestation棉铃虫蔓延cessation中止停止mason泥瓦匠recruiter招募者influx入涌入 Thematerialinthetextwouldbemostrelevanttoalongdiscussionofwhichofthefollowingtopics
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. 6
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. 10
Text2 Miserseverywhere:thatMediterraneancruisecouldbewithinreachatlast.There’llbenofreeridetotheportandnofreefoodorentertainmentonboard.Thecabinwillmeasure30meterssquareandhousekeepingwillbeextra.Butthefiberglasssuiteiseasytocleanandcostsaslittleas￡29anight. EarlierthisyearserialentrepreneurSteliosHaji-IoannouthemanwhogaveEuropeitsfirstbudgetairlinecashedin￡14millionofhiseasyJetsharestofundwhathecallsa"littleshoppingspree."Boldlyexpandinghisno-frillsmodelintonewmarketsSteliosheinsistsonfirst-nameinformalityplanstoopenthefirsteasyHotelinLondonthisyearwithpricesfrom￡5anightaneasyBusfleetandeasyCruisereadytosailnextsummer.Alsoonthelist:easyPizzasandeasyTelecomamobile-phoneservice. CanhemakeitworkThesoaringsuccessofeasyJetanditsrivalswasEurope’sgreatbusinessstoryofthelate1990sandyetmorecarriersareemergingtoservethe10nationsthatjoinedtheEuropeanUnionlastweek.Whilecopycattingtheideamaylooklikeano-brainerthoughsomeexpertsdoubtStelios’sexpansionplanshavemuchofafuture."Theno-frillsmodelisveryfragile."saysChrisVossofLondonBusinessSchool."Steliosisapplyingitratherindiscriminately." Theentrepreneur’srecordismixed.HelaunchedeasyJetin1995whenhewas28anditnowhas70planesandrevenuesof￡932millionlastyearupnearly70percentfrom2002.Buthisfirstattempttoclonetheno-frillsmodelaEurope-widechainofInternetcafeslaunchedattheheightofthebubblehassincestruggledtomakemoney.HisfirsteasyCinema-ticketsforjust50penceissufferingbecausebigdistributorsfearfulofundercuttingtheirotherbusinessrefusetoallowcheapscreeningsofnewblockbusters. Thelargerproblem:reducingpricesisnotenoughtomakeno-frillswork.Steliosforexamplelikestoselldirecttothecustomerpreferablyonlineandavoidscorporateaccountsonthetheorythatonlyindividualscareenoughaboutpricetobeloyalno-killscustomers.Hechoosesonlysectorsinwhichthevolumeofbusinesswillclearlyriseaspricesfall.There’snopointsayinofferingacut-rateburialservice.SaysStelios:"Thedemandforfuneralsisn’tgoingtogoup--regardlessoftheprice." Stelios'recordislistedinordertoshowthat
Text1 Inaperfectlyfreeandopenmarketeconomythetypeofemployer—governmentorprivate—shouldhavelittleornoimpactontheearningsdifferentialsbetweenwomenandmen.Howeverifthereisdiscriminationagainstonesexitisunlikelythatthedegreeofdiscriminationbygovernmentandprivateemployerswillbethesame.Differencesinthedegreeofdiscriminationwouldresultinearningsdifferentialsassociatedwiththetypeofemployer.Giventhenatureofgovernmentandprivateemployersitseemsmostlikelythatdiscriminationbyprivateemployerswouldbegreater.Thusonewouldexpectthatifwomenarebeingdiscriminatedagainstgovernmentemploymentwouldhaveapositiveeffectonwomen’searningsascomparedwiththeirearningsfromprivateemployment.TheresultsofastudybyFuchssupportthisassumption.Fuchs’sresultssuggestthattheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedentirelyofgovernmentemployeeswouldbe14.6percentgreaterthantheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedexclusivelyofprivateemployeesotherthingsbeingequal. InadditionbothFuchsandSanbornhavesuggestedthattheeffectofdiscriminationbyconsumersontheearningsofself-employedwomenmaybegreaterthantheeffectofeithergovernmentorprivateemployerdiscriminationontheearningsofwomenemployees.TotestthishypothesisBrownselectedalargesampleofWhitemaleandfemaleworkersfromthe1970Censusanddividedthemintothreecategories:privateemployeesgovernmentemployeesandself-employed.Blackworkerswereexcludedfromthesampletoavoidpickingupearningsdifferentialsthatweretheresultofracialdisparities.Brown’sresearchdesigncontrolledforeducationlabor-forceparticipationmobilitymotivationandageinordertoeliminatethesefactorsasexplanationsofthestudy’sresults.Brown’sresultssuggestthatmenandwomenarenottreatedthesamebyemployersandconsumers.Formenself-employmentisthehighestearningscategorywithprivateemploymentnextandgovernmentlowest.Forwomenthisorderisreversed. OnecaninferfromBrown’sresultsthatconsumersdiscriminateagainstself-employedwomen.Inadditionself-employedwomenmayhavemoredifficultythanmeningettinggoodemployeesandmayencounterdiscriminationfromsuppliersandfromfinancialinstitutions. Brown’sresultsareclearlyconsistentwithFuchs’sargumentthatdiscriminationbyconsumershasagreaterimpactontheearningsofwomenthandoesdiscriminationbyeithergovernmentorprivateemployers.Alsothefactthatwomendobetterworkingforgovernmentthanforprivateemployersimpliesthatprivateemployersarediscriminatingagainstwomen.Theresultsdonotprovethatgovernmentdoesnotdiscriminateagainstwomen.Theydohoweverdemonstratethatifgovernmentisdiscriminatingagainstwomenitsdiscriminationisnothavingasmucheffectonwomen’searningsasisdiscriminationintheprivatesector. AccordingtoBrown'sstudywomen'searningscategoriesoccurinwhichofthefollowingordersfromhighestearningstolowestearnings
Text2 InthepastAmericancollegesanduniversitieswerecreatedtoserveadualpurposetoadvancelearningandtoofferachancetobecomefamiliarwithbodiesofknowledgealreadydiscoveredtothosewhowishedit.TocreateandtoimpartthesewerethedistinctivefeaturesofAmericanhighereducationpriortothemostrecentdisorderlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury.Thesuccessfulinstitutionofhigherlearninghadneverbeenonewhosemissioncouldbedefinedintermsofprovidingvocationalskillsorasastrategyforresolvingsocietalproblems.InasubtlewayAmericansbelievedhighereducationtobeusefulbutnotnecessarilyofimmediateuse. AnotherpurposehasnowbeenassignedtothemissionofAmericancollegesanduniversities.Institutionsofhigherlearning—publicorprivate—commonlyfacethechallengeofdefiningtheirprogramsinsuchawayastocontributetotheserviceofthecommunity. Thisservicerolehasvariousapplications.Mostcommonareprogramstomeetthedemandsofregionalemploymentmarketstoprovideopportunitiesforupwardsocialandeconomicmobilitytoachieveracialethnicorsocialintegrationormoregenerallytoproduce"productive"ascomparedto"educated"graduates.Regardlessofitsprecisedefinitiontheideaofaservice-universityhaswonacceptancewithintheacademiccommunity. Oneneedonlyberemindedofthechangeinlanguagedescribingthetwo-yearcollegetoappreciatethenewvaluecurrentlybeingattachedtotheconceptofaservice-relateduniversity.Thetraditionaltwo-yearcollegehassheditspejorative"junior"collegelabelandisgenerallycalleda"community"collegeaclearlyvalue-ladenexpressionrepresentingthelatestcommitmentinhighereducation.Eventhedoctoraldegreelongrecognized’asarequired".unioncard"intheacademicworldhascomeunderseverecriticismasthepursuitoflearningforitsownsakeandtheaccumulationofknowledgewithoutimmediateapplicationtoaprofessor’sclassroomduties.Theideaofacollegeoruniversitythatperformsatriplefunction—communicatingknowledgetostudentsexpandingthecontentofvariousdisciplinesandinteractinginadirectrelationshipwithsociety—hasbeenthemostimportantchangeinhighereducationinrecentyears. Thisnoveldevelopmenthoweverisoftenoverlooked.Educatorshavealwaysbeenfamiliarwiththosepartsofthetwo-yearcollegecurriculumthathavea"service"orvocationalorientation.Itisimportanttoknowthis.ButsomecommentariesonAmericanpostsecondaryeducationtendtounderplaytheimpactoftheattemptofcollegesanduniversitiestorelatetoifnotresolvetheproblemsofsociety.What’sworsetheyobscureafundamentalquestionposedbytheservice-university—whatishighereducationsupposedtodo Theserviceroleofcollegesspecificallyaimsto
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. 12
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. 20
Text4 BernardBailynhasrecentlyreinterpretedtheearlyhistoryoftheUnitedStatesbyapplyingnewsocialresearchfindingsontheexperiencesofEuropeanmigrants.Inhisreinterpretationmigrationbecomestheorganizingprincipleforrewritingthehistoryofpre-industrialNorthAmerica.Hisapproachrestsonfourseparatepropositions. ThefirstoftheseassertsthatresidentsofearlymodernEnglandmovedregularlyabouttheircountryside:migratingtotheNewWorldwassimplya"naturalspillover’.AlthoughatfirstthecoloniesheldlittlepositiveattractionfortheEnglish—theywouldratherhavestayedhome—bytheeighteenthcenturypeopleincreasinglymigratedtoAmericabecausetheyregardeditasthelandofopportunity.SecondlyBailynholdsthatcontrarytothenotionthatusedtoflourishinAmericanhistorytextbookstherewasneveratypicalNewWorldcommunity.ForexampletheeconomicanddemographiccharacterofearlyNewEnglandtownsvariedconsiderably. Bailyn’sthirdpropositionsuggeststwogeneralpatternsprevailingamongthemanythousandsofmigrants:onegroupcameasindenturedservantsanothercametoacquireland.SurprisinglyBailynsuggeststhatthosewhorecruitedindenturedservantsweredrivingforcesoftransatlanticmigration.Thesecolonialentrepreneurshelpeddeterminethesocialcharacterofpeoplewhocametopre-industrialNorthAmerica.Atfirstthousandsofunskilledlaborerswererecruited;bythe1730’showeverAmericanemployersdemandedskilledworkers. FinallyBailynarguesthatthecolonieswereahalf-civilizedhinterlandoftheEuropeanculturesystem.HeisundoubtedlycorrecttoinsistthatthecolonieswerepartoftheAnglo-Americanempire.ButtodividetheempireintoEnglishcoreandcolonialperipheryasBailyndoesdevaluestheachievementsofcolonialculture.ItistrueasBailynclaimsthathighcultureinthecoloniesnevermatchedthatinEngland.Butwhatofseventeenth-centuryNewEnglandwherethesettlerscreatedeffectivelawsbuiltadistinguisheduniversityandpublishedbooksBailynmightrespondthatNewEnglandwasexceptional.HowevertheideasandinstitutionsdevelopedbyNewEnglandPuritanshadpowerfuleffectsonNorthAmericanculture. AlthoughBailyngoesontoapplyhisapproachtosomethousandsofindenturedservantswhomigratedjustpriortotherevolutionhefailstolinktheirexperiencewiththepoliticaldevelopmentoftheUnitedStates.Evidencepresentedinhisworksuggestshowwemightmakesuchaconnection.TheseindenturedservantsweretreatedasslavesfortheperiodduringwhichtheyhadsoldtheirtimetoAmericanemployers.Itisnotsurprisingthatassoonastheyservedtheirtimetheygaveupgoodwagesinthecitiesandheadedwesttoensuretheirpersonalindependencebyacquiringland.ThusitisinthewestthatapeculiarlyAmerican.politicalculturebeganamongcolonistswhoweresuspiciousofauthorityandintenselyanti-aristocratic. Notes:spillovern.外流indenturedservant合同工hinterlandn.内地Anglo-American英裔美国人的peripheryn.边缘anti-aristocratic反垢贵族的demographics人口统计特点 AccordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingistrueofEnglishmigrantstothecoloniesduringthe18thcentury
热门题库
更多
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
行政法与行政诉讼法
仲裁法学
湘公网安备 43130202000226号