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下面不属于消费信用的基本形式是( )。
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当代信用关系中的主体和基本形式是
商业信用
银行信用
国家信用
消费信用
以民风民俗为主的民间表演艺术不属于中国古代表演艺术基本形式
在当代已成为信用关系中的主体和基本形式的典型间接信用形式是
国家信用
银行信用
直接信用
消费信用
是当代信用关系中的主体和基本形式
商业信用
银行信用
国家信用
消费信用
下面哪个不属于实践的基本形式
科学实验
农业生产
政治革命
艺术创作
下列各项不属于我国建设工程纠纷处理的基本形式的是
诉讼
调解
斡旋
仲裁
信用的基本形式有信用信用信用消费信用租赁信用和国际信用等
下列选项中不属于税率的基本形式的是
比例税率
累进税率
定额税率
累退税率
下列不属于税率的基本形式
比例税率
定额税率
平均税率
累进税率
边际税率
下列价格监测手段中不属于价格监测分析基本形式的是
定期价格监测分析制度
典型调查或抽样调查
经营者和消费者自主报告
应急监测
的基本形式是赊销和预付
银行信用
商业信用
公司信用
消费信用
下列不属于供应链基本形式的是
竞争对手
原材料供应商
制造商
零售商和消费者
已成为当代信用关系中的主体和基本形式
银行信用
消费信用
国家信用
商业信用
不属于产品质量担保责任的基本形式是
维修
更换
退货
赔偿损失
下列不属于燃烧的基本形式的是
自燃
爆炸
热辐射
以上均不是
通常所说的BOT主要包括三种基本形式下列不属于的是方式
典型BOT
BOO
BTO
BOOT
一般比较有效的运动种类或锻炼方式有三种基本形式以下哪一个是不属于这三种基本形式
有氧运动
无氧运动
力量性运动
伸展运动
信用的基本形式有
商业信用
银行信用
国家信用
消费信用
民间信用
下列选项中不属于路基的基本形式的是
路提
路堑
半填半挖
路拱
不属于气运动的基本形式是
升降出入化
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Inmostpartsoftheworldclimatechangeisaworryingsubject.NotsoinCalifornia.Atarecentgatheringofgreenluminaries—inafilmstar’shousenaturallyforthatishowseriousnessisoftenestablishedinLosAngeles—thedominantnotewasself-satisfactionatwhatthestatehasalreadyachieved.AndperhapsnobodyismorecomplacentthanArnoldSchwarzenegger.UnlikeA1GoreapresidentialcandidateturnedprophetofenvironmentaldoomCalifornia’sgovernorsoundscheerfulwhentalkingaboutclimatechange.Aswellhemight:ithasmadehispoliticalcareer. AlthoughCaliforniahaslongbeenanenvironmentally-consciousstateuntilrecentlygreenswereconcernedaboveallwithsmogandredwoodtrees."CoastofDreams"KevinStag’sauthoritativehistoryofcontemporaryCaliforniapublishedin2004doesnotmentionclimatechange.Inthatyearthoughthenewly-electedMr.Schwarzeneggermadehisfirsttentativecallforwesternstatestoseekalternativestofossilfuels.Graduallyhenoticedthathiseffortstotackleclimatechangemetwithlessresistanceandmoreacclaimthanjustaboutallhisotherpolicies.Thesedaysitcanseemasthoughheworksonnothingelse. Mr.Schwarzenegger’stransformationfromscreenwarriortoeco-warriorwascompletedlastyearwhenhesignedabillimposinglegally-enforceablelimitsongreenhouse—gasemissions—afirstforAmerica.ThanksmostlytoitslackofcoalandheavyindustryCaliforniaisarelativelycleanstate.Ifitwereacountryitwouldbetheworld’seighth-biggesteconomybutonlyits16th-biggestpolluter.Itsbigproblemistransport—meaningmostlycarsandtruckswhichaccountformorethan40%ofitsgreenhouse-gasemissionscomparedwith32%inAmericaasawhole.Thestatewantstoratchetdownemissionslimitsonnewvehiclesbeginningin2009.Mr.Schwarzeneggerhasalsoorderedthatby2020vehiclefuelmustproduce10%lesscarbon:intheproductionaswellastheburningsoasimpleswitchtocorn-basedethanolisprobablyout. ThanksinparttoCalifornia’sexamplemostofthewesternstateshaveadoptedclimateactionplans.WhenitcomestosettingemissiontargetsthescenecanresembleaposedownataMr.Olympiacontest.Arizona’sclimate-changescholarsdecidedtosetatargetofcuttingthestate’semissionsto2000levelsby2020.ButJanetNapolitanothegovernorwasdeterminednottobeout-muscledbyCalifornia.ShehasdeclaredthatArizonawilltrytoreturnto2000emissionlevelsby2012. Californiahasnotjustinspiredotherstates;ithascreatedavanguardthatoughttobeabletoprodthefederalgovernmentintostrongernationalstandardsthanitwouldotherwiseconsider.ButCaliforniaisfindingiteasiertoexportitspoliciesthantoputthemintopracticeathome.InonewayCalifornia’sself-confidenceisfullyjustified.Ithasdonemorethananyotherstate—letalonethefederalgovernment—tofixAmerica’sattentiononclimatechange.Ithasalsomadeitseemasthoughtheproblemcanbesolved.Whichiswhyfailurewouldbesuchbadnews.AtthemomentCaliforniaisabeacontootherstates.Ifitfailsitwillbecomeanexcuseforinaction. Corn-basedethanolmightnotbechosenasanalternativebecause
Toproducetheupheaval激变intheUnitedStatesthatchangedandmodernizedthedomainofhighereducationfromthemid-1860stothemid-1880sthreeprimarycausesinteracted.The1ofahalf-dozenleadersineducationprovidedthepersonalforcethatwasneeded.2anoutcry呐喊forafreshermorepracticalandmoreadvancedkindofinstruction3amongthealumni校友andfriendsofnearlyalloftheoldcollegesandgrewintoamovementthatoverrode压倒all4opposition.Theaggressive"YoungYale"movementappeareddemandingpartialalumnicontrolamore5spiritandabroadercourseofstudy.ThegraduatesofHarvardCollegesimultaneously6torelievethecollege’spovertyanddemandnew7.EducationwaspushingtowardhigherstandardsintheEastby8offchurchleadershipeverywhereandintheWestbyfindingawiderrangeofstudiesandanew9ofpublicduty. Theold-styleclassicaleducationreceiveditsmostcrushing10inthecitadel城堡ofHarvardCollege11Dr.CharlesEliotayoungcaptainofthirty-fivesonofaformertreasurerofHarvardledthe12forces.FiverevolutionaryadvancesweremadeduringthefirstyearsofDr.Eliot’s13Theyweretheelevationandamplificationofentrancerequirementstheenlargementofthe14andthedevelopmentofthe15systemtherecognitionofgraduatestudyintheliberalartstheraisingofprofessionaltraininginlawmedicineandengineeringtoapostgraduatelevelandthefostering培养ofgreater16instudentlife.Standardofadmissionweresharplyadvancedin1872—1877.17theappointmentofaclean院长totakechargeofstudentaffairsandawisehandlingof18theundergraduateswereledtoregardthemselvesmoreasyounggentlemenand19asyounganimals.Onenewcourseofstudyafteranotherwas20—sciencemusicthehistoryofthefineartsadvancedSpanishpoliticaleconomyphysicsandinternationallaw. 3
[A]Convenientpackaging [B]Healthandwellness [C]Skepticalcustomers [D]Enormousmarkets [E]Soaringsales [F]Trendydrink Inthelast40yearsthebottledwaterindustryhasgonefromabusinessprospectthatfewtookseriouslytoaglobalindustryworthbillionsofpounds.Thecommodityitselfremainssimple.Thewaywethinkaboutithaschangedfundamentally.Waterisnaturalpureandsourcedatminimalcost.Itsrealvalueliesinitsmarketingandbranding."Ithinkbottledwateristhemostrevealingsubstanceforshowingushowtheglobalcapitalistmarketworkstoday"saysRichardWilkprofessorofanthropologyatIndianaUniversity."Inasensewe’rebuyingchoicewe’rebuyingfreedom.That’stheonlythingthatcanexplainwhyyouwouldpaymoneyforabottleofsomethingthatyoucanotherwisegetforfree." 41.______ Throughaconfectionofadvertisingandmarketingbottledwaterhasbecomeoneofthebiggestsuccessstoriesinthemodernfoodandbeverageindustry."Thedemandforbottlewaterhasgrownexponentiallyinthelastfewdecades"saysDr.PeterGleickauthorofBottledandSold."It’sdoubledit’sdoubledagainandit’sdoubledagain.Andthebottlewatercompaniesseeenormousmarketsnotjustintherichcountriesbutalsointhepoorercountries." Noactualvariety Somepeoplethinkthatbottledwateristhehighpointofglobalcapitalismparticularlythepeopleinthebottledwaterbusiness."Ithinkbottledwateractuallyrepresentsakindofcaricatureoftheglobaleconomy.Itprovidespeopleinthedevelopedworldwith20or30varietiesofsomethingforwhichthereisnoactualvariety"saysCharlesFishmanauthorofTheBigThirst. 42.______. Atthebeginningtherereallywasnovarietyandthebottledwaterphenomenonbeganwithonebrand.Perrier佩绿雅矿泉水品牌wasatriumphofadvertisingcreatingabrandthatwastodefineageneration.AttheheartofthecampaigntomakethebrandpopularwasRichardWheatleyoftheLeoBurnettadvertisingagencybetween1979and1994."Perrierpopularisedbottledwater"hesays."Itmadeitacceptablemorethanacceptableitmadeit...desirable."Butitwasnotaninstantsuccess.WhenPerrierUKwaslookingtoincreaseitssalesintheearly1970’sitfacedaskepticalpublic.Manyquestionedwhyanyonewouldbuywaterwhenyoucouldgetitfreefromthetap. 43.______. FacedwithobstaclesPerrierturnedtoadvertisingwithacampaignthatwastochangeourconsumerlandscapeforever.Thecampaignwasamarketingcoupandsaleswentthroughtherooffrom12millionbottlesin1980to152millionbytheendofthedecade.Perrierwasnolongerjustabottleofwater.Themarketingandadvertisingteamshadestablishedacrucialemotionallinkbetweentheproductandtheconsumers."Perrierbecameabadge"saysMichaelBellaschairmanoftheBeverageMarketingCorporation."WhenyouheldaPerrierbottleupitsaidsomethingaboutyourselfitsaidyouweresophisticatedyouunderstoodwhatwashappeningintheworld.Itwasaperfectbeveragefortheyoungandcomingbusinessexecutivesthetrend-setters." 44.______. Inanageofinstantgratificationstillwaterinportablebottlesprovidedwhatpeopleneededexactlywhentheyneededit."Peopleingeneralaremoreandmoretimepressed"saysMr.Fishman."Wedon’tcookourownmealsanymoreweeatpreparedfoodsofallkinds.Andthere’snothingmoreappealingthanabottleofcoldwateratamomentwhenyou’rereallythirsty.ButIthinkbottledwaterisoneofthoseproductsthatonmanyoccasionswhenpeoplebuyitwhatthey’rebuyingisn’tthewatersomuchasthebottle.Thatisthepackageandtheconvenienceatthatmoment." 45.______. WhenpeopleboughtthisconveniencewhattheywerereallybuyingwasPolyethyleneTerephthalateorPETthesinglemostimportantinnovationintheindustry’shistory.StrongshatterproofandahighlyvaluedformofpolyesterPETisaby-productoftheoilindustry.Itisnowutilisedinthepackagingofeverythingfrompharmaceuticalsandsoaptoreadymeals.InyearstocometheenvironmentalimpactofPETwouldhaunttheindustryandraisequestionsaboutitsverysurvivalbutinthe1990sthiswasarevolution.AccordingtoMr.Bellasitwasbehindthesubsequentincrediblegrowthoftheindustry."StartingwiththeintroductionofthesmallpremiumPETwatersthecategorystartedtoexplode"saysMr.Bellas."ThebottledwaterindustrybeforePETonthelistofallbeveragecategorieswasnumberseven.WiththeadventofPETwaterjumpedtothenumbertwospotbehindcarbonatedsoftdrinks." Bybrandingandmarketingwaterbottledwaterhasbeentransformedfromsomethingthatmanyofustookforgrantedintoaproductthatnowmakesbillionsforglobalmultinationalcompanies. 43
Toproducetheupheaval激变intheUnitedStatesthatchangedandmodernizedthedomainofhighereducationfromthemid-1860stothemid-1880sthreeprimarycausesinteracted.The1ofahalf-dozenleadersineducationprovidedthepersonalforcethatwasneeded.2anoutcry呐喊forafreshermorepracticalandmoreadvancedkindofinstruction3amongthealumni校友andfriendsofnearlyalloftheoldcollegesandgrewintoamovementthatoverrode压倒all4opposition.Theaggressive"YoungYale"movementappeareddemandingpartialalumnicontrolamore5spiritandabroadercourseofstudy.ThegraduatesofHarvardCollegesimultaneously6torelievethecollege’spovertyanddemandnew7.EducationwaspushingtowardhigherstandardsintheEastby8offchurchleadershipeverywhereandintheWestbyfindingawiderrangeofstudiesandanew9ofpublicduty. Theold-styleclassicaleducationreceiveditsmostcrushing10inthecitadel城堡ofHarvardCollege11Dr.CharlesEliotayoungcaptainofthirty-fivesonofaformertreasurerofHarvardledthe12forces.FiverevolutionaryadvancesweremadeduringthefirstyearsofDr.Eliot’s13Theyweretheelevationandamplificationofentrancerequirementstheenlargementofthe14andthedevelopmentofthe15systemtherecognitionofgraduatestudyintheliberalartstheraisingofprofessionaltraininginlawmedicineandengineeringtoapostgraduatelevelandthefostering培养ofgreater16instudentlife.Standardofadmissionweresharplyadvancedin1872—1877.17theappointmentofaclean院长totakechargeofstudentaffairsandawisehandlingof18theundergraduateswereledtoregardthemselvesmoreasyounggentlemenand19asyounganimals.Onenewcourseofstudyafteranotherwas20—sciencemusicthehistoryofthefineartsadvancedSpanishpoliticaleconomyphysicsandinternationallaw. 1
Toproducetheupheaval激变intheUnitedStatesthatchangedandmodernizedthedomainofhighereducationfromthemid-1860stothemid-1880sthreeprimarycausesinteracted.The1ofahalf-dozenleadersineducationprovidedthepersonalforcethatwasneeded.2anoutcry呐喊forafreshermorepracticalandmoreadvancedkindofinstruction3amongthealumni校友andfriendsofnearlyalloftheoldcollegesandgrewintoamovementthatoverrode压倒all4opposition.Theaggressive"YoungYale"movementappeareddemandingpartialalumnicontrolamore5spiritandabroadercourseofstudy.ThegraduatesofHarvardCollegesimultaneously6torelievethecollege’spovertyanddemandnew7.EducationwaspushingtowardhigherstandardsintheEastby8offchurchleadershipeverywhereandintheWestbyfindingawiderrangeofstudiesandanew9ofpublicduty. Theold-styleclassicaleducationreceiveditsmostcrushing10inthecitadel城堡ofHarvardCollege11Dr.CharlesEliotayoungcaptainofthirty-fivesonofaformertreasurerofHarvardledthe12forces.FiverevolutionaryadvancesweremadeduringthefirstyearsofDr.Eliot’s13Theyweretheelevationandamplificationofentrancerequirementstheenlargementofthe14andthedevelopmentofthe15systemtherecognitionofgraduatestudyintheliberalartstheraisingofprofessionaltraininginlawmedicineandengineeringtoapostgraduatelevelandthefostering培养ofgreater16instudentlife.Standardofadmissionweresharplyadvancedin1872—1877.17theappointmentofaclean院长totakechargeofstudentaffairsandawisehandlingof18theundergraduateswereledtoregardthemselvesmoreasyounggentlemenand19asyounganimals.Onenewcourseofstudyafteranotherwas20—sciencemusicthehistoryofthefineartsadvancedSpanishpoliticaleconomyphysicsandinternationallaw. 7
Toproducetheupheaval激变intheUnitedStatesthatchangedandmodernizedthedomainofhighereducationfromthemid-1860stothemid-1880sthreeprimarycausesinteracted.The1ofahalf-dozenleadersineducationprovidedthepersonalforcethatwasneeded.2anoutcry呐喊forafreshermorepracticalandmoreadvancedkindofinstruction3amongthealumni校友andfriendsofnearlyalloftheoldcollegesandgrewintoamovementthatoverrode压倒all4opposition.Theaggressive"YoungYale"movementappeareddemandingpartialalumnicontrolamore5spiritandabroadercourseofstudy.ThegraduatesofHarvardCollegesimultaneously6torelievethecollege’spovertyanddemandnew7.EducationwaspushingtowardhigherstandardsintheEastby8offchurchleadershipeverywhereandintheWestbyfindingawiderrangeofstudiesandanew9ofpublicduty. Theold-styleclassicaleducationreceiveditsmostcrushing10inthecitadel城堡ofHarvardCollege11Dr.CharlesEliotayoungcaptainofthirty-fivesonofaformertreasurerofHarvardledthe12forces.FiverevolutionaryadvancesweremadeduringthefirstyearsofDr.Eliot’s13Theyweretheelevationandamplificationofentrancerequirementstheenlargementofthe14andthedevelopmentofthe15systemtherecognitionofgraduatestudyintheliberalartstheraisingofprofessionaltraininginlawmedicineandengineeringtoapostgraduatelevelandthefostering培养ofgreater16instudentlife.Standardofadmissionweresharplyadvancedin1872—1877.17theappointmentofaclean院长totakechargeofstudentaffairsandawisehandlingof18theundergraduateswereledtoregardthemselvesmoreasyounggentlemenand19asyounganimals.Onenewcourseofstudyafteranotherwas20—sciencemusicthehistoryofthefineartsadvancedSpanishpoliticaleconomyphysicsandinternationallaw. 11
Toproducetheupheaval激变intheUnitedStatesthatchangedandmodernizedthedomainofhighereducationfromthemid-1860stothemid-1880sthreeprimarycausesinteracted.The1ofahalf-dozenleadersineducationprovidedthepersonalforcethatwasneeded.2anoutcry呐喊forafreshermorepracticalandmoreadvancedkindofinstruction3amongthealumni校友andfriendsofnearlyalloftheoldcollegesandgrewintoamovementthatoverrode压倒all4opposition.Theaggressive"YoungYale"movementappeareddemandingpartialalumnicontrolamore5spiritandabroadercourseofstudy.ThegraduatesofHarvardCollegesimultaneously6torelievethecollege’spovertyanddemandnew7.EducationwaspushingtowardhigherstandardsintheEastby8offchurchleadershipeverywhereandintheWestbyfindingawiderrangeofstudiesandanew9ofpublicduty. Theold-styleclassicaleducationreceiveditsmostcrushing10inthecitadel城堡ofHarvardCollege11Dr.CharlesEliotayoungcaptainofthirty-fivesonofaformertreasurerofHarvardledthe12forces.FiverevolutionaryadvancesweremadeduringthefirstyearsofDr.Eliot’s13Theyweretheelevationandamplificationofentrancerequirementstheenlargementofthe14andthedevelopmentofthe15systemtherecognitionofgraduatestudyintheliberalartstheraisingofprofessionaltraininginlawmedicineandengineeringtoapostgraduatelevelandthefostering培养ofgreater16instudentlife.Standardofadmissionweresharplyadvancedin1872—1877.17theappointmentofaclean院长totakechargeofstudentaffairsandawisehandlingof18theundergraduateswereledtoregardthemselvesmoreasyounggentlemenand19asyounganimals.Onenewcourseofstudyafteranotherwas20—sciencemusicthehistoryofthefineartsadvancedSpanishpoliticaleconomyphysicsandinternationallaw. 9
IftheopinionpollsaretobebelievedmostAmericansarecomingtotrusttheirgovernmentmorethantheyusedto.ThehabithasnotyetspreadwidelyamongAmericanIndianswhosuspectanorganizationwhichhassooftenpatronizedthemliedtothemanddefraudedthem.ButtheIndiansmaysoonwinavictoryinalegalbattlethatepitomizesthoseabuses. ElouiseCobellabankerwhoalsohappenstobeamemberoftheBlackfeettribeinMontanaistheleadingplaintiffinamassiveclass-actionsuitagainstthegovernment.Atissueisupto$10billionintrustpaymentsowedtosome500000Indians.ThesuitrevolvesaroundIndividualIndianMoney11MaccountsthatareadministeredbytheInteriorDepartment’sBureauofIndianAffairsBIA.Backinthe1880sthegovernmentdividedmorethan11macresoftriballandintoparcelsof80to160acresthatwereassignedtoindividualIndians.Becausetheseparcelswererarelyoccupiedbytheirnewownersthegovernmentassumedresponsibilityformanagingthem.AstheIndians’trusteeitleasedthelandoutforgrazingloggingminingandoildrilling--butitwassupposedtodistributetheroyaltiestotheIndianowners. Infactofficialsadmitthatroyaltieshavebeenlostorstolen.RecordsweredestroyedandthegovernmentlosttrackofwhichIndiansownedwhatland.Theplaintiffssaythatmoneyisowingto500000Indiansbuteventhegovernmentacceptsafigureofabout300000.ForyearsCobellheardIndianscomplainofnotgettingpaymentfromthegovernmentfortheoil-drillingandranchingleasesontheirland.Butnothingmuchgotdone.ShereturnedtoWashingtonandafterabrush-offfromgovernmentlawyersfiledthesuit. GaleNortonGeorgeBush’sinteriorsecretarywaschargedwithcontemptinNovemberbecauseherdepartmenthadfailedtofixtheproblem.InDecemberJudgeLamberthorderedtheinteriorDepartmenttoshutdownallitscomputersfortenweeksbecausetrust-fundrecordswerevulnerabletohackers.ThesystemwaspartlyrestoredlastmonthandpaymentstosomeIndianswhichhadbeeninterruptedlresumed. Andthatisnottheendofit.MsNortonhasproposedthecreationofanewBureauofIndianTrustManagementseparatefromtheBIA.Indiansarecrossthatshesuggestedthiswithoutconsultingthem.Somewantthetrustfundstobeplacedinreceivershipunderaneutralsupervisor.OthershavecalledforCongresstoestablishanindependentcommissionincludingIndianstodrawupaplanforreformingthewholesystem.Amessyinjusticemayatlastbegettingsortedout. WhatistheattitudeofAmericanIndianstowardsGaleNorton’sproposal
Toproducetheupheaval激变intheUnitedStatesthatchangedandmodernizedthedomainofhighereducationfromthemid-1860stothemid-1880sthreeprimarycausesinteracted.The1ofahalf-dozenleadersineducationprovidedthepersonalforcethatwasneeded.2anoutcry呐喊forafreshermorepracticalandmoreadvancedkindofinstruction3amongthealumni校友andfriendsofnearlyalloftheoldcollegesandgrewintoamovementthatoverrode压倒all4opposition.Theaggressive"YoungYale"movementappeareddemandingpartialalumnicontrolamore5spiritandabroadercourseofstudy.ThegraduatesofHarvardCollegesimultaneously6torelievethecollege’spovertyanddemandnew7.EducationwaspushingtowardhigherstandardsintheEastby8offchurchleadershipeverywhereandintheWestbyfindingawiderrangeofstudiesandanew9ofpublicduty. Theold-styleclassicaleducationreceiveditsmostcrushing10inthecitadel城堡ofHarvardCollege11Dr.CharlesEliotayoungcaptainofthirty-fivesonofaformertreasurerofHarvardledthe12forces.FiverevolutionaryadvancesweremadeduringthefirstyearsofDr.Eliot’s13Theyweretheelevationandamplificationofentrancerequirementstheenlargementofthe14andthedevelopmentofthe15systemtherecognitionofgraduatestudyintheliberalartstheraisingofprofessionaltraininginlawmedicineandengineeringtoapostgraduatelevelandthefostering培养ofgreater16instudentlife.Standardofadmissionweresharplyadvancedin1872—1877.17theappointmentofaclean院长totakechargeofstudentaffairsandawisehandlingof18theundergraduateswereledtoregardthemselvesmoreasyounggentlemenand19asyounganimals.Onenewcourseofstudyafteranotherwas20—sciencemusicthehistoryofthefineartsadvancedSpanishpoliticaleconomyphysicsandinternationallaw. 19
WhatdoyouthinkofAmericanhealthcaresystemMostpeoplewouldbe1bythehighqualityofmedicine2tomostAmericans.Thereisalotofspecializationagreatdealof3totheindividuala4amountofadvancedtechnicalequipmentand5effortnottomakemistakesbecauseofthefinancialriskwhichdoctorsandhospitalsmust6inthecourtsifthey7thingsbadly. ButtheAmericansareinamess.Totheproblemisthewayin8healthcareisorganizedand9.10topubicbeliefitisnotjustafreecompetitionsystem.Totheprivatesystemhasbeenjoinedalargepublicsystembecauseprivatecarewassimplynot11thelessfortunateandtheelderly. Butevenwiththishugepublicpartofthesystem12thisyearwilleatup84.5billiondollars—morethan10percentoftheU.S.Budget—alargenumberofAmericansareleft13.Theseincludeabouthalfthe11millionunemployedandthosewhofailtomeetthestrictlimits14incomefixedbyagovernmenttryingtomakesavingswhereitcan. Thebasicproblemhoweveristhatthereisnocentralcontrol15thehealthsystem.Thereisno16towhatdoctorsandhospitalschargefortheirservicesotherthanwhatthepublicisabletopay.Thenumberofdoctorshasshotupandpriceshaveclimbed.Whenfacedwithtoothacheasickchildoraheartattackalltheunfortunatepersonsconcernedcandoistopay17.Twothirdsofthepopulationare18bymedicalinsurance.Doctorschargeasmuchastheywant19thattheinsurancecompanywillpaythebill. TherisingcostofmedicineintheU.S.A.isamongthemostworryingproblemsfacingthecountry.In1981thecountry’shealthbillclimbed15.9percent—abouttwiceasfastasprices20general. 3
Averyimportantworldproblemifnotthemostseriousofallthegreatworldproblemswhichaffectusatthemomentistheincreasingnumberofpeoplewhoactuallyinhabitthisplanet.Thelimitedamountoflandandlandresourceswillsoonbeunabletosupportthehugepopulationifitcontinuestogrowatitspresentrate. Inanearlysurveyconductedin1888abillionandahalfpeopleinhabitedtheearth.Nowthepopulationexceedsfivebillionandisgrowingfast—bythestaggeringfigureof90millionin1988alone.ThismeansthattheworldmustaccommodateanewpopulationroughlyequaltothatoftheUnitedStatesandCanadaeverythreeyears!Eventhoughtherateofgrowthhasbeguntoslowdownmostexpertsbelievethepopulationsizewillstillpasseightbillionduringthenext50years. SowhyisthishugeincreaseinpopulationtakingplaceItisreallyduetothespreadoftheknowledgeandpracticeofwhatisbecomingknownas"DeathControl".Youhavenodoubtheardoftheterm"BirthControl"—"DeathControl"issomethingratherdifferent.Itrecognizestheworkofthedoctorsandscientistswhonowkeepalivepeoplewhonotverylongagowouldhavediedofavarietyofthenincurablediseases.Throughawidevarietyoftechnologicalinnovationsthatincludefarmingmethodsandsanitationaswellasthecontrolofthesedeadlydiseaseswehavefoundwaystoreducetherateatwhichwedie—creatingapopulationexplosion.Weusedtothinkthatreachingseventyyearsoldwasaremarkableachievementbutnoweightyorevenninetyisbecomingrecognizedasthenormallife-spanforhumans.Inasensethisrepresentsatremendousachievementforourspecies.Biologicallythisistheverydefinitionofsuccessandwehaveundoubtedlybecomethedominantanimalontheplanet.Howeverthissuccessistheverycauseofthegreatestthreattomankind. Manisconstantlydestroyingtheveryresourceswhichkeephimalive.Heisdestroyingthebalanceofnaturewhichregulatesclimateandtheatmosphereproducesandmaintainshealthysoilsprovidesfoodfromtheseasetc.Inshortbyonlyconsideringourneedsoftodayweareensuringtherewillbenotomorrow. Anunderstandingofman’seffectonthebalanceofnatureiscrucialtobeabletofindtheappropriateremedialaction.Itisaverycommonbeliefthattheproblemsofthepopulationexplosionarecausedmainlybypoorpeoplelivinginpoorcountrieswhodonotknowenoughtolimittheirreproduction.Thisisnottrue.Theactualnumberofpeopleinanareaisnotasimportantastheeffecttheyhaveonnature.Developingcountriesdohaveaneffectontheirenvironmentbutitisthepopulationsofrichercountriesthathaveafargreaterimpactontheearthasawhole. ThebirthofababyinforexampleJapanimposesmorethanahundredtimestheamountofstressontheworld’sresourcesasababyinIndia.MostpeopleinIndiadonotgrowuptoowncarsorair-conditioners—nordotheyeatthehugeamountofmeatandfishthattheJapanesechilddoes.Theirlife-stylesdonotrequirevastquantitiesofmineralsandenergy.Alsotheyareawareoftherequirementsofthelandaroundthemandtrytoputsomethingbackintonaturetoreplacewhattheytakeout. Forexampletropicalforestsareknowntobeessentialtothebalanceofnatureyetwearedestroyingthematanincrediblerate.Theyarebeingclearednottobenefitthenativesofthatcountrybuttosatisfytheneedsofrichercountries.CentralAmericanforestsarebeingdestroyedforpasturelandtomakepetfoodintheUnitedStatescheaper;inPapuaNewGuineaforestsaredestroyedtosupplycheapercardboardpackagingforJapaneseelectronicproducts;inBurmaandThailandforestshavebeendestroyedtoproducemoreattractivefurnitureinSingaporeandJapan.Thereforearichpersonlivingthousandsofmilesawaymaycausemoretropicalforestdestructionthanapoorpersonlivingintheforestitself. Inshortthenitiseverybody’sdutytosafeguardthefutureofmankind-notonlythroughpopulationcontrolbutbybeingmoreawareoftheeffecthisactionshaveonnature.Natureisbothfragileandpowerful.Itisveryeasilydestroyed;ontheotherhanditcansoeasilydestroyitsmostaggressiveenemy—man. Inparagraph3whichofthefollowingisNOTgivenasareasonforareductionindeathrates
Directions: Jordanisoneofyourbusinesspartners.RecentlyhewaspromotedtobetheGeneralManagerofECCCompany.Writealetterto 1congratulatehimonhispromotionand 2expressyourwishtocooperatewithhim. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdon’thavetowritetheaddress.
Toproducetheupheaval激变intheUnitedStatesthatchangedandmodernizedthedomainofhighereducationfromthemid-1860stothemid-1880sthreeprimarycausesinteracted.The1ofahalf-dozenleadersineducationprovidedthepersonalforcethatwasneeded.2anoutcry呐喊forafreshermorepracticalandmoreadvancedkindofinstruction3amongthealumni校友andfriendsofnearlyalloftheoldcollegesandgrewintoamovementthatoverrode压倒all4opposition.Theaggressive"YoungYale"movementappeareddemandingpartialalumnicontrolamore5spiritandabroadercourseofstudy.ThegraduatesofHarvardCollegesimultaneously6torelievethecollege’spovertyanddemandnew7.EducationwaspushingtowardhigherstandardsintheEastby8offchurchleadershipeverywhereandintheWestbyfindingawiderrangeofstudiesandanew9ofpublicduty. Theold-styleclassicaleducationreceiveditsmostcrushing10inthecitadel城堡ofHarvardCollege11Dr.CharlesEliotayoungcaptainofthirty-fivesonofaformertreasurerofHarvardledthe12forces.FiverevolutionaryadvancesweremadeduringthefirstyearsofDr.Eliot’s13Theyweretheelevationandamplificationofentrancerequirementstheenlargementofthe14andthedevelopmentofthe15systemtherecognitionofgraduatestudyintheliberalartstheraisingofprofessionaltraininginlawmedicineandengineeringtoapostgraduatelevelandthefostering培养ofgreater16instudentlife.Standardofadmissionweresharplyadvancedin1872—1877.17theappointmentofaclean院长totakechargeofstudentaffairsandawisehandlingof18theundergraduateswereledtoregardthemselvesmoreasyounggentlemenand19asyounganimals.Onenewcourseofstudyafteranotherwas20—sciencemusicthehistoryofthefineartsadvancedSpanishpoliticaleconomyphysicsandinternationallaw. 5
Averyimportantworldproblemifnotthemostseriousofallthegreatworldproblemswhichaffectusatthemomentistheincreasingnumberofpeoplewhoactuallyinhabitthisplanet.Thelimitedamountoflandandlandresourceswillsoonbeunabletosupportthehugepopulationifitcontinuestogrowatitspresentrate. Inanearlysurveyconductedin1888abillionandahalfpeopleinhabitedtheearth.Nowthepopulationexceedsfivebillionandisgrowingfast—bythestaggeringfigureof90millionin1988alone.ThismeansthattheworldmustaccommodateanewpopulationroughlyequaltothatoftheUnitedStatesandCanadaeverythreeyears!Eventhoughtherateofgrowthhasbeguntoslowdownmostexpertsbelievethepopulationsizewillstillpasseightbillionduringthenext50years. SowhyisthishugeincreaseinpopulationtakingplaceItisreallyduetothespreadoftheknowledgeandpracticeofwhatisbecomingknownas"DeathControl".Youhavenodoubtheardoftheterm"BirthControl"—"DeathControl"issomethingratherdifferent.Itrecognizestheworkofthedoctorsandscientistswhonowkeepalivepeoplewhonotverylongagowouldhavediedofavarietyofthenincurablediseases.Throughawidevarietyoftechnologicalinnovationsthatincludefarmingmethodsandsanitationaswellasthecontrolofthesedeadlydiseaseswehavefoundwaystoreducetherateatwhichwedie—creatingapopulationexplosion.Weusedtothinkthatreachingseventyyearsoldwasaremarkableachievementbutnoweightyorevenninetyisbecomingrecognizedasthenormallife-spanforhumans.Inasensethisrepresentsatremendousachievementforourspecies.Biologicallythisistheverydefinitionofsuccessandwehaveundoubtedlybecomethedominantanimalontheplanet.Howeverthissuccessistheverycauseofthegreatestthreattomankind. Manisconstantlydestroyingtheveryresourceswhichkeephimalive.Heisdestroyingthebalanceofnaturewhichregulatesclimateandtheatmosphereproducesandmaintainshealthysoilsprovidesfoodfromtheseasetc.Inshortbyonlyconsideringourneedsoftodayweareensuringtherewillbenotomorrow. Anunderstandingofman’seffectonthebalanceofnatureiscrucialtobeabletofindtheappropriateremedialaction.Itisaverycommonbeliefthattheproblemsofthepopulationexplosionarecausedmainlybypoorpeoplelivinginpoorcountrieswhodonotknowenoughtolimittheirreproduction.Thisisnottrue.Theactualnumberofpeopleinanareaisnotasimportantastheeffecttheyhaveonnature.Developingcountriesdohaveaneffectontheirenvironmentbutitisthepopulationsofrichercountriesthathaveafargreaterimpactontheearthasawhole. ThebirthofababyinforexampleJapanimposesmorethanahundredtimestheamountofstressontheworld’sresourcesasababyinIndia.MostpeopleinIndiadonotgrowuptoowncarsorair-conditioners—nordotheyeatthehugeamountofmeatandfishthattheJapanesechilddoes.Theirlife-stylesdonotrequirevastquantitiesofmineralsandenergy.Alsotheyareawareoftherequirementsofthelandaroundthemandtrytoputsomethingbackintonaturetoreplacewhattheytakeout. Forexampletropicalforestsareknowntobeessentialtothebalanceofnatureyetwearedestroyingthematanincrediblerate.Theyarebeingclearednottobenefitthenativesofthatcountrybuttosatisfytheneedsofrichercountries.CentralAmericanforestsarebeingdestroyedforpasturelandtomakepetfoodintheUnitedStatescheaper;inPapuaNewGuineaforestsaredestroyedtosupplycheapercardboardpackagingforJapaneseelectronicproducts;inBurmaandThailandforestshavebeendestroyedtoproducemoreattractivefurnitureinSingaporeandJapan.Thereforearichpersonlivingthousandsofmilesawaymaycausemoretropicalforestdestructionthanapoorpersonlivingintheforestitself. Inshortthenitiseverybody’sdutytosafeguardthefutureofmankind-notonlythroughpopulationcontrolbutbybeingmoreawareoftheeffecthisactionshaveonnature.Natureisbothfragileandpowerful.Itisveryeasilydestroyed;ontheotherhanditcansoeasilydestroyitsmostaggressiveenemy—man. Paragraph2iswritteninthepassage
TheideaofevolutionwasknowntosomeoftheGreekphilosophers.46BythetimeofAristotlespeculationhadsuggestedthatmoreperfecttypeshadnotonlyfollowedlessperfectonesbutactuallyhaddevelopedfromthem.Butallthiswasguessing;norealevidencewasforthcoming.Wheninmoderntimestheideaofevolutionwasreviveditappearedinthewritingsofthephilosophers—BaconDescartesLeibnizandKant.HerbertSpencerwaspreachingafullevolutionarydoctrineintheyearsjustbeforeDarwin’sbookwaspublishedwhilemostnaturalistswouldhavenoneofit.Neverthelessafewbiologistsrancountertotheprevailingviewandpointedtosuchfactsastheessentialunityofstructureinallwarm-bloodedanimals. 47ThefirstcompletetheorywasthatofLamarckwhothoughtthatmodificationsduetoenvironmentifconstantandlastingwouldbeinheritedandproduceanewtype.48Thoughnoevidenceforsuchinheritancewasavailablethetheorygaveaworkinghypothesisfornaturaliststouseandmanyofthesocialandphilanthropiceffortsofthenineteenthcenturywereframedonthetacitassumptionthatacquiredimprovementswouldbeinherited. ButthemanwhosebookgavebothDarwinandWallacethecluewastheReverendRobertMalthussometimecurateofAlburyinSurrey.TheEnglishpeoplewereincreasingrapidlyandMalthusarguedthatthehumanracetendstooutrunitsmeansofsubsistenceunlesstheredundantindividualsareeliminated.ThismaynotalwaysbetruebutDarwinwrites: 49InOctober1838IhappenedtoreadforamusementMalthusonPopulationandbeingwellpreparedtoappreciatethestruggleforexistencewhicheverywheregoesonfromlongcontinuedobservationofthehabitsofanimalsandplantsitatoncestruckmethatunderthesecircumstancesfavourablevariationswouldtendtobepreservedandunfavourableonestobedestroyed.Theresultofthiswouldbetheformationofnewspecies.HerethenIhadatheorybywhichtowork. Thehypothesisofnaturalselectionmaynotbeacompleteexplanationbutitledtoagreaterthingthanitself—anacceptanceofthetheoryoforganicevolutionwhichtheyearshavebutconfirmed.Yetatfirstsomenaturalistsjoinedtheopposition.50Tothemanywhowereunabletojudgethebiologicalevidencetheeffectofthetheoryofevolutionseemedincredibleaswellasdevastatingtoruncountertocommonsenseandtooverwhelmallphilosophicandreligiouslandmarks.EveneducatedmanchoosingbetweentheBookofGenesisandtheOriginofSpeciesproclaimedwithDisraelithathewas"onthesideoftheAngels. 47ThefirstcompletetheorywasthatofLamarckwhothoughtthatmodificationsduetoenvironmentifconstantandlastingwouldbeinheritedandproduceanewtype.
Toproducetheupheaval激变intheUnitedStatesthatchangedandmodernizedthedomainofhighereducationfromthemid-1860stothemid-1880sthreeprimarycausesinteracted.The1ofahalf-dozenleadersineducationprovidedthepersonalforcethatwasneeded.2anoutcry呐喊forafreshermorepracticalandmoreadvancedkindofinstruction3amongthealumni校友andfriendsofnearlyalloftheoldcollegesandgrewintoamovementthatoverrode压倒all4opposition.Theaggressive"YoungYale"movementappeareddemandingpartialalumnicontrolamore5spiritandabroadercourseofstudy.ThegraduatesofHarvardCollegesimultaneously6torelievethecollege’spovertyanddemandnew7.EducationwaspushingtowardhigherstandardsintheEastby8offchurchleadershipeverywhereandintheWestbyfindingawiderrangeofstudiesandanew9ofpublicduty. Theold-styleclassicaleducationreceiveditsmostcrushing10inthecitadel城堡ofHarvardCollege11Dr.CharlesEliotayoungcaptainofthirty-fivesonofaformertreasurerofHarvardledthe12forces.FiverevolutionaryadvancesweremadeduringthefirstyearsofDr.Eliot’s13Theyweretheelevationandamplificationofentrancerequirementstheenlargementofthe14andthedevelopmentofthe15systemtherecognitionofgraduatestudyintheliberalartstheraisingofprofessionaltraininginlawmedicineandengineeringtoapostgraduatelevelandthefostering培养ofgreater16instudentlife.Standardofadmissionweresharplyadvancedin1872—1877.17theappointmentofaclean院长totakechargeofstudentaffairsandawisehandlingof18theundergraduateswereledtoregardthemselvesmoreasyounggentlemenand19asyounganimals.Onenewcourseofstudyafteranotherwas20—sciencemusicthehistoryofthefineartsadvancedSpanishpoliticaleconomyphysicsandinternationallaw. 17
WhatdoyouthinkofAmericanhealthcaresystemMostpeoplewouldbe1bythehighqualityofmedicine2tomostAmericans.Thereisalotofspecializationagreatdealof3totheindividuala4amountofadvancedtechnicalequipmentand5effortnottomakemistakesbecauseofthefinancialriskwhichdoctorsandhospitalsmust6inthecourtsifthey7thingsbadly. ButtheAmericansareinamess.Totheproblemisthewayin8healthcareisorganizedand9.10topubicbeliefitisnotjustafreecompetitionsystem.Totheprivatesystemhasbeenjoinedalargepublicsystembecauseprivatecarewassimplynot11thelessfortunateandtheelderly. Butevenwiththishugepublicpartofthesystem12thisyearwilleatup84.5billiondollars—morethan10percentoftheU.S.Budget—alargenumberofAmericansareleft13.Theseincludeabouthalfthe11millionunemployedandthosewhofailtomeetthestrictlimits14incomefixedbyagovernmenttryingtomakesavingswhereitcan. Thebasicproblemhoweveristhatthereisnocentralcontrol15thehealthsystem.Thereisno16towhatdoctorsandhospitalschargefortheirservicesotherthanwhatthepublicisabletopay.Thenumberofdoctorshasshotupandpriceshaveclimbed.Whenfacedwithtoothacheasickchildoraheartattackalltheunfortunatepersonsconcernedcandoistopay17.Twothirdsofthepopulationare18bymedicalinsurance.Doctorschargeasmuchastheywant19thattheinsurancecompanywillpaythebill. TherisingcostofmedicineintheU.S.A.isamongthemostworryingproblemsfacingthecountry.In1981thecountry’shealthbillclimbed15.9percent—abouttwiceasfastasprices20general. 1
TheideaofevolutionwasknowntosomeoftheGreekphilosophers.46BythetimeofAristotlespeculationhadsuggestedthatmoreperfecttypeshadnotonlyfollowedlessperfectonesbutactuallyhaddevelopedfromthem.Butallthiswasguessing;norealevidencewasforthcoming.Wheninmoderntimestheideaofevolutionwasreviveditappearedinthewritingsofthephilosophers—BaconDescartesLeibnizandKant.HerbertSpencerwaspreachingafullevolutionarydoctrineintheyearsjustbeforeDarwin’sbookwaspublishedwhilemostnaturalistswouldhavenoneofit.Neverthelessafewbiologistsrancountertotheprevailingviewandpointedtosuchfactsastheessentialunityofstructureinallwarm-bloodedanimals. 47ThefirstcompletetheorywasthatofLamarckwhothoughtthatmodificationsduetoenvironmentifconstantandlastingwouldbeinheritedandproduceanewtype.48Thoughnoevidenceforsuchinheritancewasavailablethetheorygaveaworkinghypothesisfornaturaliststouseandmanyofthesocialandphilanthropiceffortsofthenineteenthcenturywereframedonthetacitassumptionthatacquiredimprovementswouldbeinherited. ButthemanwhosebookgavebothDarwinandWallacethecluewastheReverendRobertMalthussometimecurateofAlburyinSurrey.TheEnglishpeoplewereincreasingrapidlyandMalthusarguedthatthehumanracetendstooutrunitsmeansofsubsistenceunlesstheredundantindividualsareeliminated.ThismaynotalwaysbetruebutDarwinwrites: 49InOctober1838IhappenedtoreadforamusementMalthusonPopulationandbeingwellpreparedtoappreciatethestruggleforexistencewhicheverywheregoesonfromlongcontinuedobservationofthehabitsofanimalsandplantsitatoncestruckmethatunderthesecircumstancesfavourablevariationswouldtendtobepreservedandunfavourableonestobedestroyed.Theresultofthiswouldbetheformationofnewspecies.HerethenIhadatheorybywhichtowork. Thehypothesisofnaturalselectionmaynotbeacompleteexplanationbutitledtoagreaterthingthanitself—anacceptanceofthetheoryoforganicevolutionwhichtheyearshavebutconfirmed.Yetatfirstsomenaturalistsjoinedtheopposition.50Tothemanywhowereunabletojudgethebiologicalevidencetheeffectofthetheoryofevolutionseemedincredibleaswellasdevastatingtoruncountertocommonsenseandtooverwhelmallphilosophicandreligiouslandmarks.EveneducatedmanchoosingbetweentheBookofGenesisandtheOriginofSpeciesproclaimedwithDisraelithathewas"onthesideoftheAngels. 49InOctober1838IhappenedtoreadforamusementMalthusonPopulationandbeingwellpreparedtoappreciatethestruggleforexistencewhicheverywheregoesonfromlongcontinuedobservationofthehabitsofanimalsandplantsitatoncestruckmethatunderthesecircumstancesfavourablevariationswouldtendtobepreservedandunfavourableonestobedestroyed.
[A]Convenientpackaging [B]Healthandwellness [C]Skepticalcustomers [D]Enormousmarkets [E]Soaringsales [F]Trendydrink Inthelast40yearsthebottledwaterindustryhasgonefromabusinessprospectthatfewtookseriouslytoaglobalindustryworthbillionsofpounds.Thecommodityitselfremainssimple.Thewaywethinkaboutithaschangedfundamentally.Waterisnaturalpureandsourcedatminimalcost.Itsrealvalueliesinitsmarketingandbranding."Ithinkbottledwateristhemostrevealingsubstanceforshowingushowtheglobalcapitalistmarketworkstoday"saysRichardWilkprofessorofanthropologyatIndianaUniversity."Inasensewe’rebuyingchoicewe’rebuyingfreedom.That’stheonlythingthatcanexplainwhyyouwouldpaymoneyforabottleofsomethingthatyoucanotherwisegetforfree." 41.______ Throughaconfectionofadvertisingandmarketingbottledwaterhasbecomeoneofthebiggestsuccessstoriesinthemodernfoodandbeverageindustry."Thedemandforbottlewaterhasgrownexponentiallyinthelastfewdecades"saysDr.PeterGleickauthorofBottledandSold."It’sdoubledit’sdoubledagainandit’sdoubledagain.Andthebottlewatercompaniesseeenormousmarketsnotjustintherichcountriesbutalsointhepoorercountries." Noactualvariety Somepeoplethinkthatbottledwateristhehighpointofglobalcapitalismparticularlythepeopleinthebottledwaterbusiness."Ithinkbottledwateractuallyrepresentsakindofcaricatureoftheglobaleconomy.Itprovidespeopleinthedevelopedworldwith20or30varietiesofsomethingforwhichthereisnoactualvariety"saysCharlesFishmanauthorofTheBigThirst. 42.______. Atthebeginningtherereallywasnovarietyandthebottledwaterphenomenonbeganwithonebrand.Perrier佩绿雅矿泉水品牌wasatriumphofadvertisingcreatingabrandthatwastodefineageneration.AttheheartofthecampaigntomakethebrandpopularwasRichardWheatleyoftheLeoBurnettadvertisingagencybetween1979and1994."Perrierpopularisedbottledwater"hesays."Itmadeitacceptablemorethanacceptableitmadeit...desirable."Butitwasnotaninstantsuccess.WhenPerrierUKwaslookingtoincreaseitssalesintheearly1970’sitfacedaskepticalpublic.Manyquestionedwhyanyonewouldbuywaterwhenyoucouldgetitfreefromthetap. 43.______. FacedwithobstaclesPerrierturnedtoadvertisingwithacampaignthatwastochangeourconsumerlandscapeforever.Thecampaignwasamarketingcoupandsaleswentthroughtherooffrom12millionbottlesin1980to152millionbytheendofthedecade.Perrierwasnolongerjustabottleofwater.Themarketingandadvertisingteamshadestablishedacrucialemotionallinkbetweentheproductandtheconsumers."Perrierbecameabadge"saysMichaelBellaschairmanoftheBeverageMarketingCorporation."WhenyouheldaPerrierbottleupitsaidsomethingaboutyourselfitsaidyouweresophisticatedyouunderstoodwhatwashappeningintheworld.Itwasaperfectbeveragefortheyoungandcomingbusinessexecutivesthetrend-setters." 44.______. Inanageofinstantgratificationstillwaterinportablebottlesprovidedwhatpeopleneededexactlywhentheyneededit."Peopleingeneralaremoreandmoretimepressed"saysMr.Fishman."Wedon’tcookourownmealsanymoreweeatpreparedfoodsofallkinds.Andthere’snothingmoreappealingthanabottleofcoldwateratamomentwhenyou’rereallythirsty.ButIthinkbottledwaterisoneofthoseproductsthatonmanyoccasionswhenpeoplebuyitwhatthey’rebuyingisn’tthewatersomuchasthebottle.Thatisthepackageandtheconvenienceatthatmoment." 45.______. WhenpeopleboughtthisconveniencewhattheywerereallybuyingwasPolyethyleneTerephthalateorPETthesinglemostimportantinnovationintheindustry’shistory.StrongshatterproofandahighlyvaluedformofpolyesterPETisaby-productoftheoilindustry.Itisnowutilisedinthepackagingofeverythingfrompharmaceuticalsandsoaptoreadymeals.InyearstocometheenvironmentalimpactofPETwouldhaunttheindustryandraisequestionsaboutitsverysurvivalbutinthe1990sthiswasarevolution.AccordingtoMr.Bellasitwasbehindthesubsequentincrediblegrowthoftheindustry."StartingwiththeintroductionofthesmallpremiumPETwatersthecategorystartedtoexplode"saysMr.Bellas."ThebottledwaterindustrybeforePETonthelistofallbeveragecategorieswasnumberseven.WiththeadventofPETwaterjumpedtothenumbertwospotbehindcarbonatedsoftdrinks." Bybrandingandmarketingwaterbottledwaterhasbeentransformedfromsomethingthatmanyofustookforgrantedintoaproductthatnowmakesbillionsforglobalmultinationalcompanies. 45
IftheopinionpollsaretobebelievedmostAmericansarecomingtotrusttheirgovernmentmorethantheyusedto.ThehabithasnotyetspreadwidelyamongAmericanIndianswhosuspectanorganizationwhichhassooftenpatronizedthemliedtothemanddefraudedthem.ButtheIndiansmaysoonwinavictoryinalegalbattlethatepitomizesthoseabuses. ElouiseCobellabankerwhoalsohappenstobeamemberoftheBlackfeettribeinMontanaistheleadingplaintiffinamassiveclass-actionsuitagainstthegovernment.Atissueisupto$10billionintrustpaymentsowedtosome500000Indians.ThesuitrevolvesaroundIndividualIndianMoney11MaccountsthatareadministeredbytheInteriorDepartment’sBureauofIndianAffairsBIA.Backinthe1880sthegovernmentdividedmorethan11macresoftriballandintoparcelsof80to160acresthatwereassignedtoindividualIndians.Becausetheseparcelswererarelyoccupiedbytheirnewownersthegovernmentassumedresponsibilityformanagingthem.AstheIndians’trusteeitleasedthelandoutforgrazingloggingminingandoildrilling--butitwassupposedtodistributetheroyaltiestotheIndianowners. Infactofficialsadmitthatroyaltieshavebeenlostorstolen.RecordsweredestroyedandthegovernmentlosttrackofwhichIndiansownedwhatland.Theplaintiffssaythatmoneyisowingto500000Indiansbuteventhegovernmentacceptsafigureofabout300000.ForyearsCobellheardIndianscomplainofnotgettingpaymentfromthegovernmentfortheoil-drillingandranchingleasesontheirland.Butnothingmuchgotdone.ShereturnedtoWashingtonandafterabrush-offfromgovernmentlawyersfiledthesuit. GaleNortonGeorgeBush’sinteriorsecretarywaschargedwithcontemptinNovemberbecauseherdepartmenthadfailedtofixtheproblem.InDecemberJudgeLamberthorderedtheinteriorDepartmenttoshutdownallitscomputersfortenweeksbecausetrust-fundrecordswerevulnerabletohackers.ThesystemwaspartlyrestoredlastmonthandpaymentstosomeIndianswhichhadbeeninterruptedlresumed. Andthatisnottheendofit.MsNortonhasproposedthecreationofanewBureauofIndianTrustManagementseparatefromtheBIA.Indiansarecrossthatshesuggestedthiswithoutconsultingthem.Somewantthetrustfundstobeplacedinreceivershipunderaneutralsupervisor.OthershavecalledforCongresstoestablishanindependentcommissionincludingIndianstodrawupaplanforreformingthewholesystem.Amessyinjusticemayatlastbegettingsortedout. Itseemsthattheauthorismostcriticalofthegovernment’s
Toproducetheupheaval激变intheUnitedStatesthatchangedandmodernizedthedomainofhighereducationfromthemid-1860stothemid-1880sthreeprimarycausesinteracted.The1ofahalf-dozenleadersineducationprovidedthepersonalforcethatwasneeded.2anoutcry呐喊forafreshermorepracticalandmoreadvancedkindofinstruction3amongthealumni校友andfriendsofnearlyalloftheoldcollegesandgrewintoamovementthatoverrode压倒all4opposition.Theaggressive"YoungYale"movementappeareddemandingpartialalumnicontrolamore5spiritandabroadercourseofstudy.ThegraduatesofHarvardCollegesimultaneously6torelievethecollege’spovertyanddemandnew7.EducationwaspushingtowardhigherstandardsintheEastby8offchurchleadershipeverywhereandintheWestbyfindingawiderrangeofstudiesandanew9ofpublicduty. Theold-styleclassicaleducationreceiveditsmostcrushing10inthecitadel城堡ofHarvardCollege11Dr.CharlesEliotayoungcaptainofthirty-fivesonofaformertreasurerofHarvardledthe12forces.FiverevolutionaryadvancesweremadeduringthefirstyearsofDr.Eliot’s13Theyweretheelevationandamplificationofentrancerequirementstheenlargementofthe14andthedevelopmentofthe15systemtherecognitionofgraduatestudyintheliberalartstheraisingofprofessionaltraininginlawmedicineandengineeringtoapostgraduatelevelandthefostering培养ofgreater16instudentlife.Standardofadmissionweresharplyadvancedin1872—1877.17theappointmentofaclean院长totakechargeofstudentaffairsandawisehandlingof18theundergraduateswereledtoregardthemselvesmoreasyounggentlemenand19asyounganimals.Onenewcourseofstudyafteranotherwas20—sciencemusicthehistoryofthefineartsadvancedSpanishpoliticaleconomyphysicsandinternationallaw. 15
ItisnotjustIndiansoftwareand"business-processoutsourcing"firmsthatarebenefitingfromtheriseoftheinternet.IndianmodernartisalsoonanupwardspiraldrivenbytheaspirationsofnewlyrichIndiansespeciallythoselivingabroadwhousetheinternettospotpaintingsandtrackpricesathundredsofgalleryandauctionwebsites.Priceshaverisenaround20-foldsince2000.particularlyforprizednamessuchasTyebMehtaandF.N.Souza. Therewouldhavebeen"nochance"ofthathappeningsofastwithouttheinternetsaysArunVadehrawhorunsagalleryinDelhiandisanadvisertoChristie’saninternationalauctionhouse.HeexpectsworldwidesalesofIndianartworth$200millionlastyeartodoublein2006.Itisstillatinyfractionofthe$30billionglobalartmarketbutissizeableforanemergingmarket. Fornewlyrich--oftenveryrich--non-residentIndiansexpensiveartisabadgeofsuccessinaforeignland."Whoyouareandwhatyouhaveareonyourwalls"saysLaveshJagasiaanartdealerinMumbai.Indianartmayalsobeatotherformsofinvestment.ApaintingbyMr.Mehtathatfetched$1.58millionlastSeptemberwouldhavegoneforlittlemorethan$100000justfouryearsago.Anda$22millionart-investmentfundlaunchedinJulybyOsian’sabigIndianauctionhousehasgrownby4.1%initsfirsttwomonths. ScantattentionwaspaidtomodernIndianartuntiltheendofthe1990s.ThenwealthyIndiansparticularlythoselivingabroadbegantotakeaninterest.DineshVaziraniwhorunsSaffronartaleadingIndianauctionsitesays60%ofhissalesgotobuyersoverseas. Thefocusnowisonsixauctionsthismonth.TwotookplaceinIndialastweek;workbyyoungerartistssuchasSurendranNaifandShibuNatesanbeatestimatesbymorethan70%.Sotheby’sandChristie’shaveauctionsinNewYorknextweekeachwithaTyebMehtathatisexpectedtofetchmorethan$1million.TherealquestionisthefateofotherworksincludingsomebyMr.Souzawithestimatesofupto$600000.Iftheydowellitwilldemonstratethatthereisstrongdemandandwillpulluppricesacrosstheboard.Thislookslikeamarketwithalongwaytorun. Accordingtothethirdparagraphtheexpensiveartcanbeseenasanidealmeansof
ItisnotjustIndiansoftwareand"business-processoutsourcing"firmsthatarebenefitingfromtheriseoftheinternet.IndianmodernartisalsoonanupwardspiraldrivenbytheaspirationsofnewlyrichIndiansespeciallythoselivingabroadwhousetheinternettospotpaintingsandtrackpricesathundredsofgalleryandauctionwebsites.Priceshaverisenaround20-foldsince2000.particularlyforprizednamessuchasTyebMehtaandF.N.Souza. Therewouldhavebeen"nochance"ofthathappeningsofastwithouttheinternetsaysArunVadehrawhorunsagalleryinDelhiandisanadvisertoChristie’saninternationalauctionhouse.HeexpectsworldwidesalesofIndianartworth$200millionlastyeartodoublein2006.Itisstillatinyfractionofthe$30billionglobalartmarketbutissizeableforanemergingmarket. Fornewlyrich--oftenveryrich--non-residentIndiansexpensiveartisabadgeofsuccessinaforeignland."Whoyouareandwhatyouhaveareonyourwalls"saysLaveshJagasiaanartdealerinMumbai.Indianartmayalsobeatotherformsofinvestment.ApaintingbyMr.Mehtathatfetched$1.58millionlastSeptemberwouldhavegoneforlittlemorethan$100000justfouryearsago.Anda$22millionart-investmentfundlaunchedinJulybyOsian’sabigIndianauctionhousehasgrownby4.1%initsfirsttwomonths. ScantattentionwaspaidtomodernIndianartuntiltheendofthe1990s.ThenwealthyIndiansparticularlythoselivingabroadbegantotakeaninterest.DineshVaziraniwhorunsSaffronartaleadingIndianauctionsitesays60%ofhissalesgotobuyersoverseas. Thefocusnowisonsixauctionsthismonth.TwotookplaceinIndialastweek;workbyyoungerartistssuchasSurendranNaifandShibuNatesanbeatestimatesbymorethan70%.Sotheby’sandChristie’shaveauctionsinNewYorknextweekeachwithaTyebMehtathatisexpectedtofetchmorethan$1million.TherealquestionisthefateofotherworksincludingsomebyMr.Souzawithestimatesofupto$600000.Iftheydowellitwilldemonstratethatthereisstrongdemandandwillpulluppricesacrosstheboard.Thislookslikeamarketwithalongwaytorun. AccordingtothetextthefortuneofsuchworksasMr.Souza’scanexertaninfluenceon
Averyimportantworldproblemifnotthemostseriousofallthegreatworldproblemswhichaffectusatthemomentistheincreasingnumberofpeoplewhoactuallyinhabitthisplanet.Thelimitedamountoflandandlandresourceswillsoonbeunabletosupportthehugepopulationifitcontinuestogrowatitspresentrate. Inanearlysurveyconductedin1888abillionandahalfpeopleinhabitedtheearth.Nowthepopulationexceedsfivebillionandisgrowingfast—bythestaggeringfigureof90millionin1988alone.ThismeansthattheworldmustaccommodateanewpopulationroughlyequaltothatoftheUnitedStatesandCanadaeverythreeyears!Eventhoughtherateofgrowthhasbeguntoslowdownmostexpertsbelievethepopulationsizewillstillpasseightbillionduringthenext50years. SowhyisthishugeincreaseinpopulationtakingplaceItisreallyduetothespreadoftheknowledgeandpracticeofwhatisbecomingknownas"DeathControl".Youhavenodoubtheardoftheterm"BirthControl"—"DeathControl"issomethingratherdifferent.Itrecognizestheworkofthedoctorsandscientistswhonowkeepalivepeoplewhonotverylongagowouldhavediedofavarietyofthenincurablediseases.Throughawidevarietyoftechnologicalinnovationsthatincludefarmingmethodsandsanitationaswellasthecontrolofthesedeadlydiseaseswehavefoundwaystoreducetherateatwhichwedie—creatingapopulationexplosion.Weusedtothinkthatreachingseventyyearsoldwasaremarkableachievementbutnoweightyorevenninetyisbecomingrecognizedasthenormallife-spanforhumans.Inasensethisrepresentsatremendousachievementforourspecies.Biologicallythisistheverydefinitionofsuccessandwehaveundoubtedlybecomethedominantanimalontheplanet.Howeverthissuccessistheverycauseofthegreatestthreattomankind. Manisconstantlydestroyingtheveryresourceswhichkeephimalive.Heisdestroyingthebalanceofnaturewhichregulatesclimateandtheatmosphereproducesandmaintainshealthysoilsprovidesfoodfromtheseasetc.Inshortbyonlyconsideringourneedsoftodayweareensuringtherewillbenotomorrow. Anunderstandingofman’seffectonthebalanceofnatureiscrucialtobeabletofindtheappropriateremedialaction.Itisaverycommonbeliefthattheproblemsofthepopulationexplosionarecausedmainlybypoorpeoplelivinginpoorcountrieswhodonotknowenoughtolimittheirreproduction.Thisisnottrue.Theactualnumberofpeopleinanareaisnotasimportantastheeffecttheyhaveonnature.Developingcountriesdohaveaneffectontheirenvironmentbutitisthepopulationsofrichercountriesthathaveafargreaterimpactontheearthasawhole. ThebirthofababyinforexampleJapanimposesmorethanahundredtimestheamountofstressontheworld’sresourcesasababyinIndia.MostpeopleinIndiadonotgrowuptoowncarsorair-conditioners—nordotheyeatthehugeamountofmeatandfishthattheJapanesechilddoes.Theirlife-stylesdonotrequirevastquantitiesofmineralsandenergy.Alsotheyareawareoftherequirementsofthelandaroundthemandtrytoputsomethingbackintonaturetoreplacewhattheytakeout. Forexampletropicalforestsareknowntobeessentialtothebalanceofnatureyetwearedestroyingthematanincrediblerate.Theyarebeingclearednottobenefitthenativesofthatcountrybuttosatisfytheneedsofrichercountries.CentralAmericanforestsarebeingdestroyedforpasturelandtomakepetfoodintheUnitedStatescheaper;inPapuaNewGuineaforestsaredestroyedtosupplycheapercardboardpackagingforJapaneseelectronicproducts;inBurmaandThailandforestshavebeendestroyedtoproducemoreattractivefurnitureinSingaporeandJapan.Thereforearichpersonlivingthousandsofmilesawaymaycausemoretropicalforestdestructionthanapoorpersonlivingintheforestitself. Inshortthenitiseverybody’sdutytosafeguardthefutureofmankind-notonlythroughpopulationcontrolbutbybeingmoreawareoftheeffecthisactionshaveonnature.Natureisbothfragileandpowerful.Itisveryeasilydestroyed;ontheotherhanditcansoeasilydestroyitsmostaggressiveenemy—man. Whichofthefollowingrecommendationsmightbemadebytheauthor
Inmostpartsoftheworldclimatechangeisaworryingsubject.NotsoinCalifornia.Atarecentgatheringofgreenluminaries—inafilmstar’shousenaturallyforthatishowseriousnessisoftenestablishedinLosAngeles—thedominantnotewasself-satisfactionatwhatthestatehasalreadyachieved.AndperhapsnobodyismorecomplacentthanArnoldSchwarzenegger.UnlikeA1GoreapresidentialcandidateturnedprophetofenvironmentaldoomCalifornia’sgovernorsoundscheerfulwhentalkingaboutclimatechange.Aswellhemight:ithasmadehispoliticalcareer. AlthoughCaliforniahaslongbeenanenvironmentally-consciousstateuntilrecentlygreenswereconcernedaboveallwithsmogandredwoodtrees."CoastofDreams"KevinStag’sauthoritativehistoryofcontemporaryCaliforniapublishedin2004doesnotmentionclimatechange.Inthatyearthoughthenewly-electedMr.Schwarzeneggermadehisfirsttentativecallforwesternstatestoseekalternativestofossilfuels.Graduallyhenoticedthathiseffortstotackleclimatechangemetwithlessresistanceandmoreacclaimthanjustaboutallhisotherpolicies.Thesedaysitcanseemasthoughheworksonnothingelse. Mr.Schwarzenegger’stransformationfromscreenwarriortoeco-warriorwascompletedlastyearwhenhesignedabillimposinglegally-enforceablelimitsongreenhouse—gasemissions—afirstforAmerica.ThanksmostlytoitslackofcoalandheavyindustryCaliforniaisarelativelycleanstate.Ifitwereacountryitwouldbetheworld’seighth-biggesteconomybutonlyits16th-biggestpolluter.Itsbigproblemistransport—meaningmostlycarsandtruckswhichaccountformorethan40%ofitsgreenhouse-gasemissionscomparedwith32%inAmericaasawhole.Thestatewantstoratchetdownemissionslimitsonnewvehiclesbeginningin2009.Mr.Schwarzeneggerhasalsoorderedthatby2020vehiclefuelmustproduce10%lesscarbon:intheproductionaswellastheburningsoasimpleswitchtocorn-basedethanolisprobablyout. ThanksinparttoCalifornia’sexamplemostofthewesternstateshaveadoptedclimateactionplans.WhenitcomestosettingemissiontargetsthescenecanresembleaposedownataMr.Olympiacontest.Arizona’sclimate-changescholarsdecidedtosetatargetofcuttingthestate’semissionsto2000levelsby2020.ButJanetNapolitanothegovernorwasdeterminednottobeout-muscledbyCalifornia.ShehasdeclaredthatArizonawilltrytoreturnto2000emissionlevelsby2012. Californiahasnotjustinspiredotherstates;ithascreatedavanguardthatoughttobeabletoprodthefederalgovernmentintostrongernationalstandardsthanitwouldotherwiseconsider.ButCaliforniaisfindingiteasiertoexportitspoliciesthantoputthemintopracticeathome.InonewayCalifornia’sself-confidenceisfullyjustified.Ithasdonemorethananyotherstate—letalonethefederalgovernment—tofixAmerica’sattentiononclimatechange.Ithasalsomadeitseemasthoughtheproblemcanbesolved.Whichiswhyfailurewouldbesuchbadnews.AtthemomentCaliforniaisabeacontootherstates.Ifitfailsitwillbecomeanexcuseforinaction. AccordingtotheauthorMr.ArnoldSchwarzeneggerischeerfulchieflybecause
Intheearly1800sgroupsofEnglishworkerswreckedmachinesthattheyfeltthreatenedtheirjobs.46Theywerecalled"Luddites"afteroneoftheirleadersatermthatisnowusedforanyonewhoputsupresistancetonewtechnologies.47Theoddthingaboutnanotechnology’sLudditesisthattheyhavestartedresistingbeforethetechnologyhasreallyestablisheditself. Aspeoplestarttobuyproductsinvolvingnanotechnologyfromodour-resistantshirtstowindowglassthatrepelsdirttheywillrealisethatmanyofthesenewthingsareusefulandharmless.Andasawarenessofnanotechnologygrowstheywillbegintounderstandthatitcoversarangeofdifferentwaysofdoingthingssomeofwhichcarrysomeriskandothersdonot.Asaresultthetechnology’sdetractorswillprobablybecomemorenuancedintheircomplaints. Nanotechnologyhasthepotentialtocauseanindustrialupheavaljustaselectricitydidinitstime.48Likeelectricitythoughithassomanyandsuchdiverseapplicationsthatitisunlikelytoarriveinonehugewaveasnanotechnology’scriticsfear.Insteadtherewillbeaseriesofsmallerwaves.49Manyoftheinnovationsthetechnologymaybringarealongwayoffleavingplentyoftimetoprepare. Nanotechnologylikeanynewdiscoveryoffersbothrisksandrewards.Therewillundoubtedlybesomeneedtocontrolitsexploitationtominimizetherisksbuttherearealsostrongargumentsforallowingtheunfetteredpursuitofknowledgewithoutitinnovationcannotflourish. Twentyyearsagonobodycouldhaveforeseenthattheinventionofanewmicroscopewouldlauncharemarkablenewtechnologyperhapsarevolution.50Scientistsshouldbeallowedtoworkwithaslittlehindranceaspossibletogainabetterunderstandingoftheobjectoftheirstudy-howeverlargeorsmall. 49Manyoftheinnovationsthetechnologymaybringarealongwayoffleavingplentyoftimetoprepare.
Toproducetheupheaval激变intheUnitedStatesthatchangedandmodernizedthedomainofhighereducationfromthemid-1860stothemid-1880sthreeprimarycausesinteracted.The1ofahalf-dozenleadersineducationprovidedthepersonalforcethatwasneeded.2anoutcry呐喊forafreshermorepracticalandmoreadvancedkindofinstruction3amongthealumni校友andfriendsofnearlyalloftheoldcollegesandgrewintoamovementthatoverrode压倒all4opposition.Theaggressive"YoungYale"movementappeareddemandingpartialalumnicontrolamore5spiritandabroadercourseofstudy.ThegraduatesofHarvardCollegesimultaneously6torelievethecollege’spovertyanddemandnew7.EducationwaspushingtowardhigherstandardsintheEastby8offchurchleadershipeverywhereandintheWestbyfindingawiderrangeofstudiesandanew9ofpublicduty. Theold-styleclassicaleducationreceiveditsmostcrushing10inthecitadel城堡ofHarvardCollege11Dr.CharlesEliotayoungcaptainofthirty-fivesonofaformertreasurerofHarvardledthe12forces.FiverevolutionaryadvancesweremadeduringthefirstyearsofDr.Eliot’s13Theyweretheelevationandamplificationofentrancerequirementstheenlargementofthe14andthedevelopmentofthe15systemtherecognitionofgraduatestudyintheliberalartstheraisingofprofessionaltraininginlawmedicineandengineeringtoapostgraduatelevelandthefostering培养ofgreater16instudentlife.Standardofadmissionweresharplyadvancedin1872—1877.17theappointmentofaclean院长totakechargeofstudentaffairsandawisehandlingof18theundergraduateswereledtoregardthemselvesmoreasyounggentlemenand19asyounganimals.Onenewcourseofstudyafteranotherwas20—sciencemusicthehistoryofthefineartsadvancedSpanishpoliticaleconomyphysicsandinternationallaw. 13
Directions: WritealettertoProf.WangHeadofForeignLanguages.DepartmentintroducingtohimyourstudentMissJinHua.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
[A]Convenientpackaging [B]Healthandwellness [C]Skepticalcustomers [D]Enormousmarkets [E]Soaringsales [F]Trendydrink Inthelast40yearsthebottledwaterindustryhasgonefromabusinessprospectthatfewtookseriouslytoaglobalindustryworthbillionsofpounds.Thecommodityitselfremainssimple.Thewaywethinkaboutithaschangedfundamentally.Waterisnaturalpureandsourcedatminimalcost.Itsrealvalueliesinitsmarketingandbranding."Ithinkbottledwateristhemostrevealingsubstanceforshowingushowtheglobalcapitalistmarketworkstoday"saysRichardWilkprofessorofanthropologyatIndianaUniversity."Inasensewe’rebuyingchoicewe’rebuyingfreedom.That’stheonlythingthatcanexplainwhyyouwouldpaymoneyforabottleofsomethingthatyoucanotherwisegetforfree." 41.______ Throughaconfectionofadvertisingandmarketingbottledwaterhasbecomeoneofthebiggestsuccessstoriesinthemodernfoodandbeverageindustry."Thedemandforbottlewaterhasgrownexponentiallyinthelastfewdecades"saysDr.PeterGleickauthorofBottledandSold."It’sdoubledit’sdoubledagainandit’sdoubledagain.Andthebottlewatercompaniesseeenormousmarketsnotjustintherichcountriesbutalsointhepoorercountries." Noactualvariety Somepeoplethinkthatbottledwateristhehighpointofglobalcapitalismparticularlythepeopleinthebottledwaterbusiness."Ithinkbottledwateractuallyrepresentsakindofcaricatureoftheglobaleconomy.Itprovidespeopleinthedevelopedworldwith20or30varietiesofsomethingforwhichthereisnoactualvariety"saysCharlesFishmanauthorofTheBigThirst. 42.______. Atthebeginningtherereallywasnovarietyandthebottledwaterphenomenonbeganwithonebrand.Perrier佩绿雅矿泉水品牌wasatriumphofadvertisingcreatingabrandthatwastodefineageneration.AttheheartofthecampaigntomakethebrandpopularwasRichardWheatleyoftheLeoBurnettadvertisingagencybetween1979and1994."Perrierpopularisedbottledwater"hesays."Itmadeitacceptablemorethanacceptableitmadeit...desirable."Butitwasnotaninstantsuccess.WhenPerrierUKwaslookingtoincreaseitssalesintheearly1970’sitfacedaskepticalpublic.Manyquestionedwhyanyonewouldbuywaterwhenyoucouldgetitfreefromthetap. 43.______. FacedwithobstaclesPerrierturnedtoadvertisingwithacampaignthatwastochangeourconsumerlandscapeforever.Thecampaignwasamarketingcoupandsaleswentthroughtherooffrom12millionbottlesin1980to152millionbytheendofthedecade.Perrierwasnolongerjustabottleofwater.Themarketingandadvertisingteamshadestablishedacrucialemotionallinkbetweentheproductandtheconsumers."Perrierbecameabadge"saysMichaelBellaschairmanoftheBeverageMarketingCorporation."WhenyouheldaPerrierbottleupitsaidsomethingaboutyourselfitsaidyouweresophisticatedyouunderstoodwhatwashappeningintheworld.Itwasaperfectbeveragefortheyoungandcomingbusinessexecutivesthetrend-setters." 44.______. Inanageofinstantgratificationstillwaterinportablebottlesprovidedwhatpeopleneededexactlywhentheyneededit."Peopleingeneralaremoreandmoretimepressed"saysMr.Fishman."Wedon’tcookourownmealsanymoreweeatpreparedfoodsofallkinds.Andthere’snothingmoreappealingthanabottleofcoldwateratamomentwhenyou’rereallythirsty.ButIthinkbottledwaterisoneofthoseproductsthatonmanyoccasionswhenpeoplebuyitwhatthey’rebuyingisn’tthewatersomuchasthebottle.Thatisthepackageandtheconvenienceatthatmoment." 45.______. WhenpeopleboughtthisconveniencewhattheywerereallybuyingwasPolyethyleneTerephthalateorPETthesinglemostimportantinnovationintheindustry’shistory.StrongshatterproofandahighlyvaluedformofpolyesterPETisaby-productoftheoilindustry.Itisnowutilisedinthepackagingofeverythingfrompharmaceuticalsandsoaptoreadymeals.InyearstocometheenvironmentalimpactofPETwouldhaunttheindustryandraisequestionsaboutitsverysurvivalbutinthe1990sthiswasarevolution.AccordingtoMr.Bellasitwasbehindthesubsequentincrediblegrowthoftheindustry."StartingwiththeintroductionofthesmallpremiumPETwatersthecategorystartedtoexplode"saysMr.Bellas."ThebottledwaterindustrybeforePETonthelistofallbeveragecategorieswasnumberseven.WiththeadventofPETwaterjumpedtothenumbertwospotbehindcarbonatedsoftdrinks." Bybrandingandmarketingwaterbottledwaterhasbeentransformedfromsomethingthatmanyofustookforgrantedintoaproductthatnowmakesbillionsforglobalmultinationalcompanies. 41
Inmostpartsoftheworldclimatechangeisaworryingsubject.NotsoinCalifornia.Atarecentgatheringofgreenluminaries—inafilmstar’shousenaturallyforthatishowseriousnessisoftenestablishedinLosAngeles—thedominantnotewasself-satisfactionatwhatthestatehasalreadyachieved.AndperhapsnobodyismorecomplacentthanArnoldSchwarzenegger.UnlikeA1GoreapresidentialcandidateturnedprophetofenvironmentaldoomCalifornia’sgovernorsoundscheerfulwhentalkingaboutclimatechange.Aswellhemight:ithasmadehispoliticalcareer. AlthoughCaliforniahaslongbeenanenvironmentally-consciousstateuntilrecentlygreenswereconcernedaboveallwithsmogandredwoodtrees."CoastofDreams"KevinStag’sauthoritativehistoryofcontemporaryCaliforniapublishedin2004doesnotmentionclimatechange.Inthatyearthoughthenewly-electedMr.Schwarzeneggermadehisfirsttentativecallforwesternstatestoseekalternativestofossilfuels.Graduallyhenoticedthathiseffortstotackleclimatechangemetwithlessresistanceandmoreacclaimthanjustaboutallhisotherpolicies.Thesedaysitcanseemasthoughheworksonnothingelse. Mr.Schwarzenegger’stransformationfromscreenwarriortoeco-warriorwascompletedlastyearwhenhesignedabillimposinglegally-enforceablelimitsongreenhouse—gasemissions—afirstforAmerica.ThanksmostlytoitslackofcoalandheavyindustryCaliforniaisarelativelycleanstate.Ifitwereacountryitwouldbetheworld’seighth-biggesteconomybutonlyits16th-biggestpolluter.Itsbigproblemistransport—meaningmostlycarsandtruckswhichaccountformorethan40%ofitsgreenhouse-gasemissionscomparedwith32%inAmericaasawhole.Thestatewantstoratchetdownemissionslimitsonnewvehiclesbeginningin2009.Mr.Schwarzeneggerhasalsoorderedthatby2020vehiclefuelmustproduce10%lesscarbon:intheproductionaswellastheburningsoasimpleswitchtocorn-basedethanolisprobablyout. ThanksinparttoCalifornia’sexamplemostofthewesternstateshaveadoptedclimateactionplans.WhenitcomestosettingemissiontargetsthescenecanresembleaposedownataMr.Olympiacontest.Arizona’sclimate-changescholarsdecidedtosetatargetofcuttingthestate’semissionsto2000levelsby2020.ButJanetNapolitanothegovernorwasdeterminednottobeout-muscledbyCalifornia.ShehasdeclaredthatArizonawilltrytoreturnto2000emissionlevelsby2012. Californiahasnotjustinspiredotherstates;ithascreatedavanguardthatoughttobeabletoprodthefederalgovernmentintostrongernationalstandardsthanitwouldotherwiseconsider.ButCaliforniaisfindingiteasiertoexportitspoliciesthantoputthemintopracticeathome.InonewayCalifornia’sself-confidenceisfullyjustified.Ithasdonemorethananyotherstate—letalonethefederalgovernment—tofixAmerica’sattentiononclimatechange.Ithasalsomadeitseemasthoughtheproblemcanbesolved.Whichiswhyfailurewouldbesuchbadnews.AtthemomentCaliforniaisabeacontootherstates.Ifitfailsitwillbecomeanexcuseforinaction. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
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