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设函数z(x,y)满足:且z(1,y)=siny,则函数z(x,y)等于______.
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设u=fxyz且x=rcosθsinφy=rsinθsinφz=rcosφ证明若[*]则u仅是r的函
下列关于部分函数依赖的叙述中______是正确的
若 X→Y,且存在属性集 Z,Z∩Y≠Ф,X→Z,则称 Y 对 X 的部分函数依赖
若 X→Y,且存在属性集 Z,Z∩Y=Ф,X→Z,则称 Y 对 X 的部分函数依赖
若 X→Y,且存在 X 的真子集 X’,X’ →Y,则称 Y 对 X 的部分函数依赖
若 X→Y,且对于 X 的任何真子集 X’,都有 X’ →Y,则称 Y 对 X 的部分函数依赖
设随机变量X与Y相互独立且X的概率分布为PX=1=0.4PX=3=0.6Y服从参数为5的指数分布Z=
设随机变量X与Y相互独立且X服从标准正态分布N01Y的概率分布为P{Y=0}=P{Y=1}=记FZ
1
2
3
设z=zxy是由方程x2+y2-z=ψx+y+z所确定的函数其中ψ是可导函数且ψ’≠-1则dz=__
设三元方程为x2y-2zlny+exz=1根据隐函数存在定理存在点012的一个邻域在此邻域内该方程
只能确定一个具有连续偏导数的隐函数:z=z(x,y).
可以确定两个具有连续偏导数的隐函数:y=y(x,z)和z=z(x,y).
可以确定两个具有连续偏导数的隐函数:x=x(y,z)和z=z(x,y).
可以确定两个具有连续偏导数的隐函数:x=x(y,2)和y=y(x,z).
设U是所有属性的集合XYZ都是U的子集且Z=U-X-Y下面关于多值依赖的叙述中不正确的是
若x→→Y,且Y'∈Y,‘则X→→Y'
若X→Y,则X→→Y
若X→→Y,则X→→Z
若X→→Y且Z=Φ,则X→→Y称为平凡的函数依赖
设u=fxyz且x=rcosθsinφy=rsinθsinφz=rcosφ证明若[*]则u仅是θ与φ
设z=zxy是由方程x2+y2-z=φx+y+z所确定的函数其中φ具有二阶导数且φ’≠-1.求dz
设二元函数z=x2ex+y求1zx2zy3dz6分
设RU是属性集U上的一个关系模式XYZ是U的子集且Z=U-X-Y下面关于函数依赖的叙述中正确的是__
如果X→Y,及T包含在Y中,则必然存在X→T
如果存在函数依赖Y→Z,则必然存在X→Z
如果X→Y,则必然存在X→Y
若Z为空,则存在X→Z
设f可微则由方程fcx-azcy-bz=0确定的函数z=zxy满足az’x+bz’y=______.
设函数u=fxyz有连续偏导数且z=zxy由方程xex-yey=zez所确定则du=______.
已知复数z1满足z1-21+i=1-ii为虚数单位复数z2的虚部为2且z1·z2是实数则z2=.
1.设随机变量X与Y相互独立且X的密度函数为fxP{Y=a}=pP{Y=b}=1-p0<p<1求Z=
设三元方程为x2y-2zlny+exz=1根据隐函数存在定理存在点012的一个邻域在此邻域内该方程_
只能确定一个具有连续偏导数的隐函数:z=z(x,y).
可以确定两个具有连续偏导数的隐函数:y=y(x,z)和z=z(x,y).
可以确定两个具有连续偏导数的隐函数:z=x(y,z)和z=z(x,y).
可以确定两个具有连续偏导数的隐函数:z=x(y,z)和y=y(x,z).
设u=fxz且z=zxy是由方程z=x+yφz所确定的隐函数其中f具有连续偏导数且φ具有连续导数求d
下列关于部分函数依赖的叙述中哪一条是正确的
若X→Y,且存在属性集Z, Z∩Y≠,X→Z,则称Y对X部分函数依赖
若X→Y,且存在属性集Z, Z∩Y≠,X→Z,则称Y对X部分函数依赖
若X→Y,且存在X的真子集X’Z,X’→Z,则称Y对X部分函数依赖
若X→Y,且对于X的任何真子集X’,都有X’ Y,则称Y对X部分函数依赖
设函数zxy满足且z1y=siny则函数zxy等于______.
设函数fxyz=______.其中z=zxy是由方程2x+y-z+xyz=0所确定的隐函数则f’yx
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In1942AllanRHolmbergadoctoralstudentinanthropologyfromYaleUniversityUSAventureddeepintothejungleofBolivianAmazoniaandsearchedoutanisolatedbandofSirionoIndians.TheresearcherdescribedtheprimitivesocietyasadesperatestraggleforsurvivalaviewofAmazoniabeingfundamentallyreconsideredtoday. 41._______________ TheSirionoHolmbergwroteleda"strikinglybackward"existence.Theirvillageswerelittlemorethanclustersofthatchedhuts.Lifeitselfwasaperpetualandpunishingsearchforfood:somefamiliesgrewmaniocandotherstarchycropsinsmallgardenplotsclearedfromtheforestwhileothermembersofthetribescouredthecountryforsmallgameandpromisingfishholes.Whenlocalresourcesbecamedepletedthetribemovedon.AsfortechnologyHolmbergnotedtheSiriono"maybeclassifiedamongthemosthandicappedpeoplesoftheworld".OtherthanbowsarrowsandcrudediggingstickstheonlytoolstheSiriono.seemedtopossesswere"twomachetesworntothesizeofpocket-knives". 42._______________ AlthoughthelivesoftheSirionohavechangedintheinterveningdecadestheimageofthemasStoneAgerelicshasendured.TocasualobserversaswellastoinfluentialnaturalscientistsandregionalplannerstheluxuriantforestsofAmazoniaseemagelessunconquerableahabitattotallyhostiletohumancivilization.TheapparentsimplicityofIndianwaysoflifehasbeenjudgedanevolutionaryadaptationtoforestecologylivingproofthatAmazoniacouldnot—andcannot—sustainamorecomplexsociety.Archaeologicaltracesoffarmoreelaboratecultureshavebeendismissedastheruinsofinvadersfromoutsidetheregionabandonedtodecayintheuncompromisingtropicalenvironment. 43._______________ ThepopularconceptionofAmazoniaanditsnativeresidentswouldbeenormouslyconsequentialifitweretrue.ButthehumanhistoryofAmazoniainthepast11000yearsbetraysthatviewasmyth.Evidencegatheredinrecentyearsfromanthropologyandarchaeologyindicatesthattheregionhassupportedaseriesofindigenousculturesforeleventhousandyears;anextensivenetworkofcomplexsocieties—somewithpopulationsperhapsaslargeas100000—thrivedthereformorethan1000yearsbeforethearrivalofEuropeans.FarfrombeingevolutionarilyretardedprehistoricAmazonianpeopledevelopedtechnologiesandculturesthatwereadvancedfortheirtime.IfthelivesofIndianstodayseem"primitive"theappearanceisnottheresultofsomeenvironmentaladaptationorecologicalbarrier;ratheritisacomparativelyrecentadaptationtocenturiesofeconomicandpoliticalpressure. 44._______________ TheevidenceforarevisedviewofAmazoniawilltakemanypeoplebysurprise.Ecologistshaveassumedthattropicalecosystemswereshapedentirelybynaturalforcesandtheyhavefocusedtheirresearchonhabitatstheybelievehaveescapedhumaninfluence.ButastheUniversityofFloridaecologistPeterFeinsingerhasnotedanapproachthatleavespeopleoutoftheequationisnolongertenable.ThearchaeologicalevidenceshowsthatthenaturalhistoryofAmazoniaistoasurprisingextenttiedtotheactivitiesofitsprehistoricinhabitants. 45._______________ Therealizationcomesnonetoosoon.InJune1992politicalandenvironmentalleadersfromacrosstheworldmetinRiodeJaneirotodiscusshowdevelopingcountriescanadvancetheireconomieswithoutdestroyingtheirnaturalresources.ThechallengeisespeciallydifficultinAmazonia.Becausethetropicalforesthasbeendepictedasecologicallyunfitforlarge-scalehumanoccupationsomeenvironmentalistshaveopposeddevelopmentofanykind.Ironicallyonemajorcasualtyofthatextremepositionhasbeentheenvironmentitself.Whilepolicymakersstruggletodefineandimplementappropriatelegislationdevelopmentofthemostdestructivekindhascontinuedapaceovervastareas. Theothermajorcasualtyofthe"naturalism"ofenvironmentalscientistshasbeentheindigenousAmazonianswhosehabitsofhuntingfishingandslash-and-burncultivationoftenhavebeenrepresentedasharmfultothehabitat.IntheclashbetweenenvironmentalistsanddeveloperstheIndianshavesufferedthemost.Thenewunderstandingofthepre-historyofAmazoniahoweverpointstowardamiddleground.Archaeologymakesclearthatwithjudiciousmanagementselectedpartsoftheregioncouldsupportmorepeoplethananyonethoughtbefore.Thelong-buriedpastitseemsoffershopeforthefuture. [A]Assumedinhospitablenessto.socialdevelopment [B]Pricepaidformisconceptions [C]Evolutionaryadaptationtoforestecology [D]Falsebelievesrevised [E]Extremeimpoverishmentandbackwardness [F]Ignoranceofearlyhumanimpact 41
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Text4 Virtuallyeverythingastronomersknowaboutobjectsoutsidethesolarsystemisbasedonthedetectionofphotons-quantaofelectromagneticradiation.Yetthereisanotherformofradiationthatpermeatestheuniverse:neutrinos.Withasitsnameimpliesnoelectricchargeandnegligiblemasstheneutrinointeractswithotherparticlessorarelythataneutrinocancrosstheentireuniverseeventraversingsubstantialaggregationsofmatterwithoutbeingabsorbedorevendeflected.Neutrinoscanthusescapefromregionsofspacewherelightandotherkindsofelectromagneticradiationareblockedbymatter.Notasinglevalidatedobservationofanextraterrestrialneutrinohas.sofarbeenproduceddespitetheconstructionofastringofelaborateobservatoriesmountedontheearthfromSouthernIndiatoUtahtoSouthAfrica.Howeverthedetectionofextraterrestrialneutrinosareofgreatsignificanceinthestudyofastronomy.Neutrinoscarrywiththeirinformationaboutthesiteandcircumstancesoftheirproduction;thereforethedetectionofcosmicneutrinoscouldprovidenewinformationaboutawidevarietyofcosmicphenomenaandaboutthehistoryoftheuniverse. Howcanscientistsdetectaparticlethatinteracts.soinfrequentlywithothermatterTwenty-fiveyearspassedbetweenPauli’shypothesisthattheneutrinoexistedanditsactualdetection;sincethenvirtuallyallresearchwithneutrinoshasbeenwithneutrinoscreatedartificiallyinlargeparticleacceleratorsandstudiedunderneutrinomicroscopes.Butaneutrinotelescopecapableofdetectingcosmicneutrinosisdifficulttoconstruct.Noapparatuscandetectneutrinosunlessitisextremelymassivebecausegreatmassissynonymouswithhugenumbersofnucleonsneutronsandprotonsandthemoremassivethedetectorthegreatertheprobabilityofoneofitsnucleon’sreactingwithaneutrino.Inadditiontheapparatusmustbesufficientlyshieldedfromtheinterferingeffectsofotherparticles. Fortunatelyagroupofastrophysicistshasproposedameansofdetectingcosmicneutrinosbyharnessingthemassoftheocean.NamedDUMANDforDeepUnderwaterMuonandNeutrinoDetectortheprojectcallsforplacinganarrayoflightsensorsatadepthoffivekilometersundertheoceansurface.Thedetectingmediumistheseawateritself:whenaneutrinointeractswithaparticleinanatomofseawatertheresultisacascadeofelectricallychargedparticlesandaflashoflightthatcanbedetectedbythesensors.Thefivekilometersofseawaterabovethesensorswillshieldthemfromtheinterferingeffectsofotherhigh-energyparticlesrainingdownthroughtheatmosphere. ThestrongestmotivationfortheDUMANDprojectisthatitwillexploitanimportantsourceofinformationabouttheuniverse.Theextensionofastronomyfromvisiblelighttoradiowavestox-raysandgammaraysneverfailedtoleadtothediscoveryofunusualobjectssuchasradiogalaxiesquasarsandpulsars.Eachofthesediscoveriescameasasurprise.Neutrinoastronomywilldoubtlesslybringitsownshareofsurprises. Whatkindofneutrinoswouldbemostusefultoastronomers
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Text2 ITisastartlingclaimbutonethatCongresswomanDeborahPryceusestogoodeffect:theequivalentoftwoclassroomsfullofchildrenarediagnosedwithcancereveryday.MrsPrycelostherown9-year-olddaughtertocancerin1999.Pediatriccancerremainsalittle-understoodissueinAmericawherethehealth-caredebateisconsumedwiththeillspillsandmedicalbillsoftheelderly. CancerkillsmorechildrenthananyotherdiseaseinAmerica.Althoughtherehavebeentremendousgainsincancersurvivalratesinrecentdecadestheproportionofchildrenandteensdiagnosedwithdifferentformsofthediseaseincreasedbyalmostathirdbetween1975and2001. Grislythoughthesestatisticsaretheyarestilltinywhensetbesidethenumberofadultliveslosttobreastcancer41000eachyearandlungcancer164000.Advocatesformoremoneyforchildcancerprefertolookatlife-yearslost.Theaverageageforcancerdiagnosisinayoungchildissixwhiletheaverageadultisdiagnosedintheirlate60s.RobertArceciapediatriccancerexpertatJohnsHopkinspointsoutthatintermsoftotallife-yearssavedthebenefitfromcuringpediatriccancervictimsisroughlythesameascuringadultswithbreastcancer. Thereisanobviouselementofspecialpleadinginsuchcalculations.Allthesamebreastcancerhasattractedaflurryofpublicityprivatefund-raisingandmoneyfromgovernment.Childhoodcancerhasreceivedlessattentionandcash.Pediatriccanceratermwhichcoverspeopleupto20yearsoldreceivesone-twentiethofthefederalresearchmoneydoledoutbytheNationalCancerInstitute.FundingmoanpediatricresearchershasnotkeptpacewithrisingcostsinthefieldandNCImoneyforcollaborativeresearchwillactuallybecutby3%thisyear. Thereisnonationalpediatriccancerregistrythatwouldletresearcherstrackchildandteenagepatientsthroughtheirlivesastheycandointhecaseofadultsufferers.Apilotchildhood-cancerregistryisintheworks.GroupslikeMrReaman’snowgetcashdirectlyfromCongress.Butitisplainlyaproblemmostpoliticiansdon’tknowmuchabout. Thebiggestproblemcouldliewith15-19-ycar-olds.Thosediagnosedwithcancerhavenotseenthesameimprovementintheirchancesasyoungerchildrenandolderadultshavedone.Therearesomephysicalexplanationsforthis:teenagerswhohavepassedadolescencearemorevulnerabletodifferentsortsofcancer.ButArchieBleyerapediatriconcologistattheM.D.AndersonCancerCentreinTexashasproducedsomedataimplyingthatlackofhealthinsuranceplaysarole.Olderteenagersandyoungadultsarelesslikelytobecoveredandcheckedregularly. AccordingtoRobertArcecichildcancerresearchisalsoworthfundingbecause
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In1942AllanRHolmbergadoctoralstudentinanthropologyfromYaleUniversityUSAventureddeepintothejungleofBolivianAmazoniaandsearchedoutanisolatedbandofSirionoIndians.TheresearcherdescribedtheprimitivesocietyasadesperatestraggleforsurvivalaviewofAmazoniabeingfundamentallyreconsideredtoday. 41._______________ TheSirionoHolmbergwroteleda"strikinglybackward"existence.Theirvillageswerelittlemorethanclustersofthatchedhuts.Lifeitselfwasaperpetualandpunishingsearchforfood:somefamiliesgrewmaniocandotherstarchycropsinsmallgardenplotsclearedfromtheforestwhileothermembersofthetribescouredthecountryforsmallgameandpromisingfishholes.Whenlocalresourcesbecamedepletedthetribemovedon.AsfortechnologyHolmbergnotedtheSiriono"maybeclassifiedamongthemosthandicappedpeoplesoftheworld".OtherthanbowsarrowsandcrudediggingstickstheonlytoolstheSiriono.seemedtopossesswere"twomachetesworntothesizeofpocket-knives". 42._______________ AlthoughthelivesoftheSirionohavechangedintheinterveningdecadestheimageofthemasStoneAgerelicshasendured.TocasualobserversaswellastoinfluentialnaturalscientistsandregionalplannerstheluxuriantforestsofAmazoniaseemagelessunconquerableahabitattotallyhostiletohumancivilization.TheapparentsimplicityofIndianwaysoflifehasbeenjudgedanevolutionaryadaptationtoforestecologylivingproofthatAmazoniacouldnot—andcannot—sustainamorecomplexsociety.Archaeologicaltracesoffarmoreelaboratecultureshavebeendismissedastheruinsofinvadersfromoutsidetheregionabandonedtodecayintheuncompromisingtropicalenvironment. 43._______________ ThepopularconceptionofAmazoniaanditsnativeresidentswouldbeenormouslyconsequentialifitweretrue.ButthehumanhistoryofAmazoniainthepast11000yearsbetraysthatviewasmyth.Evidencegatheredinrecentyearsfromanthropologyandarchaeologyindicatesthattheregionhassupportedaseriesofindigenousculturesforeleventhousandyears;anextensivenetworkofcomplexsocieties—somewithpopulationsperhapsaslargeas100000—thrivedthereformorethan1000yearsbeforethearrivalofEuropeans.FarfrombeingevolutionarilyretardedprehistoricAmazonianpeopledevelopedtechnologiesandculturesthatwereadvancedfortheirtime.IfthelivesofIndianstodayseem"primitive"theappearanceisnottheresultofsomeenvironmentaladaptationorecologicalbarrier;ratheritisacomparativelyrecentadaptationtocenturiesofeconomicandpoliticalpressure. 44._______________ TheevidenceforarevisedviewofAmazoniawilltakemanypeoplebysurprise.Ecologistshaveassumedthattropicalecosystemswereshapedentirelybynaturalforcesandtheyhavefocusedtheirresearchonhabitatstheybelievehaveescapedhumaninfluence.ButastheUniversityofFloridaecologistPeterFeinsingerhasnotedanapproachthatleavespeopleoutoftheequationisnolongertenable.ThearchaeologicalevidenceshowsthatthenaturalhistoryofAmazoniaistoasurprisingextenttiedtotheactivitiesofitsprehistoricinhabitants. 45._______________ Therealizationcomesnonetoosoon.InJune1992politicalandenvironmentalleadersfromacrosstheworldmetinRiodeJaneirotodiscusshowdevelopingcountriescanadvancetheireconomieswithoutdestroyingtheirnaturalresources.ThechallengeisespeciallydifficultinAmazonia.Becausethetropicalforesthasbeendepictedasecologicallyunfitforlarge-scalehumanoccupationsomeenvironmentalistshaveopposeddevelopmentofanykind.Ironicallyonemajorcasualtyofthatextremepositionhasbeentheenvironmentitself.Whilepolicymakersstruggletodefineandimplementappropriatelegislationdevelopmentofthemostdestructivekindhascontinuedapaceovervastareas. Theothermajorcasualtyofthe"naturalism"ofenvironmentalscientistshasbeentheindigenousAmazonianswhosehabitsofhuntingfishingandslash-and-burncultivationoftenhavebeenrepresentedasharmfultothehabitat.IntheclashbetweenenvironmentalistsanddeveloperstheIndianshavesufferedthemost.Thenewunderstandingofthepre-historyofAmazoniahoweverpointstowardamiddleground.Archaeologymakesclearthatwithjudiciousmanagementselectedpartsoftheregioncouldsupportmorepeoplethananyonethoughtbefore.Thelong-buriedpastitseemsoffershopeforthefuture. [A]Assumedinhospitablenessto.socialdevelopment [B]Pricepaidformisconceptions [C]Evolutionaryadaptationtoforestecology [D]Falsebelievesrevised [E]Extremeimpoverishmentandbackwardness [F]Ignoranceofearlyhumanimpact 45
某外企与工人签订了为期3年的劳动合同约定在3年内按现行工资水平付给工人工资此后3年内企业所在国发生子通货膨胀并且企业经常以各种借口缩短中午休息时间企业在3年经营当中获取了超过同行业其他企业的更高的利润那么该企业超出其它企业的利润的来源是
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Text1 Inmostpeople’smindgrowthisassociatedwithprosperity.WejudgehowwelltheeconomyisdoingbythesizeoftheGrossNationalProductGNPameasuresupposedlyofgrowth.Equallyaxiomatichoweveristhenotionthatincreasedpressureondecliningnaturalresourcesmustinevitablyleadtoadeclineinprosperityespeciallywhenaccompaniedbyagrowthinpopulation.Sowhichiscorrect Whatgrowthadvocatesmeanprimarilywhentheysaygrowthisnecessaryforprosperityisthatgrowthisnecessaryforthesmoothfunctioningoftheeconomicsystem.InonefieldtheargumentinfavorofgrowthisparticularlycompellingandthatiswithregardtotheThirdWorld.ToargueagainstgrowthinlightofThirdWorldpovertyanddegradationseemsunsympathetic.ButisitCoulditbethatgrowthespeciallythegrowthofthewealthiercountrieshascontributedtotheimpoverishmentnottheadvancementofThirdWorldcountriesIfnothowdoweaccountforthedesperatestraitsthesecountriesfindthemselvesintodayafteracenturyofdedicationtogrowth ToseehowthismightbethecasewemustlookattheimpactofgrowthonThirdWorldcountries—therealitynottheabstractstages-of-economic-growththeoryadvocatedthroughrose-coloredglassesbyacademiciansofthedevelopedworld.WhatgoodisgrowthtothepeopleoftheThirdWorldifitmeanstheconversionofpeasantfarmsintomechanizedagri-businessesproducingcommoditiesnotforlocalconsumptionbutforexportifitmeansthestrippingoftheirlandofitsmineralandothernaturaltreasurestothebenefitofforeigninvestorsandahandfuloftheirlocalcollaboratorsifitmeanstheassumptionofacrushingforeignindebtedness Admittedlythisisanoversimplification.ButthepointIbelieveremainsvalid:thatgrowthinunderdevelopedcountriescannotsimplybejudgedintheabstract;itmustbejudgedbasedonthetruenatureofgrowthinthesesocietiesonwhobenefitsandwhoisharmedonwheregrowthisleadingthesepeopleandwhereithasleftthem.Whenconsideredinthiswayitjustmightbethatinthepresentcontextgrowthismoredetrimentaltothewell-beingofthewretchedoftheearththanbeneficial. SodoweneedgrowthforprosperityOnlytheadoptionofzerogrowthcanprovidetheanswer.Butthatisatestnoteasilyundertaken.Modemeconomiesareincrediblycomplexphenomenaatributetoman’sabilitytoorganizeandachallengetohisabilitytounderstand.Anythingthataffectstheirfunctioningsuchasapolicyofzerogrowthshouldnotbeproposedwithoutawarycarefulnessandself-doubtinghumility.Butiftheprospectofleapingintotheeconomicunknownisfear-inspiringequallysoistheprospectoflettingthatfearpreventusfromactingwhenthefailuretoactcouldmeanuntoldmiseryforfuturegenerationsandperhapsenvironmentaldisasterwhichthreatenourveryexistence. Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphzerogrowth
Text1 Inmostpeople’smindgrowthisassociatedwithprosperity.WejudgehowwelltheeconomyisdoingbythesizeoftheGrossNationalProductGNPameasuresupposedlyofgrowth.Equallyaxiomatichoweveristhenotionthatincreasedpressureondecliningnaturalresourcesmustinevitablyleadtoadeclineinprosperityespeciallywhenaccompaniedbyagrowthinpopulation.Sowhichiscorrect Whatgrowthadvocatesmeanprimarilywhentheysaygrowthisnecessaryforprosperityisthatgrowthisnecessaryforthesmoothfunctioningoftheeconomicsystem.InonefieldtheargumentinfavorofgrowthisparticularlycompellingandthatiswithregardtotheThirdWorld.ToargueagainstgrowthinlightofThirdWorldpovertyanddegradationseemsunsympathetic.ButisitCoulditbethatgrowthespeciallythegrowthofthewealthiercountrieshascontributedtotheimpoverishmentnottheadvancementofThirdWorldcountriesIfnothowdoweaccountforthedesperatestraitsthesecountriesfindthemselvesintodayafteracenturyofdedicationtogrowth ToseehowthismightbethecasewemustlookattheimpactofgrowthonThirdWorldcountries—therealitynottheabstractstages-of-economic-growththeoryadvocatedthroughrose-coloredglassesbyacademiciansofthedevelopedworld.WhatgoodisgrowthtothepeopleoftheThirdWorldifitmeanstheconversionofpeasantfarmsintomechanizedagri-businessesproducingcommoditiesnotforlocalconsumptionbutforexportifitmeansthestrippingoftheirlandofitsmineralandothernaturaltreasurestothebenefitofforeigninvestorsandahandfuloftheirlocalcollaboratorsifitmeanstheassumptionofacrushingforeignindebtedness Admittedlythisisanoversimplification.ButthepointIbelieveremainsvalid:thatgrowthinunderdevelopedcountriescannotsimplybejudgedintheabstract;itmustbejudgedbasedonthetruenatureofgrowthinthesesocietiesonwhobenefitsandwhoisharmedonwheregrowthisleadingthesepeopleandwhereithasleftthem.Whenconsideredinthiswayitjustmightbethatinthepresentcontextgrowthismoredetrimentaltothewell-beingofthewretchedoftheearththanbeneficial. SodoweneedgrowthforprosperityOnlytheadoptionofzerogrowthcanprovidetheanswer.Butthatisatestnoteasilyundertaken.Modemeconomiesareincrediblycomplexphenomenaatributetoman’sabilitytoorganizeandachallengetohisabilitytounderstand.Anythingthataffectstheirfunctioningsuchasapolicyofzerogrowthshouldnotbeproposedwithoutawarycarefulnessandself-doubtinghumility.Butiftheprospectofleapingintotheeconomicunknownisfear-inspiringequallysoistheprospectoflettingthatfearpreventusfromactingwhenthefailuretoactcouldmeanuntoldmiseryforfuturegenerationsandperhapsenvironmentaldisasterwhichthreatenourveryexistence. Theauthor'sattitudetowardstheimpactofgrowthonthecurrentsocio-economicsituationis
In1942AllanRHolmbergadoctoralstudentinanthropologyfromYaleUniversityUSAventureddeepintothejungleofBolivianAmazoniaandsearchedoutanisolatedbandofSirionoIndians.TheresearcherdescribedtheprimitivesocietyasadesperatestraggleforsurvivalaviewofAmazoniabeingfundamentallyreconsideredtoday. 41._______________ TheSirionoHolmbergwroteleda"strikinglybackward"existence.Theirvillageswerelittlemorethanclustersofthatchedhuts.Lifeitselfwasaperpetualandpunishingsearchforfood:somefamiliesgrewmaniocandotherstarchycropsinsmallgardenplotsclearedfromtheforestwhileothermembersofthetribescouredthecountryforsmallgameandpromisingfishholes.Whenlocalresourcesbecamedepletedthetribemovedon.AsfortechnologyHolmbergnotedtheSiriono"maybeclassifiedamongthemosthandicappedpeoplesoftheworld".OtherthanbowsarrowsandcrudediggingstickstheonlytoolstheSiriono.seemedtopossesswere"twomachetesworntothesizeofpocket-knives". 42._______________ AlthoughthelivesoftheSirionohavechangedintheinterveningdecadestheimageofthemasStoneAgerelicshasendured.TocasualobserversaswellastoinfluentialnaturalscientistsandregionalplannerstheluxuriantforestsofAmazoniaseemagelessunconquerableahabitattotallyhostiletohumancivilization.TheapparentsimplicityofIndianwaysoflifehasbeenjudgedanevolutionaryadaptationtoforestecologylivingproofthatAmazoniacouldnot—andcannot—sustainamorecomplexsociety.Archaeologicaltracesoffarmoreelaboratecultureshavebeendismissedastheruinsofinvadersfromoutsidetheregionabandonedtodecayintheuncompromisingtropicalenvironment. 43._______________ ThepopularconceptionofAmazoniaanditsnativeresidentswouldbeenormouslyconsequentialifitweretrue.ButthehumanhistoryofAmazoniainthepast11000yearsbetraysthatviewasmyth.Evidencegatheredinrecentyearsfromanthropologyandarchaeologyindicatesthattheregionhassupportedaseriesofindigenousculturesforeleventhousandyears;anextensivenetworkofcomplexsocieties—somewithpopulationsperhapsaslargeas100000—thrivedthereformorethan1000yearsbeforethearrivalofEuropeans.FarfrombeingevolutionarilyretardedprehistoricAmazonianpeopledevelopedtechnologiesandculturesthatwereadvancedfortheirtime.IfthelivesofIndianstodayseem"primitive"theappearanceisnottheresultofsomeenvironmentaladaptationorecologicalbarrier;ratheritisacomparativelyrecentadaptationtocenturiesofeconomicandpoliticalpressure. 44._______________ TheevidenceforarevisedviewofAmazoniawilltakemanypeoplebysurprise.Ecologistshaveassumedthattropicalecosystemswereshapedentirelybynaturalforcesandtheyhavefocusedtheirresearchonhabitatstheybelievehaveescapedhumaninfluence.ButastheUniversityofFloridaecologistPeterFeinsingerhasnotedanapproachthatleavespeopleoutoftheequationisnolongertenable.ThearchaeologicalevidenceshowsthatthenaturalhistoryofAmazoniaistoasurprisingextenttiedtotheactivitiesofitsprehistoricinhabitants. 45._______________ Therealizationcomesnonetoosoon.InJune1992politicalandenvironmentalleadersfromacrosstheworldmetinRiodeJaneirotodiscusshowdevelopingcountriescanadvancetheireconomieswithoutdestroyingtheirnaturalresources.ThechallengeisespeciallydifficultinAmazonia.Becausethetropicalforesthasbeendepictedasecologicallyunfitforlarge-scalehumanoccupationsomeenvironmentalistshaveopposeddevelopmentofanykind.Ironicallyonemajorcasualtyofthatextremepositionhasbeentheenvironmentitself.Whilepolicymakersstruggletodefineandimplementappropriatelegislationdevelopmentofthemostdestructivekindhascontinuedapaceovervastareas. Theothermajorcasualtyofthe"naturalism"ofenvironmentalscientistshasbeentheindigenousAmazonianswhosehabitsofhuntingfishingandslash-and-burncultivationoftenhavebeenrepresentedasharmfultothehabitat.IntheclashbetweenenvironmentalistsanddeveloperstheIndianshavesufferedthemost.Thenewunderstandingofthepre-historyofAmazoniahoweverpointstowardamiddleground.Archaeologymakesclearthatwithjudiciousmanagementselectedpartsoftheregioncouldsupportmorepeoplethananyonethoughtbefore.Thelong-buriedpastitseemsoffershopeforthefuture. [A]Assumedinhospitablenessto.socialdevelopment [B]Pricepaidformisconceptions [C]Evolutionaryadaptationtoforestecology [D]Falsebelievesrevised [E]Extremeimpoverishmentandbackwardness [F]Ignoranceofearlyhumanimpact 43
ToliveintheUnitedStatestodayistogainanappreciationforDahrendorfsassertionthatsocialchangeexistseverywhere.Technologytheapplicationofknowledgeforpracticalendsisamajorsourceofsocialchange. Yetwewoulddowelltoremindourselvesthattechnologyisahumancreation;itdoesnotexistnaturally.Aspearorarobotisasmuchaculturalasaphysicalobject.46Untilhumansuseaspeartohuntgameorarobottoproducemachinepartsneitherismuchmorethanasolidmassofmatter.Forabirdlookingforanobjectonwhichtorestaspearorrobotservesthepurposeequallywell.TheexplosionoftheChallengerspaceshuttleandtheRussiannuclearaccidentatChernobyldrivehomethehumanqualityoftechnology:theyprovidecasesinwhichwell-plannedsystemssuddenlygotintoamessandtherewasnoreadyhandtosetthemright.Sincetechnologyisahumancreationweareresponsibleforwhatisdonewithit.Pessimistsworrythatwewilluseourtechnologyeventuallytoblowourworldandourselvestopieces.Buttheyhavebeensayingthisfordecadesandsofarwehavemanagedtosurviveandevenflourish.Whetherwewillcontinuetodosointheyearsaheadremainsuncertain.Clearlytheimpactoftechnologyonourlivesdeservesacloserexamination. Fewtechnologicaldevelopmentshavehadagreaterimpactonourlivesthanthecomputerrevolution.Scientistsandengineershavedesignedspecializedmachinesthatcandothetasksthatonceonlypeoplecoulddo.47Therearethosewhoassertthattheswitchtoaninformation-basedeconomyisinthesamecampasothergreathistoricalmilestonesparticularlytheIndustrialRevolution. YetwhenweaskwhytheIndustrialRevolutionwasarevolutionwefindthatitwasnotthemachines.Theprimaryreasonwhyitwasrevolutionaryisthatitledtogreatsocialchange.48Itgaverisetomassproductionandthroughmassproductiontoasocietyinwhichwealthwasnotconfinedtothefew.49InsomewhatsimilarfashioncomputerspromisetorevolutionizethestructureofAmericanlifeparticularlyastheyfreethehumanmindandopennewpossibilitiesinknowledgeandcommunication. TheIndustrialRevolutionsupplementedandreplacedthemusclesofhumansandreplacedsomeaspectsofthemindofhumanbeingsbyelectronicmethods.50Itisthecapacityofthecomputerforsolvingproblemsandmakingdecisionsthatrepresentsitsgreatestpotentialandthatposesthegreatestdifficultiesinpredictingtheimpactonsociety. Therearethosewhoassertthattheswitchtoaninformation-basedeconomyisinthesamecampasothergreathistoricalmilestonesparticularlytheIndustrialRevolution.
生产要素按贡献参与分配的经济依据是
Text3 TheuniquenessoftheJapanesecharacteristheresultoftwoseeminglycontradictoryforces:thestrengthoftraditionsandtheselectivereceptivitytoforeignachievementsandinventions.Asearlyas1860stherewerecountermovementtotraditionalorientation.OneofthefanusspokesmenofJapan’s"Enlightenment"claimed"theConfuciancivilizationoftheEastseemstometolacktwothingspossessedbyWesterncivilization:scienceinthematerialsphereandasenseofindependenceinthespiritualsphere."AnotherbreakofrelativeliberalismfollowedWorldWarIwhenthedemocraticidealismofPresidentWoodrowWilsonhadanimportantimpactonJapaneseintellectualsandespeciallystudents;butmoreimportantwastheLeninistideologyofthe1917BolshevikRevolution.Againintheearly1930snationalismandmilitarismbecamedominant. FollowingtheendofWorldWarⅡsubstantialchangeswereundertakeninJapantoliberatetheindividualfromauthoritarianrestraints.Thenewdemocraticvaluesystemwasacceptedbymanyteachersstudentsintellectualsandoldliberalsbutitwasnotimmediatelyembracedbythesocietyasawhole.Japanesetraditionsweredominatedbygroupvaluesandnotionsofpersonalfreedomandindividualrightswereunfamiliar. TodaydemocraticprocessesareclearlyevidentinthewidespreadparticipationoftheJapanesepeopleinsocialandpoliticallife.Schooltextbooksemphasizeequalityoverhierarchyandrationalismovertradition;butinpracticethesevaluesareoftenmisinterpretedanddistortedparticularlybytheyouthwhotranslatetheindividualisticandhumanisticgoalsofdemocracyintoegoisticandmaterialisticones. MostJapanesepeoplehaveconsciouslyrejectedConfucianismbutleftoversoftheoldorderremain.Animportantfeatureofrelationshipinmanyinstitutionsincludingpoliticalpartiesanduniversitiesisthe"oyabun-kobun"orparent-childrelation.Thecorrespondingloyaltyoftheindividualtohispatronreinforceshisallegiancetothegrouptowhichtheybothbelong.Awillingnesstocooperatewithothermembersofthegroupandtosupportwithoutqualificationtheinterestsofthegroupinallitsexternalrelationsisstillawidelyrespectedvirtue.The"oyabun-kobun"createsladdersofmobilitywhichanindividualcanascendrisingasfarasabilitiespermitsolongashemaintainssuccessfulpersonaltieswithasuperiorintheverticalchannelthelatterrequirementusuallytakingprecedenceoveraneedforexceptionalcompetence.Asaconsequencethereislittlehorizontalrelationshipbetweenpeopleevenwiththesameprofession. Theauthorimplies
早在第二次国内革命战争初期__从政治统一战线的角度提出过保护中小商人保护民族工商业的政策主张反对消灭资产阶级和富农左倾口号对官僚买办资本主义和民族资本主义的区别政策界限是
下列哪些观点属于形而上学的观点
十六大报告提出了我国经济建设和革的任务之一就是走新型工业化道路为此我们必须
我国当前出台的人民币汇率调整政策的核心要点包括
ToliveintheUnitedStatestodayistogainanappreciationforDahrendorfsassertionthatsocialchangeexistseverywhere.Technologytheapplicationofknowledgeforpracticalendsisamajorsourceofsocialchange. Yetwewoulddowelltoremindourselvesthattechnologyisahumancreation;itdoesnotexistnaturally.Aspearorarobotisasmuchaculturalasaphysicalobject.46Untilhumansuseaspeartohuntgameorarobottoproducemachinepartsneitherismuchmorethanasolidmassofmatter.Forabirdlookingforanobjectonwhichtorestaspearorrobotservesthepurposeequallywell.TheexplosionoftheChallengerspaceshuttleandtheRussiannuclearaccidentatChernobyldrivehomethehumanqualityoftechnology:theyprovidecasesinwhichwell-plannedsystemssuddenlygotintoamessandtherewasnoreadyhandtosetthemright.Sincetechnologyisahumancreationweareresponsibleforwhatisdonewithit.Pessimistsworrythatwewilluseourtechnologyeventuallytoblowourworldandourselvestopieces.Buttheyhavebeensayingthisfordecadesandsofarwehavemanagedtosurviveandevenflourish.Whetherwewillcontinuetodosointheyearsaheadremainsuncertain.Clearlytheimpactoftechnologyonourlivesdeservesacloserexamination. Fewtechnologicaldevelopmentshavehadagreaterimpactonourlivesthanthecomputerrevolution.Scientistsandengineershavedesignedspecializedmachinesthatcandothetasksthatonceonlypeoplecoulddo.47Therearethosewhoassertthattheswitchtoaninformation-basedeconomyisinthesamecampasothergreathistoricalmilestonesparticularlytheIndustrialRevolution. YetwhenweaskwhytheIndustrialRevolutionwasarevolutionwefindthatitwasnotthemachines.Theprimaryreasonwhyitwasrevolutionaryisthatitledtogreatsocialchange.48Itgaverisetomassproductionandthroughmassproductiontoasocietyinwhichwealthwasnotconfinedtothefew.49InsomewhatsimilarfashioncomputerspromisetorevolutionizethestructureofAmericanlifeparticularlyastheyfreethehumanmindandopennewpossibilitiesinknowledgeandcommunication. TheIndustrialRevolutionsupplementedandreplacedthemusclesofhumansandreplacedsomeaspectsofthemindofhumanbeingsbyelectronicmethods.50Itisthecapacityofthecomputerforsolvingproblemsandmakingdecisionsthatrepresentsitsgreatestpotentialandthatposesthegreatestdifficultiesinpredictingtheimpactonsociety. InsomewhatsimilarfashioncomputerspromisetorevolutionizethestructureofAmericanlifeparticularlyastheyfreethehumanmindandopennewpossibilitiesinknowledgeandcommunication.
Text2 ITisastartlingclaimbutonethatCongresswomanDeborahPryceusestogoodeffect:theequivalentoftwoclassroomsfullofchildrenarediagnosedwithcancereveryday.MrsPrycelostherown9-year-olddaughtertocancerin1999.Pediatriccancerremainsalittle-understoodissueinAmericawherethehealth-caredebateisconsumedwiththeillspillsandmedicalbillsoftheelderly. CancerkillsmorechildrenthananyotherdiseaseinAmerica.Althoughtherehavebeentremendousgainsincancersurvivalratesinrecentdecadestheproportionofchildrenandteensdiagnosedwithdifferentformsofthediseaseincreasedbyalmostathirdbetween1975and2001. Grislythoughthesestatisticsaretheyarestilltinywhensetbesidethenumberofadultliveslosttobreastcancer41000eachyearandlungcancer164000.Advocatesformoremoneyforchildcancerprefertolookatlife-yearslost.Theaverageageforcancerdiagnosisinayoungchildissixwhiletheaverageadultisdiagnosedintheirlate60s.RobertArceciapediatriccancerexpertatJohnsHopkinspointsoutthatintermsoftotallife-yearssavedthebenefitfromcuringpediatriccancervictimsisroughlythesameascuringadultswithbreastcancer. Thereisanobviouselementofspecialpleadinginsuchcalculations.Allthesamebreastcancerhasattractedaflurryofpublicityprivatefund-raisingandmoneyfromgovernment.Childhoodcancerhasreceivedlessattentionandcash.Pediatriccanceratermwhichcoverspeopleupto20yearsoldreceivesone-twentiethofthefederalresearchmoneydoledoutbytheNationalCancerInstitute.FundingmoanpediatricresearchershasnotkeptpacewithrisingcostsinthefieldandNCImoneyforcollaborativeresearchwillactuallybecutby3%thisyear. Thereisnonationalpediatriccancerregistrythatwouldletresearcherstrackchildandteenagepatientsthroughtheirlivesastheycandointhecaseofadultsufferers.Apilotchildhood-cancerregistryisintheworks.GroupslikeMrReaman’snowgetcashdirectlyfromCongress.Butitisplainlyaproblemmostpoliticiansdon’tknowmuchabout. Thebiggestproblemcouldliewith15-19-ycar-olds.Thosediagnosedwithcancerhavenotseenthesameimprovementintheirchancesasyoungerchildrenandolderadultshavedone.Therearesomephysicalexplanationsforthis:teenagerswhohavepassedadolescencearemorevulnerabletodifferentsortsofcancer.ButArchieBleyerapediatriconcologistattheM.D.AndersonCancerCentreinTexashasproducedsomedataimplyingthatlackofhealthinsuranceplaysarole.Olderteenagersandyoungadultsarelesslikelytobecoveredandcheckedregularly. Those15-19-year-oldsdiagnosedwithcancer
对感觉是认识起点的观点
Text4 Virtuallyeverythingastronomersknowaboutobjectsoutsidethesolarsystemisbasedonthedetectionofphotons-quantaofelectromagneticradiation.Yetthereisanotherformofradiationthatpermeatestheuniverse:neutrinos.Withasitsnameimpliesnoelectricchargeandnegligiblemasstheneutrinointeractswithotherparticlessorarelythataneutrinocancrosstheentireuniverseeventraversingsubstantialaggregationsofmatterwithoutbeingabsorbedorevendeflected.Neutrinoscanthusescapefromregionsofspacewherelightandotherkindsofelectromagneticradiationareblockedbymatter.Notasinglevalidatedobservationofanextraterrestrialneutrinohas.sofarbeenproduceddespitetheconstructionofastringofelaborateobservatoriesmountedontheearthfromSouthernIndiatoUtahtoSouthAfrica.Howeverthedetectionofextraterrestrialneutrinosareofgreatsignificanceinthestudyofastronomy.Neutrinoscarrywiththeirinformationaboutthesiteandcircumstancesoftheirproduction;thereforethedetectionofcosmicneutrinoscouldprovidenewinformationaboutawidevarietyofcosmicphenomenaandaboutthehistoryoftheuniverse. Howcanscientistsdetectaparticlethatinteracts.soinfrequentlywithothermatterTwenty-fiveyearspassedbetweenPauli’shypothesisthattheneutrinoexistedanditsactualdetection;sincethenvirtuallyallresearchwithneutrinoshasbeenwithneutrinoscreatedartificiallyinlargeparticleacceleratorsandstudiedunderneutrinomicroscopes.Butaneutrinotelescopecapableofdetectingcosmicneutrinosisdifficulttoconstruct.Noapparatuscandetectneutrinosunlessitisextremelymassivebecausegreatmassissynonymouswithhugenumbersofnucleonsneutronsandprotonsandthemoremassivethedetectorthegreatertheprobabilityofoneofitsnucleon’sreactingwithaneutrino.Inadditiontheapparatusmustbesufficientlyshieldedfromtheinterferingeffectsofotherparticles. Fortunatelyagroupofastrophysicistshasproposedameansofdetectingcosmicneutrinosbyharnessingthemassoftheocean.NamedDUMANDforDeepUnderwaterMuonandNeutrinoDetectortheprojectcallsforplacinganarrayoflightsensorsatadepthoffivekilometersundertheoceansurface.Thedetectingmediumistheseawateritself:whenaneutrinointeractswithaparticleinanatomofseawatertheresultisacascadeofelectricallychargedparticlesandaflashoflightthatcanbedetectedbythesensors.Thefivekilometersofseawaterabovethesensorswillshieldthemfromtheinterferingeffectsofotherhigh-energyparticlesrainingdownthroughtheatmosphere. ThestrongestmotivationfortheDUMANDprojectisthatitwillexploitanimportantsourceofinformationabouttheuniverse.Theextensionofastronomyfromvisiblelighttoradiowavestox-raysandgammaraysneverfailedtoleadtothediscoveryofunusualobjectssuchasradiogalaxiesquasarsandpulsars.Eachofthesediscoveriescameasasurprise.Neutrinoastronomywilldoubtlesslybringitsownshareofsurprises. Whyisitdifficulttodetectneutrinos
Text3 TheuniquenessoftheJapanesecharacteristheresultoftwoseeminglycontradictoryforces:thestrengthoftraditionsandtheselectivereceptivitytoforeignachievementsandinventions.Asearlyas1860stherewerecountermovementtotraditionalorientation.OneofthefanusspokesmenofJapan’s"Enlightenment"claimed"theConfuciancivilizationoftheEastseemstometolacktwothingspossessedbyWesterncivilization:scienceinthematerialsphereandasenseofindependenceinthespiritualsphere."AnotherbreakofrelativeliberalismfollowedWorldWarIwhenthedemocraticidealismofPresidentWoodrowWilsonhadanimportantimpactonJapaneseintellectualsandespeciallystudents;butmoreimportantwastheLeninistideologyofthe1917BolshevikRevolution.Againintheearly1930snationalismandmilitarismbecamedominant. FollowingtheendofWorldWarⅡsubstantialchangeswereundertakeninJapantoliberatetheindividualfromauthoritarianrestraints.Thenewdemocraticvaluesystemwasacceptedbymanyteachersstudentsintellectualsandoldliberalsbutitwasnotimmediatelyembracedbythesocietyasawhole.Japanesetraditionsweredominatedbygroupvaluesandnotionsofpersonalfreedomandindividualrightswereunfamiliar. TodaydemocraticprocessesareclearlyevidentinthewidespreadparticipationoftheJapanesepeopleinsocialandpoliticallife.Schooltextbooksemphasizeequalityoverhierarchyandrationalismovertradition;butinpracticethesevaluesareoftenmisinterpretedanddistortedparticularlybytheyouthwhotranslatetheindividualisticandhumanisticgoalsofdemocracyintoegoisticandmaterialisticones. MostJapanesepeoplehaveconsciouslyrejectedConfucianismbutleftoversoftheoldorderremain.Animportantfeatureofrelationshipinmanyinstitutionsincludingpoliticalpartiesanduniversitiesisthe"oyabun-kobun"orparent-childrelation.Thecorrespondingloyaltyoftheindividualtohispatronreinforceshisallegiancetothegrouptowhichtheybothbelong.Awillingnesstocooperatewithothermembersofthegroupandtosupportwithoutqualificationtheinterestsofthegroupinallitsexternalrelationsisstillawidelyrespectedvirtue.The"oyabun-kobun"createsladdersofmobilitywhichanindividualcanascendrisingasfarasabilitiespermitsolongashemaintainssuccessfulpersonaltieswithasuperiorintheverticalchannelthelatterrequirementusuallytakingprecedenceoveraneedforexceptionalcompetence.Asaconsequencethereislittlehorizontalrelationshipbetweenpeopleevenwiththesameprofession. WhichofthefollowingstatementoftheJapan'scultureistrueaccordingtothepassage
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