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The new style of shoes appeals to those students.
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Theseshoesare70dollars.对划线部分提问 aretheseshoes?
Myshoesnewandthispairofnewshoesverynice.A.is;look
—Whatsizeshoesdoyouwant?—.A.Smallshoes B.Size36 C.
Theshopassistantaskedme. A.whatsizeshoesIwore B.
Katetookoffhershoesand摇动thesandoutofhershoes.
Thenewstyleofshoesappealtothosestudents.
attract
absorb
abstract
accept
Jackwantstobuyapairofblackshoes.改为一般疑问句Jacktobuyap
Comeandbuyshoesinthestore.Wehaveshoesataverygood.
12.5分ResearchersattheUniversityofKansassaythatpeo
Theseshoesare70dollars.对划线部分提问aretheseshoes?
Thenewshoesare.对划线部分提问arethenewshoes
Wesellshoesforboys.改为否定句We shoesforboys.
Tomboughtforhimselfyesterday. A.twopairsofshoes
1分Thestoresellsshoes.改为否定句 Thestoreshoes.
Look!Hereareunderthebed.A.apairofshoes B.twopairso
Thenewstyleofshoesappealstothosestudents.
arises
absorbs
attracts
accepts
Theseshoesare20dollars.对划线部分提问 aretheseshoes?
Look!Thereareunderthebed.A.apairofshoes B.twopairo
Iwonder____. A.howmuchcosttheseshoesB.howmuchdothe
MyshoesareoutofsoIwanttobuyapairofnewandcoolshoes
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A.industriallypollutedsoilsB.rockandsoilchemistryC.naturallypollutedsoilsD.thepathwaysofmetalsintothefoodchainE.theelementofiodineF.thepersistenceofheavymetalsItisextremelynecessarytostudythelong-termeffectscausedbylivingon______.
Thatistheonlykeytothequestionaskedbytheteacher.
A.NoevidencetoindicatebadeffectsofnaturallycontaminatedsoilB.PotentialhazardsofhumancontaminatedsoilsC.ResearchonchannelsofheavymetalsgettingintohumanfoodchainD.GeologyandhealthproblemsE.Rocks-theultimatesourceofsoilpollutionF.Long-termhealtheffectsonchildrenParagraph6______.
ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury.Asearlyasinthe1900smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysintheheartofatown.Thisstreetwas51onbothsideswithmanyvariedbusinesses.Hereshopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:clothingfurniturehardwaregroceries.52someshopsofferedservice.Theseshopsincludeddrugstoresrestaurantsshoerepairstoresandbarberorhairdressingshops.53inthe1950sachangebegantotakeplace.ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreet54toofewparkingplaceswere55shoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowdedmerchantsbegantolookwithinterestattheopenspaces56thecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircardrivingcustomersneeded.Andopenspaceiswhattheygot57thefirstshoppingcentrewasbuilt.Shoppingcentresorrathermalls58asacollectionofsmallnewstores59crowdedcitycentres.60byhundredsoffreeparkingspacecustomersweredrawnawayfrom61areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing62ofshoppingcentresled63tothebuildingofbiggerandbetterstockedstores.64thelate1970smanyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingtheconvenienceofonestopshoppingmallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks65benchesfountainsandoutdoorentertainment.
ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury.Asearlyasinthe1900smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysintheheartofatown.Thisstreetwas51onbothsideswithmanyvariedbusinesses.Hereshopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:clothingfurniturehardwaregroceries.52someshopsofferedservice.Theseshopsincludeddrugstoresrestaurantsshoerepairstoresandbarberorhairdressingshops.53inthe1950sachangebegantotakeplace.ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreet54toofewparkingplaceswere55shoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowdedmerchantsbegantolookwithinterestattheopenspaces56thecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircardrivingcustomersneeded.Andopenspaceiswhattheygot57thefirstshoppingcentrewasbuilt.Shoppingcentresorrathermalls58asacollectionofsmallnewstores59crowdedcitycentres.60byhundredsoffreeparkingspacecustomersweredrawnawayfrom61areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing62ofshoppingcentresled63tothebuildingofbiggerandbetterstockedstores.64thelate1970smanyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingtheconvenienceofonestopshoppingmallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks65benchesfountainsandoutdoorentertainment.
2.ASophisticatedDeviceforSophisticatedCommunicationAswirelesscommunicationhasbecomemoresophisticatedconsumershavemoreandmorechoicesofwaystocommunicateandorganizetheirlivesatthesametime.SowhatkindofdevicedomostpeoplewanttocarryinthefutureAPersonalDigimlAssistantPDAthattalksoracellphonethatcanhandledataThere’sevidencethatsmartcellphonesarewinningtheheartsofconsumers.Therearecertainlylotsmorecellphonesinpeople’shands.SalesofcellphonesstilloutnumberthoseofPDAs.Thesimplereasonforthisisthatusersfindwirelessphonesconvenientandeasy.There’snospecialknowledgerequiredtousethem;everybodyalreadyknowshowtomakephonecalls.Tomaintaintheiradvantagehowevercell—phonemanufacturersshouldcontinuetodesigntheirphonesprimarilyforvoicecommunications.Otherapplicationsneedtocomplementvoicefeaturesnotcompromisethem.Thereareanumberofdesigncriteriathatcellphonemanufacturersmusttakeintoconsiderationastheyareessentialtosuccessfulmarketappeal.Cellphonedesignersneedtokeepinmindthatpeoplebuythesedevicesfirsttocommunicatenottocomputesotheyneedtoremaineasytouse.Thereforemostimportantlynewcombinationdevicesneedtolooklikephones.Thefamiliarlookofcellphonesalsomakesiteasierfortechnophobeswhofearnewgadgetstoacceptdeviceswithmorecomplexcapabilities.Theaveragephoneuserprefersasimplekeypadnotastylusforwritingonascreen.Smallsizeisalsovalued.Afterallconvenienceiswhathasmadecellphonessopopularinthefirstplace.Giventhesecriteriahowevertheappealoftechnologyistoofferthecustomerinnovation—somethingnewtocapturetheirimagination.SowhataremanufacturersaddingtocellphonesAnythingthatrequiresalotoftypingoralargescreenwon’twork.Wordprocessingspreadsheetsorevenmostwebsurfingisn’tpractical.Successfulsmart-phoneapplicationsneedonlytoaddtotheconvenienceofphones.Makingiteveneasierfortheconsumertostayintouchandbeproductiveisthepriority.Assuchsomeusefulapplicationscouldbepersonalinformationmanagementprogramssuchasanaddressbookcalendarorato-dolistwhichautomaticallycommunicatewiththeuser’shome—oroffice—basedPC.AlsophonescanbeprogrammedforaccesstospecificInternetdataandfunctionsthattheuserchooses.Theycanofferphonedirectorysearchesanddrivingdirections.Morefeaturesmightincludeshortmessagingservicese-mailandfax.MorecellphonesaresoldthanPDAs.
ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury.Asearlyasinthe1900smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysintheheartofatown.Thisstreetwas51onbothsideswithmanyvariedbusinesses.Hereshopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:clothingfurniturehardwaregroceries.52someshopsofferedservice.Theseshopsincludeddrugstoresrestaurantsshoerepairstoresandbarberorhairdressingshops.53inthe1950sachangebegantotakeplace.ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreet54toofewparkingplaceswere55shoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowdedmerchantsbegantolookwithinterestattheopenspaces56thecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircardrivingcustomersneeded.Andopenspaceiswhattheygot57thefirstshoppingcentrewasbuilt.Shoppingcentresorrathermalls58asacollectionofsmallnewstores59crowdedcitycentres.60byhundredsoffreeparkingspacecustomersweredrawnawayfrom61areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing62ofshoppingcentresled63tothebuildingofbiggerandbetterstockedstores.64thelate1970smanyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingtheconvenienceofonestopshoppingmallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks65benchesfountainsandoutdoorentertainment.
ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury.Asearlyasinthe1900smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysintheheartofatown.Thisstreetwas51onbothsideswithmanyvariedbusinesses.Hereshopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:clothingfurniturehardwaregroceries.52someshopsofferedservice.Theseshopsincludeddrugstoresrestaurantsshoerepairstoresandbarberorhairdressingshops.53inthe1950sachangebegantotakeplace.ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreet54toofewparkingplaceswere55shoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowdedmerchantsbegantolookwithinterestattheopenspaces56thecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircardrivingcustomersneeded.Andopenspaceiswhattheygot57thefirstshoppingcentrewasbuilt.Shoppingcentresorrathermalls58asacollectionofsmallnewstores59crowdedcitycentres.60byhundredsoffreeparkingspacecustomersweredrawnawayfrom61areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing62ofshoppingcentresled63tothebuildingofbiggerandbetterstockedstores.64thelate1970smanyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingtheconvenienceofonestopshoppingmallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks65benchesfountainsandoutdoorentertainment.
1.TooDangerousforCollegeOnTuesdaytheAssociatedPressreportedthatbeermakerAnheuser-BuschhasscaledbackapromotioncalledFanCansinwhichthecompanytargetedcollegestudentsbypaintingcansofBudLightinschoolcolors.46Inresponsethecompanyagreedtostopsellingthespecial-editioncanswherecollegesobjected.Anumberofcollegeshadcomplainedaboutthecampaignonthegroundsthatamongotherthingsitsendsthewrongmessageaboutdrinking.Wethinkit’sanill-conceivedandinappropriatecampaignthatrunscountertoourcollectiveeffortstocombatunderagedrinkingaspokesmanforBostonCollegetoldtheAssociatedPress.Onitsfacerestrictingtheabilityofbeermakerstotargetcollegestudentsdirectlyseemslikeafineidea.Afterallthelogicseemstogothesepeopleareoldenoughtobeawayfromhomebutnotquiteoldenoughtomakeresponsibledecisions.47Ifwe’regoingtotreatcollegekidslikekidsthenbeerisn’ttheonlyproductthatoughttohaveitsmarketingwingsclippedbythosewhoknowwhat’sbest.Actuallythereisalistofproductsthatgelmarketedtocollegestudentseverydayallacrossthecountrysuchascigarettes.LastyeartheAmericanLungAssociationreportedthatafter1998whenthetobaccoindustrysignedanagreementwith46statesthatrestrictedtobaccoadvertisingtheindustrybegantargetingcollegestudentsbyspendingmoremoneyonpromotionsinbarsandnightclubswherethosestudentsspendtime.48Moreoverthosepromotionsseemtowork.49ShouldsocietybeconcernedaboutBigTobaccotargetingcollegekidsYoubet:accordingtotheALAfullyhalfofoccasionalcollegesmokerswerestillsmokingfouryearslater.Smokingisarguablyasdangeroustostudents’well-beingasalcohol.50Ifwe’regoingtobepaternalistic家长式作风的let’satleastbeconsistent.A.Butifcollegestudentsarea’tquick-witted机敏的enoughtoseepastcoloredbeercans.canwereallytrustthemtonavigatetheslick狡猾的marketingcampaignsofotherdangerousproductsB.Yetallofthemaremarketedatcollegestudents.C.Anheuser-BuschgotapushfronttheFederalTradeCommissionwhichwasconcernedthatcanswillbemarketedtofansunderthelegalageof21.D.Itismoredangerousforcollegestudentsnowadaysthanpreviousyears.E.Accordingtoa2004paperbyresearchersatHarvardstudentswhowereexposedtothosepromotionsweremorelikelytosmokethanthosewhodidn’t.F.Ina2000-01surveystudentsat115ofthe119schoolsstudiedsaidtheysawtobaccopromotionsatabarornightclu
ToPreventDeathsInHospitalOperatingDoctorsaroundtheworldnowperformmorethantwohundredthirtymillionmajoroperationseveryyear.TheWorldHealthOrganizationsayspreventableinjuriesanddeathsfrommedicaloperationsareagrowingconcern.Expertsestimatethatatleastonemillionpeopledieeveryyearbecauseofcomplicationsfromsurgicaltreatments.TheW.H.O.saysstudiessuggestthatabouthalfoftheseproblemsmaybepreventable.TheUnitedNationsagencyhopestoreducemistakeswithaprogrambuiltaroundanewSurgicalSafetyChecklist.AtulGawandeworksattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealthinBostonMassachusetts.HehelpeddeveloptheSafeSurgerySavesLivesprogram.DoctorGawandeandotherresearchersstudiedrecordsfromfifty-sixcountries.Intwothousandfoursurgicalcomplicationsindevelopedcountriesledtodeathinlessthanonepercentofcases.Indevelopingcountriestheratewasfivetotenpercent.Complicationscanhappenduringanoperationorafter.Forexampleaninfectionmightdevelopafteranoperation.Morethantwohundredmedicalsocietiesandhealthministrieshavejoinedintheefforttomakesurgerysafer.Thenewlistissimilartowhatairplanepilotsusebeforeflying.Onememberofthesurgicalteamisresponsibleforthechecklist.Thefirstquestionsareaskedbeforethepatientreceivesanesthesia.Theveryfirststepistoconfirmthepatient’sidentityandtheoperationtobeperformed.Morequestionsareaskedbeforethefirstcut.Allmembersoftheteamaresupposedtoidentifythemselvesbynameandjob.Anotherstepistoconfirmwhetherthepatientwasgivenantibioticdrugswithinthelasthourtopreventinfection.Thethirdandfinalpartofthechecklistiscompletedbeforethepatientleavestheoperatingroom.Forexamplesurgicalequipmentiscountedtomakesurenothingunnecessarystaysinthepatient.Ateightlocationsworldwidetheseactionswerebeingdoneonlythirty-sixpercentofthetime.ButtheW.H.O.saysuseofthelistincreasedthattosixty-eightpercent.Somehospitalsreachedalmostonehundredpercent.Earlyresultsfromonethousandpatientsshowedadropincomplicationsanddeaths.DoctorGawandesaysthechecklisthashelpedhiminhisownsurgery.Afinalversionofthelistisexpectedbytheendoftheyear.Whatisthepurposeforthethirdandfinalpart
ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury.Asearlyasinthe1900smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysintheheartofatown.Thisstreetwas51onbothsideswithmanyvariedbusinesses.Hereshopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:clothingfurniturehardwaregroceries.52someshopsofferedservice.Theseshopsincludeddrugstoresrestaurantsshoerepairstoresandbarberorhairdressingshops.53inthe1950sachangebegantotakeplace.ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreet54toofewparkingplaceswere55shoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowdedmerchantsbegantolookwithinterestattheopenspaces56thecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircardrivingcustomersneeded.Andopenspaceiswhattheygot57thefirstshoppingcentrewasbuilt.Shoppingcentresorrathermalls58asacollectionofsmallnewstores59crowdedcitycentres.60byhundredsoffreeparkingspacecustomersweredrawnawayfrom61areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing62ofshoppingcentresled63tothebuildingofbiggerandbetterstockedstores.64thelate1970smanyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingtheconvenienceofonestopshoppingmallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks65benchesfountainsandoutdoorentertainment.
2.ASophisticatedDeviceforSophisticatedCommunicationAswirelesscommunicationhasbecomemoresophisticatedconsumershavemoreandmorechoicesofwaystocommunicateandorganizetheirlivesatthesametime.SowhatkindofdevicedomostpeoplewanttocarryinthefutureAPersonalDigimlAssistantPDAthattalksoracellphonethatcanhandledataThere’sevidencethatsmartcellphonesarewinningtheheartsofconsumers.Therearecertainlylotsmorecellphonesinpeople’shands.SalesofcellphonesstilloutnumberthoseofPDAs.Thesimplereasonforthisisthatusersfindwirelessphonesconvenientandeasy.There’snospecialknowledgerequiredtousethem;everybodyalreadyknowshowtomakephonecalls.Tomaintaintheiradvantagehowevercell—phonemanufacturersshouldcontinuetodesigntheirphonesprimarilyforvoicecommunications.Otherapplicationsneedtocomplementvoicefeaturesnotcompromisethem.Thereareanumberofdesigncriteriathatcellphonemanufacturersmusttakeintoconsiderationastheyareessentialtosuccessfulmarketappeal.Cellphonedesignersneedtokeepinmindthatpeoplebuythesedevicesfirsttocommunicatenottocomputesotheyneedtoremaineasytouse.Thereforemostimportantlynewcombinationdevicesneedtolooklikephones.Thefamiliarlookofcellphonesalsomakesiteasierfortechnophobeswhofearnewgadgetstoacceptdeviceswithmorecomplexcapabilities.Theaveragephoneuserprefersasimplekeypadnotastylusforwritingonascreen.Smallsizeisalsovalued.Afterallconvenienceiswhathasmadecellphonessopopularinthefirstplace.Giventhesecriteriahowevertheappealoftechnologyistoofferthecustomerinnovation—somethingnewtocapturetheirimagination.SowhataremanufacturersaddingtocellphonesAnythingthatrequiresalotoftypingoralargescreenwon’twork.Wordprocessingspreadsheetsorevenmostwebsurfingisn’tpractical.Successfulsmart-phoneapplicationsneedonlytoaddtotheconvenienceofphones.Makingiteveneasierfortheconsumertostayintouchandbeproductiveisthepriority.Assuchsomeusefulapplicationscouldbepersonalinformationmanagementprogramssuchasanaddressbookcalendarorato-dolistwhichautomaticallycommunicatewiththeuser’shome—oroffice—basedPC.AlsophonescanbeprogrammedforaccesstospecificInternetdataandfunctionsthattheuserchooses.Theycanofferphonedirectorysearchesanddrivingdirections.Morefeaturesmightincludeshortmessagingservicese-mailandfax.Menlovecellphonesbetterthanwomen.
MarsProbeWatchesWater-iceFadeThepicturesacquiredbyaNASAorbiter卫星showwhitematerialexposedbyfleshmeteoriteimpactsfadingovertime-behaviourexpectedoficeonMars.Anonboardinstrumentalsodetectedthetell-talechemicalsignatureofwater.Todateexposedwater-icehasonlybeenseenatveryhighlatitudes.TheUSspaceagency’sNASArecentPhoenixprobefamouslydugintowater-iceatitshighArcticlandingsite.Theimplicationevenwiththesmallsetofexamplesscientistsnowhaveisthatbroaddepositsoficesitjustbelowtheredtop-soilofMars.There’saconsistentpicturestartingtoemergenowthatthesebroadsheetsmaybecommononMarsobservedShaneBymeoftheUniversityofArizonaamemberoftheteamrunningtheHiRISEcameraonNASA’sMarsReconnaissanceOrbiterMRO.ThevolumeofwaterisprobablycomparabletothevolumethatwewouldhaveintheGreenlandicesheetontheEanh-intheburiedicedepositsthatstretchfromeachpoletomid-latitudes.MROhasproducedearlierandlaterimagesatfivefreshimpactsitesmadein2008.ThesewereallhalfwaybetweentheNorthPoleandtheequatoronMars.Thecraters环形山陨石坑weresmalljustafewmetresacrossgougedoutbyincomingspacerocksthatmayhavebeennomorethan10cminsize.Thebrightwhitedepositsuncoveredbytheimpactswereseentowitherovertimesomethingexposedwater-icecannothelpbutdointhelow-pressureMartianatmosphere.Itisboundtosublimate-totumdirectlyfromasolidintoaVapour.Howeverthelengthoftimeittooktofadewasagoodindicationthattheicewasverypure.Haditcontainedalotofdirtmixedinwithittheicewouldhavesublimatedmuchquickerscientistssaid.ThediscoveriesmadebyMROaresaidtoindicatethatMarshadamorehumidclimateintherelativelyrecentpastwithinthelast10000years.Scientistssuspectmuchofthisicecameoutoftheatmosphere.Watervapourintheatmospherewilldiffusethroughtheparticlesofthesoiluntilitgetstoacertaindepthwhereitthenfreezes.Thelocationsoftheexposedicefitwiththemodelsusedtopredictwheregroundicemightbestablei.e.frommiduptohighlatitudes.ThemorehumidtheMartianatmospherethemoreextensivetheareaofthisstableice.explainedShaneByme.BasedonthelocationsofthesecratersweareabletosaysomethingabouthowmuchwaterwasintheMartianatmosphererecentlyandthatturnsouttobealotmorethanisintheatmospheretoday—maybealmostdoublewhat’sintheatmospheretoday./Whydidscientistsaytheicewasverypure
ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury.Asearlyasinthe1900smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysintheheartofatown.Thisstreetwas51onbothsideswithmanyvariedbusinesses.Hereshopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:clothingfurniturehardwaregroceries.52someshopsofferedservice.Theseshopsincludeddrugstoresrestaurantsshoerepairstoresandbarberorhairdressingshops.53inthe1950sachangebegantotakeplace.ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreet54toofewparkingplaceswere55shoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowdedmerchantsbegantolookwithinterestattheopenspaces56thecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircardrivingcustomersneeded.Andopenspaceiswhattheygot57thefirstshoppingcentrewasbuilt.Shoppingcentresorrathermalls58asacollectionofsmallnewstores59crowdedcitycentres.60byhundredsoffreeparkingspacecustomersweredrawnawayfrom61areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing62ofshoppingcentresled63tothebuildingofbiggerandbetterstockedstores.64thelate1970smanyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingtheconvenienceofonestopshoppingmallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks65benchesfountainsandoutdoorentertainment.
ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury.Asearlyasinthe1900smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysintheheartofatown.Thisstreetwas51onbothsideswithmanyvariedbusinesses.Hereshopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:clothingfurniturehardwaregroceries.52someshopsofferedservice.Theseshopsincludeddrugstoresrestaurantsshoerepairstoresandbarberorhairdressingshops.53inthe1950sachangebegantotakeplace.ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreet54toofewparkingplaceswere55shoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowdedmerchantsbegantolookwithinterestattheopenspaces56thecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircardrivingcustomersneeded.Andopenspaceiswhattheygot57thefirstshoppingcentrewasbuilt.Shoppingcentresorrathermalls58asacollectionofsmallnewstores59crowdedcitycentres.60byhundredsoffreeparkingspacecustomersweredrawnawayfrom61areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing62ofshoppingcentresled63tothebuildingofbiggerandbetterstockedstores.64thelate1970smanyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingtheconvenienceofonestopshoppingmallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks65benchesfountainsandoutdoorentertainment.
MarsProbeWatchesWater-iceFadeThepicturesacquiredbyaNASAorbiter卫星showwhitematerialexposedbyfleshmeteoriteimpactsfadingovertime-behaviourexpectedoficeonMars.Anonboardinstrumentalsodetectedthetell-talechemicalsignatureofwater.Todateexposedwater-icehasonlybeenseenatveryhighlatitudes.TheUSspaceagency’sNASArecentPhoenixprobefamouslydugintowater-iceatitshighArcticlandingsite.Theimplicationevenwiththesmallsetofexamplesscientistsnowhaveisthatbroaddepositsoficesitjustbelowtheredtop-soilofMars.There’saconsistentpicturestartingtoemergenowthatthesebroadsheetsmaybecommononMarsobservedShaneBymeoftheUniversityofArizonaamemberoftheteamrunningtheHiRISEcameraonNASA’sMarsReconnaissanceOrbiterMRO.ThevolumeofwaterisprobablycomparabletothevolumethatwewouldhaveintheGreenlandicesheetontheEanh-intheburiedicedepositsthatstretchfromeachpoletomid-latitudes.MROhasproducedearlierandlaterimagesatfivefreshimpactsitesmadein2008.ThesewereallhalfwaybetweentheNorthPoleandtheequatoronMars.Thecraters环形山陨石坑weresmalljustafewmetresacrossgougedoutbyincomingspacerocksthatmayhavebeennomorethan10cminsize.Thebrightwhitedepositsuncoveredbytheimpactswereseentowitherovertimesomethingexposedwater-icecannothelpbutdointhelow-pressureMartianatmosphere.Itisboundtosublimate-totumdirectlyfromasolidintoaVapour.Howeverthelengthoftimeittooktofadewasagoodindicationthattheicewasverypure.Haditcontainedalotofdirtmixedinwithittheicewouldhavesublimatedmuchquickerscientistssaid.ThediscoveriesmadebyMROaresaidtoindicatethatMarshadamorehumidclimateintherelativelyrecentpastwithinthelast10000years.Scientistssuspectmuchofthisicecameoutoftheatmosphere.Watervapourintheatmospherewilldiffusethroughtheparticlesofthesoiluntilitgetstoacertaindepthwhereitthenfreezes.Thelocationsoftheexposedicefitwiththemodelsusedtopredictwheregroundicemightbestablei.e.frommiduptohighlatitudes.ThemorehumidtheMartianatmospherethemoreextensivetheareaofthisstableice.explainedShaneByme.BasedonthelocationsofthesecratersweareabletosaysomethingabouthowmuchwaterwasintheMartianatmosphererecentlyandthatturnsouttobealotmorethanisintheatmospheretoday—maybealmostdoublewhat’sintheatmospheretoday./WhatdidtheMRO’sdiscoveriesindicate
A.NoevidencetoindicatebadeffectsofnaturallycontaminatedsoilB.PotentialhazardsofhumancontaminatedsoilsC.ResearchonchannelsofheavymetalsgettingintohumanfoodchainD.GeologyandhealthproblemsE.Rocks-theultimatesourceofsoilpollutionF.Long-termhealtheffectsonchildrenParagraph3______.
MarsProbeWatchesWater-iceFadeThepicturesacquiredbyaNASAorbiter卫星showwhitematerialexposedbyfleshmeteoriteimpactsfadingovertime-behaviourexpectedoficeonMars.Anonboardinstrumentalsodetectedthetell-talechemicalsignatureofwater.Todateexposedwater-icehasonlybeenseenatveryhighlatitudes.TheUSspaceagency’sNASArecentPhoenixprobefamouslydugintowater-iceatitshighArcticlandingsite.Theimplicationevenwiththesmallsetofexamplesscientistsnowhaveisthatbroaddepositsoficesitjustbelowtheredtop-soilofMars.There’saconsistentpicturestartingtoemergenowthatthesebroadsheetsmaybecommononMarsobservedShaneBymeoftheUniversityofArizonaamemberoftheteamrunningtheHiRISEcameraonNASA’sMarsReconnaissanceOrbiterMRO.ThevolumeofwaterisprobablycomparabletothevolumethatwewouldhaveintheGreenlandicesheetontheEanh-intheburiedicedepositsthatstretchfromeachpoletomid-latitudes.MROhasproducedearlierandlaterimagesatfivefreshimpactsitesmadein2008.ThesewereallhalfwaybetweentheNorthPoleandtheequatoronMars.Thecraters环形山陨石坑weresmalljustafewmetresacrossgougedoutbyincomingspacerocksthatmayhavebeennomorethan10cminsize.Thebrightwhitedepositsuncoveredbytheimpactswereseentowitherovertimesomethingexposedwater-icecannothelpbutdointhelow-pressureMartianatmosphere.Itisboundtosublimate-totumdirectlyfromasolidintoaVapour.Howeverthelengthoftimeittooktofadewasagoodindicationthattheicewasverypure.Haditcontainedalotofdirtmixedinwithittheicewouldhavesublimatedmuchquickerscientistssaid.ThediscoveriesmadebyMROaresaidtoindicatethatMarshadamorehumidclimateintherelativelyrecentpastwithinthelast10000years.Scientistssuspectmuchofthisicecameoutoftheatmosphere.Watervapourintheatmospherewilldiffusethroughtheparticlesofthesoiluntilitgetstoacertaindepthwhereitthenfreezes.Thelocationsoftheexposedicefitwiththemodelsusedtopredictwheregroundicemightbestablei.e.frommiduptohighlatitudes.ThemorehumidtheMartianatmospherethemoreextensivetheareaofthisstableice.explainedShaneByme.BasedonthelocationsofthesecratersweareabletosaysomethingabouthowmuchwaterwasintheMartianatmosphererecentlyandthatturnsouttobealotmorethanisintheatmospheretoday—maybealmostdoublewhat’sintheatmospheretoday./WhatnewfindingshasNASAacquired
Agreatdealhasbeendonetobetterthesituation
Aftercarefulconsiderationhedecidedtogiveuptheide
Wecanonlydependonourselvesinsteadofothers.
ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury.Asearlyasinthe1900smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysintheheartofatown.Thisstreetwas51onbothsideswithmanyvariedbusinesses.Hereshopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:clothingfurniturehardwaregroceries.52someshopsofferedservice.Theseshopsincludeddrugstoresrestaurantsshoerepairstoresandbarberorhairdressingshops.53inthe1950sachangebegantotakeplace.ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreet54toofewparkingplaceswere55shoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowdedmerchantsbegantolookwithinterestattheopenspaces56thecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircardrivingcustomersneeded.Andopenspaceiswhattheygot57thefirstshoppingcentrewasbuilt.Shoppingcentresorrathermalls58asacollectionofsmallnewstores59crowdedcitycentres.60byhundredsoffreeparkingspacecustomersweredrawnawayfrom61areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing62ofshoppingcentresled63tothebuildingofbiggerandbetterstockedstores.64thelate1970smanyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingtheconvenienceofonestopshoppingmallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks65benchesfountainsandoutdoorentertainment.
A.industriallypollutedsoilsB.rockandsoilchemistryC.naturallypollutedsoilsD.thepathwaysofmetalsintothefoodchainE.theelementofiodineF.thepersistenceofheavymetalsGeologistsareindispensableintheresearchprojectongeologyandhealthduetotheirknowledgeon______.
Thehorriblenewsreallymadeussad.
Thegovernorgavearatherdeterminedexplanationtothepublic.
2.ASophisticatedDeviceforSophisticatedCommunicationAswirelesscommunicationhasbecomemoresophisticatedconsumershavemoreandmorechoicesofwaystocommunicateandorganizetheirlivesatthesametime.SowhatkindofdevicedomostpeoplewanttocarryinthefutureAPersonalDigimlAssistantPDAthattalksoracellphonethatcanhandledataThere’sevidencethatsmartcellphonesarewinningtheheartsofconsumers.Therearecertainlylotsmorecellphonesinpeople’shands.SalesofcellphonesstilloutnumberthoseofPDAs.Thesimplereasonforthisisthatusersfindwirelessphonesconvenientandeasy.There’snospecialknowledgerequiredtousethem;everybodyalreadyknowshowtomakephonecalls.Tomaintaintheiradvantagehowevercell—phonemanufacturersshouldcontinuetodesigntheirphonesprimarilyforvoicecommunications.Otherapplicationsneedtocomplementvoicefeaturesnotcompromisethem.Thereareanumberofdesigncriteriathatcellphonemanufacturersmusttakeintoconsiderationastheyareessentialtosuccessfulmarketappeal.Cellphonedesignersneedtokeepinmindthatpeoplebuythesedevicesfirsttocommunicatenottocomputesotheyneedtoremaineasytouse.Thereforemostimportantlynewcombinationdevicesneedtolooklikephones.Thefamiliarlookofcellphonesalsomakesiteasierfortechnophobeswhofearnewgadgetstoacceptdeviceswithmorecomplexcapabilities.Theaveragephoneuserprefersasimplekeypadnotastylusforwritingonascreen.Smallsizeisalsovalued.Afterallconvenienceiswhathasmadecellphonessopopularinthefirstplace.Giventhesecriteriahowevertheappealoftechnologyistoofferthecustomerinnovation—somethingnewtocapturetheirimagination.SowhataremanufacturersaddingtocellphonesAnythingthatrequiresalotoftypingoralargescreenwon’twork.Wordprocessingspreadsheetsorevenmostwebsurfingisn’tpractical.Successfulsmart-phoneapplicationsneedonlytoaddtotheconvenienceofphones.Makingiteveneasierfortheconsumertostayintouchandbeproductiveisthepriority.Assuchsomeusefulapplicationscouldbepersonalinformationmanagementprogramssuchasanaddressbookcalendarorato-dolistwhichautomaticallycommunicatewiththeuser’shome—oroffice—basedPC.AlsophonescanbeprogrammedforaccesstospecificInternetdataandfunctionsthattheuserchooses.Theycanofferphonedirectorysearchesanddrivingdirections.Morefeaturesmightincludeshortmessagingservicese-mailandfax.Mostcellphoneuserspreferasimplekeypadandasmallsizeforconvenience.
2.ASophisticatedDeviceforSophisticatedCommunicationAswirelesscommunicationhasbecomemoresophisticatedconsumershavemoreandmorechoicesofwaystocommunicateandorganizetheirlivesatthesametime.SowhatkindofdevicedomostpeoplewanttocarryinthefutureAPersonalDigimlAssistantPDAthattalksoracellphonethatcanhandledataThere’sevidencethatsmartcellphonesarewinningtheheartsofconsumers.Therearecertainlylotsmorecellphonesinpeople’shands.SalesofcellphonesstilloutnumberthoseofPDAs.Thesimplereasonforthisisthatusersfindwirelessphonesconvenientandeasy.There’snospecialknowledgerequiredtousethem;everybodyalreadyknowshowtomakephonecalls.Tomaintaintheiradvantagehowevercell—phonemanufacturersshouldcontinuetodesigntheirphonesprimarilyforvoicecommunications.Otherapplicationsneedtocomplementvoicefeaturesnotcompromisethem.Thereareanumberofdesigncriteriathatcellphonemanufacturersmusttakeintoconsiderationastheyareessentialtosuccessfulmarketappeal.Cellphonedesignersneedtokeepinmindthatpeoplebuythesedevicesfirsttocommunicatenottocomputesotheyneedtoremaineasytouse.Thereforemostimportantlynewcombinationdevicesneedtolooklikephones.Thefamiliarlookofcellphonesalsomakesiteasierfortechnophobeswhofearnewgadgetstoacceptdeviceswithmorecomplexcapabilities.Theaveragephoneuserprefersasimplekeypadnotastylusforwritingonascreen.Smallsizeisalsovalued.Afterallconvenienceiswhathasmadecellphonessopopularinthefirstplace.Giventhesecriteriahowevertheappealoftechnologyistoofferthecustomerinnovation—somethingnewtocapturetheirimagination.SowhataremanufacturersaddingtocellphonesAnythingthatrequiresalotoftypingoralargescreenwon’twork.Wordprocessingspreadsheetsorevenmostwebsurfingisn’tpractical.Successfulsmart-phoneapplicationsneedonlytoaddtotheconvenienceofphones.Makingiteveneasierfortheconsumertostayintouchandbeproductiveisthepriority.Assuchsomeusefulapplicationscouldbepersonalinformationmanagementprogramssuchasanaddressbookcalendarorato-dolistwhichautomaticallycommunicatewiththeuser’shome—oroffice—basedPC.AlsophonescanbeprogrammedforaccesstospecificInternetdataandfunctionsthattheuserchooses.Theycanofferphonedirectorysearchesanddrivingdirections.Morefeaturesmightincludeshortmessagingservicese-mailandfax.Cellphoneswillreplacepersonalcomputersinthelongrun.
Thenewstudentsweresurprisedbywhattheysawoncampus.
1.TooDangerousforCollegeOnTuesdaytheAssociatedPressreportedthatbeermakerAnheuser-BuschhasscaledbackapromotioncalledFanCansinwhichthecompanytargetedcollegestudentsbypaintingcansofBudLightinschoolcolors.46Inresponsethecompanyagreedtostopsellingthespecial-editioncanswherecollegesobjected.Anumberofcollegeshadcomplainedaboutthecampaignonthegroundsthatamongotherthingsitsendsthewrongmessageaboutdrinking.Wethinkit’sanill-conceivedandinappropriatecampaignthatrunscountertoourcollectiveeffortstocombatunderagedrinkingaspokesmanforBostonCollegetoldtheAssociatedPress.Onitsfacerestrictingtheabilityofbeermakerstotargetcollegestudentsdirectlyseemslikeafineidea.Afterallthelogicseemstogothesepeopleareoldenoughtobeawayfromhomebutnotquiteoldenoughtomakeresponsibledecisions.47Ifwe’regoingtotreatcollegekidslikekidsthenbeerisn’ttheonlyproductthatoughttohaveitsmarketingwingsclippedbythosewhoknowwhat’sbest.Actuallythereisalistofproductsthatgelmarketedtocollegestudentseverydayallacrossthecountrysuchascigarettes.LastyeartheAmericanLungAssociationreportedthatafter1998whenthetobaccoindustrysignedanagreementwith46statesthatrestrictedtobaccoadvertisingtheindustrybegantargetingcollegestudentsbyspendingmoremoneyonpromotionsinbarsandnightclubswherethosestudentsspendtime.48Moreoverthosepromotionsseemtowork.49ShouldsocietybeconcernedaboutBigTobaccotargetingcollegekidsYoubet:accordingtotheALAfullyhalfofoccasionalcollegesmokerswerestillsmokingfouryearslater.Smokingisarguablyasdangeroustostudents’well-beingasalcohol.50Ifwe’regoingtobepaternalistic家长式作风的let’satleastbeconsistent.A.Butifcollegestudentsarea’tquick-witted机敏的enoughtoseepastcoloredbeercans.canwereallytrustthemtonavigatetheslick狡猾的marketingcampaignsofotherdangerousproductsB.Yetallofthemaremarketedatcollegestudents.C.Anheuser-BuschgotapushfronttheFederalTradeCommissionwhichwasconcernedthatcanswillbemarketedtofansunderthelegalageof21.D.Itismoredangerousforcollegestudentsnowadaysthanpreviousyears.E.Accordingtoa2004paperbyresearchersatHarvardstudentswhowereexposedtothosepromotionsweremorelikelytosmokethanthosewhodidn’t.F.Ina2000-01surveystudentsat115ofthe119schoolsstudiedsaidtheysawtobaccopromotionsatabarornightclu
ToPreventDeathsInHospitalOperatingDoctorsaroundtheworldnowperformmorethantwohundredthirtymillionmajoroperationseveryyear.TheWorldHealthOrganizationsayspreventableinjuriesanddeathsfrommedicaloperationsareagrowingconcern.Expertsestimatethatatleastonemillionpeopledieeveryyearbecauseofcomplicationsfromsurgicaltreatments.TheW.H.O.saysstudiessuggestthatabouthalfoftheseproblemsmaybepreventable.TheUnitedNationsagencyhopestoreducemistakeswithaprogrambuiltaroundanewSurgicalSafetyChecklist.AtulGawandeworksattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealthinBostonMassachusetts.HehelpeddeveloptheSafeSurgerySavesLivesprogram.DoctorGawandeandotherresearchersstudiedrecordsfromfifty-sixcountries.Intwothousandfoursurgicalcomplicationsindevelopedcountriesledtodeathinlessthanonepercentofcases.Indevelopingcountriestheratewasfivetotenpercent.Complicationscanhappenduringanoperationorafter.Forexampleaninfectionmightdevelopafteranoperation.Morethantwohundredmedicalsocietiesandhealthministrieshavejoinedintheefforttomakesurgerysafer.Thenewlistissimilartowhatairplanepilotsusebeforeflying.Onememberofthesurgicalteamisresponsibleforthechecklist.Thefirstquestionsareaskedbeforethepatientreceivesanesthesia.Theveryfirststepistoconfirmthepatient’sidentityandtheoperationtobeperformed.Morequestionsareaskedbeforethefirstcut.Allmembersoftheteamaresupposedtoidentifythemselvesbynameandjob.Anotherstepistoconfirmwhetherthepatientwasgivenantibioticdrugswithinthelasthourtopreventinfection.Thethirdandfinalpartofthechecklistiscompletedbeforethepatientleavestheoperatingroom.Forexamplesurgicalequipmentiscountedtomakesurenothingunnecessarystaysinthepatient.Ateightlocationsworldwidetheseactionswerebeingdoneonlythirty-sixpercentofthetime.ButtheW.H.O.saysuseofthelistincreasedthattosixty-eightpercent.Somehospitalsreachedalmostonehundredpercent.Earlyresultsfromonethousandpatientsshowedadropincomplicationsanddeaths.DoctorGawandesaysthechecklisthashelpedhiminhisownsurgery.Afinalversionofthelistisexpectedbytheendoftheyear.HowmanystepsarethereforthenewSurgicalSafetyChecklistcarriedoutbytheUnitedNationsagency
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