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Once a circle missed a wedge. The circle wanted to be whole, so it went around looking for its mi...
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—Whyhasn’tthespeakerturnedup?—He_________theflight
must have missed
might have missed
would have missed
could have missed
IcametoliveherewhereIamnowbetweenWoundedKneeGreeka
IcametoliveherewhereIamnowbetweenWoundedKneeGreeka
IcametoliveherewhereIamnowbetweenWoundedKneeGreeka
IcametoliveherewhereIamnowbetweenWoundedKneeGreeka
Onceacirclemissedawedge楔子.Thecirclewantedtobe76soi
用方框中所给单词的适当形式填空circleleadenergymedicinevictory1.Th
Trynottobeabsentfromclassagainfortherestoftheterm.
have missed; missed
missed; missed
had missed; have missed
will miss; have missed
Canyoubelieveyoureyes?A.recentexperimentsuggeststh
[说明] ①为类Circle增加一个构造函数该函数有一个参数并在构造时将该参数值赋给成员radiu
TheAdventureGuidesProgramNewMemberInformationforth
18分甲图是质谱仪的工作原理示意图.设法使某有机化合物的气态分子导入图中的A.容器使它受到电子束轰击
Onceacirclemissedawedge.Thecirclewantedtobewholeso
根据下列5个图形及相应点的个数的变化规律试猜测第n个图中有________个点.
[说明]①为类Circle增加一个构造函数该函数有一个参数并在构造时将该参数值赋给成员radius将
Howdidyoumanagetogettoschoolontime______youmissedt
when
if
once
because
IcametoliveherewhereIamnowbetweenWoundedKneeGreeka
[说明]下面程序定义了一个类Point及其成员函数然后从类Point派生出类Circle及其成员函数
—Whatabadluck!Ihavemissedagoldenchance!—LetitbE.__
A. flower blooms more than oncE.
A.fault confessed is half correcteD.
A. loveless life is living death.
A.problem shared is a problem halveD.
.—Let’shurry.Thefilmisbeginning.—OhIwasafraidthatt
is already missed
will be missed
has already been missed
had already been missed
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Todaynoonehaseverdoubtedabouttelevision’scharm.Since1920sBritaininventedthefirsttelevisionpeoplehavebeguntoliveinaworldcrowdedwithsoapoperasnewsmagazinesandTVadvertisements.41．______HoweverhaveweevertriedtofindoutthemagichereWhydidthetelevisionwinthecompetitionwithpapermediaandradioinsuchashortperiodBywhatkindofcontentiondidTVfinallycontrolmostoftheaudiencesAndwhydoesTVbecomethemeanstheindustrialcirclesscramblefor ItisarguedthattelevisionmaynotbeaformofartbutfifteenthousandyearsbeforetheprimitivepeoplehadlefturusdrawingsonAltamiraCaveinSpainwhichprovedthatpicturesarehumanever-lastingpursuitmuchearlierthanletters.42．______Thecomingofthe19thcenturyforetoldamassmediatimesandalsothebreak-throughinartsbecauseoftherapiddevelopmentintechnology.Firstbytheinventionofphotographyphotosshowedupbeforepeopleinawaymoresubstantiatedandfrequentthaneverbefore;thenradioenabledcommonpeopletoenjoyartsbyears;andfinallytelevisionintegratedadvantagesofbothphotosandsoundsintoanewcreationincontinuouslymovingstreams.43．______ Buttelevisionadvertisementswinpeople’sfavornotonlybecauseitisanartbutalsobecauseitknowspeople’sheart.Fromtheusualmentalactivitypeopleacceptathing-perceptionunderstandingrecollectionattitudeandactionwecanfindouthowaTVadmovespeople.44．______Thereisonlyaslowlyturningfistonthescreenwithavoice-over:whathasitgraspedAndthefistopenednothinginside.Whatitgraspsisjustyourattention.Whenthetargetedaudienceiswillingtowatchtheadthefirststepisfinishedandthentheyshouldloveit.HowtogaintheiridentificationTheadcircleshavesummedupmanyeffectiveexperiences.Theyoftenmaketheiradsentertainingandhumorousorexhibittheirgoodsinasmartandartfulwayorfindoutacraftyandclearpropositionwhichsometimesmaybe:DawnDetergent-wrapsthegreasewhichwillnotstainyourhandsGod!Alldetergentcoulddothisalthoughtheaudiencemaynotrealize..AsforthelinksofmemorizingattitudeandactionsinceTVisthemostcompulsivepenetratingandinfluentialmediumTVadsarestillthemostefficient.45．______Fromcpptocpmandfromthewell-knownTVratingstoaudienceshareTVadsareastagewhereeveryinterestgroupsandindividualsracktheirbrainstokeepmovinganditisalsooneofthebusinessareaswithfiercestcompetition. TVadsstillthemainformoftoday’sadvertisingwillneverbeacircleshortofcreationandadvance. [A]FirstTVadalwayssparesnoefforttograspaudience’sattentionasshowninanadmadebythead-departmentofaTVstudiotopromoteitself. [B]Particularlywithitsunparalleledpowerofproductpromotiontelevisionhasservedastheadvertiser’sbelovedsonforalltheseyears. [C]Inthelatercenturiesalthoughgreatprogresseswerealsomadeinsculpturesarchitecturesandmusicdrawingwasalwaysthesynonymforart. [D]TVadsstillthemainformoftoday’sadvertisingwillneverbeacircleshortofcreationandadvance. [E]Televisionoriginatedfromartultimatelysurpassedit. [F]TodayTVadshavebecomeoneoftherepresentativesofmodernbusinessoperation. [G]Televisionofthesamebloodwithmoviehasalsoborrowedmuchfromthiscomparativelymatureartformincreatingadvertisements. 43
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational [B]Theconventionhavingbeenrevisedthreetimes [C]Whyisunificationofmaritimelawnecessary [D]Theconventionwiththemostsignaturestates. [E]Incompatibletimescale [F]Thesalvageconvention AccordingtoConstitution:"TheComiteMaritimeInternationalCMIisanon-governmentalinternationalorganizationtheobjectofwhichistocontributebyallappropriatemeansandactivitiestotheunificationofmaritimelawinallitsaspects.Tothisenditshallpromotetheestablishmentofnationalassociationsofmaritimelawandshallcooperatewithotherinternationalorganizations."TheCMIhasbeendoingjustthatsince1897. 41.______ InanaddresstotheUniversityofTurinin1860theJuristMancinisaid:"Theseawithitswindsitsstormsanditsdangersneverchangesandthis.demandsanecessaryuniformityofjuridicalregime."Inotherwordsthoseinvolvedintheworldofmaritimetradeneedtoknowthatwherevertheytradetheapplicablelawwillbyandlargebethesame.Traditionallyuniformityisachievedbymeansofinternationalconventionsorotherformsofagreementnegotiatedbetweengovernmentsandenforceddomesticallybythosesamegovernments. 42.______ Itistemptingtomeasurethesuccessofaconventiononastrictlynumericalbasis.IfthatisthepropercriterionofsuccessonecouldsaythatoneofthemostsuccessfulconventionseverproducedwastheveryfirstCMIconvention--theCollisionConventionof1910.ThetermsofthisconventionwereagreedonSeptember231910andtheconventionenteredintoforcelessthanthreeyearslateronMarch11913. 43.______AlmostassuccessfulinnumericaltermsisaconventionofsimilarvintagenamelytheSalvageConventionof1910.LessthanthreeyearselapsedbetweenagreementofthetextattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceandentryintoforceonMarch11913.wearequiteproperlystartingtoseeanumberofdenunciationsofthisconventionascountriesadoptthenewsalvageConventionof1989.ItisworthrecordingthattheSalvageConventionof1989designedtoreplacethe1910ConventiondidnotenterintoforceuntilJuly1996morethansevenyearsafteragreement.ThelatestinformationavailableisthatfortyStateshavenowratifiedoraccededtothe1989convention. 44.______ ThetextofthefirstLimitationConventionwasagreedattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceinAugust1924butdidnotenterintoforceuntil1931-sevenyearsafterthetexthadbeenagreed.Thisconventionwasnotwidelysupportedandeventuallyattractedonlyfifteenratificationsoraccessions.TheCMIhadasecondgoatlimitationwithits1957ConventionthetextofwhichwasagreedinOctoberofthatyear.ItenteredintoforceinMay1968andhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobyfifty-onestatesthoughofcourseanumberhavesubsequentlydenouncedthisconventioninordertoembracethethirdCMILimitationConventionthatof1976.Atthelatestcountthe76Conventionhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobythirty-sevenstates.Thefourthinstrumentonlimitationnamelythe1996ProtocolhasnotyetcomeintoforcedespitethepassageofsixyearssincetheDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextofthewasagreed. 45.______ Byalmostanystandardofmeasurementthemostsuccessfulmaritimelawconventionofalltime:theCivilLiabilityConventionof1969.ThetextofthatconventiontowhichtheCMIcontributedbothinbackgroundresearchanddraftingwasagreedataDiplomaticConferencein1969anditenteredintoforcesixyearslaterinJune1975.Theconventionhasatvariousstagesbeenaccededtoorratifiedby103stateswithtwoadditional"provisional"ratifications.IfweaddtothisthevariousstatesanddependenciesthatcomeinundertheUKumbrellawerealizethatwearelookingatahugelysuccessfulconvention. ConventionsandotherunifyinginstrumentsareborninadversityAnareaoflawmaycomeunderreviewbecauseoneortwostateshavebeenconfrontedbyamaritimelegalproblemthathasaffectedthemdirectly.Thosesponsoringstatesmaywellspendsometimereviewingtheproblemandproducingthefirstdraftofaninstrument.EventuallythisdraftmaybeofferedtotheInternationalMaritimeOrganisation’sIMOLegalCommitteeforinclusioninitsworkprogram.OverensuingyearstheLegalCommitteemeetingeverysicmonthsorsoissuespresentedbythedraftwillbedebatednewissueswillberaisedandtheinstrumentwillbeendlesslyre-drafted.AtsomestagetheviewwillbetakenthattheinstrumentissufficientlymaturetowarrantaDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextwillbefinalized.IftheinstrumentisapprovedattheDiplomaticConferenceitwillsitfortwelvemonthsawaitingsignatureandthenbeopentoratificationandaccession.Theinstrumentwillcontainanentryintoforcerequirementwhichwillneedtobesatisfied. 45
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 15
Practicallyspeakingtheartisticmaturingofthecinemawasthesingle-handedachievementofDavidW.Griffith1875-1948.46BeforeGriffithphotographyindramaticfilmsconsistedoflittlemorethanplacingtheactorsbeforeastationarycameraandshowingtheminfulllengthastheywouldhaveappearedonstage.FromthebeginningofhiscareerasadirectorhoweverGriffithbecauseofhisloveofVictorianpaintingemployedcomposition.Heconceivedofthecameraimageashavingaforegroundandareargroundaswellasthemiddledistancepreferredbymostdirectors.By1910hewasusingclose-upstorevealsignificantdetailsofthesceneoroftheactingandextremelongshotstoachieveasenseofspectacleanddistance.Hisappreciationofthecamera’spossibilitiesproducednoveldramaticeffects.47Bysplittinganeventintofragmentsandrecordingeachfromthemostsuitablecamerapositionhecouldsignificantlyvarytheemphasisfromcamerashottocamerashot. Griffithalsoachieveddramaticeffectsbymeansofcreativeediting.Byjuxtaposingimagesandvaryingthespeedandrhythmoftheirpresentationhecouldcontroltiledramaticintensityoftheeventsasthestoryprogressed.48DespitethereluctanceofhisproducerswhofearedthatthepublicwouldnotbeabletofollowaplotthatwasmadeupofsuchjuxtaposedimagesGriffithpersistedandexperimentedaswellwithotherelementsofcinematicsyntaxthathavebecomestandardeversince.Theseincludedtheflashbackpermittingbroadpsychologicalandemotionalexplorationaswellasnarrativethatwasnotchronologicalandthecrosscutbetweentwoparallelactionstoheightensuspenseandexcitement.InthusexploitingfullythepossibilitiesofeditingGriffithtransposeddevicesoftheVictoriannoveltofilmandgavefilmmasteryoftimeaswellasspace. Besidesdevelopingthecinema’slanguageGriffithimmenselybroadeneditsrangeandtreatmentofsubjects.49Hisearlyoutputwasremarkablyeclectic:itincludednotonlythestandardcomediesmelodramaswesternsandthrillersbutalsosuchnoveltiesasadaptationsfromBrowningandTennysonandtreatmentsofsocialissues.AshissuccessesmountedhisambitionsgrewandwiththemthewholeofAmericancinema.WhenheremadeEnochArdenin1911heinsistedthatasubjectofsuchimportancecouldnotbetreatedinthethenconventionallengthofonereel.Griffith’sintroductionoftheAmerican-mademulti-reelpicturebegananimmenserevolution.TwoyearslaterJudithofBethuliaanelaboratehistoricphilosophicalspectaclereachedtheunprecedentedlengthoffourreelsoronehour’srunningtime.50Fromourcontemporaryviewpointthepretensionsofthisfilmmayseemalittleridiculousbutatthetimeitprovokedendlessdebateanddiscussionandgaveanewintellectualrespectabilitytothecinema. 47Bysplittinganeventintofragmentsandrecordingeachfromthemostsuitablecamerapositionhecouldsignificantlyvarytheemphasisfromcamerashottocamerashot.
Todaynoonehaseverdoubtedabouttelevision’scharm.Since1920sBritaininventedthefirsttelevisionpeoplehavebeguntoliveinaworldcrowdedwithsoapoperasnewsmagazinesandTVadvertisements.41．______HoweverhaveweevertriedtofindoutthemagichereWhydidthetelevisionwinthecompetitionwithpapermediaandradioinsuchashortperiodBywhatkindofcontentiondidTVfinallycontrolmostoftheaudiencesAndwhydoesTVbecomethemeanstheindustrialcirclesscramblefor ItisarguedthattelevisionmaynotbeaformofartbutfifteenthousandyearsbeforetheprimitivepeoplehadlefturusdrawingsonAltamiraCaveinSpainwhichprovedthatpicturesarehumanever-lastingpursuitmuchearlierthanletters.42．______Thecomingofthe19thcenturyforetoldamassmediatimesandalsothebreak-throughinartsbecauseoftherapiddevelopmentintechnology.Firstbytheinventionofphotographyphotosshowedupbeforepeopleinawaymoresubstantiatedandfrequentthaneverbefore;thenradioenabledcommonpeopletoenjoyartsbyears;andfinallytelevisionintegratedadvantagesofbothphotosandsoundsintoanewcreationincontinuouslymovingstreams.43．______ Buttelevisionadvertisementswinpeople’sfavornotonlybecauseitisanartbutalsobecauseitknowspeople’sheart.Fromtheusualmentalactivitypeopleacceptathing-perceptionunderstandingrecollectionattitudeandactionwecanfindouthowaTVadmovespeople.44．______Thereisonlyaslowlyturningfistonthescreenwithavoice-over:whathasitgraspedAndthefistopenednothinginside.Whatitgraspsisjustyourattention.Whenthetargetedaudienceiswillingtowatchtheadthefirststepisfinishedandthentheyshouldloveit.HowtogaintheiridentificationTheadcircleshavesummedupmanyeffectiveexperiences.Theyoftenmaketheiradsentertainingandhumorousorexhibittheirgoodsinasmartandartfulwayorfindoutacraftyandclearpropositionwhichsometimesmaybe:DawnDetergent-wrapsthegreasewhichwillnotstainyourhandsGod!Alldetergentcoulddothisalthoughtheaudiencemaynotrealize..AsforthelinksofmemorizingattitudeandactionsinceTVisthemostcompulsivepenetratingandinfluentialmediumTVadsarestillthemostefficient.45．______Fromcpptocpmandfromthewell-knownTVratingstoaudienceshareTVadsareastagewhereeveryinterestgroupsandindividualsracktheirbrainstokeepmovinganditisalsooneofthebusinessareaswithfiercestcompetition. TVadsstillthemainformoftoday’sadvertisingwillneverbeacircleshortofcreationandadvance. [A]FirstTVadalwayssparesnoefforttograspaudience’sattentionasshowninanadmadebythead-departmentofaTVstudiotopromoteitself. [B]Particularlywithitsunparalleledpowerofproductpromotiontelevisionhasservedastheadvertiser’sbelovedsonforalltheseyears. [C]Inthelatercenturiesalthoughgreatprogresseswerealsomadeinsculpturesarchitecturesandmusicdrawingwasalwaysthesynonymforart. [D]TVadsstillthemainformoftoday’sadvertisingwillneverbeacircleshortofcreationandadvance. [E]Televisionoriginatedfromartultimatelysurpassedit. [F]TodayTVadshavebecomeoneoftherepresentativesofmodernbusinessoperation. [G]Televisionofthesamebloodwithmoviehasalsoborrowedmuchfromthiscomparativelymatureartformincreatingadvertisements. 41
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 1
Directions: ReadthefollowingChinesetextandwriteanabstractofitin80-100EnglishwordsonANSWERSHEET2. 冬季的体育锻炼 尽管冬季寒冷但足仍需进行必要的体育锻炼寒冷的气候条件下进行体育锻炼一定要注意自我保健否则会适得其反冻坏身体冬季体育锻炼项目主要有滑冰滑喾晨练冬泳等下面结合冬季气候作介绍 首先是着装问题服装的隔热值必须与运动中增强的代谢产热过程平衡在冷天中多穿衣服衣服在皮肤之外包住一层温暖的空气使传导散热过程减弱但在运动时机体的产热大大增加如果穿得过多反而有害应穿轻便的衣服这样在运动中产热增加时可以方便地脱掉近年来服装制造商在发展轻质服装方面不断改进这样可以保证良好的隔热性同时又保证了活动的自由性 在寒冷环境下运动时机体能量代谢增强产热增加此时机体血管扩展大大降低了身体对寒冷的抵抗能力因此在运动间隙要特别注意保暖及时加衣寒冷环境中运动时能量消耗大代谢水平高使身体内的能源物质消耗增多在代谢过程中还需要各种维生素的参与如维生素B1B2B3烟酸维生素C等需求增加 因此对于从事滑冰滑雪及在寒冷环境下锻炼者的膳食应注意增加较多的热量一般来说从事同等强度的运动冬季比春季热量消耗高10%左右据测算一个成年人两小时的滑冰练习可增加消耗1000～1500千卡热量在三大物质中因脂肪具有产热多的特点且增加脂肪有助于机体御寒故应适当增加脂肪的供能比例一般可占全部热量的25%～30%而蛋白质也应偏高占12%～18%其余由糖来供给体育运动者按每天消耗3500卡热量计算蛋白质约需130克脂肪150克糖约480克相当于每天应摄入米饭或馒头600克左右鸡肉100克瘦猪肉200克鸡蛋两个牛奶两杯植物油50克等 冰雪项目锻炼中膳食中的维生素也应相当增加维生素C能增强人体对寒冷的适应能力据文献称摄入大量维生素可明显减少寒冷环境中的体温下降幅度缓解机体肾上腺的过度应激反应增加机体耐寒能力 冬泳是我国北方的一大特色冬泳健身在理论上有其科学性但冬泳毕竟是一项冒险的运动必须掌握科学的方法反之就会影响身体健康甚至诱发疾病一是冬泳锻炼应从秋季的冷水浴开始逐渐提高对寒冷的适应能力冬泳期间应加强高能量饮食的补充冬泳前不要喝酒对于心肝肾有严重疾病的人或脑血管病溃疡关节炎患者以及妇女在月经期均不宜冬泳 冬季有晨练习惯的人遇大雾天最好在室内进行晨练一是雾天能见度低容易发生交通事故二是冬雾中含有对人体有害的酸和胺等污染物吸人人体易引起气管炎喉炎结膜炎和一些过敏性疾病另外冬季晨练应尽量用鼻呼吸鼻道能对吸入的冷空气预热鼻黏膜能阻止吸入空气中的灰尘对于严重的疾病患者冬天的耐寒锻炼更应适度锻炼时应根据病情变化适当减少或增加幅度以防旧病复发注意循序渐进掌握体育锻炼与药物治疗相结合的原则在天气过于寒冷时最好不要外出锻炼
Everysecond1hectareoftheworld’srainforestisdestroyed.That’sequivalenttotwofootballfields.AnareathesizeofNewYorkCityislosteveryday.Inayearthataddsupto31millionhectares--morethanthelandareaofPoland.Thisalarmingrateofdestructionhasseriousconsequencesfortheenvironment;scientistsestimateforexamplethat137speciesofplantinsectoranimalbecomeextincteverydayduetologging.InBritishColumbiawheresince1990thirteenrainforestvalleyshavebeenclearcut142speciesofsalmonhavealreadybecomeextinctandthehabitatsofgrizzlybearswolvesandmanyothercreaturesarethreatened.Logginghoweverprovidesjobsprofitstaxesforthegovernmentandcheapproductsofallkindsforconsumerssothegovernmentisreluctanttorestrictorcontrolit. MuchofCanada’sforestryproductiongoestowardsmakingpulpandpaper.AccordingtotheCanadianPulpandPaperAssociationCanadasupplies34%oftheworld’swoodpulpand49%ofitsnewsprintpaper.IfthesepaperproductscouldbeproducedinsomeotherwayCanadianforestscouldbepreserved.Recentlyapossiblealternativewayofproducingpaperhasbeensuggestedbyagriculturalistsandenvironmentalists:aplantcalledhemp. Hemphasbeencultivatedbymanyculturesforthousandsofyears.Itproducesfiberwhichcanbemadeintopaperfueloilstextilesfoodandrope.Formanycenturiesitwasessentialtotheeconomiesofmanycountriesbecauseitwasusedtomaketheropesandcablesusedonsailingships;colonialexpansionandtheestablishmentofaworldwidetradingnetworkwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouthemp.Nowadaysships’cablesareusuallymadefromwireorsyntheticfibresbutscientistsarenowsuggestingthatthecultivationofhempshouldberevivedfortheproductionofpaperandpulp.Accordingtoitsproponentsfourtimesasmuchpapercanbeproducedfromlandusinghempratherthantreesandmanyenvironmentalistsbelievethatthelarge-scalecultivationofhempcouldreducethepressureonCanada’sforests. Howeverthereisaproblem:hempisillegalinmanycountriesoftheworld.Thisplantsousefulforfiberropeoilfuelandtextilesisaspeciesofcannabisrelatedtotheplantfromwhichmarijuanaisproduced.Inthelate1930samovementtobanthedrugmarijuanabegantogatherforceresultingintheeventualbanningofthecultivationnotonlyoftheplantusedtoproducethedrugbutalsoofthecommercialfiber-producinghempplant.AlthoughbothGeorgeWashingtonandThomasJeffersongrewhempinlargequantitiesontheirownlandanyAmericangrowingtheplanttodaywouldsoonfindhimselfinprison--despitethefactthatmarijuanacannotbeproducedfromthehempplantsinceitcontainsalmostnoTHCtheactiveingredientinthedrug. Inrecentyearstwomajormovementsforlegalizationhavebeengatheringstrength.OnegroupofactivistsbelievesthatALLcannabisshouldbelegal--boththehempplantandthemarijuanaplant--andthattheuseofthedrugmarijuanashouldnotbeanoffense.Theyarguethatmarijuanaisnotdangerousoraddictiveandthatitisusedbylargenumbersofpeoplewhoarenotcriminalsbutproductivemembersofsociety.Theyalsopointoutthatmarijuanaislesstoxicthanalcoholortobacco.Theotherlegalizationmovementisconcernedonlywiththehempplantusedtoproducefiber;thisgroupwantstomakeitlegaltocultivatetheplantandsellthefiberforpaperandpulpproduction.Thissecondgrouphashadamajortriumphrecently:in1997Canadalegalizedthefarmingofhempforfiber.Forthefirsttimesince1938hundredsoffarmersareplantingthiscropandsoonwecanexpecttoseepulpandpaperproducedfromthisnewsource. Canadianforestswillnotfacedestructionif
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 19
Noblueprintexistsfortransforminganeconomyfromonewithagreatdealofgovernmentcontroltoonebasedalmostsolelyonfreemarketprinciples.YettheexperienceoftheUnitedKingdomsince1979clearlyshowsoneapproachthatworks:privatizationinwhichunder-performingstate-ownedaresoldtoprivatecompanies. By1979thetotalamountofdebtliabilitiesandlossesforstate-controlledenterprisesintheUKtopped3billionannually.Bysellingoffmanyofthesecompaniesparticularlythoseinthedepressedindustrialsectorthegovernmentdecreaseditsdebtburdenandceasedpumpingpublicfundsintomoneylosingenterprises.AccordingtogovernmentspokespersonAlistairMcBride"FarfrompastpracticeofthrowinggoodmoneyafterbadtheQueen’sgovernmentthisyearexpectstotakein34billionfromtheproceedsofthesale."Thatsaysomeanalystsmayonlybethebeginning.Privatizationhasnotonlybeencreditedwithrescuingwholeindustriesbutthenation’seconomytoboot. DuetoincreasedtaxrevenuesfromthenewlyprivatizedcompaniesalongwithareboundintheoveralleconomyeconomicforecasterspredictthatBritainwillbeabletorepaynearly12.5%ofthenetnationaldebtwithintwoyears.Thatisgoodnewsindeedfortheeconomyasawholeatatimewhenmanysectorsaredesperateforanyrayofsunshine.BritishAirwaysthisweekannounceda20%jumpinoverallticketsalesandprofitsoverthisquarterayearago.BritishGasannounceditsfirstprofitablequarterinnineyears.AtAssociatedBritishPortsanewlaborcontractwasfinalizedthefirstunioncontractsignedattheportwithoutaworkstoppageintwelveyears.ClosertohomeformostBritonsthenation’sphoneserviceBritishTelecomnolongerputsnewsubscribersonawaitinglist.Priortoprivatizationnewcustomerswouldsometimeshavetowaitmonthsbeforephoneservicecouldbeinstalledintheirhome.NowaccordingtoacompanypressreleaseBritishTelecomispromising24-hourturnaroundforallnewcustomers. Partofthisimprovedproductivityhastodowithneweffortstoallowemployeestoholdastakeinthecompany’sfuture.Companiesnowgivetheiremployeesstockoptionsthatallowemployeestoshareinthecompany’ssuccessandprofits.Theresponsehasbeenenthusiastictosaytheleast.AtBritishAerospace;89%ofthoseeligibletobuycompanysharesdidso.AtBritishTelecomnearly92%ofeligibleemployeestookpart.FinallyatAssociatedBritishPortslongsynonymouswithuniondisagreementswalkoutsandlaborstrifealmost90%ofemployeesnowcancallthemselvesownersofthecompany. "Whenpeoplehaveapersonalstakeinsomething"saidHenryDundeeofAssociatedBritishPorts"theythinkaboutittheycareabouttheyworktomakeitprosper."AttheNationalFreightConsortiumitselfnostrangertolaborproblemsthenewemployee-ownersactuallyvoteddownanemployeepay-increaseandpressuredunionrepresentativestorelaxdemandsforincreasedwagesandexpandedbenefits."Privatizationwasonlythestart"saysonemarketanalyst"whatwemayhavehereisanewindustrialrevolution./ Thebesttitleforthetextmightbe
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational [B]Theconventionhavingbeenrevisedthreetimes [C]Whyisunificationofmaritimelawnecessary [D]Theconventionwiththemostsignaturestates. [E]Incompatibletimescale [F]Thesalvageconvention AccordingtoConstitution:"TheComiteMaritimeInternationalCMIisanon-governmentalinternationalorganizationtheobjectofwhichistocontributebyallappropriatemeansandactivitiestotheunificationofmaritimelawinallitsaspects.Tothisenditshallpromotetheestablishmentofnationalassociationsofmaritimelawandshallcooperatewithotherinternationalorganizations."TheCMIhasbeendoingjustthatsince1897. 41.______ InanaddresstotheUniversityofTurinin1860theJuristMancinisaid:"Theseawithitswindsitsstormsanditsdangersneverchangesandthis.demandsanecessaryuniformityofjuridicalregime."Inotherwordsthoseinvolvedintheworldofmaritimetradeneedtoknowthatwherevertheytradetheapplicablelawwillbyandlargebethesame.Traditionallyuniformityisachievedbymeansofinternationalconventionsorotherformsofagreementnegotiatedbetweengovernmentsandenforceddomesticallybythosesamegovernments. 42.______ Itistemptingtomeasurethesuccessofaconventiononastrictlynumericalbasis.IfthatisthepropercriterionofsuccessonecouldsaythatoneofthemostsuccessfulconventionseverproducedwastheveryfirstCMIconvention--theCollisionConventionof1910.ThetermsofthisconventionwereagreedonSeptember231910andtheconventionenteredintoforcelessthanthreeyearslateronMarch11913. 43.______AlmostassuccessfulinnumericaltermsisaconventionofsimilarvintagenamelytheSalvageConventionof1910.LessthanthreeyearselapsedbetweenagreementofthetextattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceandentryintoforceonMarch11913.wearequiteproperlystartingtoseeanumberofdenunciationsofthisconventionascountriesadoptthenewsalvageConventionof1989.ItisworthrecordingthattheSalvageConventionof1989designedtoreplacethe1910ConventiondidnotenterintoforceuntilJuly1996morethansevenyearsafteragreement.ThelatestinformationavailableisthatfortyStateshavenowratifiedoraccededtothe1989convention. 44.______ ThetextofthefirstLimitationConventionwasagreedattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceinAugust1924butdidnotenterintoforceuntil1931-sevenyearsafterthetexthadbeenagreed.Thisconventionwasnotwidelysupportedandeventuallyattractedonlyfifteenratificationsoraccessions.TheCMIhadasecondgoatlimitationwithits1957ConventionthetextofwhichwasagreedinOctoberofthatyear.ItenteredintoforceinMay1968andhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobyfifty-onestatesthoughofcourseanumberhavesubsequentlydenouncedthisconventioninordertoembracethethirdCMILimitationConventionthatof1976.Atthelatestcountthe76Conventionhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobythirty-sevenstates.Thefourthinstrumentonlimitationnamelythe1996ProtocolhasnotyetcomeintoforcedespitethepassageofsixyearssincetheDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextofthewasagreed. 45.______ Byalmostanystandardofmeasurementthemostsuccessfulmaritimelawconventionofalltime:theCivilLiabilityConventionof1969.ThetextofthatconventiontowhichtheCMIcontributedbothinbackgroundresearchanddraftingwasagreedataDiplomaticConferencein1969anditenteredintoforcesixyearslaterinJune1975.Theconventionhasatvariousstagesbeenaccededtoorratifiedby103stateswithtwoadditional"provisional"ratifications.IfweaddtothisthevariousstatesanddependenciesthatcomeinundertheUKumbrellawerealizethatwearelookingatahugelysuccessfulconvention. ConventionsandotherunifyinginstrumentsareborninadversityAnareaoflawmaycomeunderreviewbecauseoneortwostateshavebeenconfrontedbyamaritimelegalproblemthathasaffectedthemdirectly.Thosesponsoringstatesmaywellspendsometimereviewingtheproblemandproducingthefirstdraftofaninstrument.EventuallythisdraftmaybeofferedtotheInternationalMaritimeOrganisation’sIMOLegalCommitteeforinclusioninitsworkprogram.OverensuingyearstheLegalCommitteemeetingeverysicmonthsorsoissuespresentedbythedraftwillbedebatednewissueswillberaisedandtheinstrumentwillbeendlesslyre-drafted.AtsomestagetheviewwillbetakenthattheinstrumentissufficientlymaturetowarrantaDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextwillbefinalized.IftheinstrumentisapprovedattheDiplomaticConferenceitwillsitfortwelvemonthsawaitingsignatureandthenbeopentoratificationandaccession.Theinstrumentwillcontainanentryintoforcerequirementwhichwillneedtobesatisfied. 41
Everysecond1hectareoftheworld’srainforestisdestroyed.That’sequivalenttotwofootballfields.AnareathesizeofNewYorkCityislosteveryday.Inayearthataddsupto31millionhectares--morethanthelandareaofPoland.Thisalarmingrateofdestructionhasseriousconsequencesfortheenvironment;scientistsestimateforexamplethat137speciesofplantinsectoranimalbecomeextincteverydayduetologging.InBritishColumbiawheresince1990thirteenrainforestvalleyshavebeenclearcut142speciesofsalmonhavealreadybecomeextinctandthehabitatsofgrizzlybearswolvesandmanyothercreaturesarethreatened.Logginghoweverprovidesjobsprofitstaxesforthegovernmentandcheapproductsofallkindsforconsumerssothegovernmentisreluctanttorestrictorcontrolit. MuchofCanada’sforestryproductiongoestowardsmakingpulpandpaper.AccordingtotheCanadianPulpandPaperAssociationCanadasupplies34%oftheworld’swoodpulpand49%ofitsnewsprintpaper.IfthesepaperproductscouldbeproducedinsomeotherwayCanadianforestscouldbepreserved.Recentlyapossiblealternativewayofproducingpaperhasbeensuggestedbyagriculturalistsandenvironmentalists:aplantcalledhemp. Hemphasbeencultivatedbymanyculturesforthousandsofyears.Itproducesfiberwhichcanbemadeintopaperfueloilstextilesfoodandrope.Formanycenturiesitwasessentialtotheeconomiesofmanycountriesbecauseitwasusedtomaketheropesandcablesusedonsailingships;colonialexpansionandtheestablishmentofaworldwidetradingnetworkwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouthemp.Nowadaysships’cablesareusuallymadefromwireorsyntheticfibresbutscientistsarenowsuggestingthatthecultivationofhempshouldberevivedfortheproductionofpaperandpulp.Accordingtoitsproponentsfourtimesasmuchpapercanbeproducedfromlandusinghempratherthantreesandmanyenvironmentalistsbelievethatthelarge-scalecultivationofhempcouldreducethepressureonCanada’sforests. Howeverthereisaproblem:hempisillegalinmanycountriesoftheworld.Thisplantsousefulforfiberropeoilfuelandtextilesisaspeciesofcannabisrelatedtotheplantfromwhichmarijuanaisproduced.Inthelate1930samovementtobanthedrugmarijuanabegantogatherforceresultingintheeventualbanningofthecultivationnotonlyoftheplantusedtoproducethedrugbutalsoofthecommercialfiber-producinghempplant.AlthoughbothGeorgeWashingtonandThomasJeffersongrewhempinlargequantitiesontheirownlandanyAmericangrowingtheplanttodaywouldsoonfindhimselfinprison--despitethefactthatmarijuanacannotbeproducedfromthehempplantsinceitcontainsalmostnoTHCtheactiveingredientinthedrug. Inrecentyearstwomajormovementsforlegalizationhavebeengatheringstrength.OnegroupofactivistsbelievesthatALLcannabisshouldbelegal--boththehempplantandthemarijuanaplant--andthattheuseofthedrugmarijuanashouldnotbeanoffense.Theyarguethatmarijuanaisnotdangerousoraddictiveandthatitisusedbylargenumbersofpeoplewhoarenotcriminalsbutproductivemembersofsociety.Theyalsopointoutthatmarijuanaislesstoxicthanalcoholortobacco.Theotherlegalizationmovementisconcernedonlywiththehempplantusedtoproducefiber;thisgroupwantstomakeitlegaltocultivatetheplantandsellthefiberforpaperandpulpproduction.Thissecondgrouphashadamajortriumphrecently:in1997Canadalegalizedthefarmingofhempforfiber.Forthefirsttimesince1938hundredsoffarmersareplantingthiscropandsoonwecanexpecttoseepulpandpaperproducedfromthisnewsource. Theauthorseemstoimplyinthepassagethat
Noblueprintexistsfortransforminganeconomyfromonewithagreatdealofgovernmentcontroltoonebasedalmostsolelyonfreemarketprinciples.YettheexperienceoftheUnitedKingdomsince1979clearlyshowsoneapproachthatworks:privatizationinwhichunder-performingstate-ownedaresoldtoprivatecompanies. By1979thetotalamountofdebtliabilitiesandlossesforstate-controlledenterprisesintheUKtopped3billionannually.Bysellingoffmanyofthesecompaniesparticularlythoseinthedepressedindustrialsectorthegovernmentdecreaseditsdebtburdenandceasedpumpingpublicfundsintomoneylosingenterprises.AccordingtogovernmentspokespersonAlistairMcBride"FarfrompastpracticeofthrowinggoodmoneyafterbadtheQueen’sgovernmentthisyearexpectstotakein34billionfromtheproceedsofthesale."Thatsaysomeanalystsmayonlybethebeginning.Privatizationhasnotonlybeencreditedwithrescuingwholeindustriesbutthenation’seconomytoboot. DuetoincreasedtaxrevenuesfromthenewlyprivatizedcompaniesalongwithareboundintheoveralleconomyeconomicforecasterspredictthatBritainwillbeabletorepaynearly12.5%ofthenetnationaldebtwithintwoyears.Thatisgoodnewsindeedfortheeconomyasawholeatatimewhenmanysectorsaredesperateforanyrayofsunshine.BritishAirwaysthisweekannounceda20%jumpinoverallticketsalesandprofitsoverthisquarterayearago.BritishGasannounceditsfirstprofitablequarterinnineyears.AtAssociatedBritishPortsanewlaborcontractwasfinalizedthefirstunioncontractsignedattheportwithoutaworkstoppageintwelveyears.ClosertohomeformostBritonsthenation’sphoneserviceBritishTelecomnolongerputsnewsubscribersonawaitinglist.Priortoprivatizationnewcustomerswouldsometimeshavetowaitmonthsbeforephoneservicecouldbeinstalledintheirhome.NowaccordingtoacompanypressreleaseBritishTelecomispromising24-hourturnaroundforallnewcustomers. Partofthisimprovedproductivityhastodowithneweffortstoallowemployeestoholdastakeinthecompany’sfuture.Companiesnowgivetheiremployeesstockoptionsthatallowemployeestoshareinthecompany’ssuccessandprofits.Theresponsehasbeenenthusiastictosaytheleast.AtBritishAerospace;89%ofthoseeligibletobuycompanysharesdidso.AtBritishTelecomnearly92%ofeligibleemployeestookpart.FinallyatAssociatedBritishPortslongsynonymouswithuniondisagreementswalkoutsandlaborstrifealmost90%ofemployeesnowcancallthemselvesownersofthecompany. "Whenpeoplehaveapersonalstakeinsomething"saidHenryDundeeofAssociatedBritishPorts"theythinkaboutittheycareabouttheyworktomakeitprosper."AttheNationalFreightConsortiumitselfnostrangertolaborproblemsthenewemployee-ownersactuallyvoteddownanemployeepay-increaseandpressuredunionrepresentativestorelaxdemandsforincreasedwagesandexpandedbenefits."Privatizationwasonlythestart"saysonemarketanalyst"whatwemayhavehereisanewindustrialrevolution./ TheexampleofBritishTelecomandmanyothercompaniesarementionedinParagraph3to
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 13
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 7
WhenRupertMurdochseesbeamsoflightintheAmericanadvertisingmarketitisnotnecessarilytimetoreachforthesunglasses.LastOctoberwhentheimpactofSeptember11thwasonlybeginningtotellthebossofNASCARamediagrouphadalreadyidentified"strongraysofsunshine".WithadsalesstilllanguishingMr.Murdochdeclaredlastmonththat"therearesomehintsofamodestupswingintileUSadvertisingmarket".Hisearlyoptimismturnedouttobemisplaced.Nowhoweverotherindustryobserversarebeginningtoagreewithhim. Advertisingusuallyexaggeratestheeconomiccyclefallingsharplyandearlyinadownturnandreboundingstronglyoncetheeconomyhasbeguntorecover.Thisisbecausemostmanagersprefertotrimtheiradbudgetsratherthantheirpayrollsandrestoresuchspendingonlyoncetheyfeelsurethatthingsarelookingup.LastyearAmerica’sadmarketshrankby9.8%accordingtoCMIRaresearchfirm.Althoughadspendinghasnotyetrecoveredacrossallmediasomeanalystsnowexpectoveralladspendingtostarttogrowinthethirdquarter. Thesignsofimprovementarepatchyhowever.Adspendingonradioandtelevisionseemstobeinchingup—advertisingonAmericanNationalRadiowasup2%inJanuaryonthesameperiodlastyearaccordingtoAegis—whilespendingonmagazinesandnewspapersisstillweak.Evenwithinanyonemarkettherearehugedifferences;justpickupacopyofoneofthenow-slimlinehigh-teehmagazinesthatoncebulgedwithadsandcompareitwiththeheftycelebrityorwomen’stitles.Advertisersinsomecategoriessuchasthetravelindustryarestillreluctanttobuyspaceorairtimewhileotherssuchasthecarandmoviebusinesseshavebeenbolder.ThewinterOlympicsheldlastmonthinSaltLakeCityhasalsodistortedthespendingonbroadcastadvertisinginthefirstquarter. Nonethelessthereisanunderlyingpattern.Onemeasureisthebookingofadspotsfornationalbrandsonlocaltelevision.ByearlyMarchaccordingtoMr.Westerfield’sanalysissuchbookingsweregrowingfastacrosseightoutofthetoptenadvertisingsectorsledbythefinancialandmotorindustries.UBSWarburgnowexpectsthe"upfront"marketwhichstartsinMaywhenadvertisersbookadvanceadspotsontheTVnetworksforthenewseasoninSeptembertobeup4%onlastyear.Onsomeestimatesevenonlineadvertisingcouldpickupbytheendoftheyear. WhatdoestheauthormeanbyitisnotnecessarilytimetoreachforthesunglassesPara.1
WhenRupertMurdochseesbeamsoflightintheAmericanadvertisingmarketitisnotnecessarilytimetoreachforthesunglasses.LastOctoberwhentheimpactofSeptember11thwasonlybeginningtotellthebossofNASCARamediagrouphadalreadyidentified"strongraysofsunshine".WithadsalesstilllanguishingMr.Murdochdeclaredlastmonththat"therearesomehintsofamodestupswingintileUSadvertisingmarket".Hisearlyoptimismturnedouttobemisplaced.Nowhoweverotherindustryobserversarebeginningtoagreewithhim. Advertisingusuallyexaggeratestheeconomiccyclefallingsharplyandearlyinadownturnandreboundingstronglyoncetheeconomyhasbeguntorecover.Thisisbecausemostmanagersprefertotrimtheiradbudgetsratherthantheirpayrollsandrestoresuchspendingonlyoncetheyfeelsurethatthingsarelookingup.LastyearAmerica’sadmarketshrankby9.8%accordingtoCMIRaresearchfirm.Althoughadspendinghasnotyetrecoveredacrossallmediasomeanalystsnowexpectoveralladspendingtostarttogrowinthethirdquarter. Thesignsofimprovementarepatchyhowever.Adspendingonradioandtelevisionseemstobeinchingup—advertisingonAmericanNationalRadiowasup2%inJanuaryonthesameperiodlastyearaccordingtoAegis—whilespendingonmagazinesandnewspapersisstillweak.Evenwithinanyonemarkettherearehugedifferences;justpickupacopyofoneofthenow-slimlinehigh-teehmagazinesthatoncebulgedwithadsandcompareitwiththeheftycelebrityorwomen’stitles.Advertisersinsomecategoriessuchasthetravelindustryarestillreluctanttobuyspaceorairtimewhileotherssuchasthecarandmoviebusinesseshavebeenbolder.ThewinterOlympicsheldlastmonthinSaltLakeCityhasalsodistortedthespendingonbroadcastadvertisinginthefirstquarter. Nonethelessthereisanunderlyingpattern.Onemeasureisthebookingofadspotsfornationalbrandsonlocaltelevision.ByearlyMarchaccordingtoMr.Westerfield’sanalysissuchbookingsweregrowingfastacrosseightoutofthetoptenadvertisingsectorsledbythefinancialandmotorindustries.UBSWarburgnowexpectsthe"upfront"marketwhichstartsinMaywhenadvertisersbookadvanceadspotsontheTVnetworksforthenewseasoninSeptembertobeup4%onlastyear.Onsomeestimatesevenonlineadvertisingcouldpickupbytheendoftheyear. Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 3
Goingtotheballparkvisitingfriendsandplayingbingoaresimplediversionsformanyofus.Butfortheelderlythesesocialpastimesmayplayacriticalroleinpreservingtheirphysicalandmentalhealth. 46Infactanewstudysuggeststhatthelesstimeolderpeoplespendengagedinsocialactivitythefastertheirmotorfunctiontendstodecline."Everybodyintheir60s70sand80siswalkingmoreslowlythantheydidwhentheywere25"saysDr.AronBuchmananeurologistattheRushUniversityMedicalCenterinChicagoandleadingauthorofthestudywhichwaspublishedintheJune22ndissueoftheArchivesofInternalMedicine.47"Ourstudyshowstheconnectionbetweensocialactivityandmotorfunction--andopensupawholenewuniverseofhowwemightintervene." 48Anincreasingbodyofevidencehassuggestedthatparticipatinginmentallystimulatingactivitysocializingfrequentlyandexercisingmayhelpprotectagainstage-relateddecline-atleastcognitivedecline.Asearlyas1995neuroscientistCarlCotmanwhostudiesaginganddementiaattheUniversityofCaliforniaatIrvinepublishedapaperinNatureshowingthatphysicalexerciseproducesaproteinthathelpskeepneuronsfromdyingandspurstheformationofnewneuralconnectionsinthebrain.49MorerecentlyCotmandemonstratedinstudiesofelderlydogsandmicethatenrichingtheirsocialenvironmentisassociatedwithimprovementinbrainfunction. Researchersarealsofindingthatsocialactivitymaybelinkedtothesameprotectiveeffectinpeople.Arecentstudyof2500adultsages70to79publishedinthejournalNeurologyfoundthatthosewhowereabletostaymentallysharpwerealsothosewhoexercisedonceaweekormorehadatleastaninthgradeliteracylevelandweresociallyactive. Whilefurtherresearchneedstobedonetoestablishtheexactimpactofsocialactivityandexerciseonspecificage-relateddeclines50it’slikelythatareductioninsocialactivitymaysimplybeasymptomofphysicaldeclinesincepeoplemaynaturallywithdrawfromsocialengagementastheylosemotorskills-mostresearcherswouldagreethatitisnotunreasonabletoencourageseniorstogetouttheremore.Only10%ofpeopleover65gettherecommendedamountofexerciseatleast2.5to5hoursaweekandgiventhatseniorsalreadytendtobemoresociallyisolatedthanyoungeradultsit’sdifficulttomotivatethemtobecomemoreactive."Ifyouarealoneyouarelesslikelytofollowrecommendations"notesVerghese.ItmighthelpthoughifyouvisitGrandmamoreoftenandletherknowthataregularpastimemayjusthelpherstayfitterandsharperlonger. 49MorerecentlyCotmandemonstratedinstudiesofelderlydogsandmicethatenrichingtheirsocialenvironmentisassociatedwithimprovementinbrainfunction.
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 11
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 9
Noblueprintexistsfortransforminganeconomyfromonewithagreatdealofgovernmentcontroltoonebasedalmostsolelyonfreemarketprinciples.YettheexperienceoftheUnitedKingdomsince1979clearlyshowsoneapproachthatworks:privatizationinwhichunder-performingstate-ownedaresoldtoprivatecompanies. By1979thetotalamountofdebtliabilitiesandlossesforstate-controlledenterprisesintheUKtopped3billionannually.Bysellingoffmanyofthesecompaniesparticularlythoseinthedepressedindustrialsectorthegovernmentdecreaseditsdebtburdenandceasedpumpingpublicfundsintomoneylosingenterprises.AccordingtogovernmentspokespersonAlistairMcBride"FarfrompastpracticeofthrowinggoodmoneyafterbadtheQueen’sgovernmentthisyearexpectstotakein34billionfromtheproceedsofthesale."Thatsaysomeanalystsmayonlybethebeginning.Privatizationhasnotonlybeencreditedwithrescuingwholeindustriesbutthenation’seconomytoboot. DuetoincreasedtaxrevenuesfromthenewlyprivatizedcompaniesalongwithareboundintheoveralleconomyeconomicforecasterspredictthatBritainwillbeabletorepaynearly12.5%ofthenetnationaldebtwithintwoyears.Thatisgoodnewsindeedfortheeconomyasawholeatatimewhenmanysectorsaredesperateforanyrayofsunshine.BritishAirwaysthisweekannounceda20%jumpinoverallticketsalesandprofitsoverthisquarterayearago.BritishGasannounceditsfirstprofitablequarterinnineyears.AtAssociatedBritishPortsanewlaborcontractwasfinalizedthefirstunioncontractsignedattheportwithoutaworkstoppageintwelveyears.ClosertohomeformostBritonsthenation’sphoneserviceBritishTelecomnolongerputsnewsubscribersonawaitinglist.Priortoprivatizationnewcustomerswouldsometimeshavetowaitmonthsbeforephoneservicecouldbeinstalledintheirhome.NowaccordingtoacompanypressreleaseBritishTelecomispromising24-hourturnaroundforallnewcustomers. Partofthisimprovedproductivityhastodowithneweffortstoallowemployeestoholdastakeinthecompany’sfuture.Companiesnowgivetheiremployeesstockoptionsthatallowemployeestoshareinthecompany’ssuccessandprofits.Theresponsehasbeenenthusiastictosaytheleast.AtBritishAerospace;89%ofthoseeligibletobuycompanysharesdidso.AtBritishTelecomnearly92%ofeligibleemployeestookpart.FinallyatAssociatedBritishPortslongsynonymouswithuniondisagreementswalkoutsandlaborstrifealmost90%ofemployeesnowcancallthemselvesownersofthecompany. "Whenpeoplehaveapersonalstakeinsomething"saidHenryDundeeofAssociatedBritishPorts"theythinkaboutittheycareabouttheyworktomakeitprosper."AttheNationalFreightConsortiumitselfnostrangertolaborproblemsthenewemployee-ownersactuallyvoteddownanemployeepay-increaseandpressuredunionrepresentativestorelaxdemandsforincreasedwagesandexpandedbenefits."Privatizationwasonlythestart"saysonemarketanalyst"whatwemayhavehereisanewindustrialrevolution./ UK’sexperiencein1979demonstratesthat
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational [B]Theconventionhavingbeenrevisedthreetimes [C]Whyisunificationofmaritimelawnecessary [D]Theconventionwiththemostsignaturestates. [E]Incompatibletimescale [F]Thesalvageconvention AccordingtoConstitution:"TheComiteMaritimeInternationalCMIisanon-governmentalinternationalorganizationtheobjectofwhichistocontributebyallappropriatemeansandactivitiestotheunificationofmaritimelawinallitsaspects.Tothisenditshallpromotetheestablishmentofnationalassociationsofmaritimelawandshallcooperatewithotherinternationalorganizations."TheCMIhasbeendoingjustthatsince1897. 41.______ InanaddresstotheUniversityofTurinin1860theJuristMancinisaid:"Theseawithitswindsitsstormsanditsdangersneverchangesandthis.demandsanecessaryuniformityofjuridicalregime."Inotherwordsthoseinvolvedintheworldofmaritimetradeneedtoknowthatwherevertheytradetheapplicablelawwillbyandlargebethesame.Traditionallyuniformityisachievedbymeansofinternationalconventionsorotherformsofagreementnegotiatedbetweengovernmentsandenforceddomesticallybythosesamegovernments. 42.______ Itistemptingtomeasurethesuccessofaconventiononastrictlynumericalbasis.IfthatisthepropercriterionofsuccessonecouldsaythatoneofthemostsuccessfulconventionseverproducedwastheveryfirstCMIconvention--theCollisionConventionof1910.ThetermsofthisconventionwereagreedonSeptember231910andtheconventionenteredintoforcelessthanthreeyearslateronMarch11913. 43.______AlmostassuccessfulinnumericaltermsisaconventionofsimilarvintagenamelytheSalvageConventionof1910.LessthanthreeyearselapsedbetweenagreementofthetextattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceandentryintoforceonMarch11913.wearequiteproperlystartingtoseeanumberofdenunciationsofthisconventionascountriesadoptthenewsalvageConventionof1989.ItisworthrecordingthattheSalvageConventionof1989designedtoreplacethe1910ConventiondidnotenterintoforceuntilJuly1996morethansevenyearsafteragreement.ThelatestinformationavailableisthatfortyStateshavenowratifiedoraccededtothe1989convention. 44.______ ThetextofthefirstLimitationConventionwasagreedattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceinAugust1924butdidnotenterintoforceuntil1931-sevenyearsafterthetexthadbeenagreed.Thisconventionwasnotwidelysupportedandeventuallyattractedonlyfifteenratificationsoraccessions.TheCMIhadasecondgoatlimitationwithits1957ConventionthetextofwhichwasagreedinOctoberofthatyear.ItenteredintoforceinMay1968andhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobyfifty-onestatesthoughofcourseanumberhavesubsequentlydenouncedthisconventioninordertoembracethethirdCMILimitationConventionthatof1976.Atthelatestcountthe76Conventionhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobythirty-sevenstates.Thefourthinstrumentonlimitationnamelythe1996ProtocolhasnotyetcomeintoforcedespitethepassageofsixyearssincetheDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextofthewasagreed. 45.______ Byalmostanystandardofmeasurementthemostsuccessfulmaritimelawconventionofalltime:theCivilLiabilityConventionof1969.ThetextofthatconventiontowhichtheCMIcontributedbothinbackgroundresearchanddraftingwasagreedataDiplomaticConferencein1969anditenteredintoforcesixyearslaterinJune1975.Theconventionhasatvariousstagesbeenaccededtoorratifiedby103stateswithtwoadditional"provisional"ratifications.IfweaddtothisthevariousstatesanddependenciesthatcomeinundertheUKumbrellawerealizethatwearelookingatahugelysuccessfulconvention. ConventionsandotherunifyinginstrumentsareborninadversityAnareaoflawmaycomeunderreviewbecauseoneortwostateshavebeenconfrontedbyamaritimelegalproblemthathasaffectedthemdirectly.Thosesponsoringstatesmaywellspendsometimereviewingtheproblemandproducingthefirstdraftofaninstrument.EventuallythisdraftmaybeofferedtotheInternationalMaritimeOrganisation’sIMOLegalCommitteeforinclusioninitsworkprogram.OverensuingyearstheLegalCommitteemeetingeverysicmonthsorsoissuespresentedbythedraftwillbedebatednewissueswillberaisedandtheinstrumentwillbeendlesslyre-drafted.AtsomestagetheviewwillbetakenthattheinstrumentissufficientlymaturetowarrantaDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextwillbefinalized.IftheinstrumentisapprovedattheDiplomaticConferenceitwillsitfortwelvemonthsawaitingsignatureandthenbeopentoratificationandaccession.Theinstrumentwillcontainanentryintoforcerequirementwhichwillneedtobesatisfied. 43
WaltDisneycouldhavebuilthisbiggestthemeparkanywhere.HechoseFlorida.Theweatherisbalmyandwhenitgetstoohottherearelotsofpoolstocooloffinsays.MegCroftonWaltDisneyWorld’sCEO’.Floridaalsooffersplentyofspacetoexpand.DisneyWorldwhichwasfirstcarvedoutofwildwoodlandin1971hasswollentofourparkscovering40squaremiles104sqkmandemploying60000"castmembers".Contrarytothestereotypeofrapidflowintheservicesectortheaveragefull-timeemployeesticksaroundfornineyears. Florida’sbusinessclimateissunnytoo.TheMilkenInstituteathink-tankinCaliforniacompilesanindexof"best-performingcities"inAmericaacompositemeasureofsuchthingsasjobcreationwagegrowthandwhetherbusinessesarethriving.InthemostrecentindexsixofthetoptenmetropolitanareasareinFlorida.Orlando-Kissimmeeissixth.And18ofthetop30areintheSouth. ForalongtimetheSouth’sweathergotinthewayofitsdevelopment.RichardPillsburyageographyprofessoratGeorgiaStateUniversitydescribestraditionallifeinthelowlandSoutharegionstretchingfromnorthernVirginiadowntotheGulfcoastofTexas:"Smallishbarrenfarmsalmostlostinthewhiteheatofahotandhumidsummersunastheownersandtheirhelpfoughtswarmsofmosquitoestoplantcultivateandharvestthemeagrecottoncropformarket."Thenair-conditioningcame.AsitspreadaftertheWorldWarⅡtheSouthbecamesuddenlymorecomfortabletoliveandworkin.Fromthe1940suntilthe1980stheregionboomed.InhisbookOldSouthNewSouthGavinWrightlistsfourreasonswhyFederaldefencespendingstimulatedgrowth.Sunshineattractedskilledprofessionals.TheSouthhavingdevelopedsolittleinthepastwasa"cleanslate"withoutstronglabourunionsentrenchedbureaucraciesrestrictivelawsoroutdatedmachinery.LastlygivenhowmuchcatchinguptheSouthhadtodothepotentialreturnswerehigherthaninthenorth. Southernershaveprosperedinpartbyplayingtotheirtraditionalstrengths.Thefameofsouthernhospitalityhasbolsteredtheregion’shotelchainssuchasHolidayInn.ThatofsoutherncuisinehelpslocalrestaurantssuchasWaffleHouseCrackerBarrelandKFC.Arkansas-basedWal-Marttheworld’slargestretailerhaskeptcostslowbyrefusingtorecognizeunions.AndCoca-Colaowesatleastsomeofitssuccesstoitssouthernorigins. WhichofthefollowingbestdefinesthewordbolsterLine2Paragraph4
WhenRupertMurdochseesbeamsoflightintheAmericanadvertisingmarketitisnotnecessarilytimetoreachforthesunglasses.LastOctoberwhentheimpactofSeptember11thwasonlybeginningtotellthebossofNASCARamediagrouphadalreadyidentified"strongraysofsunshine".WithadsalesstilllanguishingMr.Murdochdeclaredlastmonththat"therearesomehintsofamodestupswingintileUSadvertisingmarket".Hisearlyoptimismturnedouttobemisplaced.Nowhoweverotherindustryobserversarebeginningtoagreewithhim. Advertisingusuallyexaggeratestheeconomiccyclefallingsharplyandearlyinadownturnandreboundingstronglyoncetheeconomyhasbeguntorecover.Thisisbecausemostmanagersprefertotrimtheiradbudgetsratherthantheirpayrollsandrestoresuchspendingonlyoncetheyfeelsurethatthingsarelookingup.LastyearAmerica’sadmarketshrankby9.8%accordingtoCMIRaresearchfirm.Althoughadspendinghasnotyetrecoveredacrossallmediasomeanalystsnowexpectoveralladspendingtostarttogrowinthethirdquarter. Thesignsofimprovementarepatchyhowever.Adspendingonradioandtelevisionseemstobeinchingup—advertisingonAmericanNationalRadiowasup2%inJanuaryonthesameperiodlastyearaccordingtoAegis—whilespendingonmagazinesandnewspapersisstillweak.Evenwithinanyonemarkettherearehugedifferences;justpickupacopyofoneofthenow-slimlinehigh-teehmagazinesthatoncebulgedwithadsandcompareitwiththeheftycelebrityorwomen’stitles.Advertisersinsomecategoriessuchasthetravelindustryarestillreluctanttobuyspaceorairtimewhileotherssuchasthecarandmoviebusinesseshavebeenbolder.ThewinterOlympicsheldlastmonthinSaltLakeCityhasalsodistortedthespendingonbroadcastadvertisinginthefirstquarter. Nonethelessthereisanunderlyingpattern.Onemeasureisthebookingofadspotsfornationalbrandsonlocaltelevision.ByearlyMarchaccordingtoMr.Westerfield’sanalysissuchbookingsweregrowingfastacrosseightoutofthetoptenadvertisingsectorsledbythefinancialandmotorindustries.UBSWarburgnowexpectsthe"upfront"marketwhichstartsinMaywhenadvertisersbookadvanceadspotsontheTVnetworksforthenewseasoninSeptembertobeup4%onlastyear.Onsomeestimatesevenonlineadvertisingcouldpickupbytheendoftheyear. Whatistheauthor’sviewoftheprospectofUSadvertisingmarket
WaltDisneycouldhavebuilthisbiggestthemeparkanywhere.HechoseFlorida.Theweatherisbalmyandwhenitgetstoohottherearelotsofpoolstocooloffinsays.MegCroftonWaltDisneyWorld’sCEO’.Floridaalsooffersplentyofspacetoexpand.DisneyWorldwhichwasfirstcarvedoutofwildwoodlandin1971hasswollentofourparkscovering40squaremiles104sqkmandemploying60000"castmembers".Contrarytothestereotypeofrapidflowintheservicesectortheaveragefull-timeemployeesticksaroundfornineyears. Florida’sbusinessclimateissunnytoo.TheMilkenInstituteathink-tankinCaliforniacompilesanindexof"best-performingcities"inAmericaacompositemeasureofsuchthingsasjobcreationwagegrowthandwhetherbusinessesarethriving.InthemostrecentindexsixofthetoptenmetropolitanareasareinFlorida.Orlando-Kissimmeeissixth.And18ofthetop30areintheSouth. ForalongtimetheSouth’sweathergotinthewayofitsdevelopment.RichardPillsburyageographyprofessoratGeorgiaStateUniversitydescribestraditionallifeinthelowlandSoutharegionstretchingfromnorthernVirginiadowntotheGulfcoastofTexas:"Smallishbarrenfarmsalmostlostinthewhiteheatofahotandhumidsummersunastheownersandtheirhelpfoughtswarmsofmosquitoestoplantcultivateandharvestthemeagrecottoncropformarket."Thenair-conditioningcame.AsitspreadaftertheWorldWarⅡtheSouthbecamesuddenlymorecomfortabletoliveandworkin.Fromthe1940suntilthe1980stheregionboomed.InhisbookOldSouthNewSouthGavinWrightlistsfourreasonswhyFederaldefencespendingstimulatedgrowth.Sunshineattractedskilledprofessionals.TheSouthhavingdevelopedsolittleinthepastwasa"cleanslate"withoutstronglabourunionsentrenchedbureaucraciesrestrictivelawsoroutdatedmachinery.LastlygivenhowmuchcatchinguptheSouthhadtodothepotentialreturnswerehigherthaninthenorth. Southernershaveprosperedinpartbyplayingtotheirtraditionalstrengths.Thefameofsouthernhospitalityhasbolsteredtheregion’shotelchainssuchasHolidayInn.ThatofsoutherncuisinehelpslocalrestaurantssuchasWaffleHouseCrackerBarrelandKFC.Arkansas-basedWal-Marttheworld’slargestretailerhaskeptcostslowbyrefusingtorecognizeunions.AndCoca-Colaowesatleastsomeofitssuccesstoitssouthernorigins. WhenmentioningtheSouth’sweathergotinthewayofitsdevelopmentLineIParagraph3theauthoristalkingabout
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 17
Goingtotheballparkvisitingfriendsandplayingbingoaresimplediversionsformanyofus.Butfortheelderlythesesocialpastimesmayplayacriticalroleinpreservingtheirphysicalandmentalhealth. 46Infactanewstudysuggeststhatthelesstimeolderpeoplespendengagedinsocialactivitythefastertheirmotorfunctiontendstodecline."Everybodyintheir60s70sand80siswalkingmoreslowlythantheydidwhentheywere25"saysDr.AronBuchmananeurologistattheRushUniversityMedicalCenterinChicagoandleadingauthorofthestudywhichwaspublishedintheJune22ndissueoftheArchivesofInternalMedicine.47"Ourstudyshowstheconnectionbetweensocialactivityandmotorfunction--andopensupawholenewuniverseofhowwemightintervene." 48Anincreasingbodyofevidencehassuggestedthatparticipatinginmentallystimulatingactivitysocializingfrequentlyandexercisingmayhelpprotectagainstage-relateddecline-atleastcognitivedecline.Asearlyas1995neuroscientistCarlCotmanwhostudiesaginganddementiaattheUniversityofCaliforniaatIrvinepublishedapaperinNatureshowingthatphysicalexerciseproducesaproteinthathelpskeepneuronsfromdyingandspurstheformationofnewneuralconnectionsinthebrain.49MorerecentlyCotmandemonstratedinstudiesofelderlydogsandmicethatenrichingtheirsocialenvironmentisassociatedwithimprovementinbrainfunction. Researchersarealsofindingthatsocialactivitymaybelinkedtothesameprotectiveeffectinpeople.Arecentstudyof2500adultsages70to79publishedinthejournalNeurologyfoundthatthosewhowereabletostaymentallysharpwerealsothosewhoexercisedonceaweekormorehadatleastaninthgradeliteracylevelandweresociallyactive. Whilefurtherresearchneedstobedonetoestablishtheexactimpactofsocialactivityandexerciseonspecificage-relateddeclines50it’slikelythatareductioninsocialactivitymaysimplybeasymptomofphysicaldeclinesincepeoplemaynaturallywithdrawfromsocialengagementastheylosemotorskills-mostresearcherswouldagreethatitisnotunreasonabletoencourageseniorstogetouttheremore.Only10%ofpeopleover65gettherecommendedamountofexerciseatleast2.5to5hoursaweekandgiventhatseniorsalreadytendtobemoresociallyisolatedthanyoungeradultsit’sdifficulttomotivatethemtobecomemoreactive."Ifyouarealoneyouarelesslikelytofollowrecommendations"notesVerghese.ItmighthelpthoughifyouvisitGrandmamoreoftenandletherknowthataregularpastimemayjusthelpherstayfitterandsharperlonger. 47Ourstudyshowstheconnectionbetweensocialactivityandmotorfunction--andopensupawholenewuniverseofhowwemightintervene.
Todaynoonehaseverdoubtedabouttelevision’scharm.Since1920sBritaininventedthefirsttelevisionpeoplehavebeguntoliveinaworldcrowdedwithsoapoperasnewsmagazinesandTVadvertisements.41．______HoweverhaveweevertriedtofindoutthemagichereWhydidthetelevisionwinthecompetitionwithpapermediaandradioinsuchashortperiodBywhatkindofcontentiondidTVfinallycontrolmostoftheaudiencesAndwhydoesTVbecomethemeanstheindustrialcirclesscramblefor ItisarguedthattelevisionmaynotbeaformofartbutfifteenthousandyearsbeforetheprimitivepeoplehadlefturusdrawingsonAltamiraCaveinSpainwhichprovedthatpicturesarehumanever-lastingpursuitmuchearlierthanletters.42．______Thecomingofthe19thcenturyforetoldamassmediatimesandalsothebreak-throughinartsbecauseoftherapiddevelopmentintechnology.Firstbytheinventionofphotographyphotosshowedupbeforepeopleinawaymoresubstantiatedandfrequentthaneverbefore;thenradioenabledcommonpeopletoenjoyartsbyears;andfinallytelevisionintegratedadvantagesofbothphotosandsoundsintoanewcreationincontinuouslymovingstreams.43．______ Buttelevisionadvertisementswinpeople’sfavornotonlybecauseitisanartbutalsobecauseitknowspeople’sheart.Fromtheusualmentalactivitypeopleacceptathing-perceptionunderstandingrecollectionattitudeandactionwecanfindouthowaTVadmovespeople.44．______Thereisonlyaslowlyturningfistonthescreenwithavoice-over:whathasitgraspedAndthefistopenednothinginside.Whatitgraspsisjustyourattention.Whenthetargetedaudienceiswillingtowatchtheadthefirststepisfinishedandthentheyshouldloveit.HowtogaintheiridentificationTheadcircleshavesummedupmanyeffectiveexperiences.Theyoftenmaketheiradsentertainingandhumorousorexhibittheirgoodsinasmartandartfulwayorfindoutacraftyandclearpropositionwhichsometimesmaybe:DawnDetergent-wrapsthegreasewhichwillnotstainyourhandsGod!Alldetergentcoulddothisalthoughtheaudiencemaynotrealize..AsforthelinksofmemorizingattitudeandactionsinceTVisthemostcompulsivepenetratingandinfluentialmediumTVadsarestillthemostefficient.45．______Fromcpptocpmandfromthewell-knownTVratingstoaudienceshareTVadsareastagewhereeveryinterestgroupsandindividualsracktheirbrainstokeepmovinganditisalsooneofthebusinessareaswithfiercestcompetition. TVadsstillthemainformoftoday’sadvertisingwillneverbeacircleshortofcreationandadvance. [A]FirstTVadalwayssparesnoefforttograspaudience’sattentionasshowninanadmadebythead-departmentofaTVstudiotopromoteitself. [B]Particularlywithitsunparalleledpowerofproductpromotiontelevisionhasservedastheadvertiser’sbelovedsonforalltheseyears. [C]Inthelatercenturiesalthoughgreatprogresseswerealsomadeinsculpturesarchitecturesandmusicdrawingwasalwaysthesynonymforart. [D]TVadsstillthemainformoftoday’sadvertisingwillneverbeacircleshortofcreationandadvance. [E]Televisionoriginatedfromartultimatelysurpassedit. [F]TodayTVadshavebecomeoneoftherepresentativesofmodernbusinessoperation. [G]Televisionofthesamebloodwithmoviehasalsoborrowedmuchfromthiscomparativelymatureartformincreatingadvertisements. 45
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 5
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