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Areteensandyoungadultsmorenarcissistic自恋的todaythaninthepastThat’stheviewofaCaliforniaresearcherwhostudies1people. InhernewbookTheNarcissism2:LivingintheAgeofEntitlementpsychologistJeanTwengeofSanDiegoStateUniversityand3W.KeithCampbelloftheUniversityofGeorgiasayresearchshows4youngpeopletodayhave"narcissistictraits"thanin5generations.SuchtraitsTwengesaysincludeavery.6andinflatedsenseofselfwhichis7byapreoccupationwithMySpaceFacebookandYouTube. "We’vebeenonthisself-admirationcultural8foralongtime"Twengesays.9Twenge’stakeontoday’syoungpeopleisn’tuniversal.StudiesbyotherresearchersincludingCanadian10Dr.KalioftheUniversityofWesternOntariohaveusedthesamedatabutfound11results."Theyputadifferent12onit"Kalisays. Twenge’sstudieshavefoundmorenarcissistictraitsanda13rateofincreaseamongcollegestudentstodaybutKalifoundthatstudents’narcissismwas14greaterin2006thanin1976.Twenge’smostrecentpaperstudiedthesamedataasKali--morethan20000collegestudentsfrom2002to2007.15researchersusedtheNarcissisticPersonalityInventorytomeasurenarcissistic16andfindingsbybothhavebeen17inpeerreviewedjournals. Twenge’sbook18justamonthafterTheMirrorEffect:HowCelebrityNarcissismIsSeducingAmericaabookco-writtenbybehavioral19DrewPinsky20suggestedthatacelebrity-obsessedcultureiscausingmorenarcissism. 1是
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InWarMadeEasyNormanSolomondemolishesthemythofallindependentAmericanpresszealouslyguardingsacredvaluesoffreeexpression.AlthoughstrictlyfocusingontheshamelesshistoryofmediacheerleadingfortheprincipalpostWorldWar’ⅡAmericanwarsinvasionsandinterventionshecallsintoquestiontheentireconceptofthepressassomekindofinstitutionalcounterforcetogovernmentandcorporatepower. ManyoftheexamplescompiledinthisimpeccablydocumentedhistoricalreviewwillbefamiliartoreaderswhofollowthenewsontheInternet.ButsuchexamplesachievefleshimpactbecauseofthewaySolomonhasorganizedandanalyzedthem.Eachchapterisdevotedtoasinglewarhawkargument"AmericaIsaFairandNobleSuperpower""OpposingtheWarMeansSidingwiththeEnemy""OurSoldiersAreHeroesTheirsAreInhuman"illustratedwithhistoricalexamplesfromconflictsintheDominicanRepublicE1SalvadorVietnamGrenadaPanamaKosovobothIraqwarsandothersinwhichthemediawerealmostuniversallyenthusiasticaccomplices. Thebookshouldreallybesubtitled"Warreportingdoesn’tjustsuckitkills."Itmakesyoufeellikedemandingaspecialwarcrimestribunalforcorporatemediaexecutivesandownerswhojoinedtheroll-upto"shockandawe"asnon-uniformedpsywarops.TobesurethiswouldraisetheissueofwhetherornotfollowingordersmightsufficeforthedefenseofobedientslavessuchasMaryMcGroryandRichardCohenwhoperformedaboveandbeyondthecallofduty."Hepersuadedme"McGrorygushedthemorningafterColinPowelladdressedaplenarysessionoftheUnitedNationsonFebruary52003declaringthatIraqhadweaponsofmassdestruction."Thecumulativeeffectwasstunning."InthesameWashingtonPosteditionCohenwrote. TheevidencehepresentedtotheUnitedNations—someofitcircumstantialsomeofitabsolutelybone-chillinginitsdetail—hadtoprovetoanyonethatIraqnotonlyhasn’taccountedforitsweaponsofmassdestructionbutwithoutadoubtstillretainsthem.Onlyafoolcouldconcludeotherwise. Solomondemonstrateshowthiskindofpeppyprewarwarm-updegeneratesintodroolingandheavybreathingoncethekillingbegins.Asifobservingaheavymetalcomputergamethepornographersofdeathconcentrateontheexquisitecraftsmanshipandvisualdesignofthemurdermachinesandthemagnificenceofthefieryexplosionstheyproduce. ItcanbeimpliedthattheconflictsinE1SalvadorVietnamGrenadaPanamaKosovo
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India’snomadshaveroamedthesubcontinentforhundredssometimesthousandsofyears.TheGaduliaLobartheirnamecomesfromtheHindiwordsfor"cart"gaduliaand"blacksmith"loharareamongthebestknown.IntheirillustriouspasttheGaduliaLoharforgedarmorforHindukings.TodaytheseblacksmithspitchcampontheoutskirtsoftinyIndianvillagesandmakesimplegoodsfrommetal.OthersareherderssuchastheRabarifamousthroughoutwesternIndiafortheirlargescarfsandfamiliaritywithallthingsconcerningcamel.Somearehuntersandplantgatherers.Someareserviceproviders—salttradersfortune-tellersmagicians.Andsomearestory-tellerssnakecharmersanimaldoctorstattooistsbasketmakers.Intotalanthropologistshaveidentifiedabout500nomadicgroupsinIndianumberingperhaps80millionpeople—around7percentofthecountry’sbillion-pluspopulation. ThesewandererswereoncepartofIndia’smainstream.Theymeshedcomfortablywiththevillagerswholivedalongtheirannualmigrationroutes.Inthe19thcenturythoughattitudesbegantochange.Britishadministratorsregardedthemasvagrantsandcriminalssowingprejudicethatsurvivedcolonialrule.TherapidlymodernizingIndiaofcallcentersandbrand-obsessedyouthhasscantusefortinkersorbeartrainersandcattleherdersareinalosingbattlewithindustryandurbansprawl.Fragmentedbyhierarchylanguageandregionthenomadsareignoredbypoliticiansandincontrasttootherdowntroddengroupshavereapedfewbenefitsfromsocialwelfareschemes. Justdefiningtheterm"nomad"isproblematicinIndia.Manygroupsthatoncedefinitelyfitthecategoryhaveclusteredinslumsinaprocessanthropologistscallsedentarization.YetIndiaremainsarigidlyhierarchicalsocietyinwhichbirthisoftensynonymouswithdestiny.SomobileornotIndia’snomadsareunitedbyahistoryofpovertyandexclusionthatcontinuestothisday.probablythebiggesthumanrightscrisisyou’veneverheardof. Tothelonelyfewwhohavetakenupthenomads’causeabigpartofthesolutionistoprovidethemwithroofsovertheirheadsoratleastanaddresswhichwouldmakeiteasierforthemtogetwelfarebenefitsandenrolltheirkidsinschool.Butsucheffortshavemetfierceresistancefromvillagersandlocalpoliticianswhoseetheroamersasdisreputableoutsiders. Indiaonceteemedwithsuchtravelingnicheworkers.ManywerefirstdescribedindetailbyaBritishcivilservantD.Ibbetsoninan1883reportbasedoncensusdatafromthePunjabregion.Ibbetson’sobservationsreflectedtheprejudicesofthedayandthewidelyheldbeliefinBritainthatnomads—andespeciallythedark-skinnedRomany-speakingpeopleknownasGypsies—wereunchangeableagentsofvice.Suchattitudestransferredeasilytothesubcontinent. Accordingtothepassagethemostambitiousefforttosolvethenomad’sproblemshouldbe
Areteensandyoungadultsmorenarcissistic自恋的todaythaninthepastThat’stheviewofaCaliforniaresearcherwhostudies1people. InhernewbookTheNarcissism2:LivingintheAgeofEntitlementpsychologistJeanTwengeofSanDiegoStateUniversityand3W.KeithCampbelloftheUniversityofGeorgiasayresearchshows4youngpeopletodayhave"narcissistictraits"thanin5generations.SuchtraitsTwengesaysincludeavery.6andinflatedsenseofselfwhichis7byapreoccupationwithMySpaceFacebookandYouTube. "We’vebeenonthisself-admirationcultural8foralongtime"Twengesays.9Twenge’stakeontoday’syoungpeopleisn’tuniversal.StudiesbyotherresearchersincludingCanadian10Dr.KalioftheUniversityofWesternOntariohaveusedthesamedatabutfound11results."Theyputadifferent12onit"Kalisays. Twenge’sstudieshavefoundmorenarcissistictraitsanda13rateofincreaseamongcollegestudentstodaybutKalifoundthatstudents’narcissismwas14greaterin2006thanin1976.Twenge’smostrecentpaperstudiedthesamedataasKali--morethan20000collegestudentsfrom2002to2007.15researchersusedtheNarcissisticPersonalityInventorytomeasurenarcissistic16andfindingsbybothhavebeen17inpeerreviewedjournals. Twenge’sbook18justamonthafterTheMirrorEffect:HowCelebrityNarcissismIsSeducingAmericaabookco-writtenbybehavioral19DrewPinsky20suggestedthatacelebrity-obsessedcultureiscausingmorenarcissism. 11是
Sincethe19thcenturyNathanHalehasbeenwidelyviewedasanAmericanhero.HewasthefirstAmericanexecutedforspyingforhiscountry.StatuesofhimstandinNewYorkCityatYaleUniversityandattheCentralIntelligenceAgency’sheadquarters.46HislastwordsIonlyregretthatIhavebutonelifetoloseformycountryindicatehisdeepdevotiontohisnationandhavebeenaninspirationtosubsequentgenerationsofAmericans.InSeptemberof1776NathanHalewasa21-yearoldcaptainintheContinentalArmyduringtheAmericanRevolutionaryWar.47WhentherewasaneedforintelligencegatheringfollowingtheAmericanlossofLongIslandHalevolunteeredtocrossenemylinesandgatherasmuchinformationabouttheBritisharmyinNewWorkashecould.TodothathedisguisedhimselfasaDutchschoolteacherandmadehiswaytoNewYorkfromNorwalkConnecticut.HisactivitiesuponarrivingatNewYorkremainsomethingofamystery.Itisknownthathetooknotesandmadesomedrawingsbeforeattemptingtoleavetheisland.Beforehecoulddothathoweverhewasbetrayed.Howhewasbetrayedremainsamysteryaswell.Therearetwomainaccountsofhowthishappened.OnesaysthatoneofHale’srelativesSamuelHaleturnedhiminafterrecognizinghiminatavern.48TheothersaysthatRobertRogersaBritishMajordidnotbelievethatHalewasaschoolteacherandthathegotHaletoadmithewasaspybypretendingtobeaspyhimself.HoweverithappenedHalewascapturedonSeptember211776.WhenhewascapturedtheBritishfoundthenotesanddrawingsthatHalehadproduced.49ArmedwiththisevidencetheyeasilyobtainedhisconfessionthathewasindeedamemberoftheContinentalArmy.Thismadehimanuninformedenemycombatantbehindenemylines.GiventherulesofwaratthetimetheBritishwereperfectlyjustifiedinhanginghimthenextmorningwithoutatrial.Halewasexecutedatthetenderageof21.50AlthoughHale’sspyingmissionendedinfailurehisdisplayofpatriotismmadehimaheroamongthecolonistsfightingforindependence.
WhileAmericanshavebecomeevermoredependentuponelectricityintheirdailylivesacrucialpartofthesystemthatsupportstheirwayoflifehasnotkeptup.Yesthecountryhasbuiltmorepowerplants—enoughtocreateaglutofpowerinmostpartsofthecountry.41______.California’sdisastrouspartialenergyderegulationandtheroleplayedbyEnronandotherenergymarketingcompaniesinitspowercrisishaveimpededchangesinthenationalabilitytodeliverpower.42______.Moreoverthedeficiencyalsoincludesinadequatecoordinationamongtheregionsinmanagingtheflowofelectricity.TheseinterregionalweaknessesaresofarthemostplausibleexplanationfortheblackoutonThursday.43______.Theproblemiswiththesystemofrulesorganizationandoversightthatgovernsthetransmissionnetworks.Itwassetupforaverydifferenteraandisnowcaughtinadifficulttransition.Thetransmissionnetworkswerebuilttoserveautilitysystembasedonregulatedmonopolies.Intheolddaystherewasnocompetitionforcustomers.Todaythemissionistoconnectbuyersandsellersseekingthebestdealirrespectiveofpoliticalboundariesandlocaljurisdictions.44______.Yetthepowerindustryisprobablynotevenhalfwaythereinitsshiftfromregulationtothemarketplace.TheCaliforniapowercrisisandthepower-tradingscandalssentregulatorsbacktothedrawingboardslowingthedevelopmentofnewinstitutionsrulesandinvestmenttomakecompetitivemarketswork.55______.[A]Overallformorethanadecadethepowerindustryhasbeenstrugglingwithhowtomovefromtheoldregulationtothenewmarketplace.Thisshiftwasdrivenbytheviewthathalfacenturyofstateregulationhadproducedpowerpricesthatweretoohighandtoovariedamongstates.FactoriesandjobsweremigratingfromstateswithhighelectricpowerpricestothoseWithlowerprices.[B]ButthetransmissionsystemiscaughtinthemiddleofthestalledderegulationoftheAmericanelectricpowerindustry.[C]Asaresultthedevelopmentoftheregionaltransmissionorganizationsiserratic.Morethanone-thirdofthepowertransmittedisnotunderthecontrolofregionaltransmissionorganizations.Somestatesfearthattheircheappowerwouldbesuckedawaytoothermarkets;othersdonotwanttosubordinatestateauthoritytotheFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission.[D]Itwasunclearwhenthewaterswouldrecedenevermindwhenlifewouldreturntonormal.Powermaynotberestoredforweeks.Lootingtoo.Begantospiraloutofcontrol.Mr.Naginwhosaidthecitymightbeuninhabitableforthreemonthswasforcedtoorderpolicetoconcentrateonstoppingcrimenotsavingpeople.[E]What’spreventinggreaterconnectionandcoordinationbetweenregionsThetechnologyexistsandisavailable;theeconomicbenefitsofrelievingthebottlenecksbetweenregionsfarexceedsthecostsbymanybillionsofdollars.[F]Yetdespiteclaimsinthewakeoflastweek’sblackoutthatthenationhasathirdworldpowergridtheregionalnetworksarefirstworld.Butinonecriticalaspectthesystemhasbecomeincreasinglyvulnerable:intheinterconnectionsamongthedifferentregions.Boththenumberandsizeofthewiresonthebordersbetweenregionsareinadequatefortherisingflowofelectricity.Thismissingpartcreatestheworstbottlenecksinthesystem.[G]Sinceenteringtheoverseaspowermarketin1993KEPCOhasestablishedseveralachievementsthroughitsdistinguishedinternationalbusinessstrategiestopromoteelectricpowerdevelopmentoftheworld.Basedonitslongexperienceandadvancedtechnologygainedover100yearsinKoreaKEPCOcontinuestobuildupitsoutstandingreputationasaleadingutilitycompany.MoreoverKEPCOembraceschallengesandmakesboldstepsintowidermarketsintheworldbyitsflairfordynamicactivitieswhichisfavorablyreceivedinthePhilippinesChinaVietnamandLibya.
Areteensandyoungadultsmorenarcissistic自恋的todaythaninthepastThat’stheviewofaCaliforniaresearcherwhostudies1people. InhernewbookTheNarcissism2:LivingintheAgeofEntitlementpsychologistJeanTwengeofSanDiegoStateUniversityand3W.KeithCampbelloftheUniversityofGeorgiasayresearchshows4youngpeopletodayhave"narcissistictraits"thanin5generations.SuchtraitsTwengesaysincludeavery.6andinflatedsenseofselfwhichis7byapreoccupationwithMySpaceFacebookandYouTube. "We’vebeenonthisself-admirationcultural8foralongtime"Twengesays.9Twenge’stakeontoday’syoungpeopleisn’tuniversal.StudiesbyotherresearchersincludingCanadian10Dr.KalioftheUniversityofWesternOntariohaveusedthesamedatabutfound11results."Theyputadifferent12onit"Kalisays. Twenge’sstudieshavefoundmorenarcissistictraitsanda13rateofincreaseamongcollegestudentstodaybutKalifoundthatstudents’narcissismwas14greaterin2006thanin1976.Twenge’smostrecentpaperstudiedthesamedataasKali--morethan20000collegestudentsfrom2002to2007.15researchersusedtheNarcissisticPersonalityInventorytomeasurenarcissistic16andfindingsbybothhavebeen17inpeerreviewedjournals. Twenge’sbook18justamonthafterTheMirrorEffect:HowCelebrityNarcissismIsSeducingAmericaabookco-writtenbybehavioral19DrewPinsky20suggestedthatacelebrity-obsessedcultureiscausingmorenarcissism. 15是
Glassinoneformoranotherhaslongbeeninnobleservicetohumans.Asoneofthemostwidelyusedofmanufacturedmaterialsandcertainlythemostversatileitcanbeasimposingasatelescopemirrorthewidthofatenniscourtorassmallandsimpleasamarblerollingacrossdirt.41.______Theusesofthisadaptablematerialhavebeenbroadeneddramaticallybynewtechnologies:glassfiberoptics—morethaneightmillionmiles—carryingtelephoneandtelevisionsignalsacrossnations;glassceramicsservingasthenoseconesofmissilesandascrownsforteeth;tinyglassbeadstakingradiationdosesinsidethebodytospecificorgans;evenanewtypeofglassfashionedofnuclearwasteinordertodisposeofthatunwantedmaterial.42.______Onthehorizonareopticalcomputers.Thesecouldstoreprogramsandprocessinformationbymeansoflight—pulsesfromtinylasers—ratherthanelectrons.Andthepulseswouldtraveloverglassfibersnotcopperwire.Thesemachinescouldfunctionhundredsoftimesfasterthantoday’selectroniccomputersandholdvastlymoreinformation.Todayfiberopticsareusedtoobtainaclearerimageofsmallerandsmallerobjectsthaneverbefore—evenbacterialviruses.Anewgenerationofopticalinstrumentsisemergingthatcanprovidedetailedimagingoftheinnerworkingsofcells.ItisthesurgeinfiberopticuseandinliquidcrystaldisplaysthathassettheU.S.glassindustrya16billiondollarbusinessemployingsome150000workerstobuildingnewplantstomeetdemand.43.______Butnotalltheglasstechnologythattouchesourlivesisultra-modem.Considerthesimplelightbulb;attheturnofthecenturymostlightbulbswerehandblownandthecostofonewasequivalenttohalfaday’spayfortheaverageworker.IneffecttheinventionoftheribbonmachinebyCominginthe1920slightedanation.Thepriceofabulbplunged.Smallwonderthatthemachinehasbeencalledoneofthegreatmechanicalachievementsofalltime.Yetitisverysimple:anarrowribbonofmoltenglasstravelsoveramovingbeltofsteelinwhichthereareholes.Theglasssagsthroughtheholesandintowaitingmoulds.Puffsofcompressedairthenshapetheglass.Inthiswaytheenvelopeofalightbulbismadebyasinglemachineattherateof66000anhourascomparedwith1200adayproducedbyateamoffourglassblowers.44.______Thesecretoftheversatilityofglassliesinitsinteriorstructure.Althoughitisrigidandthuslikeasolidtheatomsarearrangedinarandomdisorderedfashioncharacteristicofaliquid.Inthemeltingprocesstheatomsintherawmaterialsaredisturbedfromtheirnormalpositioninthemolecularstructure;beforetheycanfindtheirwaybacktocrystallinearrangementstheglasscools.Thisloosenessinmolecularstructuregivesthematerialwhatengineerscalltremendousformabilitywhichallowstechnicianstotailorglasstowhatevertheyneed.45.______Todayscientistscontinuetoexperimentwithnewglassmixturesandbuildingdesignerstesttheirimaginationswithapplicationsofspecialtypesofglass.ALondonarchitectMikeDaviesseesevenmoredramaticbuildingsusingmolecularchemistry.Glassisthegreatbuildingmaterialofthefuturethe’dynamicskin’hesaid.Thinkofglassthathasbeentreatedtoreacttoelectriccurrentsgoingthroughitglassthatwillchangefromcleartoopaqueatthepushofabuttonthatgivesyouinstantcurtains.ThinkofhowthetallbuildingsinNewYorkcouldperformasymphonyofcoloursastheglassinthemismadetochangecoloursinstantly.Glassasinstantcurtainsisavailablenowbutthecostisexorbitant.Asfortheglasschangingcoloursinstantlythatmaycometrue.MikeDavies’svisionmayindeedbeonthewaytofulfillment.[A]Whatmakesglasssoadaptable[B]Architecturalexperimentswithglass[C]Glassartgalleriesflourish[D]Excitinginnovationsinfiberoptics[E]Aformerglasstechnology[F]Newusesofglass
"Youarenotheretotellmewhattodo.YouareheretotellmewhyIhavedonewhatIhavealreadydecidedtodo"MontaguNormantheBankofEngland’slongest-servinggovernor1920-1944isreputedtohaveoncetoldhiseconomicadviser.Todaythankfullycentralbanksaimtobemoretransparentintheirdecisionmakingaswellasmorerational.Butachievingeitherofthesethingsisnotalwayseasy.WiththemostlaudableofintentionstheFederalReserveAmerica’scentralbankmaybeabouttotakeastepthatcouldbackfire. UnliketheFedmanyothercentralbankshavelongdeclaredexplicitinflationtargetsandthensetinterestratestotrytomeetthese.SomeeconomistshavearguedthattheFedshoulddothesame.WithAlanGreenspantheFed’smuch-respectedchairmanduetoretirenextyear-afteramere18yearsinthejob-someFedofficialswanttoadoptatargetpresumablytomaintainthecentralbank’scredibilityinthescarynewpost-Greenspanera.TheFeddiscussedsuchatargetatitsFebruarymeetingaccordingtominutespublishedthisweek.Thissoundsencouraging.HowevertheFedisconsideringtheideajustwhensomeothercentralbanksarebeginningtoquestionwhetherstrictinflationtargetingreallyworks. Atpresentcentra1banksfocusalmostexclusivelyonconsumer-priceindices.OnthismeasureMr.Greenspancanboastthatinflationremainsundercontrol.Butsomecentralbankersnowarguethatthepricesofassetssuchashousesandsharesshouldalsosomehowbetakenintoaccount.AbroadpriceindexforAmericawhichincludeshousepricesiscurrentlyrunningat5.5%itsfastestpacesince1982.Inflationhassimplytakenadifferentform. ShouldcentralbanksalsotrytocurbincreasesinsuchassetpricesMr.Greenspancontinuestoinsistthatmonetarypolicyshouldnotbeusedtoprickasset-pricebubbles.Identifyingbubblesisdifficultexceptinretrospecthesaysandinterestratesareabluntweapon:anincreasebigenoughtohaltrisingpricescouldtriggerarecession.Itisbetterhesaystowaitforahousingorstockmarketbubbletoburstandthentocushiontheeconomybycuttinginterestrates-ashedidin2001-2002.Andyettheriskisnotjustthatassetpricescangoswiftlyintoreverse.Aswithtraditionalinflationsurgingassetpricesalsodistortpricesignalsandsocancauseamisallocationofresources-encouragingtoolittlesavingforexampleortoomuchinvestmentinhousing.Surginghousepricesmaythereforeargueforhigherinterestratesthanconventionalinflationwoulddemand.Inotherwordsstrictinflationtargeting-thefadofthe1990s-istoocrude. AccordingtothetextitisupsettingthattheFederalReservedoesnottakeintoaccountinflationtargets
InWarMadeEasyNormanSolomondemolishesthemythofallindependentAmericanpresszealouslyguardingsacredvaluesoffreeexpression.AlthoughstrictlyfocusingontheshamelesshistoryofmediacheerleadingfortheprincipalpostWorldWar’ⅡAmericanwarsinvasionsandinterventionshecallsintoquestiontheentireconceptofthepressassomekindofinstitutionalcounterforcetogovernmentandcorporatepower. ManyoftheexamplescompiledinthisimpeccablydocumentedhistoricalreviewwillbefamiliartoreaderswhofollowthenewsontheInternet.ButsuchexamplesachievefleshimpactbecauseofthewaySolomonhasorganizedandanalyzedthem.Eachchapterisdevotedtoasinglewarhawkargument"AmericaIsaFairandNobleSuperpower""OpposingtheWarMeansSidingwiththeEnemy""OurSoldiersAreHeroesTheirsAreInhuman"illustratedwithhistoricalexamplesfromconflictsintheDominicanRepublicE1SalvadorVietnamGrenadaPanamaKosovobothIraqwarsandothersinwhichthemediawerealmostuniversallyenthusiasticaccomplices. Thebookshouldreallybesubtitled"Warreportingdoesn’tjustsuckitkills."Itmakesyoufeellikedemandingaspecialwarcrimestribunalforcorporatemediaexecutivesandownerswhojoinedtheroll-upto"shockandawe"asnon-uniformedpsywarops.TobesurethiswouldraisetheissueofwhetherornotfollowingordersmightsufficeforthedefenseofobedientslavessuchasMaryMcGroryandRichardCohenwhoperformedaboveandbeyondthecallofduty."Hepersuadedme"McGrorygushedthemorningafterColinPowelladdressedaplenarysessionoftheUnitedNationsonFebruary52003declaringthatIraqhadweaponsofmassdestruction."Thecumulativeeffectwasstunning."InthesameWashingtonPosteditionCohenwrote. TheevidencehepresentedtotheUnitedNations—someofitcircumstantialsomeofitabsolutelybone-chillinginitsdetail—hadtoprovetoanyonethatIraqnotonlyhasn’taccountedforitsweaponsofmassdestructionbutwithoutadoubtstillretainsthem.Onlyafoolcouldconcludeotherwise. Solomondemonstrateshowthiskindofpeppyprewarwarm-updegeneratesintodroolingandheavybreathingoncethekillingbegins.Asifobservingaheavymetalcomputergamethepornographersofdeathconcentrateontheexquisitecraftsmanshipandvisualdesignofthemurdermachinesandthemagnificenceofthefieryexplosionstheyproduce. Inthesecondtolastparagraphcouldconcludeotherwiseprobablymeansthat
Areteensandyoungadultsmorenarcissistic自恋的todaythaninthepastThat’stheviewofaCaliforniaresearcherwhostudies1people. InhernewbookTheNarcissism2:LivingintheAgeofEntitlementpsychologistJeanTwengeofSanDiegoStateUniversityand3W.KeithCampbelloftheUniversityofGeorgiasayresearchshows4youngpeopletodayhave"narcissistictraits"thanin5generations.SuchtraitsTwengesaysincludeavery.6andinflatedsenseofselfwhichis7byapreoccupationwithMySpaceFacebookandYouTube. "We’vebeenonthisself-admirationcultural8foralongtime"Twengesays.9Twenge’stakeontoday’syoungpeopleisn’tuniversal.StudiesbyotherresearchersincludingCanadian10Dr.KalioftheUniversityofWesternOntariohaveusedthesamedatabutfound11results."Theyputadifferent12onit"Kalisays. Twenge’sstudieshavefoundmorenarcissistictraitsanda13rateofincreaseamongcollegestudentstodaybutKalifoundthatstudents’narcissismwas14greaterin2006thanin1976.Twenge’smostrecentpaperstudiedthesamedataasKali--morethan20000collegestudentsfrom2002to2007.15researchersusedtheNarcissisticPersonalityInventorytomeasurenarcissistic16andfindingsbybothhavebeen17inpeerreviewedjournals. Twenge’sbook18justamonthafterTheMirrorEffect:HowCelebrityNarcissismIsSeducingAmericaabookco-writtenbybehavioral19DrewPinsky20suggestedthatacelebrity-obsessedcultureiscausingmorenarcissism. 9是
Areteensandyoungadultsmorenarcissistic自恋的todaythaninthepastThat’stheviewofaCaliforniaresearcherwhostudies1people. InhernewbookTheNarcissism2:LivingintheAgeofEntitlementpsychologistJeanTwengeofSanDiegoStateUniversityand3W.KeithCampbelloftheUniversityofGeorgiasayresearchshows4youngpeopletodayhave"narcissistictraits"thanin5generations.SuchtraitsTwengesaysincludeavery.6andinflatedsenseofselfwhichis7byapreoccupationwithMySpaceFacebookandYouTube. "We’vebeenonthisself-admirationcultural8foralongtime"Twengesays.9Twenge’stakeontoday’syoungpeopleisn’tuniversal.StudiesbyotherresearchersincludingCanadian10Dr.KalioftheUniversityofWesternOntariohaveusedthesamedatabutfound11results."Theyputadifferent12onit"Kalisays. Twenge’sstudieshavefoundmorenarcissistictraitsanda13rateofincreaseamongcollegestudentstodaybutKalifoundthatstudents’narcissismwas14greaterin2006thanin1976.Twenge’smostrecentpaperstudiedthesamedataasKali--morethan20000collegestudentsfrom2002to2007.15researchersusedtheNarcissisticPersonalityInventorytomeasurenarcissistic16andfindingsbybothhavebeen17inpeerreviewedjournals. Twenge’sbook18justamonthafterTheMirrorEffect:HowCelebrityNarcissismIsSeducingAmericaabookco-writtenbybehavioral19DrewPinsky20suggestedthatacelebrity-obsessedcultureiscausingmorenarcissism. 17是
"Youarenotheretotellmewhattodo.YouareheretotellmewhyIhavedonewhatIhavealreadydecidedtodo"MontaguNormantheBankofEngland’slongest-servinggovernor1920-1944isreputedtohaveoncetoldhiseconomicadviser.Todaythankfullycentralbanksaimtobemoretransparentintheirdecisionmakingaswellasmorerational.Butachievingeitherofthesethingsisnotalwayseasy.WiththemostlaudableofintentionstheFederalReserveAmerica’scentralbankmaybeabouttotakeastepthatcouldbackfire. UnliketheFedmanyothercentralbankshavelongdeclaredexplicitinflationtargetsandthensetinterestratestotrytomeetthese.SomeeconomistshavearguedthattheFedshoulddothesame.WithAlanGreenspantheFed’smuch-respectedchairmanduetoretirenextyear-afteramere18yearsinthejob-someFedofficialswanttoadoptatargetpresumablytomaintainthecentralbank’scredibilityinthescarynewpost-Greenspanera.TheFeddiscussedsuchatargetatitsFebruarymeetingaccordingtominutespublishedthisweek.Thissoundsencouraging.HowevertheFedisconsideringtheideajustwhensomeothercentralbanksarebeginningtoquestionwhetherstrictinflationtargetingreallyworks. Atpresentcentra1banksfocusalmostexclusivelyonconsumer-priceindices.OnthismeasureMr.Greenspancanboastthatinflationremainsundercontrol.Butsomecentralbankersnowarguethatthepricesofassetssuchashousesandsharesshouldalsosomehowbetakenintoaccount.AbroadpriceindexforAmericawhichincludeshousepricesiscurrentlyrunningat5.5%itsfastestpacesince1982.Inflationhassimplytakenadifferentform. ShouldcentralbanksalsotrytocurbincreasesinsuchassetpricesMr.Greenspancontinuestoinsistthatmonetarypolicyshouldnotbeusedtoprickasset-pricebubbles.Identifyingbubblesisdifficultexceptinretrospecthesaysandinterestratesareabluntweapon:anincreasebigenoughtohaltrisingpricescouldtriggerarecession.Itisbetterhesaystowaitforahousingorstockmarketbubbletoburstandthentocushiontheeconomybycuttinginterestrates-ashedidin2001-2002.Andyettheriskisnotjustthatassetpricescangoswiftlyintoreverse.Aswithtraditionalinflationsurgingassetpricesalsodistortpricesignalsandsocancauseamisallocationofresources-encouragingtoolittlesavingforexampleortoomuchinvestmentinhousing.Surginghousepricesmaythereforeargueforhigherinterestratesthanconventionalinflationwoulddemand.Inotherwordsstrictinflationtargeting-thefadofthe1990s-istoocrude. ItisimpliedinthefourthparagraphthatMr.Greenspanisskepticalof
InWarMadeEasyNormanSolomondemolishesthemythofallindependentAmericanpresszealouslyguardingsacredvaluesoffreeexpression.AlthoughstrictlyfocusingontheshamelesshistoryofmediacheerleadingfortheprincipalpostWorldWar’ⅡAmericanwarsinvasionsandinterventionshecallsintoquestiontheentireconceptofthepressassomekindofinstitutionalcounterforcetogovernmentandcorporatepower. ManyoftheexamplescompiledinthisimpeccablydocumentedhistoricalreviewwillbefamiliartoreaderswhofollowthenewsontheInternet.ButsuchexamplesachievefleshimpactbecauseofthewaySolomonhasorganizedandanalyzedthem.Eachchapterisdevotedtoasinglewarhawkargument"AmericaIsaFairandNobleSuperpower""OpposingtheWarMeansSidingwiththeEnemy""OurSoldiersAreHeroesTheirsAreInhuman"illustratedwithhistoricalexamplesfromconflictsintheDominicanRepublicE1SalvadorVietnamGrenadaPanamaKosovobothIraqwarsandothersinwhichthemediawerealmostuniversallyenthusiasticaccomplices. Thebookshouldreallybesubtitled"Warreportingdoesn’tjustsuckitkills."Itmakesyoufeellikedemandingaspecialwarcrimestribunalforcorporatemediaexecutivesandownerswhojoinedtheroll-upto"shockandawe"asnon-uniformedpsywarops.TobesurethiswouldraisetheissueofwhetherornotfollowingordersmightsufficeforthedefenseofobedientslavessuchasMaryMcGroryandRichardCohenwhoperformedaboveandbeyondthecallofduty."Hepersuadedme"McGrorygushedthemorningafterColinPowelladdressedaplenarysessionoftheUnitedNationsonFebruary52003declaringthatIraqhadweaponsofmassdestruction."Thecumulativeeffectwasstunning."InthesameWashingtonPosteditionCohenwrote. TheevidencehepresentedtotheUnitedNations—someofitcircumstantialsomeofitabsolutelybone-chillinginitsdetail—hadtoprovetoanyonethatIraqnotonlyhasn’taccountedforitsweaponsofmassdestructionbutwithoutadoubtstillretainsthem.Onlyafoolcouldconcludeotherwise. Solomondemonstrateshowthiskindofpeppyprewarwarm-updegeneratesintodroolingandheavybreathingoncethekillingbegins.Asifobservingaheavymetalcomputergamethepornographersofdeathconcentrateontheexquisitecraftsmanshipandvisualdesignofthemurdermachinesandthemagnificenceofthefieryexplosionstheyproduce. WhatisacommonmisperceptionofAmericanpress
India’snomadshaveroamedthesubcontinentforhundredssometimesthousandsofyears.TheGaduliaLobartheirnamecomesfromtheHindiwordsfor"cart"gaduliaand"blacksmith"loharareamongthebestknown.IntheirillustriouspasttheGaduliaLoharforgedarmorforHindukings.TodaytheseblacksmithspitchcampontheoutskirtsoftinyIndianvillagesandmakesimplegoodsfrommetal.OthersareherderssuchastheRabarifamousthroughoutwesternIndiafortheirlargescarfsandfamiliaritywithallthingsconcerningcamel.Somearehuntersandplantgatherers.Someareserviceproviders—salttradersfortune-tellersmagicians.Andsomearestory-tellerssnakecharmersanimaldoctorstattooistsbasketmakers.Intotalanthropologistshaveidentifiedabout500nomadicgroupsinIndianumberingperhaps80millionpeople—around7percentofthecountry’sbillion-pluspopulation. ThesewandererswereoncepartofIndia’smainstream.Theymeshedcomfortablywiththevillagerswholivedalongtheirannualmigrationroutes.Inthe19thcenturythoughattitudesbegantochange.Britishadministratorsregardedthemasvagrantsandcriminalssowingprejudicethatsurvivedcolonialrule.TherapidlymodernizingIndiaofcallcentersandbrand-obsessedyouthhasscantusefortinkersorbeartrainersandcattleherdersareinalosingbattlewithindustryandurbansprawl.Fragmentedbyhierarchylanguageandregionthenomadsareignoredbypoliticiansandincontrasttootherdowntroddengroupshavereapedfewbenefitsfromsocialwelfareschemes. Justdefiningtheterm"nomad"isproblematicinIndia.Manygroupsthatoncedefinitelyfitthecategoryhaveclusteredinslumsinaprocessanthropologistscallsedentarization.YetIndiaremainsarigidlyhierarchicalsocietyinwhichbirthisoftensynonymouswithdestiny.SomobileornotIndia’snomadsareunitedbyahistoryofpovertyandexclusionthatcontinuestothisday.probablythebiggesthumanrightscrisisyou’veneverheardof. Tothelonelyfewwhohavetakenupthenomads’causeabigpartofthesolutionistoprovidethemwithroofsovertheirheadsoratleastanaddresswhichwouldmakeiteasierforthemtogetwelfarebenefitsandenrolltheirkidsinschool.Butsucheffortshavemetfierceresistancefromvillagersandlocalpoliticianswhoseetheroamersasdisreputableoutsiders. Indiaonceteemedwithsuchtravelingnicheworkers.ManywerefirstdescribedindetailbyaBritishcivilservantD.Ibbetsoninan1883reportbasedoncensusdatafromthePunjabregion.Ibbetson’sobservationsreflectedtheprejudicesofthedayandthewidelyheldbeliefinBritainthatnomads—andespeciallythedark-skinnedRomany-speakingpeopleknownasGypsies—wereunchangeableagentsofvice.Suchattitudestransferredeasilytothesubcontinent. TheauthormentionsthenomadshavewanderedIndiaforthousandsofyearsto
Sincethe19thcenturyNathanHalehasbeenwidelyviewedasanAmericanhero.HewasthefirstAmericanexecutedforspyingforhiscountry.StatuesofhimstandinNewYorkCityatYaleUniversityandattheCentralIntelligenceAgency’sheadquarters.46HislastwordsIonlyregretthatIhavebutonelifetoloseformycountryindicatehisdeepdevotiontohisnationandhavebeenaninspirationtosubsequentgenerationsofAmericans.InSeptemberof1776NathanHalewasa21-yearoldcaptainintheContinentalArmyduringtheAmericanRevolutionaryWar.47WhentherewasaneedforintelligencegatheringfollowingtheAmericanlossofLongIslandHalevolunteeredtocrossenemylinesandgatherasmuchinformationabouttheBritisharmyinNewWorkashecould.TodothathedisguisedhimselfasaDutchschoolteacherandmadehiswaytoNewYorkfromNorwalkConnecticut.HisactivitiesuponarrivingatNewYorkremainsomethingofamystery.Itisknownthathetooknotesandmadesomedrawingsbeforeattemptingtoleavetheisland.Beforehecoulddothathoweverhewasbetrayed.Howhewasbetrayedremainsamysteryaswell.Therearetwomainaccountsofhowthishappened.OnesaysthatoneofHale’srelativesSamuelHaleturnedhiminafterrecognizinghiminatavern.48TheothersaysthatRobertRogersaBritishMajordidnotbelievethatHalewasaschoolteacherandthathegotHaletoadmithewasaspybypretendingtobeaspyhimself.HoweverithappenedHalewascapturedonSeptember211776.WhenhewascapturedtheBritishfoundthenotesanddrawingsthatHalehadproduced.49ArmedwiththisevidencetheyeasilyobtainedhisconfessionthathewasindeedamemberoftheContinentalArmy.Thismadehimanuninformedenemycombatantbehindenemylines.GiventherulesofwaratthetimetheBritishwereperfectlyjustifiedinhanginghimthenextmorningwithoutatrial.Halewasexecutedatthetenderageof21.50AlthoughHale’sspyingmissionendedinfailurehisdisplayofpatriotismmadehimaheroamongthecolonistsfightingforindependence.
WhileAmericanshavebecomeevermoredependentuponelectricityintheirdailylivesacrucialpartofthesystemthatsupportstheirwayoflifehasnotkeptup.Yesthecountryhasbuiltmorepowerplants—enoughtocreateaglutofpowerinmostpartsofthecountry.41______.California’sdisastrouspartialenergyderegulationandtheroleplayedbyEnronandotherenergymarketingcompaniesinitspowercrisishaveimpededchangesinthenationalabilitytodeliverpower.42______.Moreoverthedeficiencyalsoincludesinadequatecoordinationamongtheregionsinmanagingtheflowofelectricity.TheseinterregionalweaknessesaresofarthemostplausibleexplanationfortheblackoutonThursday.43______.Theproblemiswiththesystemofrulesorganizationandoversightthatgovernsthetransmissionnetworks.Itwassetupforaverydifferenteraandisnowcaughtinadifficulttransition.Thetransmissionnetworkswerebuilttoserveautilitysystembasedonregulatedmonopolies.Intheolddaystherewasnocompetitionforcustomers.Todaythemissionistoconnectbuyersandsellersseekingthebestdealirrespectiveofpoliticalboundariesandlocaljurisdictions.44______.Yetthepowerindustryisprobablynotevenhalfwaythereinitsshiftfromregulationtothemarketplace.TheCaliforniapowercrisisandthepower-tradingscandalssentregulatorsbacktothedrawingboardslowingthedevelopmentofnewinstitutionsrulesandinvestmenttomakecompetitivemarketswork.55______.[A]Overallformorethanadecadethepowerindustryhasbeenstrugglingwithhowtomovefromtheoldregulationtothenewmarketplace.Thisshiftwasdrivenbytheviewthathalfacenturyofstateregulationhadproducedpowerpricesthatweretoohighandtoovariedamongstates.FactoriesandjobsweremigratingfromstateswithhighelectricpowerpricestothoseWithlowerprices.[B]ButthetransmissionsystemiscaughtinthemiddleofthestalledderegulationoftheAmericanelectricpowerindustry.[C]Asaresultthedevelopmentoftheregionaltransmissionorganizationsiserratic.Morethanone-thirdofthepowertransmittedisnotunderthecontrolofregionaltransmissionorganizations.Somestatesfearthattheircheappowerwouldbesuckedawaytoothermarkets;othersdonotwanttosubordinatestateauthoritytotheFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission.[D]Itwasunclearwhenthewaterswouldrecedenevermindwhenlifewouldreturntonormal.Powermaynotberestoredforweeks.Lootingtoo.Begantospiraloutofcontrol.Mr.Naginwhosaidthecitymightbeuninhabitableforthreemonthswasforcedtoorderpolicetoconcentrateonstoppingcrimenotsavingpeople.[E]What’spreventinggreaterconnectionandcoordinationbetweenregionsThetechnologyexistsandisavailable;theeconomicbenefitsofrelievingthebottlenecksbetweenregionsfarexceedsthecostsbymanybillionsofdollars.[F]Yetdespiteclaimsinthewakeoflastweek’sblackoutthatthenationhasathirdworldpowergridtheregionalnetworksarefirstworld.Butinonecriticalaspectthesystemhasbecomeincreasinglyvulnerable:intheinterconnectionsamongthedifferentregions.Boththenumberandsizeofthewiresonthebordersbetweenregionsareinadequatefortherisingflowofelectricity.Thismissingpartcreatestheworstbottlenecksinthesystem.[G]Sinceenteringtheoverseaspowermarketin1993KEPCOhasestablishedseveralachievementsthroughitsdistinguishedinternationalbusinessstrategiestopromoteelectricpowerdevelopmentoftheworld.Basedonitslongexperienceandadvancedtechnologygainedover100yearsinKoreaKEPCOcontinuestobuildupitsoutstandingreputationasaleadingutilitycompany.MoreoverKEPCOembraceschallengesandmakesboldstepsintowidermarketsintheworldbyitsflairfordynamicactivitieswhichisfavorablyreceivedinthePhilippinesChinaVietnamandLibya.
Areteensandyoungadultsmorenarcissistic自恋的todaythaninthepastThat’stheviewofaCaliforniaresearcherwhostudies1people. InhernewbookTheNarcissism2:LivingintheAgeofEntitlementpsychologistJeanTwengeofSanDiegoStateUniversityand3W.KeithCampbelloftheUniversityofGeorgiasayresearchshows4youngpeopletodayhave"narcissistictraits"thanin5generations.SuchtraitsTwengesaysincludeavery.6andinflatedsenseofselfwhichis7byapreoccupationwithMySpaceFacebookandYouTube. "We’vebeenonthisself-admirationcultural8foralongtime"Twengesays.9Twenge’stakeontoday’syoungpeopleisn’tuniversal.StudiesbyotherresearchersincludingCanadian10Dr.KalioftheUniversityofWesternOntariohaveusedthesamedatabutfound11results."Theyputadifferent12onit"Kalisays. Twenge’sstudieshavefoundmorenarcissistictraitsanda13rateofincreaseamongcollegestudentstodaybutKalifoundthatstudents’narcissismwas14greaterin2006thanin1976.Twenge’smostrecentpaperstudiedthesamedataasKali--morethan20000collegestudentsfrom2002to2007.15researchersusedtheNarcissisticPersonalityInventorytomeasurenarcissistic16andfindingsbybothhavebeen17inpeerreviewedjournals. Twenge’sbook18justamonthafterTheMirrorEffect:HowCelebrityNarcissismIsSeducingAmericaabookco-writtenbybehavioral19DrewPinsky20suggestedthatacelebrity-obsessedcultureiscausingmorenarcissism. 13是
UnitedStatesSenatorJohnGlennreturnedtoorbitaboardthespaceshuttleDiscoveryinlateOctober199836yearsafterhisfirstlift-offfromCapeCanaveralinFlorida.46The77-year-oldpoliticianwhoin1962becameAmerica’sfirstmantoorbittheEarthblastedoffwithsixotherastronautsonamissionthatwouldincluderesearchintoageing.Takingleaveofhimatthespacecenteralongwith3000mediarepresentatives20000invitedguestsandanestimatedhalfmillionpeoplewhocrowdedvantagepointsroundabouttowatchthelaunch--werehiswifeofmorethan50yearsAnniehistwochildrenandtwograndchildren.GlennfeverstruckFlorida’sspacecoastmonthsaheadofthelaunchwithhotelroomsbookeduphalfayearinadvance.OnelocalnewspapercalledthephenomenonHurricaneGlennanironicreferencetothespateofdevastatinghurricanethathadalreadyhittheFloridacoastduring1998.TheOhiosenatorhadcampaignedforseveralyearstobeallowedthisreturntripintospace.47NASAadministersfinallyagreedtohisproposedstudyontheeffectsofweightlessnessonelderlypeopleandthepossibleparallelsbetweentheside-effectsofweightlessnessandtheageingprocessitself.48CriticshowevercomplainedthatthemissionwaslittlemorethanapublicrelationsexerciseaimedatraisingtheprofileofNASAandwoulddonothingtoadvanceresearchintothegeriatriccondition.Somewereevensayingthatthetriprepresentedtheultimatecongressionaljunket.Glenninsistedfromthebeginningthatthespacemissionwasaseriousonehowever.Hesubjectedhimself--andothers--toaseriesoftestsinaspeciallaboratorywhileinorbit.49Heswallowedaspecialthermometerbeforelift-offsothathistemperaturecouldbemonitoredandhadatubeimplantedinhisarmtofacilitatethetakingofbloodsampleswithouttheneedforfreshneedleseachtime.OthertestsconductedonhisreturntoEarthweredesignedtomeasurehisbonedensityandchangesinhisspinalcord.50NASAofficialsfuelledsuspicionthatGlenn’striphaddubiouspracticalvaluehoweverbyannouncingthattherewerenoplanstotestanymoreelderlyastronautsafterhistrip.Thiswasdespitethefactthat67-year-oldJerrieCobboneof13womenwhotrainedfortheSpaceprogrammewithGlennintheearly1960sbutwhowereneverallowedtoflyexpressedherdeterminationtobecomethenextgeriatricguineapiginorbit.Thespaceexperiencehaschangedagreatdealinthe36yearssinceGlennwaslastinorbit.Unlikehisfive-hour1962tripthiswasnosolomission.
Areteensandyoungadultsmorenarcissistic自恋的todaythaninthepastThat’stheviewofaCaliforniaresearcherwhostudies1people. InhernewbookTheNarcissism2:LivingintheAgeofEntitlementpsychologistJeanTwengeofSanDiegoStateUniversityand3W.KeithCampbelloftheUniversityofGeorgiasayresearchshows4youngpeopletodayhave"narcissistictraits"thanin5generations.SuchtraitsTwengesaysincludeavery.6andinflatedsenseofselfwhichis7byapreoccupationwithMySpaceFacebookandYouTube. "We’vebeenonthisself-admirationcultural8foralongtime"Twengesays.9Twenge’stakeontoday’syoungpeopleisn’tuniversal.StudiesbyotherresearchersincludingCanadian10Dr.KalioftheUniversityofWesternOntariohaveusedthesamedatabutfound11results."Theyputadifferent12onit"Kalisays. Twenge’sstudieshavefoundmorenarcissistictraitsanda13rateofincreaseamongcollegestudentstodaybutKalifoundthatstudents’narcissismwas14greaterin2006thanin1976.Twenge’smostrecentpaperstudiedthesamedataasKali--morethan20000collegestudentsfrom2002to2007.15researchersusedtheNarcissisticPersonalityInventorytomeasurenarcissistic16andfindingsbybothhavebeen17inpeerreviewedjournals. Twenge’sbook18justamonthafterTheMirrorEffect:HowCelebrityNarcissismIsSeducingAmericaabookco-writtenbybehavioral19DrewPinsky20suggestedthatacelebrity-obsessedcultureiscausingmorenarcissism. 7是
UnitedStatesSenatorJohnGlennreturnedtoorbitaboardthespaceshuttleDiscoveryinlateOctober199836yearsafterhisfirstlift-offfromCapeCanaveralinFlorida.46The77-year-oldpoliticianwhoin1962becameAmerica’sfirstmantoorbittheEarthblastedoffwithsixotherastronautsonamissionthatwouldincluderesearchintoageing.Takingleaveofhimatthespacecenteralongwith3000mediarepresentatives20000invitedguestsandanestimatedhalfmillionpeoplewhocrowdedvantagepointsroundabouttowatchthelaunch--werehiswifeofmorethan50yearsAnniehistwochildrenandtwograndchildren.GlennfeverstruckFlorida’sspacecoastmonthsaheadofthelaunchwithhotelroomsbookeduphalfayearinadvance.OnelocalnewspapercalledthephenomenonHurricaneGlennanironicreferencetothespateofdevastatinghurricanethathadalreadyhittheFloridacoastduring1998.TheOhiosenatorhadcampaignedforseveralyearstobeallowedthisreturntripintospace.47NASAadministersfinallyagreedtohisproposedstudyontheeffectsofweightlessnessonelderlypeopleandthepossibleparallelsbetweentheside-effectsofweightlessnessandtheageingprocessitself.48CriticshowevercomplainedthatthemissionwaslittlemorethanapublicrelationsexerciseaimedatraisingtheprofileofNASAandwoulddonothingtoadvanceresearchintothegeriatriccondition.Somewereevensayingthatthetriprepresentedtheultimatecongressionaljunket.Glenninsistedfromthebeginningthatthespacemissionwasaseriousonehowever.Hesubjectedhimself--andothers--toaseriesoftestsinaspeciallaboratorywhileinorbit.49Heswallowedaspecialthermometerbeforelift-offsothathistemperaturecouldbemonitoredandhadatubeimplantedinhisarmtofacilitatethetakingofbloodsampleswithouttheneedforfreshneedleseachtime.OthertestsconductedonhisreturntoEarthweredesignedtomeasurehisbonedensityandchangesinhisspinalcord.50NASAofficialsfuelledsuspicionthatGlenn’striphaddubiouspracticalvaluehoweverbyannouncingthattherewerenoplanstotestanymoreelderlyastronautsafterhistrip.Thiswasdespitethefactthat67-year-oldJerrieCobboneof13womenwhotrainedfortheSpaceprogrammewithGlennintheearly1960sbutwhowereneverallowedtoflyexpressedherdeterminationtobecomethenextgeriatricguineapiginorbit.Thespaceexperiencehaschangedagreatdealinthe36yearssinceGlennwaslastinorbit.Unlikehisfive-hour1962tripthiswasnosolomission.
WhileAmericanshavebecomeevermoredependentuponelectricityintheirdailylivesacrucialpartofthesystemthatsupportstheirwayoflifehasnotkeptup.Yesthecountryhasbuiltmorepowerplants—enoughtocreateaglutofpowerinmostpartsofthecountry.41______.California’sdisastrouspartialenergyderegulationandtheroleplayedbyEnronandotherenergymarketingcompaniesinitspowercrisishaveimpededchangesinthenationalabilitytodeliverpower.42______.Moreoverthedeficiencyalsoincludesinadequatecoordinationamongtheregionsinmanagingtheflowofelectricity.TheseinterregionalweaknessesaresofarthemostplausibleexplanationfortheblackoutonThursday.43______.Theproblemiswiththesystemofrulesorganizationandoversightthatgovernsthetransmissionnetworks.Itwassetupforaverydifferenteraandisnowcaughtinadifficulttransition.Thetransmissionnetworkswerebuilttoserveautilitysystembasedonregulatedmonopolies.Intheolddaystherewasnocompetitionforcustomers.Todaythemissionistoconnectbuyersandsellersseekingthebestdealirrespectiveofpoliticalboundariesandlocaljurisdictions.44______.Yetthepowerindustryisprobablynotevenhalfwaythereinitsshiftfromregulationtothemarketplace.TheCaliforniapowercrisisandthepower-tradingscandalssentregulatorsbacktothedrawingboardslowingthedevelopmentofnewinstitutionsrulesandinvestmenttomakecompetitivemarketswork.55______.[A]Overallformorethanadecadethepowerindustryhasbeenstrugglingwithhowtomovefromtheoldregulationtothenewmarketplace.Thisshiftwasdrivenbytheviewthathalfacenturyofstateregulationhadproducedpowerpricesthatweretoohighandtoovariedamongstates.FactoriesandjobsweremigratingfromstateswithhighelectricpowerpricestothoseWithlowerprices.[B]ButthetransmissionsystemiscaughtinthemiddleofthestalledderegulationoftheAmericanelectricpowerindustry.[C]Asaresultthedevelopmentoftheregionaltransmissionorganizationsiserratic.Morethanone-thirdofthepowertransmittedisnotunderthecontrolofregionaltransmissionorganizations.Somestatesfearthattheircheappowerwouldbesuckedawaytoothermarkets;othersdonotwanttosubordinatestateauthoritytotheFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission.[D]Itwasunclearwhenthewaterswouldrecedenevermindwhenlifewouldreturntonormal.Powermaynotberestoredforweeks.Lootingtoo.Begantospiraloutofcontrol.Mr.Naginwhosaidthecitymightbeuninhabitableforthreemonthswasforcedtoorderpolicetoconcentrateonstoppingcrimenotsavingpeople.[E]What’spreventinggreaterconnectionandcoordinationbetweenregionsThetechnologyexistsandisavailable;theeconomicbenefitsofrelievingthebottlenecksbetweenregionsfarexceedsthecostsbymanybillionsofdollars.[F]Yetdespiteclaimsinthewakeoflastweek’sblackoutthatthenationhasathirdworldpowergridtheregionalnetworksarefirstworld.Butinonecriticalaspectthesystemhasbecomeincreasinglyvulnerable:intheinterconnectionsamongthedifferentregions.Boththenumberandsizeofthewiresonthebordersbetweenregionsareinadequatefortherisingflowofelectricity.Thismissingpartcreatestheworstbottlenecksinthesystem.[G]Sinceenteringtheoverseaspowermarketin1993KEPCOhasestablishedseveralachievementsthroughitsdistinguishedinternationalbusinessstrategiestopromoteelectricpowerdevelopmentoftheworld.Basedonitslongexperienceandadvancedtechnologygainedover100yearsinKoreaKEPCOcontinuestobuildupitsoutstandingreputationasaleadingutilitycompany.MoreoverKEPCOembraceschallengesandmakesboldstepsintowidermarketsintheworldbyitsflairfordynamicactivitieswhichisfavorablyreceivedinthePhilippinesChinaVietnamandLibya.
IncreasinglyhistoriansareblamingdiseasesimportedfromtheOldWorldforthegreatdisparitybetweenthenativepopulationofAmericain1492--newestimatesofwhichjumpashighas100millionorapproximatelyone-sixthofthehumanraceatthattime--andthefewmillionfull-bloodedNativeAmericansaliveattheendofthenineteenthcentury.Thereisnodoubtthatchronicdiseasewasanimportantfactorinthesharpdeclineanditishighlyprobablethatthegreatestkillerwasepidemicdiseaseespeciallyasmanifestedinvirgin-soilepidemics. Virgin-soilepidemicsarethoseinwhichthepopulationsatriskhavehadnopreviouscontactwiththediseasesthatstrikethemandarethereforeimmunologicallyalmostdefenseless.Thatvirgin-soilepidemicswereimportantinAmericanhistoryisstronglyindicatedbyevidencethatanumberofdangerousmaladies--smallpoxmeaslesmalariayellowfeverandundoubtedlyseveralmore--wereunknowninthepre-ColumbianNewWorld.TheeffectsoftheirsuddenintroductionaredemonstratedintheearlychroniclesofAmericawhichcontainreportsofhorribleepidemicsandsteeppopulationdeclinesconfirmedinmanycasesbyquantitativeanalyzesofSpanishtributerecordsandothersources.TheevidenceprovidedbythedocumentsofBritishandFrenchcoloniesisnotasdefinitivebecausetheconquerorsofthoseareasdidnotestablishpermanentsettlementsandbegantokeepcontinuousrecordsuntiltheseventeenthcenturybywhichtimetheworstepidemicshadprobablyalreadytakenplace.FurthermoretheBritishtendedtodrivethenativepopulationsawayratherthantoenslavethemastheSpaniardsdidsothattheepidemicsofBritishAmericaoccurredbeyondtherangeofcolonists’directobservation. EvensothesurvivingrecordsofNorthAmericadocontainreferencestodeadlyepidemicsamongthenativepopulation.In1616--1619anepidemicpossiblyofpneumonicplaguesweptcoastalNewEnglandkillingasmanyasnineoutoftenDuringthe1630’ssmallpoxthediseasemostfataltotheNativeAmericanpeopleeliminatedhalfthepopulationoftheHuronandIroquoisconfederations.Inthe1820’sfeverruinedthepeopleoftheColumbiaRiverareakillingeightoutoftenofthem. UnfortunatelythedocumentationoftheseandotherepidemicsisslightandfrequentlyunreliableanditisnecessarytosupplementwhatlittlewedoknowwithevidencefromrecentepidemicsamongNativeAmericans.Forexamplein1952anoutbreakofmeaslesamongtheNativeAmericaninhabitantsofUngavaBayQuebecaffected99percentofthepopulationandkilled7percenteventhoughsomehadthebenefitofmodernmedicine.Casessuchasthisdemonstratethatevendiseasesthatarenotnormallyfatalcanhavedestroyingconsequenceswhentheystrikeanimmunologicallydefenselesscommunity. WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetextconcerningSpanishtributerecords
Directions: YouaresupposedtowritefortheEditorialOfficeofCollegeEnglishJournalanoticetoinvitecontributionsforits30thanniversary.Thenoticeshouldincludethebasicrequirementsforcontributionsandotherinformationwhichyouthinkisrelevant. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendofthenotice.Use"EditorialOfficeofCollegeEnglish"instead.
India’snomadshaveroamedthesubcontinentforhundredssometimesthousandsofyears.TheGaduliaLobartheirnamecomesfromtheHindiwordsfor"cart"gaduliaand"blacksmith"loharareamongthebestknown.IntheirillustriouspasttheGaduliaLoharforgedarmorforHindukings.TodaytheseblacksmithspitchcampontheoutskirtsoftinyIndianvillagesandmakesimplegoodsfrommetal.OthersareherderssuchastheRabarifamousthroughoutwesternIndiafortheirlargescarfsandfamiliaritywithallthingsconcerningcamel.Somearehuntersandplantgatherers.Someareserviceproviders—salttradersfortune-tellersmagicians.Andsomearestory-tellerssnakecharmersanimaldoctorstattooistsbasketmakers.Intotalanthropologistshaveidentifiedabout500nomadicgroupsinIndianumberingperhaps80millionpeople—around7percentofthecountry’sbillion-pluspopulation. ThesewandererswereoncepartofIndia’smainstream.Theymeshedcomfortablywiththevillagerswholivedalongtheirannualmigrationroutes.Inthe19thcenturythoughattitudesbegantochange.Britishadministratorsregardedthemasvagrantsandcriminalssowingprejudicethatsurvivedcolonialrule.TherapidlymodernizingIndiaofcallcentersandbrand-obsessedyouthhasscantusefortinkersorbeartrainersandcattleherdersareinalosingbattlewithindustryandurbansprawl.Fragmentedbyhierarchylanguageandregionthenomadsareignoredbypoliticiansandincontrasttootherdowntroddengroupshavereapedfewbenefitsfromsocialwelfareschemes. Justdefiningtheterm"nomad"isproblematicinIndia.Manygroupsthatoncedefinitelyfitthecategoryhaveclusteredinslumsinaprocessanthropologistscallsedentarization.YetIndiaremainsarigidlyhierarchicalsocietyinwhichbirthisoftensynonymouswithdestiny.SomobileornotIndia’snomadsareunitedbyahistoryofpovertyandexclusionthatcontinuestothisday.probablythebiggesthumanrightscrisisyou’veneverheardof. Tothelonelyfewwhohavetakenupthenomads’causeabigpartofthesolutionistoprovidethemwithroofsovertheirheadsoratleastanaddresswhichwouldmakeiteasierforthemtogetwelfarebenefitsandenrolltheirkidsinschool.Butsucheffortshavemetfierceresistancefromvillagersandlocalpoliticianswhoseetheroamersasdisreputableoutsiders. Indiaonceteemedwithsuchtravelingnicheworkers.ManywerefirstdescribedindetailbyaBritishcivilservantD.Ibbetsoninan1883reportbasedoncensusdatafromthePunjabregion.Ibbetson’sobservationsreflectedtheprejudicesofthedayandthewidelyheldbeliefinBritainthatnomads—andespeciallythedark-skinnedRomany-speakingpeopleknownasGypsies—wereunchangeableagentsofvice.Suchattitudestransferredeasilytothesubcontinent. Whichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout
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