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{{*HTML*}}A.becauseoftheirsimilarityB.thatwewouldnotbeabletounderstanditatallC.tothepopularizationofEnglishasaworldlanguageD.thetrendtobecomeagloballanguageE.whatoncehappenedtoLatinF.butthespeedwithwhichWhatimpressespeoplemostisnottheincreasingnumberofspeakersofEnglishfoundallovertheworld______thelanguagehasspreadinthepasthalfcenturyorso.
{{*HTML*}}TheBuildingofthePyramids??Theoldeststonebuildingsintheworldarethepyramids.?46?ThereareovereightyofthemscatteredalongthebanksoftheNilesomeofwhicharedifferentinshapefromthetruepyramids.ThemostfamousofthesearetheSteppyramidandtheBentpyramid.??Someofthepyramidsstilllookmuchthesameastheymusthavedonewhentheywerebuiltthousandsofyearsago.Mostofthedamagesufferedbytheothershasbeenatthehandsofmenwhowerelookingfortreasureormoreoftenforstonetouseinmodernbuildings.?47?Thesearegoodreasonswhytheycanstillbeseentodaybutperhapsthemostimportantisthattheywereplannedtolastforever.???48?HowevertherearenowritingsorpicturestoshowushowtheEgyptiansplannedorbuiltthepyramidsthemselves.?49?Neverthelessbyexaminingtheactualpyramidsandvarioustoolswhichhavebeenfoundarchaeologistshaveformedafairlyclearpictureofthem.??Onethingiscertaintheremusthavebeenmonthsofcarefulplanningbeforetheycouldbegintobuild.?50?Youmaythinkthiswouldhavebeeneasywithmilesandmilesofemptydesertaroundbutapyramidcouldnotbebuiltjustanywhere.Certainruleshadtobefollowedandcertainproblemshadtobeovercome.A.ThedryclimateofEgypthashelpedtopreservethepyramidsandtheirveryshapehavemadethemlesslikelytofallintoruin.B.Itispracticallycertainthatplansweremadeforthebuildingofthepyramidsbecausetheplansofotherlargeworkshavefortunatelybeenpreserved.C.Thefirstthingtheyhadtodowastochooseasuitableplace.D.Consequentlyweareonlyabletoguessatthemethodsused.E.Manypeoplewerekilledwhilebuildingthepyramids.F.Theyhavestoodfornearly5000yearsanditseemslikelythattheywillcontinuetostandforthousandsofyearsyet.
{{*HTML*}}Thewalrususesitstuskstodigfoodfromtheoceanbottom.
{{*HTML*}}ExerciseCanReplaceInsulinforElderlyDiabetics??Mostolderpeoplewithso-calledtypeⅡdiabetescouldstoptakinginsuliniftheywoulddobriskexercisefor30minutesjustthreetimesaweekaccordingtonewmedicalresearchresultsreportedintheCopenhagennewspaperBerlingskeTidendeonMonday.??ResultsfromtestsconductedondiabeticsattheCopenhagenCentralHospitalRigshospitaletsCenterforMuscleResearchshowedthatphysicalexercisecanboostthebody’sabilitytoutiliseinsulinby30percentthenewspaperreported.??Thisisequaltotheeffectmostelderlydiabeticsgetfromtheirinsulinmedicationtodayitsaid.??Researchershadagroupofnon-diabeticmenandagroupofmenwithtypeIIallmorethan60yearsofageexerciseonbicyclessixtimesaweekforthreemonths.Afterthethreemonthsthedoctorsmeasuredhowmuchsugarthetestsubjectsmusclescouldutiliseasameasureforhowwelltheirinsulinworked.??AssociateProfessorDr.FlemmingDelaoftheMuscleResearchCentersaidthetestsdemonstratedthattheexercisingdiabeticshadjustashighinsulinutilizationasthehealthynon-exercisingpersons.??Thismeansthattheinsulinworksjustaswellforbothgroups.Physicalexercisecannotcurepeopleofdiabetesbutitcaneliminatealmostalltheirsymptoms.AtthesametimeitcanputoffthepointatwhichtheyhavetobegintakinginsulinorperhapscompletelyavoidinsulintreatmentDelawasquotedassaying.??Insulinisahormoneproducedbythepancreascontrollingsugarinthebodyandusedagainstdiabetes.??Delasaidthattoachievethedesiredeffectdiabeticsneedonlyexercisetothepointwheretheybegintoworkupasweatbutthattheactivityhastobemaintainedsinceitwearsoffafterfivedayswithoutsufficientexercise.??MostdiabeticsrealizethattheyhavetowatchtheirdietwhileremainingunawareoftheimportanceofexerciseDelaadded.Towhatadegreehavediabeticstoexerciseinordertoachievethedesiredeffect’?______
{{*HTML*}}ColumbusdiscoveredAmericawhileseekingatraderoutetoIndi
{{*HTML*}}Common-coldSense??Youcan’tbeatitbutyoudon’thavetojoinit.Maybeitgotthenamecommoncoldbecauseit’smorecommoninwinter.Thefactisthoughbeingcolddoesn’thaveanythingtodowithgettingone.Coldsarecausedbythespreadofrhinovirusesandatleastsofarmedicalscienceisbetterattellingyouhowtoavoidgettingonethanhowtogetridofone.??Childrenarethemostcommonwaycoldvirusesarespreadtoadultsbecausetheyhavemorecoldsthanadults-anaverageofabouteightperyear.Whydokidsseemsomuchmoreeasilytogetcoldsthantheirparents?Simple.Theyhaven’thadtheopportunitytobecomeimmunetomanycoldviruses.??Therearemorethan150differentcoldvirusesandyouneverhavethesameonetwice.Beinginfectedbyonemakesyouimmunetoit-butonlyit.??Coldsareusuallyspreadbydirectcontactnotsneezingorcoughing.Fromanotherperson’shandtoyourhandandthentoyournoseoreyesisthemostcommonroute.Thehighestconcentrationofcoldvirusesanywhereisfoundunderthethumbnailsofaboyalthoughthevirusescansurviveforhoursonskinorothersmoothsurfaces.??Hygieneisyourbestdefense.Washyourhandsfrequentlypreferablywithadisinfectantsoapespeciallywhenchildreninyourhouseholdhavecolds.??Butevencarefulhygienewon’twardoffeverycold.Sowhatworkswhenacoughingsneezingrunnynosestrikes???Theoldprescriptionoftwoaspirinslotsofwaterandbedrestisagoodplacetostart.Butyou’llalsofindsomeofthefolkremediesworthtrying.Hotmixturesofsugarorhoneylemonandwaterhaverealbenefits.Whenyouarehavingacold______.
{{*HTML*}}AHealthProfile??Ahealthprofileisaportraitofallofthefactorsthatinfluenceyourhealth.Todrawyourhealthprofileyouwill?51?whatdiseasesruninyourfamilywhathealthhazardsyoumaybeexposedto?52?workhowyourdaily?53??comparestotherecommendedstandardshowmuchtimeperweekyou?54?exercisingandwhattypeofexerciseyouengage?55?howstressfulyourworkandfamilyenvironmentsarewhatkindsofillnessesyougetregularlyand?56?ornotyouhaveanyoneofanumberofaddictions.?57?thisportraityoushouldhaveacheckuptodeterminehowyourbloodheartandlungsarefunctioning.Thischeckupwillserve?58?abaselinetowhichyoucanthencomparelatertests.???59?thisprofileisthoroughlydrawnyoucanbegintothinkaboutsettinghealthprioritiesbased??60?yourparticularportrait.Forexampleifyoudrinktwomartiniseveryeveninghaveahigh-stress?61?areoverweightsmokeapackofcigarettesadayandusemarijuanaoccasionallyonweekendsyoushouldquitsmokingfirstfollowed?62?losingtheexcessweightreducingthestressofyourjob.givingupyourmarihuanahabitandthenfinallygivingsome?63?tothosemartinisifyouwanttopreventfirstcancerandthenheartdisease.Evenfortheyouthfulworkingpersonwhohasneverbeensickadayinhislifewhois?64?excellenthealthagoodlookatallhealthhabitsandatworkandhomeenvironmentsmaysuggestchangesthatwill?65?himinthefuture.
{{*HTML*}}Henslayingeggsneedplentyofnourishingfood.
{{*HTML*}}Nationalforestsmakemoneyforthegovernmentthroughthesaleoftreesforlumber.
{{*HTML*}}ExerciseCanReplaceInsulinforElderlyDiabetics??Mostolderpeoplewithso-calledtypeⅡdiabetescouldstoptakinginsuliniftheywoulddobriskexercisefor30minutesjustthreetimesaweekaccordingtonewmedicalresearchresultsreportedintheCopenhagennewspaperBerlingskeTidendeonMonday.??ResultsfromtestsconductedondiabeticsattheCopenhagenCentralHospitalRigshospitaletsCenterforMuscleResearchshowedthatphysicalexercisecanboostthebody’sabilitytoutiliseinsulinby30percentthenewspaperreported.??Thisisequaltotheeffectmostelderlydiabeticsgetfromtheirinsulinmedicationtodayitsaid.??Researchershadagroupofnon-diabeticmenandagroupofmenwithtypeIIallmorethan60yearsofageexerciseonbicyclessixtimesaweekforthreemonths.Afterthethreemonthsthedoctorsmeasuredhowmuchsugarthetestsubjectsmusclescouldutiliseasameasureforhowwelltheirinsulinworked.??AssociateProfessorDr.FlemmingDelaoftheMuscleResearchCentersaidthetestsdemonstratedthattheexercisingdiabeticshadjustashighinsulinutilizationasthehealthynon-exercisingpersons.??Thismeansthattheinsulinworksjustaswellforbothgroups.Physicalexercisecannotcurepeopleofdiabetesbutitcaneliminatealmostalltheirsymptoms.AtthesametimeitcanputoffthepointatwhichtheyhavetobegintakinginsulinorperhapscompletelyavoidinsulintreatmentDelawasquotedassaying.??Insulinisahormoneproducedbythepancreascontrollingsugarinthebodyandusedagainstdiabetes.??Delasaidthattoachievethedesiredeffectdiabeticsneedonlyexercisetothepointwheretheybegintoworkupasweatbutthattheactivityhastobemaintainedsinceitwearsoffafterfivedayswithoutsufficientexercise.??MostdiabeticsrealizethattheyhavetowatchtheirdietwhileremainingunawareoftheimportanceofexerciseDelaadded.Physicalexercisemayincreasethebodyabilitytoutiliseinsulinby______.
{{*HTML*}}Dreams??Everyonecandream.Indeedeveryonedoesdream.Thosewho?51?thattheyneverdreamatallactuallydream?52?asfrequentlyastherestofus?53?theymaynotrememberanythingaboutit.Eventhoseofuswhoareperfectly?54?ofdreamingnight?55?nightveryseldomrememberthosedreamsin?56?detailbutmerelyretainanuntidymixtureofseeminglyunrelatedimpressions.Dreamsarenotsimplyvisual-wedreamwithallour?57?sothatweappeartoexperiencesoundtouchsmellandtaste.??Oneoftheworld’soldest?58?writtendocumentsistheEgyptianBookofDreams.Thisvolumeisaboutfivethousandyearsoldsoyoucan?59?thatdreamswerebelievedtohaveaspecialsignificanceeventhen.Manyancientcivilisationsbelievedthatyou?60?neverwakeasleepingpersonasduringsleepthesoulhadleftthebodyandmightnotbeabletoreturn?61?timeifthesleeperweresuddenly?62???Fromancienttimestothepresent?63?peoplehavebeen?64?attemptstointerpretdreamsandtoexplaintheirsignificance.Therearemanybooksavailableonthesubjectofdreaminterpretationalthoughunfortunatelytherearealmostasmanymeaningsforaparticulardream?65?therearebooks.
{{*HTML*}}A.becauseoftheirsimilarityB.thatwewouldnotbeabletounderstanditatallC.tothepopularizationofEnglishasaworldlanguageD.thetrendtobecomeagloballanguageE.whatoncehappenedtoLatinF.butthespeedwithwhichCrystalexpressesthebeliefthatinthefuture______willnothappentoEnglish.
{{*HTML*}}Therepresentativewasaskedtoverifyhisearlierstatement.
{{*HTML*}}AHealthProfile??Ahealthprofileisaportraitofallofthefactorsthatinfluenceyourhealth.Todrawyourhealthprofileyouwill?51?whatdiseasesruninyourfamilywhathealthhazardsyoumaybeexposedto?52?workhowyourdaily?53??comparestotherecommendedstandardshowmuchtimeperweekyou?54?exercisingandwhattypeofexerciseyouengage?55?howstressfulyourworkandfamilyenvironmentsarewhatkindsofillnessesyougetregularlyand?56?ornotyouhaveanyoneofanumberofaddictions.?57?thisportraityoushouldhaveacheckuptodeterminehowyourbloodheartandlungsarefunctioning.Thischeckupwillserve?58?abaselinetowhichyoucanthencomparelatertests.???59?thisprofileisthoroughlydrawnyoucanbegintothinkaboutsettinghealthprioritiesbased??60?yourparticularportrait.Forexampleifyoudrinktwomartiniseveryeveninghaveahigh-stress?61?areoverweightsmokeapackofcigarettesadayandusemarijuanaoccasionallyonweekendsyoushouldquitsmokingfirstfollowed?62?losingtheexcessweightreducingthestressofyourjob.givingupyourmarihuanahabitandthenfinallygivingsome?63?tothosemartinisifyouwanttopreventfirstcancerandthenheartdisease.Evenfortheyouthfulworkingpersonwhohasneverbeensickadayinhislifewhois?64?excellenthealthagoodlookatallhealthhabitsandatworkandhomeenvironmentsmaysuggestchangesthatwill?65?himinthefuture.
{{*HTML*}}Corporations??Acorporationisafirmownedbyoneormoreindividualswhoownsharesofstockthatdefineownershipandrightstoprofits.Liabilityislimitedtothevalueofcorporationassets.AlthoughcorporationsconstitutethesmallestcategoryofbusinessorganizationintheUnitedStatestheyconductmostofthebusiness.In1998.corporationsaccountedforjust19percentofthetotalnumberoffirmsintheeconomybut90percentoftotalbusinessrevenuers.Fromthesenumberswecaninferthatmanylargefirmsarecorporationsandthatthisformofbusinessorganizationpossessescertainadvantagesovertheproprietorshipandthepartnershipinconductinglarge-scaleproductionandmarketing.??Inacorporationownershipisdividedintoequalpartscalledsharesofstock.Sharesaretheequalportionsintowhichownershipofacorporationisdivided.Ifanystockholderdiesorsellsouttoanewownertheexistenceofthebusinessorganizationisnotterminatedorendangeredasitisinaproprietorshiporpartnership.Forthisreasonthecorporationissaidtopossessthefeatureofcontinuity连续性.??Anotherfeaturethatmakesthecorporationradicallydifferentfromotherformsofbusinessorganizationissharetransferability-therightofownerstotransfertheirsharesbysaleorgiftwithouthavingtoobtainthepermissionofothershareholders股东.FormanylargeorganizationssharesofstockaretradedonastockmarketsuchastheNewYorkStockExchange.Othercorporationshoweveraresmallerandtheirsharesaretradedsoseldomthattheyarenotevenlistedonformalstockexchanges.Thesharesofthesefirmsaretradedbyindependentstockbrokers股票经纪人ontheover-the-countermarket.??Sharetransferabilityisthemosteconomicallyimportantfeatureofthecorporation;infactsharetransferabilityisonereasonfortheoriginofthecorporation.Itallowsownersandmanagerstospecializeincreasingefficiencyandprofitabilityinthefirm.Ownersofstockinacorporationdonotneedtobeconcernedwiththeday-to-dayoperationsofthefirm.Allthatownersneedtodoisobservethechangingpriceofthefirm’ssharesonthestockmarkettodecidewhetherthecompanyisbeingcompetentlymanagediftheyaredissatisfiedwiththeperformanceofthecompanytheycanselltheirstock.Managersontheotherhandspecializeinreviewingtheday-to-dayoperationsofthecorporation.??Stillanotherfeatureofthecorporationislimitedliability.Corporateshareholdersareresponsibleforthedebtsorliabilitiesofthecorporationonlytotheextentthattheyhaveinvestedinit.Manyinvestorspreferinvestmentsinwhichtheirriskofpersonallossisstrictlylimited;theamountofdirectinvestmentincorporationsisthereforeincreasedasaresultofthelimitedliabilityinvolved.Onedefiningfeatureofthecorporationis______
{{*HTML*}}TheBuildingofthePyramids??Theoldeststonebuildingsintheworldarethepyramids.?46?ThereareovereightyofthemscatteredalongthebanksoftheNilesomeofwhicharedifferentinshapefromthetruepyramids.ThemostfamousofthesearetheSteppyramidandtheBentpyramid.??Someofthepyramidsstilllookmuchthesameastheymusthavedonewhentheywerebuiltthousandsofyearsago.Mostofthedamagesufferedbytheothershasbeenatthehandsofmenwhowerelookingfortreasureormoreoftenforstonetouseinmodernbuildings.?47?Thesearegoodreasonswhytheycanstillbeseentodaybutperhapsthemostimportantisthattheywereplannedtolastforever.???48?HowevertherearenowritingsorpicturestoshowushowtheEgyptiansplannedorbuiltthepyramidsthemselves.?49?Neverthelessbyexaminingtheactualpyramidsandvarioustoolswhichhavebeenfoundarchaeologistshaveformedafairlyclearpictureofthem.??Onethingiscertaintheremusthavebeenmonthsofcarefulplanningbeforetheycouldbegintobuild.?50?Youmaythinkthiswouldhavebeeneasywithmilesandmilesofemptydesertaroundbutapyramidcouldnotbebuiltjustanywhere.Certainruleshadtobefollowedandcertainproblemshadtobeovercome.A.ThedryclimateofEgypthashelpedtopreservethepyramidsandtheirveryshapehavemadethemlesslikelytofallintoruin.B.Itispracticallycertainthatplansweremadeforthebuildingofthepyramidsbecausetheplansofotherlargeworkshavefortunatelybeenpreserved.C.Thefirstthingtheyhadtodowastochooseasuitableplace.D.Consequentlyweareonlyabletoguessatthemethodsused.E.Manypeoplewerekilledwhilebuildingthepyramids.F.Theyhavestoodfornearly5000yearsanditseemslikelythattheywillcontinuetostandforthousandsofyearsyet.
{{*HTML*}}DiningCustom??EverylandhasitsowndiningcustomandtheUnitedStatesisnoexception.Americansfeelthatthefirstruleofbeingapoliteguestistobeontime.Ifapersonisinvitedtodinnerat6:30thehostessexpectshimtobethereat6.30ornotmorethanafewminutesafter.Becausesheusuallydoesherowncookingshetimesthemealsothatthecoffeeandmeatwillbeattheirbestatthetimesheaskstheguesttocome.Ifheislatethefoodwillnotbesogoodandthehostesswillbedisappointed.Whentheguestcannotcomeontimehecallshishostorhostessonthetelephonegivesthereasonandtellsatwhattimehethinkshecancome.??Asguestscontinuetoarrivethemeninthegroupstandwhenawomanentersandremainstandinguntilshehasfoundachair.Amanalwaysriseswhenheisbeingintroducedtoawoman.Awomandoesnotrisewhensheisbeingintroducedeithertoamanorawomanunlessthewomanismucholder.??Whentheguestssitdownatadinnertableitiscustomaryforthementohelptheladiesbypushingtheirchairsunderthem.??EvenanAmericanmaybeconfusedbythenumberofknivesforksandspoonsbesidehisplatewhenhesitsdowntoaformaldinner.Theruleissimplehowever.usethemintheorderinwhichtheyliebeginningfromtheoutside.Orwatchthehostessanddowhatshedoes.Thesmallforkontheoutsideontheleftisforsaladwhichisoftenservedwiththesoup.Thespoonontheoutsideattherightisforsoupandsoon.Sometimesthereisaseparatelittleknifecalledabutterspreaderonasmallbread-and-butterplateattheleft.Asthebreadispassedeachguestputshispieceonthebread-and-butterplate.Ataformaldinnerbreadisusuallyservedtogetherwithsaladandsoup.
{{*HTML*}}HowdidEnglishBecomeaGlobalLanguage???1?TheriseofEnglishisaremarkabletaleasProfessorDavidCrystalremindsusinhisattractiveshortbookEnglishasaGlobalLanguage.??2?Itiscertainlyquiteatheme.WhenJuliusCaesarlandedinBritainmorethan2000yearsagoEnglishdidnotexist.FivehundredyearslaterEnglishvirtuallyincomprehensibletomodernearswasprobablyspokenbyaboutasfewpeopleascurrentlyspeakCherokeethelanguageofasmallNorthAmericanIndiantribe?andwithaslittleinfluence.About1000yearslaterattheendofthe16thcenturyandaftertheNormanConquesttheReformationandthearrivalofcommercialprintingtechnologyEnglishwasthenativespeechofbetween5millionand7millionpeople.Andyetnowlookatit.AsthesecondmillenniumapproachesEnglishismorewidelyscatteredmorewidelyspokenandwrittenthananyotherlanguagehaseverbeen.Inthetitleofthebookithasbecomeatrulygloballanguage.AccordingtoDavidCrystalabout2.09billionpeoplewelloverone-thirdoftheworld’spopulationareroutinelyexposedtoit.??3?Asherightlypointsoutwhatisimpressiveaboutthisstaggeringfigureisnotsomuchthegrandtotalbutthespeedwithwhichexpansionhastakenplacesincethe1950’s.In1950thecaseforEnglishasaworldlanguagewouldhavebeennomorethanplausible.Fiftyyearsonandthecaseisvirtuallywon.??4?Sowhathappened???5?Someoneoncesaidthatalanguageisadialectwithanarmyandanavy.InotherwordswhentheBritishnavysetouttoconquertheworlditsetoutanarmyofEnglishspeakers.AstheBritishempirespreadthroughouttheworldEnglishbecamethebasisoflawcommerceandeducation.TheBritishempirewassucceededbyanothertheAmericanwhichsharedvirtuallythesamelinguisticheritage.AmericanEnglishwhichhasbecometherocket-fueloftheEnglishlanguagehasmagicallyfounditswayintoareasundreamedof40letalone400yearsago.??6?ThemostvaluablepartofCrystal’sstudyisthesectiondevotedtoaspeedyanalysisoftheculturalbasisofthisglobalreachnotablytheinfluenceofbroadcastingpressadvertisingpopularmusicandfilm.Heisalsoup-to-dateandinformativeinhisidentificationoftheWorldWide-WebasapowerfulreinforcerofAmericanculturalandlinguisticdominance.??7?OneofhismostinterestingpassagesconcernstheroleplayedbytheLeagueofNationsandlatertheUnitedNationsinspreadingEnglishasaninternationallanguageintheaftermathofthetwoworldwars.??8?Whatdoesthefuturehold?TothisquestionCrystalproposestherecognitionofanewformofEnglish-WSSEWorldStandardSpokenEnglish-whichalmostbydefinitionrulesoutthepossibilitythatEnglishwouldfragmentintomutuallyunintelligiblelanguagesasLatinoncedid.EnglishinsomeshapeorformwillfinditselfintheserviceoftheworldcommunityforeverCrystalwrites.A.ThefutureofEnglishB.ThespeedofthespreadofEnglishC.TheroleplayedbycultureandthenetD.TheroleplayedbymilitaryexpansionE.TheroleplayedbyeducationF.The2000yearsofEnglishParagraph6______
{{*HTML*}}DiningCustom??EverylandhasitsowndiningcustomandtheUnitedStatesisnoexception.Americansfeelthatthefirstruleofbeingapoliteguestistobeontime.Ifapersonisinvitedtodinnerat6:30thehostessexpectshimtobethereat6.30ornotmorethanafewminutesafter.Becausesheusuallydoesherowncookingshetimesthemealsothatthecoffeeandmeatwillbeattheirbestatthetimesheaskstheguesttocome.Ifheislatethefoodwillnotbesogoodandthehostesswillbedisappointed.Whentheguestcannotcomeontimehecallshishostorhostessonthetelephonegivesthereasonandtellsatwhattimehethinkshecancome.??Asguestscontinuetoarrivethemeninthegroupstandwhenawomanentersandremainstandinguntilshehasfoundachair.Amanalwaysriseswhenheisbeingintroducedtoawoman.Awomandoesnotrisewhensheisbeingintroducedeithertoamanorawomanunlessthewomanismucholder.??Whentheguestssitdownatadinnertableitiscustomaryforthementohelptheladiesbypushingtheirchairsunderthem.??EvenanAmericanmaybeconfusedbythenumberofknivesforksandspoonsbesidehisplatewhenhesitsdowntoaformaldinner.Theruleissimplehowever.usethemintheorderinwhichtheyliebeginningfromtheoutside.Orwatchthehostessanddowhatshedoes.Thesmallforkontheoutsideontheleftisforsaladwhichisoftenservedwiththesoup.Thespoonontheoutsideattherightisforsoupandsoon.Sometimesthereisaseparatelittleknifecalledabutterspreaderonasmallbread-and-butterplateattheleft.Asthebreadispassedeachguestputshispieceonthebread-and-butterplate.AsacountryofimmigrantstheU.S.doesnothaveitsowndiningcustoms.
{{*HTML*}}DiningCustom??EverylandhasitsowndiningcustomandtheUnitedStatesisnoexception.Americansfeelthatthefirstruleofbeingapoliteguestistobeontime.Ifapersonisinvitedtodinnerat6:30thehostessexpectshimtobethereat6.30ornotmorethanafewminutesafter.Becausesheusuallydoesherowncookingshetimesthemealsothatthecoffeeandmeatwillbeattheirbestatthetimesheaskstheguesttocome.Ifheislatethefoodwillnotbesogoodandthehostesswillbedisappointed.Whentheguestcannotcomeontimehecallshishostorhostessonthetelephonegivesthereasonandtellsatwhattimehethinkshecancome.??Asguestscontinuetoarrivethemeninthegroupstandwhenawomanentersandremainstandinguntilshehasfoundachair.Amanalwaysriseswhenheisbeingintroducedtoawoman.Awomandoesnotrisewhensheisbeingintroducedeithertoamanorawomanunlessthewomanismucholder.??Whentheguestssitdownatadinnertableitiscustomaryforthementohelptheladiesbypushingtheirchairsunderthem.??EvenanAmericanmaybeconfusedbythenumberofknivesforksandspoonsbesidehisplatewhenhesitsdowntoaformaldinner.Theruleissimplehowever.usethemintheorderinwhichtheyliebeginningfromtheoutside.Orwatchthehostessanddowhatshedoes.Thesmallforkontheoutsideontheleftisforsaladwhichisoftenservedwiththesoup.Thespoonontheoutsideattherightisforsoupandsoon.Sometimesthereisaseparatelittleknifecalledabutterspreaderonasmallbread-and-butterplateattheleft.Asthebreadispassedeachguestputshispieceonthebread-and-butterplate.AtformalAmericandinnertheknivesforksandspoonsbesidetheplateareplacedinacertainorder.
{{*HTML*}}HowdidEnglishBecomeaGlobalLanguage???1?TheriseofEnglishisaremarkabletaleasProfessorDavidCrystalremindsusinhisattractiveshortbookEnglishasaGlobalLanguage.??2?Itiscertainlyquiteatheme.WhenJuliusCaesarlandedinBritainmorethan2000yearsagoEnglishdidnotexist.FivehundredyearslaterEnglishvirtuallyincomprehensibletomodernearswasprobablyspokenbyaboutasfewpeopleascurrentlyspeakCherokeethelanguageofasmallNorthAmericanIndiantribe?andwithaslittleinfluence.About1000yearslaterattheendofthe16thcenturyandaftertheNormanConquesttheReformationandthearrivalofcommercialprintingtechnologyEnglishwasthenativespeechofbetween5millionand7millionpeople.Andyetnowlookatit.AsthesecondmillenniumapproachesEnglishismorewidelyscatteredmorewidelyspokenandwrittenthananyotherlanguagehaseverbeen.Inthetitleofthebookithasbecomeatrulygloballanguage.AccordingtoDavidCrystalabout2.09billionpeoplewelloverone-thirdoftheworld’spopulationareroutinelyexposedtoit.??3?Asherightlypointsoutwhatisimpressiveaboutthisstaggeringfigureisnotsomuchthegrandtotalbutthespeedwithwhichexpansionhastakenplacesincethe1950’s.In1950thecaseforEnglishasaworldlanguagewouldhavebeennomorethanplausible.Fiftyyearsonandthecaseisvirtuallywon.??4?Sowhathappened???5?Someoneoncesaidthatalanguageisadialectwithanarmyandanavy.InotherwordswhentheBritishnavysetouttoconquertheworlditsetoutanarmyofEnglishspeakers.AstheBritishempirespreadthroughouttheworldEnglishbecamethebasisoflawcommerceandeducation.TheBritishempirewassucceededbyanothertheAmericanwhichsharedvirtuallythesamelinguisticheritage.AmericanEnglishwhichhasbecometherocket-fueloftheEnglishlanguagehasmagicallyfounditswayintoareasundreamedof40letalone400yearsago.??6?ThemostvaluablepartofCrystal’sstudyisthesectiondevotedtoaspeedyanalysisoftheculturalbasisofthisglobalreachnotablytheinfluenceofbroadcastingpressadvertisingpopularmusicandfilm.Heisalsoup-to-dateandinformativeinhisidentificationoftheWorldWide-WebasapowerfulreinforcerofAmericanculturalandlinguisticdominance.??7?OneofhismostinterestingpassagesconcernstheroleplayedbytheLeagueofNationsandlatertheUnitedNationsinspreadingEnglishasaninternationallanguageintheaftermathofthetwoworldwars.??8?Whatdoesthefuturehold?TothisquestionCrystalproposestherecognitionofanewformofEnglish-WSSEWorldStandardSpokenEnglish-whichalmostbydefinitionrulesoutthepossibilitythatEnglishwouldfragmentintomutuallyunintelligiblelanguagesasLatinoncedid.EnglishinsomeshapeorformwillfinditselfintheserviceoftheworldcommunityforeverCrystalwrites.A.ThefutureofEnglishB.ThespeedofthespreadofEnglishC.TheroleplayedbycultureandthenetD.TheroleplayedbymilitaryexpansionE.TheroleplayedbyeducationF.The2000yearsofEnglishParagraph3______
{{*HTML*}}MargaretAvisononeofCanada'sfinestpoetshasremainedoutsidethemainstreamofrecognizedwriters.
{{*HTML*}}Corporations??Acorporationisafirmownedbyoneormoreindividualswhoownsharesofstockthatdefineownershipandrightstoprofits.Liabilityislimitedtothevalueofcorporationassets.AlthoughcorporationsconstitutethesmallestcategoryofbusinessorganizationintheUnitedStatestheyconductmostofthebusiness.In1998.corporationsaccountedforjust19percentofthetotalnumberoffirmsintheeconomybut90percentoftotalbusinessrevenuers.Fromthesenumberswecaninferthatmanylargefirmsarecorporationsandthatthisformofbusinessorganizationpossessescertainadvantagesovertheproprietorshipandthepartnershipinconductinglarge-scaleproductionandmarketing.??Inacorporationownershipisdividedintoequalpartscalledsharesofstock.Sharesaretheequalportionsintowhichownershipofacorporationisdivided.Ifanystockholderdiesorsellsouttoanewownertheexistenceofthebusinessorganizationisnotterminatedorendangeredasitisinaproprietorshiporpartnership.Forthisreasonthecorporationissaidtopossessthefeatureofcontinuity连续性.??Anotherfeaturethatmakesthecorporationradicallydifferentfromotherformsofbusinessorganizationissharetransferability-therightofownerstotransfertheirsharesbysaleorgiftwithouthavingtoobtainthepermissionofothershareholders股东.FormanylargeorganizationssharesofstockaretradedonastockmarketsuchastheNewYorkStockExchange.Othercorporationshoweveraresmallerandtheirsharesaretradedsoseldomthattheyarenotevenlistedonformalstockexchanges.Thesharesofthesefirmsaretradedbyindependentstockbrokers股票经纪人ontheover-the-countermarket.??Sharetransferabilityisthemosteconomicallyimportantfeatureofthecorporation;infactsharetransferabilityisonereasonfortheoriginofthecorporation.Itallowsownersandmanagerstospecializeincreasingefficiencyandprofitabilityinthefirm.Ownersofstockinacorporationdonotneedtobeconcernedwiththeday-to-dayoperationsofthefirm.Allthatownersneedtodoisobservethechangingpriceofthefirm’ssharesonthestockmarkettodecidewhetherthecompanyisbeingcompetentlymanagediftheyaredissatisfiedwiththeperformanceofthecompanytheycanselltheirstock.Managersontheotherhandspecializeinreviewingtheday-to-dayoperationsofthecorporation.??Stillanotherfeatureofthecorporationislimitedliability.Corporateshareholdersareresponsibleforthedebtsorliabilitiesofthecorporationonlytotheextentthattheyhaveinvestedinit.Manyinvestorspreferinvestmentsinwhichtheirriskofpersonallossisstrictlylimited;theamountofdirectinvestmentincorporationsisthereforeincreasedasaresultofthelimitedliabilityinvolved.Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?______
{{*HTML*}}AHealthProfile??Ahealthprofileisaportraitofallofthefactorsthatinfluenceyourhealth.Todrawyourhealthprofileyouwill?51?whatdiseasesruninyourfamilywhathealthhazardsyoumaybeexposedto?52?workhowyourdaily?53??comparestotherecommendedstandardshowmuchtimeperweekyou?54?exercisingandwhattypeofexerciseyouengage?55?howstressfulyourworkandfamilyenvironmentsarewhatkindsofillnessesyougetregularlyand?56?ornotyouhaveanyoneofanumberofaddictions.?57?thisportraityoushouldhaveacheckuptodeterminehowyourbloodheartandlungsarefunctioning.Thischeckupwillserve?58?abaselinetowhichyoucanthencomparelatertests.???59?thisprofileisthoroughlydrawnyoucanbegintothinkaboutsettinghealthprioritiesbased??60?yourparticularportrait.Forexampleifyoudrinktwomartiniseveryeveninghaveahigh-stress?61?areoverweightsmokeapackofcigarettesadayandusemarijuanaoccasionallyonweekendsyoushouldquitsmokingfirstfollowed?62?losingtheexcessweightreducingthestressofyourjob.givingupyourmarihuanahabitandthenfinallygivingsome?63?tothosemartinisifyouwanttopreventfirstcancerandthenheartdisease.Evenfortheyouthfulworkingpersonwhohasneverbeensickadayinhislifewhois?64?excellenthealthagoodlookatallhealthhabitsandatworkandhomeenvironmentsmaysuggestchangesthatwill?65?himinthefuture.
{{*HTML*}}DiningCustom??EverylandhasitsowndiningcustomandtheUnitedStatesisnoexception.Americansfeelthatthefirstruleofbeingapoliteguestistobeontime.Ifapersonisinvitedtodinnerat6:30thehostessexpectshimtobethereat6.30ornotmorethanafewminutesafter.Becausesheusuallydoesherowncookingshetimesthemealsothatthecoffeeandmeatwillbeattheirbestatthetimesheaskstheguesttocome.Ifheislatethefoodwillnotbesogoodandthehostesswillbedisappointed.Whentheguestcannotcomeontimehecallshishostorhostessonthetelephonegivesthereasonandtellsatwhattimehethinkshecancome.??Asguestscontinuetoarrivethemeninthegroupstandwhenawomanentersandremainstandinguntilshehasfoundachair.Amanalwaysriseswhenheisbeingintroducedtoawoman.Awomandoesnotrisewhensheisbeingintroducedeithertoamanorawomanunlessthewomanismucholder.??Whentheguestssitdownatadinnertableitiscustomaryforthementohelptheladiesbypushingtheirchairsunderthem.??EvenanAmericanmaybeconfusedbythenumberofknivesforksandspoonsbesidehisplatewhenhesitsdowntoaformaldinner.Theruleissimplehowever.usethemintheorderinwhichtheyliebeginningfromtheoutside.Orwatchthehostessanddowhatshedoes.Thesmallforkontheoutsideontheleftisforsaladwhichisoftenservedwiththesoup.Thespoonontheoutsideattherightisforsoupandsoon.Sometimesthereisaseparatelittleknifecalledabutterspreaderonasmallbread-and-butterplateattheleft.Asthebreadispassedeachguestputshispieceonthebread-and-butterplate.Awomanusuallyriseswhensheisbeingintroducedtoanagedgentleman.
{{*HTML*}}Common-coldSense??Youcan’tbeatitbutyoudon’thavetojoinit.Maybeitgotthenamecommoncoldbecauseit’smorecommoninwinter.Thefactisthoughbeingcolddoesn’thaveanythingtodowithgettingone.Coldsarecausedbythespreadofrhinovirusesandatleastsofarmedicalscienceisbetterattellingyouhowtoavoidgettingonethanhowtogetridofone.??Childrenarethemostcommonwaycoldvirusesarespreadtoadultsbecausetheyhavemorecoldsthanadults-anaverageofabouteightperyear.Whydokidsseemsomuchmoreeasilytogetcoldsthantheirparents?Simple.Theyhaven’thadtheopportunitytobecomeimmunetomanycoldviruses.??Therearemorethan150differentcoldvirusesandyouneverhavethesameonetwice.Beinginfectedbyonemakesyouimmunetoit-butonlyit.??Coldsareusuallyspreadbydirectcontactnotsneezingorcoughing.Fromanotherperson’shandtoyourhandandthentoyournoseoreyesisthemostcommonroute.Thehighestconcentrationofcoldvirusesanywhereisfoundunderthethumbnailsofaboyalthoughthevirusescansurviveforhoursonskinorothersmoothsurfaces.??Hygieneisyourbestdefense.Washyourhandsfrequentlypreferablywithadisinfectantsoapespeciallywhenchildreninyourhouseholdhavecolds.??Butevencarefulhygienewon’twardoffeverycold.Sowhatworkswhenacoughingsneezingrunnynosestrikes???Theoldprescriptionoftwoaspirinslotsofwaterandbedrestisagoodplacetostart.Butyou’llalsofindsomeofthefolkremediesworthtrying.Hotmixturesofsugarorhoneylemonandwaterhaverealbenefits.Thebestwaytokeepyourselffromgettingcoldsis______.
{{*HTML*}}Manycitydwellersareturningvacantlotsintothrivinggardens.
{{*HTML*}}Corporations??Acorporationisafirmownedbyoneormoreindividualswhoownsharesofstockthatdefineownershipandrightstoprofits.Liabilityislimitedtothevalueofcorporationassets.AlthoughcorporationsconstitutethesmallestcategoryofbusinessorganizationintheUnitedStatestheyconductmostofthebusiness.In1998.corporationsaccountedforjust19percentofthetotalnumberoffirmsintheeconomybut90percentoftotalbusinessrevenuers.Fromthesenumberswecaninferthatmanylargefirmsarecorporationsandthatthisformofbusinessorganizationpossessescertainadvantagesovertheproprietorshipandthepartnershipinconductinglarge-scaleproductionandmarketing.??Inacorporationownershipisdividedintoequalpartscalledsharesofstock.Sharesaretheequalportionsintowhichownershipofacorporationisdivided.Ifanystockholderdiesorsellsouttoanewownertheexistenceofthebusinessorganizationisnotterminatedorendangeredasitisinaproprietorshiporpartnership.Forthisreasonthecorporationissaidtopossessthefeatureofcontinuity连续性.??Anotherfeaturethatmakesthecorporationradicallydifferentfromotherformsofbusinessorganizationissharetransferability-therightofownerstotransfertheirsharesbysaleorgiftwithouthavingtoobtainthepermissionofothershareholders股东.FormanylargeorganizationssharesofstockaretradedonastockmarketsuchastheNewYorkStockExchange.Othercorporationshoweveraresmallerandtheirsharesaretradedsoseldomthattheyarenotevenlistedonformalstockexchanges.Thesharesofthesefirmsaretradedbyindependentstockbrokers股票经纪人ontheover-the-countermarket.??Sharetransferabilityisthemosteconomicallyimportantfeatureofthecorporation;infactsharetransferabilityisonereasonfortheoriginofthecorporation.Itallowsownersandmanagerstospecializeincreasingefficiencyandprofitabilityinthefirm.Ownersofstockinacorporationdonotneedtobeconcernedwiththeday-to-dayoperationsofthefirm.Allthatownersneedtodoisobservethechangingpriceofthefirm’ssharesonthestockmarkettodecidewhetherthecompanyisbeingcompetentlymanagediftheyaredissatisfiedwiththeperformanceofthecompanytheycanselltheirstock.Managersontheotherhandspecializeinreviewingtheday-to-dayoperationsofthecorporation.??Stillanotherfeatureofthecorporationislimitedliability.Corporateshareholdersareresponsibleforthedebtsorliabilitiesofthecorporationonlytotheextentthattheyhaveinvestedinit.Manyinvestorspreferinvestmentsinwhichtheirriskofpersonallossisstrictlylimited;theamountofdirectinvestmentincorporationsisthereforeincreasedasaresultofthelimitedliabilityinvolved.Inthecaseofacorporationtherighttotransfersharesis______.
{{*HTML*}}AHealthProfile??Ahealthprofileisaportraitofallofthefactorsthatinfluenceyourhealth.Todrawyourhealthprofileyouwill?51?whatdiseasesruninyourfamilywhathealthhazardsyoumaybeexposedto?52?workhowyourdaily?53??comparestotherecommendedstandardshowmuchtimeperweekyou?54?exercisingandwhattypeofexerciseyouengage?55?howstressfulyourworkandfamilyenvironmentsarewhatkindsofillnessesyougetregularlyand?56?ornotyouhaveanyoneofanumberofaddictions.?57?thisportraityoushouldhaveacheckuptodeterminehowyourbloodheartandlungsarefunctioning.Thischeckupwillserve?58?abaselinetowhichyoucanthencomparelatertests.???59?thisprofileisthoroughlydrawnyoucanbegintothinkaboutsettinghealthprioritiesbased??60?yourparticularportrait.Forexampleifyoudrinktwomartiniseveryeveninghaveahigh-stress?61?areoverweightsmokeapackofcigarettesadayandusemarijuanaoccasionallyonweekendsyoushouldquitsmokingfirstfollowed?62?losingtheexcessweightreducingthestressofyourjob.givingupyourmarihuanahabitandthenfinallygivingsome?63?tothosemartinisifyouwanttopreventfirstcancerandthenheartdisease.Evenfortheyouthfulworkingpersonwhohasneverbeensickadayinhislifewhois?64?excellenthealthagoodlookatallhealthhabitsandatworkandhomeenvironmentsmaysuggestchangesthatwill?65?himinthefuture.
{{*HTML*}}TheBuildingofthePyramids??Theoldeststonebuildingsintheworldarethepyramids.?46?ThereareovereightyofthemscatteredalongthebanksoftheNilesomeofwhicharedifferentinshapefromthetruepyramids.ThemostfamousofthesearetheSteppyramidandtheBentpyramid.??Someofthepyramidsstilllookmuchthesameastheymusthavedonewhentheywerebuiltthousandsofyearsago.Mostofthedamagesufferedbytheothershasbeenatthehandsofmenwhowerelookingfortreasureormoreoftenforstonetouseinmodernbuildings.?47?Thesearegoodreasonswhytheycanstillbeseentodaybutperhapsthemostimportantisthattheywereplannedtolastforever.???48?HowevertherearenowritingsorpicturestoshowushowtheEgyptiansplannedorbuiltthepyramidsthemselves.?49?Neverthelessbyexaminingtheactualpyramidsandvarioustoolswhichhavebeenfoundarchaeologistshaveformedafairlyclearpictureofthem.??Onethingiscertaintheremusthavebeenmonthsofcarefulplanningbeforetheycouldbegintobuild.?50?Youmaythinkthiswouldhavebeeneasywithmilesandmilesofemptydesertaroundbutapyramidcouldnotbebuiltjustanywhere.Certainruleshadtobefollowedandcertainproblemshadtobeovercome.A.ThedryclimateofEgypthashelpedtopreservethepyramidsandtheirveryshapehavemadethemlesslikelytofallintoruin.B.Itispracticallycertainthatplansweremadeforthebuildingofthepyramidsbecausetheplansofotherlargeworkshavefortunatelybeenpreserved.C.Thefirstthingtheyhadtodowastochooseasuitableplace.D.Consequentlyweareonlyabletoguessatthemethodsused.E.Manypeoplewerekilledwhilebuildingthepyramids.F.Theyhavestoodfornearly5000yearsanditseemslikelythattheywillcontinuetostandforthousandsofyearsyet.

Many science reports discuss medical studies that test the effect of a new drug. Usually, a large nu...

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