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Study the following picture carefully and write an essay to 1) describe the picture and interpret t...
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Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayt
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayt
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayt
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingpictureandwrit
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayt
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayt
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayt
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Likeeverydogeverydiseasenowseemstohaveitsday.WorldTuberculosisinfectionsdiseaseinwhichgrowthsappearonthelungsDayisonSaturdayMarch24th. Tuberculosiswasonceterriblyfashionable.Dyingof"consumption"seemstohavebeenafavoriteactivityofgarret-dwelling19th-centuryartistshhashoweverbeenneglectedoflate.ResearchersinthefieldnevertireofpointingoutthatTBkillsalotofpeople.AccordingtofiguresreleasedearlierthisweekbytheWorldHealthOrganization1.6millionpeoplediedofthediseasein2005comparedwithabout3mforAIDSandlmformalaria.ButitreceivesonlyafractionoftheresearchbudgetdevotedtoAIDS.America’sNationalInstitutesofHealthforexamplespends20timesasmuchonAIDSasonTB.NeverthelesseveryoneseemstogettinginontheTB-dayactthisyear. TheGlobalFundaninternationalorganizationresponsiblefurfightingallthreediseasesbutbestknownforitsworkonAIDShasusedtheoccasiontotrumpetitstuberculosisprojects.Thefundclaimsthatitsanti-TBactivitiessinceitopenedforbusinessin2002havesavedthelivesofover1mpeople.TheWorldHealthOrganizationhasissuedareportthatcontainssomegoodnews.AlthoughthenumberofTBcasesisstillrisingtherateofillnessseemstohavestabilized;thecaseloadinotherwordsisgrowingonlybecausethepopulationitselfisgoingup. Evendrugcompaniesareinvolved.Inthenm-uptothedayitselfEliLillyannounceda$50mboosttoitsMDRTBGlobalPartnership.MDRstandsformulti-drugresistanceanditisoneofthereasonswhyTBisbackinthelimelight.Carelesstreatmenthascauseddrug-resistantstrainstoevolveallovertheworld.Thecourseofdrugsneededtoclearthediseasecompletelytakessixmouthsantipersuadingpeoplelostaythatcourseoncetheirsymptomshavegoneishard.UnfortunatelythoseinfectedwithMDRhavetobetreatedwithlesseffectivemorepoisonousandmorecostlydrugs.Naturallytheseprovokestillmore.non-complianceandthusstillmoreevolution. TheotherreasonTBisbackisitsrelationshiptoAIDS.TheglobalFund’sjointresponsibilityforthediseasesisnocoincidence.AIDSdoesnotkilldirectly.RatherHIVthevirusthatcausesitweakensthebody’simmunesystemandexposesthesufferertosecondaryinfections.OftheseTBisoneofthemostserious.Itkills200000AIDSpatientsayear.Howeversomeanti-TBdrugsinterferewiththeeffectofsomeanti-HIVdrugs.Converselyinabout20%ofcaseswhereapatienthasbothdiseasesanti-HIVdrugsmakethetuberculosisworse.Theupshotisthat125yearsafterhumanbeingsworkedoutwhatcausedTBitisstillaseriousthreat. Whichofthefollowingproverbsisclosestinmeaningtothemessagethetexttriestoconvey
AcoupleofyearsagoagroupofmanagementscholarsfromYaleandtheUniversityofPittsburghtriedtodiscoveriftherewasalinkbetweenacompany’ssuccessandthepersonalityofitsboss.46Toworkoutwhatthatpersonalitywastheyaskedseniormanagerstoscoretheirbossesforsuchtraitsasanabilitytocommunicateanexcitingvisionofthefutureortostandasagoodmodelforotherstofollow.Whenthedatawereanalyzedtheresearchersfoundnoevidenceofaconnectionbetweenhowwellafirmwasdoingandwhatitsbosswaslike.Asfarastheycouldtellacompanycouldnotbejudgedbyitschiefexecutiveanybetterthanabookcouldbejudgedbyitscover.47AfewyearsbeforethishoweverateamofpsychologistsfromTuftsUniversityledbyNaliniAmbadydiscoveredthatwhenpeoplewatchedtwo-second-longfilm-clipsofprofessorslecturingtheywereprettygoodatdetermininghowableateachereachprofessoractuallywas.NowDrAmbadyandhercolleagueNicholasRulehavetakenthingsastepfurther.48Theyhaveshownthatevenastillphotographcanconveyalotofinformationaboutcompetence—andthatitcandosoinawaywhichsuggeststheassessmentsofallthoseseniormanagerswerenonsense.DrAmbadyandMr.Ruleshowed100undergraduatesthefacesofthechiefexecutivesofthetop25andthebottom25companiesintheFortune1000list.Halfthestudentswereaskedhowgoodtheythoughtthepersontheywerelookingatwouldbeatleadingacompanyandhalfwereaskedtoratefivepersonalitytraitsonthebasisofthephotograph.49Thesetraitswerecompetencedominancelikabilityfacialmaturityinotherwordsdidtheindividualhaveanadult-lookingfaceorababy-faceandtrustworthiness.AndDrAmbadyandMr.Ruleweresurprisedbyjusthowaccuratethestudents’observationswere.TheresultsoftheirstudywhichareabouttobepublishedinPsychologicalScienceshowthatboththestudents’assessmentsoftheleadershippotentialofthebossesandtheirratingsforthetraitsofcompetencedominanceandfacialmaturityweresignificantlyrelatedtoacompany’sprofits.50Sadlythecharacteristicsoflikabilityandtrustworthinessappeartohavenolinktocompanyprofitssuggestingthatwhenitcomestobusinesssuccessbeingwarmandfuzzydoesnotmattermuchthoughthesetraitsarenotharmful.
Peoplecangetemotionalaboutimmigration.BillO’Reillyatalk-showhostdevotedarecentsegmenttothestoryofanillegalalienwhogotdrunkandaccidentallykilledtwoattractivewhitegirlswithhiscar.IfonlyhehadbeendeportedforpreviousmisdemeanoursMr.O’Reillyragedthosegirlswouldstillbealive.Anothertalk-showhostGeraldoRiveraduringanon-airshout-joust争吵withMr.O’Reillydenouncedhisdemagogicchoiceofstory-angleas"asin". PresidentGeorgeBushtriedagainthisweektobringamorerationaltonetothedebate.HeurgedthenewDemocraticCongresstorevivetheimmigrationreformsthattheoldRepublicanCongresskilledlastyear.Hisproposalwasbroadlythesameasbefore.HesaidhewantedtomakeithardertoenterAmericaillegallybuteasiertodosolegallyandtoofferapathtocitizenshipfortheestimated12millegalswhohavealreadysnuckin. Thefirstpartfacesfewpoliticalhurdlesandisalreadywellunderway.Mr.BushexpectstohavedoubledthenumberofBorderPatrolagentsbytheendofnextyear.Thenewrecruitsarebeingtrained.Andtodefendagainsttheinvadinglegionsofwould-begardenersandhotelcleanersthefrontierisalsoequippedwithhigh-techmilitarygizmos小发明suchasunmannedspyplaneswithinfra-red红外cameras.Thismaybehavingsomeeffect.Mr.Bushboastedthatthenumberofpeoplecaughtsneakingovertheborderhadfallenbynearly30%thisyear. AndthecontroversialpartofMr.Bush’simmigrationpackage--allowingmoreimmigrantsinandofferingthosealreadyinAmericaachancetobecomelegal--isstilljustaplan.HouseRepublicanssquasheditlastyear.Mr.BushsensesasecondchancewiththenewDemocraticCongressbutDemocratslikeRepublicansaresplitontheissue.SomenotablyTedKennedythinkAmericashouldembracehard-workingmigrants.Othersfretthathard-workingmigrantswillundercutthewagesofthenative-born. Mr.Bushwouldliketoseethepro-immigrantwingsofbothpartiesworktogethertogivehimabillhecansign.TheSenateisexpectedtosqueezeinadebatenextmonth.Theadministrationistryingtoenticelaw-and-orderRepublicansonboard;arecentleakedmemotalkedofsubstantialfinesforillegalsbeforetheycanbecomelegaland"muchbigger"finesforemployerswhohirethembeforetheydo. ThebiggesthurdlehowevermaybetheDemocrats’reluctancetoco-operatewithMr.Bush.SomefigurethatratherthanlettingtheirhatedadversarysharethecreditforfixingtheimmigrationsystemtheyshouldstalluntilaDemocratisintheWhiteHouseandthentakeitall.Sothereisaselfishaswellasamoralargumentformakingadeal. TheDemocratsarehesitanttosupportMr.Bushonthisissueinthat
[A]PossiblewaystokeepfreefromAlzheimer’s[B]Deficiencyofdata-collectinginthestudy[C]Thenewfindingsofineffectivenessofpastcures[D]Weakevidenceoftheresearch[E]Howthenewanalysiscomingfrom[F]Futuredirectionoftheresearchconcerned[G]TraditionalbeliefsinpreventivemeasuresLifestyleMayNotPreventAlzheimer’sAcomprehensiveanalysisbyanindependentgovernmentpanelhasfoundthatthereisnotenoughscientificevidencetodatetosupporttheadvicedoctorscurrentlygive—suchasexercisingdoingcrosswordpuzzlesoreatingaMediterranean-stylediet—forpreventingorcontrollingsymptomsofAlzheimer’sdiseaseanddementia.41______Asratesofage-relateddementiaandAlzheimer’sdiseasehavecontinuedtoriseintheU.S.—largelybecauseAmericansarelivinglongerandtheover-65populationhasswelledtorecordhighs—researchershaveworkedrelentlesslytounderstandthecausesofthesemind-robbingdiseasesandtohelppreventorslowtheirprogression.ToclarifythestateofthecurrentevidenceandofferphysiciansclearertreatmentguidelinestheNationalInstitutesofHealthNIHinearly2009commissionedadetailedanalysisofexistingstudiescovering165paperspublishedbetween1984and2009.42______ForyearstheprevailinghypothesishasbeenUseitorloseitwhenitcomestoavoidinggradualage-relatedmentaldecline.Datahasassociatedbehaviorssuchaskeepingthemindactivelyengagedthroughoutlifestayingphysicallyactiveeatingcertainfoodsandsupplementingthedietwithspecificvitaminsandnutrientswithlowerratesofdementiainoldage.TheselifestylefactorsappearedtolimitcognitivedeclineofvariouskindsfromoccasionalseniormomentstothemoreseriousepisodesofcognitiveimpairmentthatcanbeapreludetoAlzheimer’sdisease.43______NowresearchersatDukeUniversityreportinthecurrentissueoftheAnnalsofInternalMedicinethatthedataonthepreventiveeffectsoflifestylefactorsisnotasstrongastheyhadthought.LedbyBrendaPlassmanaprofessorofpsychiatryandbehavioralsciencesthestudyauthorsanalyzeddecades’worthofresearchincludingobservationalstudiesinwhichscientistslookedretrospectivelyatagroupofparticipantstoteaseoutassociationsbetweencertainbehaviorslikeexerciseandselectedeffectslikescoresontestsofmemoryandcognitiveskillsaswellasthemoredefinitiveclinicaltrialsthatrandomlyassignvolunteerstointerventionorcontrolgroupsandthenassesshowtheinterventionaffectscognitiveability.44______Overalltheresearcherssaytheyweredismayedwiththepaucityandweaknessoftheexistingevidence.WhenweappliedrigorousbutconsistentstandardstoreviewallthestudieswefoundthattherewasnotsufficientevidencetorecommendanysingleactivityorfactorthatwasprotectiveofcognitivedeclinelaterinlifesaysPlassman.45______Howeverweaklythoughthereviewdidsupportwhatdoctorsknowaboutriskfactorsforcognitivedecline:smokingdiabetesdepressionmetabolicsyndromeandspecificgenevariantswerealllinkedwithincreasedriskofdevelopingAlzheimer’sdisease.InadditionpreventivebehaviorssuchaseatingaMediterraneandietexercisingmaintainingcognitiveengagementdoingpuzzleslearningnewthingsandfosteringextensivesocialrelationshipswerelinkedtoalowerrisk.Theproblemisthatnoneoftheserelationshipswereparticularlyrobusttheauthorssay.Andnonewerestrongenoughtojustifyrecommendingthebehaviorstopeoplewhowanttopreventorslowdowntheonsetofdementia.ThefindingsledtheNIHtoissueMonday’sstate-of-the-sciencestatementinwhichtheagencynotesCurrentlyfirmconclusionscannotbedrawnabouttheassociationofanymodifiableriskfactorwithcognitivedeclineorAlzheimer’sdisease.AlthoughthestatementdoesnotconstituteanofficialpolicyorgovernmentrecommendationitservesasaguidelinefordoctorsadvisingpatientsaboutthebestevidenceontheroleoflifestylefactorsinAlzheimer’sprevention.
Peoplecangetemotionalaboutimmigration.BillO’Reillyatalk-showhostdevotedarecentsegmenttothestoryofanillegalalienwhogotdrunkandaccidentallykilledtwoattractivewhitegirlswithhiscar.IfonlyhehadbeendeportedforpreviousmisdemeanoursMr.O’Reillyragedthosegirlswouldstillbealive.Anothertalk-showhostGeraldoRiveraduringanon-airshout-joust争吵withMr.O’Reillydenouncedhisdemagogicchoiceofstory-angleas"asin". PresidentGeorgeBushtriedagainthisweektobringamorerationaltonetothedebate.HeurgedthenewDemocraticCongresstorevivetheimmigrationreformsthattheoldRepublicanCongresskilledlastyear.Hisproposalwasbroadlythesameasbefore.HesaidhewantedtomakeithardertoenterAmericaillegallybuteasiertodosolegallyandtoofferapathtocitizenshipfortheestimated12millegalswhohavealreadysnuckin. Thefirstpartfacesfewpoliticalhurdlesandisalreadywellunderway.Mr.BushexpectstohavedoubledthenumberofBorderPatrolagentsbytheendofnextyear.Thenewrecruitsarebeingtrained.Andtodefendagainsttheinvadinglegionsofwould-begardenersandhotelcleanersthefrontierisalsoequippedwithhigh-techmilitarygizmos小发明suchasunmannedspyplaneswithinfra-red红外cameras.Thismaybehavingsomeeffect.Mr.Bushboastedthatthenumberofpeoplecaughtsneakingovertheborderhadfallenbynearly30%thisyear. AndthecontroversialpartofMr.Bush’simmigrationpackage--allowingmoreimmigrantsinandofferingthosealreadyinAmericaachancetobecomelegal--isstilljustaplan.HouseRepublicanssquasheditlastyear.Mr.BushsensesasecondchancewiththenewDemocraticCongressbutDemocratslikeRepublicansaresplitontheissue.SomenotablyTedKennedythinkAmericashouldembracehard-workingmigrants.Othersfretthathard-workingmigrantswillundercutthewagesofthenative-born. Mr.Bushwouldliketoseethepro-immigrantwingsofbothpartiesworktogethertogivehimabillhecansign.TheSenateisexpectedtosqueezeinadebatenextmonth.Theadministrationistryingtoenticelaw-and-orderRepublicansonboard;arecentleakedmemotalkedofsubstantialfinesforillegalsbeforetheycanbecomelegaland"muchbigger"finesforemployerswhohirethembeforetheydo. ThebiggesthurdlehowevermaybetheDemocrats’reluctancetoco-operatewithMr.Bush.SomefigurethatratherthanlettingtheirhatedadversarysharethecreditforfixingtheimmigrationsystemtheyshouldstalluntilaDemocratisintheWhiteHouseandthentakeitall.Sothereisaselfishaswellasamoralargumentformakingadeal. TheunderlinedwordmisdemeanoursLine3Paragraph1canbereplacedby
Whenanyoneopensacurrentaccountatabankheislendingthebankmoney.Hemay1therepaymentofthemoneyatanytimeeither2cashorbydrawingacheckinfavorofanotherperson.3thebanker-customerrelationshipisthatofdebtorandcreditorwhois4dependingonwhetherthecustomer’saccountis5creditorisoverdrawn.Butin6tothatbasicallysimpleconceptthebankanditscustomer7alargenumberofobligationstooneanother.Manyoftheseobligationscangive8toproblemsandcomplicationsbutabankcustomerunlikesayabuyerofgoodscannotcomplainthatthelawis9againsthim. Thebankmust10itscustomer’sinstructionsandnotthoseofanyoneelse.11forexampleacustomeropensanaccountheinstructsthebanktodebithisaccountonlyin12ofchecksdrawnbyhimself.Hegivesthebank13ofhissignatureandthereisaveryfirmrulethatthebankhasnorightor14topayoutacustomer’smoney15acheckonwhichitscustomer’ssignaturehasbeen16Itmakesnodifferencethattheforgerymayhavebeenavery17one:thebankmustrecognizeitscustomer’ssignature.Forthisreasonthereisno18tothecustomerinthepractice19bybanksofprintingthecustomer’snameonhischecks.Ifthis20Forgeryitisthebankthatwilllosenotthecustomer.254words 17
Whenanyoneopensacurrentaccountatabankheislendingthebankmoney.Hemay1therepaymentofthemoneyatanytimeeither2cashorbydrawingacheckinfavorofanotherperson.3thebanker-customerrelationshipisthatofdebtorandcreditorwhois4dependingonwhetherthecustomer’saccountis5creditorisoverdrawn.Butin6tothatbasicallysimpleconceptthebankanditscustomer7alargenumberofobligationstooneanother.Manyoftheseobligationscangive8toproblemsandcomplicationsbutabankcustomerunlikesayabuyerofgoodscannotcomplainthatthelawis9againsthim. Thebankmust10itscustomer’sinstructionsandnotthoseofanyoneelse.11forexampleacustomeropensanaccountheinstructsthebanktodebithisaccountonlyin12ofchecksdrawnbyhimself.Hegivesthebank13ofhissignatureandthereisaveryfirmrulethatthebankhasnorightor14topayoutacustomer’smoney15acheckonwhichitscustomer’ssignaturehasbeen16Itmakesnodifferencethattheforgerymayhavebeenavery17one:thebankmustrecognizeitscustomer’ssignature.Forthisreasonthereisno18tothecustomerinthepractice19bybanksofprintingthecustomer’snameonhischecks.Ifthis20Forgeryitisthebankthatwilllosenotthecustomer.254words 19
Peoplecangetemotionalaboutimmigration.BillO’Reillyatalk-showhostdevotedarecentsegmenttothestoryofanillegalalienwhogotdrunkandaccidentallykilledtwoattractivewhitegirlswithhiscar.IfonlyhehadbeendeportedforpreviousmisdemeanoursMr.O’Reillyragedthosegirlswouldstillbealive.Anothertalk-showhostGeraldoRiveraduringanon-airshout-joust争吵withMr.O’Reillydenouncedhisdemagogicchoiceofstory-angleas"asin". PresidentGeorgeBushtriedagainthisweektobringamorerationaltonetothedebate.HeurgedthenewDemocraticCongresstorevivetheimmigrationreformsthattheoldRepublicanCongresskilledlastyear.Hisproposalwasbroadlythesameasbefore.HesaidhewantedtomakeithardertoenterAmericaillegallybuteasiertodosolegallyandtoofferapathtocitizenshipfortheestimated12millegalswhohavealreadysnuckin. Thefirstpartfacesfewpoliticalhurdlesandisalreadywellunderway.Mr.BushexpectstohavedoubledthenumberofBorderPatrolagentsbytheendofnextyear.Thenewrecruitsarebeingtrained.Andtodefendagainsttheinvadinglegionsofwould-begardenersandhotelcleanersthefrontierisalsoequippedwithhigh-techmilitarygizmos小发明suchasunmannedspyplaneswithinfra-red红外cameras.Thismaybehavingsomeeffect.Mr.Bushboastedthatthenumberofpeoplecaughtsneakingovertheborderhadfallenbynearly30%thisyear. AndthecontroversialpartofMr.Bush’simmigrationpackage--allowingmoreimmigrantsinandofferingthosealreadyinAmericaachancetobecomelegal--isstilljustaplan.HouseRepublicanssquasheditlastyear.Mr.BushsensesasecondchancewiththenewDemocraticCongressbutDemocratslikeRepublicansaresplitontheissue.SomenotablyTedKennedythinkAmericashouldembracehard-workingmigrants.Othersfretthathard-workingmigrantswillundercutthewagesofthenative-born. Mr.Bushwouldliketoseethepro-immigrantwingsofbothpartiesworktogethertogivehimabillhecansign.TheSenateisexpectedtosqueezeinadebatenextmonth.Theadministrationistryingtoenticelaw-and-orderRepublicansonboard;arecentleakedmemotalkedofsubstantialfinesforillegalsbeforetheycanbecomelegaland"muchbigger"finesforemployerswhohirethembeforetheydo. ThebiggesthurdlehowevermaybetheDemocrats’reluctancetoco-operatewithMr.Bush.SomefigurethatratherthanlettingtheirhatedadversarysharethecreditforfixingtheimmigrationsystemtheyshouldstalluntilaDemocratisintheWhiteHouseandthentakeitall.Sothereisaselfishaswellasamoralargumentformakingadeal. SomeDemocratsopposetoTedKennedybecausetheybelievethat
Inmostpartsoftheworldclimatechangeisaworryingsubject.NotsoinCalifornia.Atarecentgatheringofgreenluminaries--inafilmstar’shousenaturallyforthatishowseriousnessisoftenestablishedinLosAngeles--thedominantnotewasself-satisfactionatwhatthestatehasalreadyachieved.AndperhapsnobodyismorecomplacentthanArnoldSchwarzenegger.UnlikeA1GoreapresidentialcandidateturnedprophetofenvironmentaldoomCalifornia’sgovernorsoundscheerfulwhentalkingaboutclimatechange.Aswellhemight:ithasmadehispoliticalcareer. AlthoughCaliforniahaslongbeenanenvironmentally-consciousstateuntilrecentlygreenswereconcernedaboveallwithsmogandredwoodtrees."CoastofDreams"KevinStarr’sauthoritativehistoryofcontemporaryCaliforniapublishedin2004doesnotmentionclimatechange.Inthatyearthoughthenewly-electedMr.Schwarzeneggermadehisfirsttentativecallforwesternstatestoseekalternativestofossilfuels.Graduallyhenoticedthathiseffortstotackleclimatechangemetwithlessresistanceandmoreacclaimthanjustaboutallhisotherpolicies.Thesedaysitcanseemasthoughheworksonnothingelse. Mr.Schwarzenegger’stransformationfromscreenwarriortoeco-warriorwascompletedlastyearwhenhesignedabillimposinglegally-enforceablelimitsongreenhouse--gasemissions--afirstforAmerica.ThanksmostlytoitslackofcoalandheavyindustryCaliforniaisarelativelycleanstate.Ifitwereacountryitwouldbetheworld’seighth-biggesteconomybutonlyits16th-biggestpolluter.Itsbigproblemistransport--meaningmostlycarsandtruckswhichaccountformorethan40%ofitsgreenhouse-gasemissionscomparedwith32%inAmericaasawhole.Thestatewantstoratchetdownemissionslimitsonnewvehiclesbeginningin2009.Mr.Schwarzeneggerhasalsoorderedthatby2020vehiclefuelmustproduce10%lesscarbon:intheproductionaswellastheburningsoasimpleswitchtocorn-basedethanolisprobablyout. ThanksinparttoCalifornia’sexamplemostofthewesternstateshaveadoptedclimateactionplans.WhenitcomestosettingemissiontargetsthescenecanresembleaposedownataMr.Olympiacontest.Arizona’sclimate-changescholarsdecidedtosetatargetofcuttingthestate’semissionsto2000levelsby2020.ButJanetNapolitanothegovernorwasdeterminednottobeout-muscledbyCalifornia.ShehasdeclaredthatArizonawilltrytoreturnto2000emissionlevelsby2012. Californiahasnotjustinspiredotherstates;ithascreatedavanguardthatoughttobeabletoprodthefederalgovernmentintostrongernationalstandardsthanitwouldotherwiseconsider.ButCaliforniaisfindingiteasiertoexportitspoliciesthantoputthemintopracticeathome.InonewayCalifornia’sself-confidenceisfullyjustified.Ithasdonemorethananyotherstate--letalonethefederalgovernment--tofixAmerica’sattentiononclimatechange.Ithasalsomadeitseemasthoughtheproblemcanbesolved.Whichiswhyfailurewouldbesuchbadnews.AtthemomentCaliforniaisabeacontootherstates.Ifitfailsitwillbecomeanexcuseforinaction. AccordingtotheauthorMr.ArnoldSchwarzeneggerischeerfulchieflybecause
Whenanyoneopensacurrentaccountatabankheislendingthebankmoney.Hemay1therepaymentofthemoneyatanytimeeither2cashorbydrawingacheckinfavorofanotherperson.3thebanker-customerrelationshipisthatofdebtorandcreditorwhois4dependingonwhetherthecustomer’saccountis5creditorisoverdrawn.Butin6tothatbasicallysimpleconceptthebankanditscustomer7alargenumberofobligationstooneanother.Manyoftheseobligationscangive8toproblemsandcomplicationsbutabankcustomerunlikesayabuyerofgoodscannotcomplainthatthelawis9againsthim. Thebankmust10itscustomer’sinstructionsandnotthoseofanyoneelse.11forexampleacustomeropensanaccountheinstructsthebanktodebithisaccountonlyin12ofchecksdrawnbyhimself.Hegivesthebank13ofhissignatureandthereisaveryfirmrulethatthebankhasnorightor14topayoutacustomer’smoney15acheckonwhichitscustomer’ssignaturehasbeen16Itmakesnodifferencethattheforgerymayhavebeenavery17one:thebankmustrecognizeitscustomer’ssignature.Forthisreasonthereisno18tothecustomerinthepractice19bybanksofprintingthecustomer’snameonhischecks.Ifthis20Forgeryitisthebankthatwilllosenotthecustomer.254words 1
[A]PossiblewaystokeepfreefromAlzheimer’s[B]Deficiencyofdata-collectinginthestudy[C]Thenewfindingsofineffectivenessofpastcures[D]Weakevidenceoftheresearch[E]Howthenewanalysiscomingfrom[F]Futuredirectionoftheresearchconcerned[G]TraditionalbeliefsinpreventivemeasuresLifestyleMayNotPreventAlzheimer’sAcomprehensiveanalysisbyanindependentgovernmentpanelhasfoundthatthereisnotenoughscientificevidencetodatetosupporttheadvicedoctorscurrentlygive—suchasexercisingdoingcrosswordpuzzlesoreatingaMediterranean-stylediet—forpreventingorcontrollingsymptomsofAlzheimer’sdiseaseanddementia.41______Asratesofage-relateddementiaandAlzheimer’sdiseasehavecontinuedtoriseintheU.S.—largelybecauseAmericansarelivinglongerandtheover-65populationhasswelledtorecordhighs—researchershaveworkedrelentlesslytounderstandthecausesofthesemind-robbingdiseasesandtohelppreventorslowtheirprogression.ToclarifythestateofthecurrentevidenceandofferphysiciansclearertreatmentguidelinestheNationalInstitutesofHealthNIHinearly2009commissionedadetailedanalysisofexistingstudiescovering165paperspublishedbetween1984and2009.42______ForyearstheprevailinghypothesishasbeenUseitorloseitwhenitcomestoavoidinggradualage-relatedmentaldecline.Datahasassociatedbehaviorssuchaskeepingthemindactivelyengagedthroughoutlifestayingphysicallyactiveeatingcertainfoodsandsupplementingthedietwithspecificvitaminsandnutrientswithlowerratesofdementiainoldage.TheselifestylefactorsappearedtolimitcognitivedeclineofvariouskindsfromoccasionalseniormomentstothemoreseriousepisodesofcognitiveimpairmentthatcanbeapreludetoAlzheimer’sdisease.43______NowresearchersatDukeUniversityreportinthecurrentissueoftheAnnalsofInternalMedicinethatthedataonthepreventiveeffectsoflifestylefactorsisnotasstrongastheyhadthought.LedbyBrendaPlassmanaprofessorofpsychiatryandbehavioralsciencesthestudyauthorsanalyzeddecades’worthofresearchincludingobservationalstudiesinwhichscientistslookedretrospectivelyatagroupofparticipantstoteaseoutassociationsbetweencertainbehaviorslikeexerciseandselectedeffectslikescoresontestsofmemoryandcognitiveskillsaswellasthemoredefinitiveclinicaltrialsthatrandomlyassignvolunteerstointerventionorcontrolgroupsandthenassesshowtheinterventionaffectscognitiveability.44______Overalltheresearcherssaytheyweredismayedwiththepaucityandweaknessoftheexistingevidence.WhenweappliedrigorousbutconsistentstandardstoreviewallthestudieswefoundthattherewasnotsufficientevidencetorecommendanysingleactivityorfactorthatwasprotectiveofcognitivedeclinelaterinlifesaysPlassman.45______Howeverweaklythoughthereviewdidsupportwhatdoctorsknowaboutriskfactorsforcognitivedecline:smokingdiabetesdepressionmetabolicsyndromeandspecificgenevariantswerealllinkedwithincreasedriskofdevelopingAlzheimer’sdisease.InadditionpreventivebehaviorssuchaseatingaMediterraneandietexercisingmaintainingcognitiveengagementdoingpuzzleslearningnewthingsandfosteringextensivesocialrelationshipswerelinkedtoalowerrisk.Theproblemisthatnoneoftheserelationshipswereparticularlyrobusttheauthorssay.Andnonewerestrongenoughtojustifyrecommendingthebehaviorstopeoplewhowanttopreventorslowdowntheonsetofdementia.ThefindingsledtheNIHtoissueMonday’sstate-of-the-sciencestatementinwhichtheagencynotesCurrentlyfirmconclusionscannotbedrawnabouttheassociationofanymodifiableriskfactorwithcognitivedeclineorAlzheimer’sdisease.AlthoughthestatementdoesnotconstituteanofficialpolicyorgovernmentrecommendationitservesasaguidelinefordoctorsadvisingpatientsaboutthebestevidenceontheroleoflifestylefactorsinAlzheimer’sprevention.
Whenanyoneopensacurrentaccountatabankheislendingthebankmoney.Hemay1therepaymentofthemoneyatanytimeeither2cashorbydrawingacheckinfavorofanotherperson.3thebanker-customerrelationshipisthatofdebtorandcreditorwhois4dependingonwhetherthecustomer’saccountis5creditorisoverdrawn.Butin6tothatbasicallysimpleconceptthebankanditscustomer7alargenumberofobligationstooneanother.Manyoftheseobligationscangive8toproblemsandcomplicationsbutabankcustomerunlikesayabuyerofgoodscannotcomplainthatthelawis9againsthim. Thebankmust10itscustomer’sinstructionsandnotthoseofanyoneelse.11forexampleacustomeropensanaccountheinstructsthebanktodebithisaccountonlyin12ofchecksdrawnbyhimself.Hegivesthebank13ofhissignatureandthereisaveryfirmrulethatthebankhasnorightor14topayoutacustomer’smoney15acheckonwhichitscustomer’ssignaturehasbeen16Itmakesnodifferencethattheforgerymayhavebeenavery17one:thebankmustrecognizeitscustomer’ssignature.Forthisreasonthereisno18tothecustomerinthepractice19bybanksofprintingthecustomer’snameonhischecks.Ifthis20Forgeryitisthebankthatwilllosenotthecustomer.254words 5
MassproductionthedefiningcharacteristicoftheSecondWaveeconomybecomesincreasinglyobsoleteasfirmsinstallinformationintensiveoftenrobotizedmanufacturingsystemscapableofendlesscheapvariationevencustomization.Therevolutionaryresultisineffectthedemassificationofmassproduction. TheshifttowardsmartflextechspromotesdiversityandfeedsconsumerchoicetothepointthataWal-Martstorecanofferthebuyernearly110000productsinvarioustypessizesmodelsandcolorstochooseamong.ButWal-Martisamassmerchandiser.Increasinglythemassmarketitselfisbreakingupintodifferentiatednichesascustomerneedsdivergeandbetterinformationmakesitpossibleforbusinessestoidentifyandservemicromarkets. SpecialtystoresboutiquessuperstoresTVhome-shoppingsystemscomputerbasedbuyingdirectmailandothersystemsprovideagrowingdiversityofchannelsthroughwhichproducerscandistributetheirwarestocustomersinanincreasinglydemassifiedmarketplace.WhenwewroteFutureShockinthelate1960svisionarymarketersbegantalkingabout"marketsegmentation".Todaytheynolongerfocuson"segments"buton"particles"—familyunitsandevensingleindividuals.Meanwhileadvertisingistargetedatsmallerandsmallermarketsegmentsreachedthroughincreasinglydemassifiedmedia. ThedramaticbreakupofmassaudiencesisunderscoredbythecrisisoftheoncegreatTVnetworksABCCBSandNBCatatimewhenTele-CommunicationsInc.ofDenverannouncesafiberopticnetworkcapableofprovidingviewerswithfivehundredinteractivechannelsoftelevision.Suchsystemsmeanthatsellerswillbeabletotargetbuyerswithevengreaterprecision.Thesimultaneousdemassificationofproductiondistributionandcommunicationrevolutionizestheeconomyandshiftsitfromhomogeneitytowardextremeheterogeneity. ThewordnichesinthiscontextinParagraph2means
Directions: Supposeyouareacollegestudentonaschoolcampusoranemployeeinacompany.Recentlyyounoticedthatsomepeopleneverpaidattentiontothesignsonagarbagecanthatsayitisdesirabletodealwithwastesseparately.Nowyouaregoingtomakeaconservationcampaignspeechataparty.Andyourspeechshouldinclude: 1thepresentsituation 2andyoursuggestions. Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruse"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
IntheUSA85%ofthepopulationovertheageif21approveofthedeathpenalty.Inthemanystateswhcihstillhavethedeathpenaltysomeusetheelectricchairwhichcantakeupto20minutestokillwhileothersusegasorlethalinjection. ThefirstofthesewasthecaseofRuthElliswhowashangedforshootingherloverinwhatwasgenerallyregardedasacrimeofpassion.Thesecondwashangedformurderswhichitwaslaterprovedhadbeencommittedbysomeoneelse. Thepro-hanginglobbyusesfourmainargumentstosupportitscallforthereintroductionofcapitalpunishment.Firstthereisthedeterrencetheorywhicharguesthatpotentialmurdererswouldthinktwicebeforecommittingtheactiftheyknewthattheymightdieiftheywerecaught.Thearmedbankrobbermightlikewisegobacktobeingunarmed. Theothertwoargumentsaremoresuspect.Theideaofretributiondemandsthatcriminalsshouldgetwhattheydeserve:ifamurdererintentionallysetouttocommitacrimeheshouldaccepttheconsequences.Retributionwhichisjustanotherwordforrevengeissupportedbythereligiousdoctrineofaneyeforaneyeandatoothforatooth. Theargumentsagainstthedeathpenaltyarelargelyhumanitarian.Buttherearealsostatisticalreasonsforopposingit:thedeterrencefiguresdonotaddup.InBritain1903wasthetherecordyearforexecutionsandyetin1904thenumberofmurdersactuallyrose.Therewasasimilaroccurrencein1946and1947.Ifthedeterrencetheorywerecorrecttherateshouldhavefallen. Theotherreasonstoopposethedeathpenaltyarelargelyamatherofindividualconscienceandbelief.Oneisthatmurderismurderandthatthestatehasnomorerighttotakealiferthantheindividual.TheotheristhatChristianityadvisesforgivenessnotrevenge. AccordingtothefirstfourparagraphswhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTcorrect
Whenanyoneopensacurrentaccountatabankheislendingthebankmoney.Hemay1therepaymentofthemoneyatanytimeeither2cashorbydrawingacheckinfavorofanotherperson.3thebanker-customerrelationshipisthatofdebtorandcreditorwhois4dependingonwhetherthecustomer’saccountis5creditorisoverdrawn.Butin6tothatbasicallysimpleconceptthebankanditscustomer7alargenumberofobligationstooneanother.Manyoftheseobligationscangive8toproblemsandcomplicationsbutabankcustomerunlikesayabuyerofgoodscannotcomplainthatthelawis9againsthim. Thebankmust10itscustomer’sinstructionsandnotthoseofanyoneelse.11forexampleacustomeropensanaccountheinstructsthebanktodebithisaccountonlyin12ofchecksdrawnbyhimself.Hegivesthebank13ofhissignatureandthereisaveryfirmrulethatthebankhasnorightor14topayoutacustomer’smoney15acheckonwhichitscustomer’ssignaturehasbeen16Itmakesnodifferencethattheforgerymayhavebeenavery17one:thebankmustrecognizeitscustomer’ssignature.Forthisreasonthereisno18tothecustomerinthepractice19bybanksofprintingthecustomer’snameonhischecks.Ifthis20Forgeryitisthebankthatwilllosenotthecustomer.254words 3
Inmostpartsoftheworldclimatechangeisaworryingsubject.NotsoinCalifornia.Atarecentgatheringofgreenluminaries--inafilmstar’shousenaturallyforthatishowseriousnessisoftenestablishedinLosAngeles--thedominantnotewasself-satisfactionatwhatthestatehasalreadyachieved.AndperhapsnobodyismorecomplacentthanArnoldSchwarzenegger.UnlikeA1GoreapresidentialcandidateturnedprophetofenvironmentaldoomCalifornia’sgovernorsoundscheerfulwhentalkingaboutclimatechange.Aswellhemight:ithasmadehispoliticalcareer. AlthoughCaliforniahaslongbeenanenvironmentally-consciousstateuntilrecentlygreenswereconcernedaboveallwithsmogandredwoodtrees."CoastofDreams"KevinStarr’sauthoritativehistoryofcontemporaryCaliforniapublishedin2004doesnotmentionclimatechange.Inthatyearthoughthenewly-electedMr.Schwarzeneggermadehisfirsttentativecallforwesternstatestoseekalternativestofossilfuels.Graduallyhenoticedthathiseffortstotackleclimatechangemetwithlessresistanceandmoreacclaimthanjustaboutallhisotherpolicies.Thesedaysitcanseemasthoughheworksonnothingelse. Mr.Schwarzenegger’stransformationfromscreenwarriortoeco-warriorwascompletedlastyearwhenhesignedabillimposinglegally-enforceablelimitsongreenhouse--gasemissions--afirstforAmerica.ThanksmostlytoitslackofcoalandheavyindustryCaliforniaisarelativelycleanstate.Ifitwereacountryitwouldbetheworld’seighth-biggesteconomybutonlyits16th-biggestpolluter.Itsbigproblemistransport--meaningmostlycarsandtruckswhichaccountformorethan40%ofitsgreenhouse-gasemissionscomparedwith32%inAmericaasawhole.Thestatewantstoratchetdownemissionslimitsonnewvehiclesbeginningin2009.Mr.Schwarzeneggerhasalsoorderedthatby2020vehiclefuelmustproduce10%lesscarbon:intheproductionaswellastheburningsoasimpleswitchtocorn-basedethanolisprobablyout. ThanksinparttoCalifornia’sexamplemostofthewesternstateshaveadoptedclimateactionplans.WhenitcomestosettingemissiontargetsthescenecanresembleaposedownataMr.Olympiacontest.Arizona’sclimate-changescholarsdecidedtosetatargetofcuttingthestate’semissionsto2000levelsby2020.ButJanetNapolitanothegovernorwasdeterminednottobeout-muscledbyCalifornia.ShehasdeclaredthatArizonawilltrytoreturnto2000emissionlevelsby2012. Californiahasnotjustinspiredotherstates;ithascreatedavanguardthatoughttobeabletoprodthefederalgovernmentintostrongernationalstandardsthanitwouldotherwiseconsider.ButCaliforniaisfindingiteasiertoexportitspoliciesthantoputthemintopracticeathome.InonewayCalifornia’sself-confidenceisfullyjustified.Ithasdonemorethananyotherstate--letalonethefederalgovernment--tofixAmerica’sattentiononclimatechange.Ithasalsomadeitseemasthoughtheproblemcanbesolved.Whichiswhyfailurewouldbesuchbadnews.AtthemomentCaliforniaisabeacontootherstates.Ifitfailsitwillbecomeanexcuseforinaction. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
Whenanyoneopensacurrentaccountatabankheislendingthebankmoney.Hemay1therepaymentofthemoneyatanytimeeither2cashorbydrawingacheckinfavorofanotherperson.3thebanker-customerrelationshipisthatofdebtorandcreditorwhois4dependingonwhetherthecustomer’saccountis5creditorisoverdrawn.Butin6tothatbasicallysimpleconceptthebankanditscustomer7alargenumberofobligationstooneanother.Manyoftheseobligationscangive8toproblemsandcomplicationsbutabankcustomerunlikesayabuyerofgoodscannotcomplainthatthelawis9againsthim. Thebankmust10itscustomer’sinstructionsandnotthoseofanyoneelse.11forexampleacustomeropensanaccountheinstructsthebanktodebithisaccountonlyin12ofchecksdrawnbyhimself.Hegivesthebank13ofhissignatureandthereisaveryfirmrulethatthebankhasnorightor14topayoutacustomer’smoney15acheckonwhichitscustomer’ssignaturehasbeen16Itmakesnodifferencethattheforgerymayhavebeenavery17one:thebankmustrecognizeitscustomer’ssignature.Forthisreasonthereisno18tothecustomerinthepractice19bybanksofprintingthecustomer’snameonhischecks.Ifthis20Forgeryitisthebankthatwilllosenotthecustomer.254words 15
TheiPodrevolutionizedthewayweconsumemusic.TheiPhonemadeuscrazyforapps.AndnowtheiPadisgettingreadytorockourlovelives—oratleasthelpimproveoursearchforsomeonetocommunicatewith.InlateMaySkout.comwillbecomethefirstdatingsitetolaunchaniPadapplication.Thefreeappwillbesimilartotheversionthat’salreadyavailabletophoneusers:memberscanentersearchcriteriasuchasagerangegenderandphysicalpreferencesandaHotMapwillshowinrealtimethelocationsofactiveSkoutuserswhofitthosecriteria.Theideaistohelpmembersmeetupandseeifmagichappens.ThecoolthingabouttheiPadadaptationsaysCEOChristianWiklundisthatitsscreenislargeenoughtolettheuserviewthemapwhilesimultaneouslychattingandsearchingthroughanothermember’sphotos. DavidEvanseditorofonlinedatingpost.comsayswecanexpecttoseemoreinnovativetechnologyinafewmonthsaftercompaniesgetacquaintedwiththecapabilitiesoftheiPad."WhatI’mlookingforaredatingsitesthatareoptimizedfortheiPadwithfeaturesnativetothesleekcomputingdeviceliketouchscreenmotionssuchaspinchtwistzoomandshake"hesays."It’stheiPadthat’sgoingtoenabledeveloperstocreateentirelynewwaystobrowsediscoverandconnectwithsingles." SteveOdomCEOandfounderofdatingsiteGelatowhichlaunchedlastyearandincludesalivefeedofmembers’social-mediaprofilesisredesigninghisentirewebsitebasedontheiPad’sappearance.ProfilepicturesplayakeyroleinonlinedatingOdomsaysandtheiPadgivessitesanopportunitytoplayupthepresentationoftheirclientele."It’sbigit’sbeautifulandit’sperfectfordatingsites"saysOdomwhoplanstounveiltheredesigninJune. Evanspredictsthatonlinedatingsiteswillbegintodisplaytheircontentlikeamagazinelettingusersflipthroughpagesofprofilesandenlargephotoswhilesimultaneouslytextingwithoneormoreothers.Hesaysthere’salsobeentalkofaddingafacial-codingandeye-trackingfunctionthatwoulduseawebcamontheiPadtorefinesuggestedmatchesbasedonamember’sresponsestocertainprofiles.Ifyougrimacetheprofilewillfadeaway;ifyousmileorifyourpupilsdilatesimilarprofileswillbesuggested.InotherwordssomedaytherecouldbeaniPadappforloveatfirstsight. ItisstatedinParagraph1thatiPadisuniquein
Whenanyoneopensacurrentaccountatabankheislendingthebankmoney.Hemay1therepaymentofthemoneyatanytimeeither2cashorbydrawingacheckinfavorofanotherperson.3thebanker-customerrelationshipisthatofdebtorandcreditorwhois4dependingonwhetherthecustomer’saccountis5creditorisoverdrawn.Butin6tothatbasicallysimpleconceptthebankanditscustomer7alargenumberofobligationstooneanother.Manyoftheseobligationscangive8toproblemsandcomplicationsbutabankcustomerunlikesayabuyerofgoodscannotcomplainthatthelawis9againsthim. Thebankmust10itscustomer’sinstructionsandnotthoseofanyoneelse.11forexampleacustomeropensanaccountheinstructsthebanktodebithisaccountonlyin12ofchecksdrawnbyhimself.Hegivesthebank13ofhissignatureandthereisaveryfirmrulethatthebankhasnorightor14topayoutacustomer’smoney15acheckonwhichitscustomer’ssignaturehasbeen16Itmakesnodifferencethattheforgerymayhavebeenavery17one:thebankmustrecognizeitscustomer’ssignature.Forthisreasonthereisno18tothecustomerinthepractice19bybanksofprintingthecustomer’snameonhischecks.Ifthis20Forgeryitisthebankthatwilllosenotthecustomer.254words 11
Inmostpartsoftheworldclimatechangeisaworryingsubject.NotsoinCalifornia.Atarecentgatheringofgreenluminaries--inafilmstar’shousenaturallyforthatishowseriousnessisoftenestablishedinLosAngeles--thedominantnotewasself-satisfactionatwhatthestatehasalreadyachieved.AndperhapsnobodyismorecomplacentthanArnoldSchwarzenegger.UnlikeA1GoreapresidentialcandidateturnedprophetofenvironmentaldoomCalifornia’sgovernorsoundscheerfulwhentalkingaboutclimatechange.Aswellhemight:ithasmadehispoliticalcareer. AlthoughCaliforniahaslongbeenanenvironmentally-consciousstateuntilrecentlygreenswereconcernedaboveallwithsmogandredwoodtrees."CoastofDreams"KevinStarr’sauthoritativehistoryofcontemporaryCaliforniapublishedin2004doesnotmentionclimatechange.Inthatyearthoughthenewly-electedMr.Schwarzeneggermadehisfirsttentativecallforwesternstatestoseekalternativestofossilfuels.Graduallyhenoticedthathiseffortstotackleclimatechangemetwithlessresistanceandmoreacclaimthanjustaboutallhisotherpolicies.Thesedaysitcanseemasthoughheworksonnothingelse. Mr.Schwarzenegger’stransformationfromscreenwarriortoeco-warriorwascompletedlastyearwhenhesignedabillimposinglegally-enforceablelimitsongreenhouse--gasemissions--afirstforAmerica.ThanksmostlytoitslackofcoalandheavyindustryCaliforniaisarelativelycleanstate.Ifitwereacountryitwouldbetheworld’seighth-biggesteconomybutonlyits16th-biggestpolluter.Itsbigproblemistransport--meaningmostlycarsandtruckswhichaccountformorethan40%ofitsgreenhouse-gasemissionscomparedwith32%inAmericaasawhole.Thestatewantstoratchetdownemissionslimitsonnewvehiclesbeginningin2009.Mr.Schwarzeneggerhasalsoorderedthatby2020vehiclefuelmustproduce10%lesscarbon:intheproductionaswellastheburningsoasimpleswitchtocorn-basedethanolisprobablyout. ThanksinparttoCalifornia’sexamplemostofthewesternstateshaveadoptedclimateactionplans.WhenitcomestosettingemissiontargetsthescenecanresembleaposedownataMr.Olympiacontest.Arizona’sclimate-changescholarsdecidedtosetatargetofcuttingthestate’semissionsto2000levelsby2020.ButJanetNapolitanothegovernorwasdeterminednottobeout-muscledbyCalifornia.ShehasdeclaredthatArizonawilltrytoreturnto2000emissionlevelsby2012. Californiahasnotjustinspiredotherstates;ithascreatedavanguardthatoughttobeabletoprodthefederalgovernmentintostrongernationalstandardsthanitwouldotherwiseconsider.ButCaliforniaisfindingiteasiertoexportitspoliciesthantoputthemintopracticeathome.InonewayCalifornia’sself-confidenceisfullyjustified.Ithasdonemorethananyotherstate--letalonethefederalgovernment--tofixAmerica’sattentiononclimatechange.Ithasalsomadeitseemasthoughtheproblemcanbesolved.Whichiswhyfailurewouldbesuchbadnews.AtthemomentCaliforniaisabeacontootherstates.Ifitfailsitwillbecomeanexcuseforinaction. Corn-basedethanolmightnotbechosenasanalternativebecause
[A]PossiblewaystokeepfreefromAlzheimer’s[B]Deficiencyofdata-collectinginthestudy[C]Thenewfindingsofineffectivenessofpastcures[D]Weakevidenceoftheresearch[E]Howthenewanalysiscomingfrom[F]Futuredirectionoftheresearchconcerned[G]TraditionalbeliefsinpreventivemeasuresLifestyleMayNotPreventAlzheimer’sAcomprehensiveanalysisbyanindependentgovernmentpanelhasfoundthatthereisnotenoughscientificevidencetodatetosupporttheadvicedoctorscurrentlygive—suchasexercisingdoingcrosswordpuzzlesoreatingaMediterranean-stylediet—forpreventingorcontrollingsymptomsofAlzheimer’sdiseaseanddementia.41______Asratesofage-relateddementiaandAlzheimer’sdiseasehavecontinuedtoriseintheU.S.—largelybecauseAmericansarelivinglongerandtheover-65populationhasswelledtorecordhighs—researchershaveworkedrelentlesslytounderstandthecausesofthesemind-robbingdiseasesandtohelppreventorslowtheirprogression.ToclarifythestateofthecurrentevidenceandofferphysiciansclearertreatmentguidelinestheNationalInstitutesofHealthNIHinearly2009commissionedadetailedanalysisofexistingstudiescovering165paperspublishedbetween1984and2009.42______ForyearstheprevailinghypothesishasbeenUseitorloseitwhenitcomestoavoidinggradualage-relatedmentaldecline.Datahasassociatedbehaviorssuchaskeepingthemindactivelyengagedthroughoutlifestayingphysicallyactiveeatingcertainfoodsandsupplementingthedietwithspecificvitaminsandnutrientswithlowerratesofdementiainoldage.TheselifestylefactorsappearedtolimitcognitivedeclineofvariouskindsfromoccasionalseniormomentstothemoreseriousepisodesofcognitiveimpairmentthatcanbeapreludetoAlzheimer’sdisease.43______NowresearchersatDukeUniversityreportinthecurrentissueoftheAnnalsofInternalMedicinethatthedataonthepreventiveeffectsoflifestylefactorsisnotasstrongastheyhadthought.LedbyBrendaPlassmanaprofessorofpsychiatryandbehavioralsciencesthestudyauthorsanalyzeddecades’worthofresearchincludingobservationalstudiesinwhichscientistslookedretrospectivelyatagroupofparticipantstoteaseoutassociationsbetweencertainbehaviorslikeexerciseandselectedeffectslikescoresontestsofmemoryandcognitiveskillsaswellasthemoredefinitiveclinicaltrialsthatrandomlyassignvolunteerstointerventionorcontrolgroupsandthenassesshowtheinterventionaffectscognitiveability.44______Overalltheresearcherssaytheyweredismayedwiththepaucityandweaknessoftheexistingevidence.WhenweappliedrigorousbutconsistentstandardstoreviewallthestudieswefoundthattherewasnotsufficientevidencetorecommendanysingleactivityorfactorthatwasprotectiveofcognitivedeclinelaterinlifesaysPlassman.45______Howeverweaklythoughthereviewdidsupportwhatdoctorsknowaboutriskfactorsforcognitivedecline:smokingdiabetesdepressionmetabolicsyndromeandspecificgenevariantswerealllinkedwithincreasedriskofdevelopingAlzheimer’sdisease.InadditionpreventivebehaviorssuchaseatingaMediterraneandietexercisingmaintainingcognitiveengagementdoingpuzzleslearningnewthingsandfosteringextensivesocialrelationshipswerelinkedtoalowerrisk.Theproblemisthatnoneoftheserelationshipswereparticularlyrobusttheauthorssay.Andnonewerestrongenoughtojustifyrecommendingthebehaviorstopeoplewhowanttopreventorslowdowntheonsetofdementia.ThefindingsledtheNIHtoissueMonday’sstate-of-the-sciencestatementinwhichtheagencynotesCurrentlyfirmconclusionscannotbedrawnabouttheassociationofanymodifiableriskfactorwithcognitivedeclineorAlzheimer’sdisease.AlthoughthestatementdoesnotconstituteanofficialpolicyorgovernmentrecommendationitservesasaguidelinefordoctorsadvisingpatientsaboutthebestevidenceontheroleoflifestylefactorsinAlzheimer’sprevention.
AcoupleofyearsagoagroupofmanagementscholarsfromYaleandtheUniversityofPittsburghtriedtodiscoveriftherewasalinkbetweenacompany’ssuccessandthepersonalityofitsboss.46Toworkoutwhatthatpersonalitywastheyaskedseniormanagerstoscoretheirbossesforsuchtraitsasanabilitytocommunicateanexcitingvisionofthefutureortostandasagoodmodelforotherstofollow.Whenthedatawereanalyzedtheresearchersfoundnoevidenceofaconnectionbetweenhowwellafirmwasdoingandwhatitsbosswaslike.Asfarastheycouldtellacompanycouldnotbejudgedbyitschiefexecutiveanybetterthanabookcouldbejudgedbyitscover.47AfewyearsbeforethishoweverateamofpsychologistsfromTuftsUniversityledbyNaliniAmbadydiscoveredthatwhenpeoplewatchedtwo-second-longfilm-clipsofprofessorslecturingtheywereprettygoodatdetermininghowableateachereachprofessoractuallywas.NowDrAmbadyandhercolleagueNicholasRulehavetakenthingsastepfurther.48Theyhaveshownthatevenastillphotographcanconveyalotofinformationaboutcompetence—andthatitcandosoinawaywhichsuggeststheassessmentsofallthoseseniormanagerswerenonsense.DrAmbadyandMr.Ruleshowed100undergraduatesthefacesofthechiefexecutivesofthetop25andthebottom25companiesintheFortune1000list.Halfthestudentswereaskedhowgoodtheythoughtthepersontheywerelookingatwouldbeatleadingacompanyandhalfwereaskedtoratefivepersonalitytraitsonthebasisofthephotograph.49Thesetraitswerecompetencedominancelikabilityfacialmaturityinotherwordsdidtheindividualhaveanadult-lookingfaceorababy-faceandtrustworthiness.AndDrAmbadyandMr.Ruleweresurprisedbyjusthowaccuratethestudents’observationswere.TheresultsoftheirstudywhichareabouttobepublishedinPsychologicalScienceshowthatboththestudents’assessmentsoftheleadershippotentialofthebossesandtheirratingsforthetraitsofcompetencedominanceandfacialmaturityweresignificantlyrelatedtoacompany’sprofits.50Sadlythecharacteristicsoflikabilityandtrustworthinessappeartohavenolinktocompanyprofitssuggestingthatwhenitcomestobusinesssuccessbeingwarmandfuzzydoesnotmattermuchthoughthesetraitsarenotharmful.
IntheUSA85%ofthepopulationovertheageif21approveofthedeathpenalty.Inthemanystateswhcihstillhavethedeathpenaltysomeusetheelectricchairwhichcantakeupto20minutestokillwhileothersusegasorlethalinjection. ThefirstofthesewasthecaseofRuthElliswhowashangedforshootingherloverinwhatwasgenerallyregardedasacrimeofpassion.Thesecondwashangedformurderswhichitwaslaterprovedhadbeencommittedbysomeoneelse. Thepro-hanginglobbyusesfourmainargumentstosupportitscallforthereintroductionofcapitalpunishment.Firstthereisthedeterrencetheorywhicharguesthatpotentialmurdererswouldthinktwicebeforecommittingtheactiftheyknewthattheymightdieiftheywerecaught.Thearmedbankrobbermightlikewisegobacktobeingunarmed. Theothertwoargumentsaremoresuspect.Theideaofretributiondemandsthatcriminalsshouldgetwhattheydeserve:ifamurdererintentionallysetouttocommitacrimeheshouldaccepttheconsequences.Retributionwhichisjustanotherwordforrevengeissupportedbythereligiousdoctrineofaneyeforaneyeandatoothforatooth. Theargumentsagainstthedeathpenaltyarelargelyhumanitarian.Buttherearealsostatisticalreasonsforopposingit:thedeterrencefiguresdonotaddup.InBritain1903wasthetherecordyearforexecutionsandyetin1904thenumberofmurdersactuallyrose.Therewasasimilaroccurrencein1946and1947.Ifthedeterrencetheorywerecorrecttherateshouldhavefallen. Theotherreasonstoopposethedeathpenaltyarelargelyamatherofindividualconscienceandbelief.Oneisthatmurderismurderandthatthestatehasnomorerighttotakealiferthantheindividual.TheotheristhatChristianityadvisesforgivenessnotrevenge. Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthat
Whenanyoneopensacurrentaccountatabankheislendingthebankmoney.Hemay1therepaymentofthemoneyatanytimeeither2cashorbydrawingacheckinfavorofanotherperson.3thebanker-customerrelationshipisthatofdebtorandcreditorwhois4dependingonwhetherthecustomer’saccountis5creditorisoverdrawn.Butin6tothatbasicallysimpleconceptthebankanditscustomer7alargenumberofobligationstooneanother.Manyoftheseobligationscangive8toproblemsandcomplicationsbutabankcustomerunlikesayabuyerofgoodscannotcomplainthatthelawis9againsthim. Thebankmust10itscustomer’sinstructionsandnotthoseofanyoneelse.11forexampleacustomeropensanaccountheinstructsthebanktodebithisaccountonlyin12ofchecksdrawnbyhimself.Hegivesthebank13ofhissignatureandthereisaveryfirmrulethatthebankhasnorightor14topayoutacustomer’smoney15acheckonwhichitscustomer’ssignaturehasbeen16Itmakesnodifferencethattheforgerymayhavebeenavery17one:thebankmustrecognizeitscustomer’ssignature.Forthisreasonthereisno18tothecustomerinthepractice19bybanksofprintingthecustomer’snameonhischecks.Ifthis20Forgeryitisthebankthatwilllosenotthecustomer.254words 9
MassproductionthedefiningcharacteristicoftheSecondWaveeconomybecomesincreasinglyobsoleteasfirmsinstallinformationintensiveoftenrobotizedmanufacturingsystemscapableofendlesscheapvariationevencustomization.Therevolutionaryresultisineffectthedemassificationofmassproduction. TheshifttowardsmartflextechspromotesdiversityandfeedsconsumerchoicetothepointthataWal-Martstorecanofferthebuyernearly110000productsinvarioustypessizesmodelsandcolorstochooseamong.ButWal-Martisamassmerchandiser.Increasinglythemassmarketitselfisbreakingupintodifferentiatednichesascustomerneedsdivergeandbetterinformationmakesitpossibleforbusinessestoidentifyandservemicromarkets. SpecialtystoresboutiquessuperstoresTVhome-shoppingsystemscomputerbasedbuyingdirectmailandothersystemsprovideagrowingdiversityofchannelsthroughwhichproducerscandistributetheirwarestocustomersinanincreasinglydemassifiedmarketplace.WhenwewroteFutureShockinthelate1960svisionarymarketersbegantalkingabout"marketsegmentation".Todaytheynolongerfocuson"segments"buton"particles"—familyunitsandevensingleindividuals.Meanwhileadvertisingistargetedatsmallerandsmallermarketsegmentsreachedthroughincreasinglydemassifiedmedia. ThedramaticbreakupofmassaudiencesisunderscoredbythecrisisoftheoncegreatTVnetworksABCCBSandNBCatatimewhenTele-CommunicationsInc.ofDenverannouncesafiberopticnetworkcapableofprovidingviewerswithfivehundredinteractivechannelsoftelevision.Suchsystemsmeanthatsellerswillbeabletotargetbuyerswithevengreaterprecision.Thesimultaneousdemassificationofproductiondistributionandcommunicationrevolutionizestheeconomyandshiftsitfromhomogeneitytowardextremeheterogeneity. WhyaregreatTVnetworksABSCBSandNBCmentionedinthepassage
It’ssevenweeksintothenewyear.DoyouknowwhereyourresolutionisIfyou’relikemillionsofAmericansyouprobablyvowedtoloseweightquitsmokinganddrinklessinthenewyear.YoukickedoffJanuarywithacommitmenttolong-termwell-being--untilyoucameface-to-facewithacheeseburger.Youspentabundleonashinynewgympass.Turnsoutitwasn’treasonenoughforyoutoactuallyusethegym. Peoplecanmakepoordecisionswhenitcomestohealth--despitetheirbestintentions.It’snoteasyabidingbywholesomechoicesgivingupFrenchfrieswhentheconsequencesofnotdoingsoheartdiseaseseemsofarinthefuture.Mostpeoplearebadatjudgingtheirhealthrisks:smokersgenerallyknowcigarettescausecancerbuttheyalsotendtobelievethey’relesslikelythanothersmokerstogetit.Andasanysnack-lovingdietercanattestpeoplecanbecomicallyineptatpredictingtheirfuture.behavior.Youswearyouwilleatjustonepotatochipbutdon’tstopuntilthebagisempty. SowhatdoesittaketomotivatepeopletosticktothepathsetbytheirconsciousbrainHowcangoodchoicesbemadetoseemmoreappealingthanbadonesTheproblemstumpsdoctorspublic-healthofficialsandweight-lossexpertsbutonesolutionmayspringfromanunlikelysource.Meetyournewpersonaltrainer:yourboss. Americanbusinesseshaveaparticularinterestinpersonalhealthsinceworkerillnesscoststhembillionseachyearininsuranceclaimssickdaysandhighstaffturnover.A2008surveyofmajorUSemployersfoundthat64%considertheiremployees’poorhealthdecisionsaseriousbarriertoaffordableinsurancecoverage.Nowsomecompaniesaretacklingthemotivationproblemheadonusingtacticsdrawnfrombehavioralpsychologytonudgetheiremployeestogethealthy. "It’sabitparadoxicalthatemployersneedtoprovideincentivesforpeopletoimprovetheirownhealth"saysMichaelFollickabehavioralpsychologistatBrownUniversityandpresidentoftheconsultancyAbacusEmployerHealthSolutions. Paradoxicalmaybebuteffective.ConsiderAmicaMutualInsurancebasedinRhodeIsland.Arnicaseemedtobedoingeverythingright:itboastsanon-sitefitnesscenteratitsheadquarters.ItpaystowardWeightWatchersandsmoking-cessationhelpgivesgiftcardstorewardproperprenatalcareandoffersfreeflushotseachyear.Stillinthemid-2000sabout7%ofthecompany’sinsuredpopulationincludingroughly3100employeesandtheirdependentshaddiabetes."Wemanagerisk.That’sourcorebusiness"saysScottBoydAmica’sdirectorofcompensationandbenefits.Butdiabetes-relatedclaimsfromArnicaemployeeshaddoubledinfouryears."WethoughtOK"Boydsaysnow"wehavetomanagethesehigh-riskgroupsalittlebetter. WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothetext
It’ssevenweeksintothenewyear.DoyouknowwhereyourresolutionisIfyou’relikemillionsofAmericansyouprobablyvowedtoloseweightquitsmokinganddrinklessinthenewyear.YoukickedoffJanuarywithacommitmenttolong-termwell-being--untilyoucameface-to-facewithacheeseburger.Youspentabundleonashinynewgympass.Turnsoutitwasn’treasonenoughforyoutoactuallyusethegym. Peoplecanmakepoordecisionswhenitcomestohealth--despitetheirbestintentions.It’snoteasyabidingbywholesomechoicesgivingupFrenchfrieswhentheconsequencesofnotdoingsoheartdiseaseseemsofarinthefuture.Mostpeoplearebadatjudgingtheirhealthrisks:smokersgenerallyknowcigarettescausecancerbuttheyalsotendtobelievethey’relesslikelythanothersmokerstogetit.Andasanysnack-lovingdietercanattestpeoplecanbecomicallyineptatpredictingtheirfuture.behavior.Youswearyouwilleatjustonepotatochipbutdon’tstopuntilthebagisempty. SowhatdoesittaketomotivatepeopletosticktothepathsetbytheirconsciousbrainHowcangoodchoicesbemadetoseemmoreappealingthanbadonesTheproblemstumpsdoctorspublic-healthofficialsandweight-lossexpertsbutonesolutionmayspringfromanunlikelysource.Meetyournewpersonaltrainer:yourboss. Americanbusinesseshaveaparticularinterestinpersonalhealthsinceworkerillnesscoststhembillionseachyearininsuranceclaimssickdaysandhighstaffturnover.A2008surveyofmajorUSemployersfoundthat64%considertheiremployees’poorhealthdecisionsaseriousbarriertoaffordableinsurancecoverage.Nowsomecompaniesaretacklingthemotivationproblemheadonusingtacticsdrawnfrombehavioralpsychologytonudgetheiremployeestogethealthy. "It’sabitparadoxicalthatemployersneedtoprovideincentivesforpeopletoimprovetheirownhealth"saysMichaelFollickabehavioralpsychologistatBrownUniversityandpresidentoftheconsultancyAbacusEmployerHealthSolutions. Paradoxicalmaybebuteffective.ConsiderAmicaMutualInsurancebasedinRhodeIsland.Arnicaseemedtobedoingeverythingright:itboastsanon-sitefitnesscenteratitsheadquarters.ItpaystowardWeightWatchersandsmoking-cessationhelpgivesgiftcardstorewardproperprenatalcareandoffersfreeflushotseachyear.Stillinthemid-2000sabout7%ofthecompany’sinsuredpopulationincludingroughly3100employeesandtheirdependentshaddiabetes."Wemanagerisk.That’sourcorebusiness"saysScottBoydAmica’sdirectorofcompensationandbenefits.Butdiabetes-relatedclaimsfromArnicaemployeeshaddoubledinfouryears."WethoughtOK"Boydsaysnow"wehavetomanagethesehigh-riskgroupsalittlebetter. Whycanpeoplemakepoordecisionwhenitcomestohealth
Whenanyoneopensacurrentaccountatabankheislendingthebankmoney.Hemay1therepaymentofthemoneyatanytimeeither2cashorbydrawingacheckinfavorofanotherperson.3thebanker-customerrelationshipisthatofdebtorandcreditorwhois4dependingonwhetherthecustomer’saccountis5creditorisoverdrawn.Butin6tothatbasicallysimpleconceptthebankanditscustomer7alargenumberofobligationstooneanother.Manyoftheseobligationscangive8toproblemsandcomplicationsbutabankcustomerunlikesayabuyerofgoodscannotcomplainthatthelawis9againsthim. Thebankmust10itscustomer’sinstructionsandnotthoseofanyoneelse.11forexampleacustomeropensanaccountheinstructsthebanktodebithisaccountonlyin12ofchecksdrawnbyhimself.Hegivesthebank13ofhissignatureandthereisaveryfirmrulethatthebankhasnorightor14topayoutacustomer’smoney15acheckonwhichitscustomer’ssignaturehasbeen16Itmakesnodifferencethattheforgerymayhavebeenavery17one:thebankmustrecognizeitscustomer’ssignature.Forthisreasonthereisno18tothecustomerinthepractice19bybanksofprintingthecustomer’snameonhischecks.Ifthis20Forgeryitisthebankthatwilllosenotthecustomer.254words 13
Whenanyoneopensacurrentaccountatabankheislendingthebankmoney.Hemay1therepaymentofthemoneyatanytimeeither2cashorbydrawingacheckinfavorofanotherperson.3thebanker-customerrelationshipisthatofdebtorandcreditorwhois4dependingonwhetherthecustomer’saccountis5creditorisoverdrawn.Butin6tothatbasicallysimpleconceptthebankanditscustomer7alargenumberofobligationstooneanother.Manyoftheseobligationscangive8toproblemsandcomplicationsbutabankcustomerunlikesayabuyerofgoodscannotcomplainthatthelawis9againsthim. Thebankmust10itscustomer’sinstructionsandnotthoseofanyoneelse.11forexampleacustomeropensanaccountheinstructsthebanktodebithisaccountonlyin12ofchecksdrawnbyhimself.Hegivesthebank13ofhissignatureandthereisaveryfirmrulethatthebankhasnorightor14topayoutacustomer’smoney15acheckonwhichitscustomer’ssignaturehasbeen16Itmakesnodifferencethattheforgerymayhavebeenavery17one:thebankmustrecognizeitscustomer’ssignature.Forthisreasonthereisno18tothecustomerinthepractice19bybanksofprintingthecustomer’snameonhischecks.Ifthis20Forgeryitisthebankthatwilllosenotthecustomer.254words 7
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