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Text 2 In recent years American society has become increasingly dependent on its universities t...
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InthenineteenthcenturyCharlesDickenstheEnglishnovelistwroteexcitedly1astage-coachpulledalongbyateamofhorsesthatcould2morethantwentymilesofroadwithinsixtyminutes.Tousinthetwentiethcenturyin3manisabletomoveandtocommunicatewithsuchrapiditythe4ofthestage-coachseemsnospeedatall.Aeroplanesflymanyhundredsofmilesinanhour;expresstrains5fourtimesthespeedofthestage-coach;andevenwithout6wecanbywirelessortelegraphcommunicatewithinsecondswithpeopleon7sideofthe’globe.The8oftheseincreasedspeedsarenumerous.Business9sayfromEuropetoAmericaortotheFarEastcansavemuchtime.10ajourneythatwouldoncehavetakenweeksit11nowbyaironlytwenty-fourhours.Fruitvegetablesandothergoodsthatwoulddecay12alongslowjourneycannowbesafelysenttofar-distantplaces.Membersofonefamily13eachotherbyvastdistancescanhaveconversationswitheachotherbytelephone14iftheywereallsittinginthesameroom. Notailtheeffectsofspeedhoweverare15Peoplewhoareinthehabitofusingamotorcar16theywanttomovehalfamilebecomephysicallylazyandlosethe17ofenjoyingavigorouswalk.Thosewhotravelthroughacountryateightymilesahourdonotseemuchofthelifeofthatcountryofitspeopleandanimalsandplantsastheyflash18Theybecomesoanxiousaboutmovingquicklyfromoneplacetoanotherthattheyare19abletorelaxandenjoya20journey. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.14
Text2 Therewasgreatpublicinterestwhenabigholemysteriouslyappearedinthemiddleofafield.Armymechanicsandengineerswerecalledintoexplainhowithadgotthere.Theyorreredvariousexplanationsbutwerenotatallsurehowtheholehad’beencaused.Itwasthoughtthatalargeshellwhichmusthavelainburiedunderthegroundformanyyearshadsuddenlyexplodedbutitwasnotpossibletoprovethis. A“simple"buthighlyimprobableexplanationwasofferedbyamanwhoclaimstobeespeciallywell-informedabout"flyingsaucers—thestrangeobjectswhichareroundinshapeandaresaidtovisittheearthoccasionallyfromouterspace.Theman’sexplanationmayhavebeennonsensebutatleastitwasimaginative.Atanyrateitwasfarmoreinterestingthantheonegivenbythearmy. Afterexamingthegroundcarefullythemanclaimedtohaveseenspecialmarksonthesoilquitenearthehole.Thesehesaidcouldonlyhavebeencausedbyaflyingsaucer.Moreovertheleavesonsomebushesnearbyhadturnedyellowbecauseofastrangehotgaswhichhadcomefromthesaucerjustbeforeitlanded.Evenasmalltreesomewayoffappearedtohavebeenburntslightly.Asmallpieceofmetalfoundintheholeitselfprovidedfurtherproofthatastrangeobjecthadbeenthere.Accordingtothemanitwasquiteclearthatpeoplefromanotherworldhadbeencirclingtheearthtryingtopickupinformationwhensomethinghadgonewrong.Becauseofthistheyhadbeenforcedtolandinafieldsothatthedamagecouldberepaired.Theholehadbeencausedwhenthesaucerstrucktheearthwhilethestrangemarksnearbyweremadewhenittookoffagain.Thissaidthemanwasthesimplestexplanationofhowtheholehadappeared.Judgingfromtheinterestthepublictookinthemattertheremustbequiteafewpeoplewhosecretlybelieveorhopethatthis"simple"explanationisthetrueone. Intheman'sopinionsomethinghappenedtotheflyingsaucerwhen
WillAmerica’scitieseveragainbeplacesmostpeoplewanttoliveinItseemsunlikely.hereasin1970America’ssuburbscontained25%morefamiliesthanitscitiestodaytheycontain75%more.Middle-classfamilies--"thebedrockofastablecommunity"inthewordsoftheDepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment--associatecitieswithpovertyandthereforecrime.41______.NowondersomanyfamiliesequatetheAmericandreamwithahomeinthesuburbs. Buttheresultingurbansprawlcarriesacost.AreportthisweekfromtheSierraClubwhichhasbeenpreachingecologicalsensitivityformorethanacenturyunderlineswhatitcalls"thedarksideoftheAmericandream"~trafficcongestion;commutingjourneysthat"stealtimefromfamilyandwork";airandwaterpollution;lostfarfnlandandrecreationalspace;increasedflooding;andmoretaxestopayforasuburbaninfrastructurethatrangesfrompolicingtosewagesystems.42______ PuttingnumberstoitsargumenttheSierraClubreckonsairpollution"costsUSagriculture morethan＄2.5billioneveryyear"anditarguesthatthepavingoverofnaturalwetlandshelpsproducethefloodsthatcostAmericaanaverageof$4.3billionayear.Intheperiodfrom1970to1990urbansprawlledthetwincitiesofMinneapolis--StPaulinMinnesotatoclose162schoolsinandaroundthecitycenterswhilebuilding78newonesintheouter’suburbs.Between1970and1995Mainespent6ver＄338millionbuildingnewschoolsevenasthenumberofstudentsinitspublicschoolsfellby27000.43______ 44______Amongthecountry’slargestcitiesthemostthreatenedapparentlyarethecitizensofAtlanta;amongmedium-sizedcitiesitisthepeopleofOrlandoFloridawhohavemosttofear;andamongsmallcitiestheinhabitantsofMcAllenTexas.AsforLosAnglesthe"grand-daddyofsprawl"thecitydeservesa“dishonorablemention”alongwithSanDiegoandPhoenix. 45______OneideabeingtriedinpartsofMichiganandMaryland’isforcommunitiestobuyfarmlandorenvironmentallysensitivelandtopreventitsdevelopment;anotherideapracticedinOregonandWashingtonstateistosetan"urbangrowthboundary"toencloseanurbanareawithinaninviolategreenbelt;athirdistooffertaxinducementstocommunitiesthatforgodevelopmentrights.ButinthelandofthecarperhapsthemostunlikelyideaisthatAmericanswillfollowtheexampleofNewJerseywhichrecentlyvotedforhigherpetroltaxestopreserveamillionacresofundevelopedlandoverthenexttenyears. A.Moreoverasthesuburbexpandstheinnercity’staxbaseshrinkssettingoffavicious cycleofhighertaxeslowercorporateprofitshigherjoblessnessandlowerpropertyvalues. B.Itwasobviousthatafter1970peoplepreferredtoliveinthesuburbwhileworkinthecity. C.Canurbansprawlberepulsed D.Theyhaveapoint:thepovertyrateinAmerica’surbanareasrosefrom14.2%in1970to21.5%in1993withmostoftheincreaseintheinner-cityareasfromwhichthemiddleclasshasfled. E.Meanwhiletheexhaustionofcommutersishardlylessenedbynewandbetterroadssinceeach1%increaseinnewlane-milesgenerateswithinfiveyearsa0.9%increaseintraffic. F.Thehouseinthesuburbmaynotbefullofconveniencesofeverysortsocarsaretheonlymeansforshoppingandtransportation. G.AllthistheSierraClubmaintainsillustratesthethreatthaturbansprawlrepresentstothequalityoflife. 44
Text3 Thecaseforcollegehasbeenacceptedwithoutquestionformorethanageneration.Allhighschoolgraduatesoughttogosaysconventionalwisdomandstatisticalevidencebecausecollegewillhelpthemearnmoremoneybecome“better”peopleandlearntobemoreresponsiblecitizensthanthosewhodon’tgo. Butcollegehasneverbeenabletoworkitsmagicforeveryone.Andnowthatclosetohalfourhighschoolgraduatesareattendingthosewhodon’tfitthepatternarebecomingmorenumerousandmoreobvious.Collegegraduatesaresellingshoesanddrivingtaxis;collegestudentsinterferewitheachother’sexperimentsandwritefalselettersofrecommendationintheintensecompetitionforadmissiontograduateschool.Othersfindnostimulationintheirstudiesanddropout--oftenencouragedbycollegeadministrators. Someobserverssaythefaultis.withtheyoungpeoplethemselves--theyarespoiledandtheyareexpectingtoomuch.Butthat’sac6ndemnationofthestudentsasawholeanddoesn’texplainallcampusunhappiness.Othersblamethestateoftheworldandtheyarepartlyright.We’vebeentoldthatyoungpeoplehavetogotocollegebecauseoureconomycan’tabsorbanarmyofuntrainedeighteen-year-oldseither. Someadventuresomeeducatorsandcampuswatchershaveopenlybeguntosuggestthatcollegemaynotbethebestthepropertheonlyplaceforeveryyoungpersonafterthecompletionofhighschool.Wemayhavebeenlookingatallthosesurveysandstatisticsupsidedownitseemsandthroughtherosyglowofourownrememberedcollegeexperiences.Perhapscollegedoesn’tmakepeopleintelligentambitioushappyliberalorquicktolearnthings--maybeit’sjusttheotherwayaround’andintelligentambitioushappyliberalquick-learningpeoplearemerelytheoneswhohavebeenattractedtocollegeinthefirstplace.Andperhapsallthosesuccessfulcollegegraduateswouldhavebeensuccessfulwhethertheyhadgonetocollegeornot.Thisisheresytothoseofuswhohavebeenbroughtuptobelievethatifalittleschoolingisgoodmorehastobemuchbetter.Butcontraryevidenceisbeginningtomountup. Whydoesthedrop-outrateofcollegestudentsseemtogoup
Text2 Therewasgreatpublicinterestwhenabigholemysteriouslyappearedinthemiddleofafield.Armymechanicsandengineerswerecalledintoexplainhowithadgotthere.Theyorreredvariousexplanationsbutwerenotatallsurehowtheholehad’beencaused.Itwasthoughtthatalargeshellwhichmusthavelainburiedunderthegroundformanyyearshadsuddenlyexplodedbutitwasnotpossibletoprovethis. A“simple"buthighlyimprobableexplanationwasofferedbyamanwhoclaimstobeespeciallywell-informedabout"flyingsaucers—thestrangeobjectswhichareroundinshapeandaresaidtovisittheearthoccasionallyfromouterspace.Theman’sexplanationmayhavebeennonsensebutatleastitwasimaginative.Atanyrateitwasfarmoreinterestingthantheonegivenbythearmy. Afterexamingthegroundcarefullythemanclaimedtohaveseenspecialmarksonthesoilquitenearthehole.Thesehesaidcouldonlyhavebeencausedbyaflyingsaucer.Moreovertheleavesonsomebushesnearbyhadturnedyellowbecauseofastrangehotgaswhichhadcomefromthesaucerjustbeforeitlanded.Evenasmalltreesomewayoffappearedtohavebeenburntslightly.Asmallpieceofmetalfoundintheholeitselfprovidedfurtherproofthatastrangeobjecthadbeenthere.Accordingtothemanitwasquiteclearthatpeoplefromanotherworldhadbeencirclingtheearthtryingtopickupinformationwhensomethinghadgonewrong.Becauseofthistheyhadbeenforcedtolandinafieldsothatthedamagecouldberepaired.Theholehadbeencausedwhenthesaucerstrucktheearthwhilethestrangemarksnearbyweremadewhenittookoffagain.Thissaidthemanwasthesimplestexplanationofhowtheholehadappeared.Judgingfromtheinterestthepublictookinthemattertheremustbequiteafewpeoplewhosecretlybelieveorhopethatthis"simple"explanationisthetrueone. Theauthorthinksoftheexplanationgivenbythearmyas
Alleducationspringsfromsomeimageofthefuture.46Iftheimageofthefutureheldbyasocietyisgrosslyinaccurateitseducationsystemwillbetrayitsyouth. ImagineanIndiantribewhichforcenturieshassaileditsdugoutsontheriveratitsdoorstep.Duringallthistimetheeconomyandcultureofthetribehavedependeduponfishingpreparingandcookingtheproductsoftherivergrowingfoodinsoilfertilizedbytheriverbuildingboatsandappropriatetools.47Solongastherateoftechnologicalchangeinsuchacommunitystaysslowsolongasnowarsinvasionsepidemicsorothernaturaldisastersupsettheevenrhythmoflifeitissimpleforthetribetoformulateaworkableimageofitsownfuturesincetomorrowmerelyrepeatsyesterday. Itisfromthisimagethateducationflows.Schoolsmaynotevenexistinthetribe;yetthereisacurriculum--aclusterofskillsvaluesandritualstobelearned.BoysaretaughttoscrapebarkandhollowouttreesJustastheirancestorsdidbeforethem.Theteacherinsuchasystemknowswhatheisdoingsecureintheknowledgethattraditionofthepast--willworkinthefuture. 48WhathappenstosuchatribehoweverwhenitpursuesitstraditionalmethodsunawarethatfivehundredmilesupstreammenareconstructingagiganticdamthatwilldryuptheirbranchoftheriverSuddenlythetribe’simageofthefuturethesetofassumptionsonwhichitsmembersbasetheirpresentbehaviorbecomesdangerouslymisleading.Tomorrowwillnotreplicatetoday.Thetribalinvestmentinpreparingitschildrentoliveinariverculturebecomesapointlessandpotentiallytragicwaste.Afalseimageofthefuturedestroystherelevanceoftheeducationeffort. Thisisoursituationtoday.Onlyitisweironicallynotsomedistantstrangerswhoarebuildingthedamthatwillannihilatethecultureofthepresent.49Neverbeforehasanyculturesubjecteditselftosointenseandprolongedabombardmentoftechnologicalsocialandinfopsychologicalchange.50Thischangeisacceleratingandwewitnesseverywhereinthehigh:technologysocieties’evidencethattheoldindustrial-erastructurescannolongercarryouttheirfunctions. Whathappenstosuchatribehoweverwhenitpursuesitstraditionalmethodsunawarethatfivehundredmilesupstreammenareconstructingagiganticdamthatwilldryuptheirbranchoftheriver
Text1 Computerpeopletalkalotabouttheneedforotherpeopletobecome“computerliterate”inothewordstolearntounderstandcomputersandwhatmakethemtick.Butnotallexpertsagreehoweverthatthisisagoodidea. OnepioneerinparticularwhodisagreesisDavidTebbuttthefounderofGomputer-townUK.Althoughmanypeopleseeit’thatway.HesaysthatComputer-townUKwasformedforcomputerbutDaviddoesnotseeitthatway.HesaysthatComputer-townUKwasformedforjusttheoppositereasontobringcomputertothepeopleandmakethem“People-literate”. DavidfirstgottheideawhenhevisitedoneofAmerica’sbest-knowncomputer“guru”figuresBobAlbrechtwhohadstartedaprojectcalledComputer-townUSAinthelocallibrary. OverhereinBritainComputer-townshavetakenoffinabigwayandtherearenowabout40scatteredoverthecountry.DavidTebbuttthinkstheyaremostsuccessfulwhentiedtoacomputerclub.Heinsiststhereisavastandimportantdifferencebetweenthetwoalthoughtheycomplementeachother.Theclubscaterfortheenthusiastswithsomecomputerknowledgealreadywhogettogetherandeventuallyformanexpertcomputergroup.Thisfrightensawaynon-expertsknownas"grockles"游客whoarehappiergoingtoComputer-townswheretherearecomputersavailableforthemtoexperimentonwithexpertsavailabletoencouragethemandansweranyquestion;theyarenottoldwhattodotheyfindout. DavidTebbutfindsitinterestingtoseethetwodifferentapproachesworkingsidebyside.Thecomputerexpertshavetolearnnottotellpeopleaboutcomputersbuthavetobeabletoexplaintheanswerstothequestionsthatpeoplereallywanttoknow.Peoplearenothavingtolearncomputerjargon行话buttheexpertsarehavingtotranslatecomputermysteriesintoeasilyunderstoodterms;thecomputersarebecoming"people--literate". AboutthecomputertownsandthecomputerclubsDavidTebuttethinksthat
Text2 Therewasgreatpublicinterestwhenabigholemysteriouslyappearedinthemiddleofafield.Armymechanicsandengineerswerecalledintoexplainhowithadgotthere.Theyorreredvariousexplanationsbutwerenotatallsurehowtheholehad’beencaused.Itwasthoughtthatalargeshellwhichmusthavelainburiedunderthegroundformanyyearshadsuddenlyexplodedbutitwasnotpossibletoprovethis. A“simple"buthighlyimprobableexplanationwasofferedbyamanwhoclaimstobeespeciallywell-informedabout"flyingsaucers—thestrangeobjectswhichareroundinshapeandaresaidtovisittheearthoccasionallyfromouterspace.Theman’sexplanationmayhavebeennonsensebutatleastitwasimaginative.Atanyrateitwasfarmoreinterestingthantheonegivenbythearmy. Afterexamingthegroundcarefullythemanclaimedtohaveseenspecialmarksonthesoilquitenearthehole.Thesehesaidcouldonlyhavebeencausedbyaflyingsaucer.Moreovertheleavesonsomebushesnearbyhadturnedyellowbecauseofastrangehotgaswhichhadcomefromthesaucerjustbeforeitlanded.Evenasmalltreesomewayoffappearedtohavebeenburntslightly.Asmallpieceofmetalfoundintheholeitselfprovidedfurtherproofthatastrangeobjecthadbeenthere.Accordingtothemanitwasquiteclearthatpeoplefromanotherworldhadbeencirclingtheearthtryingtopickupinformationwhensomethinghadgonewrong.Becauseofthistheyhadbeenforcedtolandinafieldsothatthedamagecouldberepaired.Theholehadbeencausedwhenthesaucerstrucktheearthwhilethestrangemarksnearbyweremadewhenittookoffagain.Thissaidthemanwasthesimplestexplanationofhowtheholehadappeared.Judgingfromtheinterestthepublictookinthemattertheremustbequiteafewpeoplewhosecretlybelieveorhopethatthis"simple"explanationisthetrueone. Itisimpliedbutnotdirectlystateinthepassagethat
InthenineteenthcenturyCharlesDickenstheEnglishnovelistwroteexcitedly1astage-coachpulledalongbyateamofhorsesthatcould2morethantwentymilesofroadwithinsixtyminutes.Tousinthetwentiethcenturyin3manisabletomoveandtocommunicatewithsuchrapiditythe4ofthestage-coachseemsnospeedatall.Aeroplanesflymanyhundredsofmilesinanhour;expresstrains5fourtimesthespeedofthestage-coach;andevenwithout6wecanbywirelessortelegraphcommunicatewithinsecondswithpeopleon7sideofthe’globe.The8oftheseincreasedspeedsarenumerous.Business9sayfromEuropetoAmericaortotheFarEastcansavemuchtime.10ajourneythatwouldoncehavetakenweeksit11nowbyaironlytwenty-fourhours.Fruitvegetablesandothergoodsthatwoulddecay12alongslowjourneycannowbesafelysenttofar-distantplaces.Membersofonefamily13eachotherbyvastdistancescanhaveconversationswitheachotherbytelephone14iftheywereallsittinginthesameroom. Notailtheeffectsofspeedhoweverare15Peoplewhoareinthehabitofusingamotorcar16theywanttomovehalfamilebecomephysicallylazyandlosethe17ofenjoyingavigorouswalk.Thosewhotravelthroughacountryateightymilesahourdonotseemuchofthelifeofthatcountryofitspeopleandanimalsandplantsastheyflash18Theybecomesoanxiousaboutmovingquicklyfromoneplacetoanotherthattheyare19abletorelaxandenjoya20journey. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.6
Alleducationspringsfromsomeimageofthefuture.46Iftheimageofthefutureheldbyasocietyisgrosslyinaccurateitseducationsystemwillbetrayitsyouth. ImagineanIndiantribewhichforcenturieshassaileditsdugoutsontheriveratitsdoorstep.Duringallthistimetheeconomyandcultureofthetribehavedependeduponfishingpreparingandcookingtheproductsoftherivergrowingfoodinsoilfertilizedbytheriverbuildingboatsandappropriatetools.47Solongastherateoftechnologicalchangeinsuchacommunitystaysslowsolongasnowarsinvasionsepidemicsorothernaturaldisastersupsettheevenrhythmoflifeitissimpleforthetribetoformulateaworkableimageofitsownfuturesincetomorrowmerelyrepeatsyesterday. Itisfromthisimagethateducationflows.Schoolsmaynotevenexistinthetribe;yetthereisacurriculum--aclusterofskillsvaluesandritualstobelearned.BoysaretaughttoscrapebarkandhollowouttreesJustastheirancestorsdidbeforethem.Theteacherinsuchasystemknowswhatheisdoingsecureintheknowledgethattraditionofthepast--willworkinthefuture. 48WhathappenstosuchatribehoweverwhenitpursuesitstraditionalmethodsunawarethatfivehundredmilesupstreammenareconstructingagiganticdamthatwilldryuptheirbranchoftheriverSuddenlythetribe’simageofthefuturethesetofassumptionsonwhichitsmembersbasetheirpresentbehaviorbecomesdangerouslymisleading.Tomorrowwillnotreplicatetoday.Thetribalinvestmentinpreparingitschildrentoliveinariverculturebecomesapointlessandpotentiallytragicwaste.Afalseimageofthefuturedestroystherelevanceoftheeducationeffort. Thisisoursituationtoday.Onlyitisweironicallynotsomedistantstrangerswhoarebuildingthedamthatwillannihilatethecultureofthepresent.49Neverbeforehasanyculturesubjecteditselftosointenseandprolongedabombardmentoftechnologicalsocialandinfopsychologicalchange.50Thischangeisacceleratingandwewitnesseverywhereinthehigh:technologysocieties’evidencethattheoldindustrial-erastructurescannolongercarryouttheirfunctions. Iftheimageofthefutureheldbyasocietyisgrosslyinaccurateitseducationsystemwillbetrayitsyouth.
Text4 Therearetwotypesofpeopleintheworld.Althoughtheyhaveequaldegreesofhealthandwealthandtheothercomfortsof’lifeonebecomeshappytheotherbecomesmiserable.Thisarisesfromthedifferentwaysinwhichtheyconsiderthingspersonsandeventsandtheresultingeffectsupontheirminds. Thepeoplewhoaretobehappyfixtheirattentionontheconveniencesofthingsthepleasantpartsofconversationthewell-prepareddishesthegoodnessofthewinesthefineweather.Thdyenjoyallthecheerfulthings.Thosewhoaretobeunhappythinkandspeakonlyofthecontrarythings.Thereforetheyarecontinuallydiscontented.Bytheirremarkstheysourthepleasuresofsocietyoffendmanypeopleandmakethemselvesdisagreeableeverywhere.Ifthisturnofmindwerefoundedinnaturesuchunhappypersonswouldbethemoretobepitied.Thetendencytocriticizeandbedisgustedisperhapstakenuporiginallybyimitation.Itgrowsintoahabitunknowntoitspossessors.Thehabitmaybestrongbutitmaybecuredwhenthosewhohave~itareconvincedofitsbadeffectsontheirinterestsandtastes.Ihopethislittlewarningmaybeofservicetothemandhelpthemchangethishabit. Althoughinfactitischieflyanactoftheimaginationithasseriousconsequencesinlifesinceitbringsondeepsorrowandbadluck.Thosepeopleoffendmanyothersnobodylovesthemandnoonetreatsthemwithmorethanthemostcommonpolitenessandrespectandscarcelythat.Thisfrequentlyputstheminbadtemperanddrawsthemintoarguments.Iftheyaimatobtainingsomeadvantageinrankorfortunenobodywishesthemsuccess.Norwillanyonestirasteporspeakawordoffavourfortheirhopes.Iftheybringonthemselvespublicdisapprovalnoonewillchangethisbadhabitandcondescendtobepleasedwithwhatispleasingwithoutworryingneedlesslyaboutthemselvesandothers.Iftheydonotitwillbegoodforotherstoavoidanycontactwiththem.Otherwiseitcanbedisagreeableandsometimesveryinconvenientespeciallywhenonebecomesmixedupintheirquarrels. Ifsuchunhappypersonsdon'tchangetheirbadbehaviourwhatshouldpeopledoaccordingtotheauthor
InthenineteenthcenturyCharlesDickenstheEnglishnovelistwroteexcitedly1astage-coachpulledalongbyateamofhorsesthatcould2morethantwentymilesofroadwithinsixtyminutes.Tousinthetwentiethcenturyin3manisabletomoveandtocommunicatewithsuchrapiditythe4ofthestage-coachseemsnospeedatall.Aeroplanesflymanyhundredsofmilesinanhour;expresstrains5fourtimesthespeedofthestage-coach;andevenwithout6wecanbywirelessortelegraphcommunicatewithinsecondswithpeopleon7sideofthe’globe.The8oftheseincreasedspeedsarenumerous.Business9sayfromEuropetoAmericaortotheFarEastcansavemuchtime.10ajourneythatwouldoncehavetakenweeksit11nowbyaironlytwenty-fourhours.Fruitvegetablesandothergoodsthatwoulddecay12alongslowjourneycannowbesafelysenttofar-distantplaces.Membersofonefamily13eachotherbyvastdistancescanhaveconversationswitheachotherbytelephone14iftheywereallsittinginthesameroom. Notailtheeffectsofspeedhoweverare15Peoplewhoareinthehabitofusingamotorcar16theywanttomovehalfamilebecomephysicallylazyandlosethe17ofenjoyingavigorouswalk.Thosewhotravelthroughacountryateightymilesahourdonotseemuchofthelifeofthatcountryofitspeopleandanimalsandplantsastheyflash18Theybecomesoanxiousaboutmovingquicklyfromoneplacetoanotherthattheyare19abletorelaxandenjoya20journey. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.2
Text2 Trafficstatisticspaintagloomypicture.TohelpsolvetheirtrafficwoessomerapidlygrowingU.S.citieshavesimplybuiltmoreroads.Buttrafficexpertssaybuildingmoreroadsisaquirk-fixsolutionthatwillnotalleviatethetrafficprobleminthelongrun.Soaringlandcostsincreasingconcernoversocialandenvironmentaldisruptionscausedbyroad-buildingandthelikelihoodthatmoreroadscanonlyleadtomorecarsandtrafficarepowerfulfactorsbearingdoyoua1950s-styleconstructionprogram. Thegoalofsmart-highwaytechnologyistomaketrafficsystemsworkatoptimumefficiencybytreatingtheroadandthevehiclestravellingonthemasanintegraltransportationsystem.Proponentsofthisadvancedtechnologysayelectronicdetectionsystemsclosed-circuittelevisionradiocommunicationrampmeteringvariablemessagesigningandothersmart-highwaytechnologycannowbeusedatareasonablecosttoimprovecommunicationbetweendriversandthepeoplewhomonitortraffic. PathfinderaSantaMonicaCalifornia-basedsmart-highwayprojectinwhicha14-milestretchoftheSantaMonicaFreewaymakingupwhatiscalleda"smartcorridor"isbeinginstrumentedwithburiedloopsinthepavement.Closed-circuittelevisioncamerassurveytheflowoftrafficwhilecommunicationslinkedtoproperlyequippedautomobilesadvisemotoristsoftheleastcongestedroutesordetours. Notalltrafficexpertslhoweverlooktosmart-highwaytechnologyastheultimatesolutiontotrafficgridlock.Somesaythehigh-techapproachislimitedandcanonlyoffertemporarysolutionstoaseriousproblem. “Electronicsonthehighwayaddressesjustoneaspectoftheproblem:howtoregulatetrafficmoreefficiently"explainsMichaelRennerseniorresearcherattheWorldwatchInstitute."Itdoesn’tdealwiththecentralproblemoftoomanycarsforroadsthatcan’tbebuiltfastenough.Itsendspeoplethewrongmessage.Theystartthinking’Yesthereusedtobeatrafficcongestionproblembutthat’sbeensolvednowbecausewehaveanadvancedhigh-techsysteminplace.Larsonagreesandadds‘Smarthighwaysisjustoneofthetoolsthatwewillusetodealwithourtrafficproblems.It’snotthesolutionitselfjustpartofthepackage.Therearedifferentsstrategies.” Othertrafficproblem-solvingoptionsbeingstudiedandexperimentedwithincludecarpoolingrapidmass-transitsystemsstaggeredorflexibleworkhoursandroadpricingasystemwherebymotoristspayacertainamountforthetimetheyuseahighway. Itseemsthatweneedanewmajorthrusttodealwiththetrafficproblemsofthenext20 years.Therehastobeabigchange. AccordingtoLarsontoredressthetrafficproblem
Text3 Thefarmisamajormarketplaceformillionsoftonsofsyntheticfertilizersandpesticides杀虫剂andadvancedmachineryandthefuelrequiredtorunit.Themodemsuperfarmlargeandhighlycapitalizedisresourcedependentcomparedwiththediversifiedsmallfarmsthatwereoncedominant.Ondiversifiedfarmsmajorenergyneedsmaybesuppliedbyresidenthumansandanimals.Soilfertilitymaybemaintainedbyalternatingcashcropsandrestorativecropsandalsobyreturninganimalmanure肥料tothesoil.Thisfarmingmodelofrelativelyself-sufficientagricultureandthewayoflifeassociatedwithitarestilleconomicallyviable可行asdemonstratedbyprosperousAmishfarmersandotherpractitionersof"alternative"agriculture.Particularlyrelevanttotoday’smainstreamagriculturearetheenergy-savingpracticesonlarge"organic"farmswhicharethoroughlymechanizedbutwhichminimizetheuseofpesticidesandsyntheticfertilizers. BycomparisonmainstreamAmericanagriculturehasuntillatelybeencarelessinitsuseofenergywaterandland.Whenfossilenergywascheapapplicationsoffertilizersandpesticidespaidlargedividendssofarmerswereencouragedtousetheseproducts.Soonmostfarmersusedtoomuchfertilizerandpesticide.Farmersindryregionsenjoyedaneraofcheapwaterobtainedfrompubliclysubsidizedirrigationsystemsorfrompumpinggroundwaterusinginexpensiveenergy.Thesoiltoowasexpendableasdemandgrewf6rU.S.agriculturalproducts. Theperiodofextraordinaryprofligacyintheuseofsoilwaterandfossilfuelsmaywellbeatanend.Thenewstructureoflargefarmsisquitesensitivetocostfactors.Theseadaptivefarmswhosedevelopmentwasassistedbypublictaxsubsidyandresearchpolicieshaveaccesstocapitaltechnologiesandmanagementskillsenablingthemtoswitchrelativelyquicklytoresource-conservingpractices--forexampletoalow-tillagesystemthatrequireslessfuelthatshepherdssoilmoistureandthatmayreducesoilerosion侵蚀.Itseemslikelythatfederalprogramsthathaveenlargedourfarmsthereforehavehadafurtherresultofcreatingthepotentialforamoreconservingagriculture.Withrespecttoenergyuseforexampleenergycostsperunitofoutputarelowerforlargefarmsmainlybecausethesefarmsquicklyeconomizedonenergyascostsrose.Inthefutureaccordingtooneauthoritativeassessment"agriculturalproductionislikelytousecapitalandlandmoreintensivelybutenergyfertilizerandlaborlessintensively." What'sthemainideaofthesecondparagraph
Text3 Thecaseforcollegehasbeenacceptedwithoutquestionformorethanageneration.Allhighschoolgraduatesoughttogosaysconventionalwisdomandstatisticalevidencebecausecollegewillhelpthemearnmoremoneybecome“better”peopleandlearntobemoreresponsiblecitizensthanthosewhodon’tgo. Butcollegehasneverbeenabletoworkitsmagicforeveryone.Andnowthatclosetohalfourhighschoolgraduatesareattendingthosewhodon’tfitthepatternarebecomingmorenumerousandmoreobvious.Collegegraduatesaresellingshoesanddrivingtaxis;collegestudentsinterferewitheachother’sexperimentsandwritefalselettersofrecommendationintheintensecompetitionforadmissiontograduateschool.Othersfindnostimulationintheirstudiesanddropout--oftenencouragedbycollegeadministrators. Someobserverssaythefaultis.withtheyoungpeoplethemselves--theyarespoiledandtheyareexpectingtoomuch.Butthat’sac6ndemnationofthestudentsasawholeanddoesn’texplainallcampusunhappiness.Othersblamethestateoftheworldandtheyarepartlyright.We’vebeentoldthatyoungpeoplehavetogotocollegebecauseoureconomycan’tabsorbanarmyofuntrainedeighteen-year-oldseither. Someadventuresomeeducatorsandcampuswatchershaveopenlybeguntosuggestthatcollegemaynotbethebestthepropertheonlyplaceforeveryyoungpersonafterthecompletionofhighschool.Wemayhavebeenlookingatallthosesurveysandstatisticsupsidedownitseemsandthroughtherosyglowofourownrememberedcollegeexperiences.Perhapscollegedoesn’tmakepeopleintelligentambitioushappyliberalorquicktolearnthings--maybeit’sjusttheotherwayaround’andintelligentambitioushappyliberalquick-learningpeoplearemerelytheoneswhohavebeenattractedtocollegeinthefirstplace.Andperhapsallthosesuccessfulcollegegraduateswouldhavebeensuccessfulwhethertheyhadgonetocollegeornot.Thisisheresytothoseofuswhohavebeenbroughtuptobelievethatifalittleschoolingisgoodmorehastobemuchbetter.Butcontraryevidenceisbeginningtomountup. Whatdoestheauthorbelieveaccordingtothepassage
InthenineteenthcenturyCharlesDickenstheEnglishnovelistwroteexcitedly1astage-coachpulledalongbyateamofhorsesthatcould2morethantwentymilesofroadwithinsixtyminutes.Tousinthetwentiethcenturyin3manisabletomoveandtocommunicatewithsuchrapiditythe4ofthestage-coachseemsnospeedatall.Aeroplanesflymanyhundredsofmilesinanhour;expresstrains5fourtimesthespeedofthestage-coach;andevenwithout6wecanbywirelessortelegraphcommunicatewithinsecondswithpeopleon7sideofthe’globe.The8oftheseincreasedspeedsarenumerous.Business9sayfromEuropetoAmericaortotheFarEastcansavemuchtime.10ajourneythatwouldoncehavetakenweeksit11nowbyaironlytwenty-fourhours.Fruitvegetablesandothergoodsthatwoulddecay12alongslowjourneycannowbesafelysenttofar-distantplaces.Membersofonefamily13eachotherbyvastdistancescanhaveconversationswitheachotherbytelephone14iftheywereallsittinginthesameroom. Notailtheeffectsofspeedhoweverare15Peoplewhoareinthehabitofusingamotorcar16theywanttomovehalfamilebecomephysicallylazyandlosethe17ofenjoyingavigorouswalk.Thosewhotravelthroughacountryateightymilesahourdonotseemuchofthelifeofthatcountryofitspeopleandanimalsandplantsastheyflash18Theybecomesoanxiousaboutmovingquicklyfromoneplacetoanotherthattheyare19abletorelaxandenjoya20journey. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.18
InthenineteenthcenturyCharlesDickenstheEnglishnovelistwroteexcitedly1astage-coachpulledalongbyateamofhorsesthatcould2morethantwentymilesofroadwithinsixtyminutes.Tousinthetwentiethcenturyin3manisabletomoveandtocommunicatewithsuchrapiditythe4ofthestage-coachseemsnospeedatall.Aeroplanesflymanyhundredsofmilesinanhour;expresstrains5fourtimesthespeedofthestage-coach;andevenwithout6wecanbywirelessortelegraphcommunicatewithinsecondswithpeopleon7sideofthe’globe.The8oftheseincreasedspeedsarenumerous.Business9sayfromEuropetoAmericaortotheFarEastcansavemuchtime.10ajourneythatwouldoncehavetakenweeksit11nowbyaironlytwenty-fourhours.Fruitvegetablesandothergoodsthatwoulddecay12alongslowjourneycannowbesafelysenttofar-distantplaces.Membersofonefamily13eachotherbyvastdistancescanhaveconversationswitheachotherbytelephone14iftheywereallsittinginthesameroom. Notailtheeffectsofspeedhoweverare15Peoplewhoareinthehabitofusingamotorcar16theywanttomovehalfamilebecomephysicallylazyandlosethe17ofenjoyingavigorouswalk.Thosewhotravelthroughacountryateightymilesahourdonotseemuchofthelifeofthatcountryofitspeopleandanimalsandplantsastheyflash18Theybecomesoanxiousaboutmovingquicklyfromoneplacetoanotherthattheyare19abletorelaxandenjoya20journey. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.20
InthenineteenthcenturyCharlesDickenstheEnglishnovelistwroteexcitedly1astage-coachpulledalongbyateamofhorsesthatcould2morethantwentymilesofroadwithinsixtyminutes.Tousinthetwentiethcenturyin3manisabletomoveandtocommunicatewithsuchrapiditythe4ofthestage-coachseemsnospeedatall.Aeroplanesflymanyhundredsofmilesinanhour;expresstrains5fourtimesthespeedofthestage-coach;andevenwithout6wecanbywirelessortelegraphcommunicatewithinsecondswithpeopleon7sideofthe’globe.The8oftheseincreasedspeedsarenumerous.Business9sayfromEuropetoAmericaortotheFarEastcansavemuchtime.10ajourneythatwouldoncehavetakenweeksit11nowbyaironlytwenty-fourhours.Fruitvegetablesandothergoodsthatwoulddecay12alongslowjourneycannowbesafelysenttofar-distantplaces.Membersofonefamily13eachotherbyvastdistancescanhaveconversationswitheachotherbytelephone14iftheywereallsittinginthesameroom. Notailtheeffectsofspeedhoweverare15Peoplewhoareinthehabitofusingamotorcar16theywanttomovehalfamilebecomephysicallylazyandlosethe17ofenjoyingavigorouswalk.Thosewhotravelthroughacountryateightymilesahourdonotseemuchofthelifeofthatcountryofitspeopleandanimalsandplantsastheyflash18Theybecomesoanxiousaboutmovingquicklyfromoneplacetoanotherthattheyare19abletorelaxandenjoya20journey. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.10
Alleducationspringsfromsomeimageofthefuture.46Iftheimageofthefutureheldbyasocietyisgrosslyinaccurateitseducationsystemwillbetrayitsyouth. ImagineanIndiantribewhichforcenturieshassaileditsdugoutsontheriveratitsdoorstep.Duringallthistimetheeconomyandcultureofthetribehavedependeduponfishingpreparingandcookingtheproductsoftherivergrowingfoodinsoilfertilizedbytheriverbuildingboatsandappropriatetools.47Solongastherateoftechnologicalchangeinsuchacommunitystaysslowsolongasnowarsinvasionsepidemicsorothernaturaldisastersupsettheevenrhythmoflifeitissimpleforthetribetoformulateaworkableimageofitsownfuturesincetomorrowmerelyrepeatsyesterday. Itisfromthisimagethateducationflows.Schoolsmaynotevenexistinthetribe;yetthereisacurriculum--aclusterofskillsvaluesandritualstobelearned.BoysaretaughttoscrapebarkandhollowouttreesJustastheirancestorsdidbeforethem.Theteacherinsuchasystemknowswhatheisdoingsecureintheknowledgethattraditionofthepast--willworkinthefuture. 48WhathappenstosuchatribehoweverwhenitpursuesitstraditionalmethodsunawarethatfivehundredmilesupstreammenareconstructingagiganticdamthatwilldryuptheirbranchoftheriverSuddenlythetribe’simageofthefuturethesetofassumptionsonwhichitsmembersbasetheirpresentbehaviorbecomesdangerouslymisleading.Tomorrowwillnotreplicatetoday.Thetribalinvestmentinpreparingitschildrentoliveinariverculturebecomesapointlessandpotentiallytragicwaste.Afalseimageofthefuturedestroystherelevanceoftheeducationeffort. Thisisoursituationtoday.Onlyitisweironicallynotsomedistantstrangerswhoarebuildingthedamthatwillannihilatethecultureofthepresent.49Neverbeforehasanyculturesubjecteditselftosointenseandprolongedabombardmentoftechnologicalsocialandinfopsychologicalchange.50Thischangeisacceleratingandwewitnesseverywhereinthehigh:technologysocieties’evidencethattheoldindustrial-erastructurescannolongercarryouttheirfunctions. Thischangeisacceleratingandwewitnesseverywhereinthehigh:technologysocieties’evidencethattheoldindustrial-erastructurescannolongercarryouttheirfunctions.
InthenineteenthcenturyCharlesDickenstheEnglishnovelistwroteexcitedly1astage-coachpulledalongbyateamofhorsesthatcould2morethantwentymilesofroadwithinsixtyminutes.Tousinthetwentiethcenturyin3manisabletomoveandtocommunicatewithsuchrapiditythe4ofthestage-coachseemsnospeedatall.Aeroplanesflymanyhundredsofmilesinanhour;expresstrains5fourtimesthespeedofthestage-coach;andevenwithout6wecanbywirelessortelegraphcommunicatewithinsecondswithpeopleon7sideofthe’globe.The8oftheseincreasedspeedsarenumerous.Business9sayfromEuropetoAmericaortotheFarEastcansavemuchtime.10ajourneythatwouldoncehavetakenweeksit11nowbyaironlytwenty-fourhours.Fruitvegetablesandothergoodsthatwoulddecay12alongslowjourneycannowbesafelysenttofar-distantplaces.Membersofonefamily13eachotherbyvastdistancescanhaveconversationswitheachotherbytelephone14iftheywereallsittinginthesameroom. Notailtheeffectsofspeedhoweverare15Peoplewhoareinthehabitofusingamotorcar16theywanttomovehalfamilebecomephysicallylazyandlosethe17ofenjoyingavigorouswalk.Thosewhotravelthroughacountryateightymilesahourdonotseemuchofthelifeofthatcountryofitspeopleandanimalsandplantsastheyflash18Theybecomesoanxiousaboutmovingquicklyfromoneplacetoanotherthattheyare19abletorelaxandenjoya20journey. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.16
Text2 Trafficstatisticspaintagloomypicture.TohelpsolvetheirtrafficwoessomerapidlygrowingU.S.citieshavesimplybuiltmoreroads.Buttrafficexpertssaybuildingmoreroadsisaquirk-fixsolutionthatwillnotalleviatethetrafficprobleminthelongrun.Soaringlandcostsincreasingconcernoversocialandenvironmentaldisruptionscausedbyroad-buildingandthelikelihoodthatmoreroadscanonlyleadtomorecarsandtrafficarepowerfulfactorsbearingdoyoua1950s-styleconstructionprogram. Thegoalofsmart-highwaytechnologyistomaketrafficsystemsworkatoptimumefficiencybytreatingtheroadandthevehiclestravellingonthemasanintegraltransportationsystem.Proponentsofthisadvancedtechnologysayelectronicdetectionsystemsclosed-circuittelevisionradiocommunicationrampmeteringvariablemessagesigningandothersmart-highwaytechnologycannowbeusedatareasonablecosttoimprovecommunicationbetweendriversandthepeoplewhomonitortraffic. PathfinderaSantaMonicaCalifornia-basedsmart-highwayprojectinwhicha14-milestretchoftheSantaMonicaFreewaymakingupwhatiscalleda"smartcorridor"isbeinginstrumentedwithburiedloopsinthepavement.Closed-circuittelevisioncamerassurveytheflowoftrafficwhilecommunicationslinkedtoproperlyequippedautomobilesadvisemotoristsoftheleastcongestedroutesordetours. Notalltrafficexpertslhoweverlooktosmart-highwaytechnologyastheultimatesolutiontotrafficgridlock.Somesaythehigh-techapproachislimitedandcanonlyoffertemporarysolutionstoaseriousproblem. “Electronicsonthehighwayaddressesjustoneaspectoftheproblem:howtoregulatetrafficmoreefficiently"explainsMichaelRennerseniorresearcherattheWorldwatchInstitute."Itdoesn’tdealwiththecentralproblemoftoomanycarsforroadsthatcan’tbebuiltfastenough.Itsendspeoplethewrongmessage.Theystartthinking’Yesthereusedtobeatrafficcongestionproblembutthat’sbeensolvednowbecausewehaveanadvancedhigh-techsysteminplace.Larsonagreesandadds‘Smarthighwaysisjustoneofthetoolsthatwewillusetodealwithourtrafficproblems.It’snotthesolutionitselfjustpartofthepackage.Therearedifferentsstrategies.” Othertrafficproblem-solvingoptionsbeingstudiedandexperimentedwithincludecarpoolingrapidmass-transitsystemsstaggeredorflexibleworkhoursandroadpricingasystemwherebymotoristspayacertainamountforthetimetheyuseahighway. Itseemsthatweneedanewmajorthrusttodealwiththetrafficproblemsofthenext20 years.Therehastobeabigchange. Whatistheappropriatetitleforthepassage
InthenineteenthcenturyCharlesDickenstheEnglishnovelistwroteexcitedly1astage-coachpulledalongbyateamofhorsesthatcould2morethantwentymilesofroadwithinsixtyminutes.Tousinthetwentiethcenturyin3manisabletomoveandtocommunicatewithsuchrapiditythe4ofthestage-coachseemsnospeedatall.Aeroplanesflymanyhundredsofmilesinanhour;expresstrains5fourtimesthespeedofthestage-coach;andevenwithout6wecanbywirelessortelegraphcommunicatewithinsecondswithpeopleon7sideofthe’globe.The8oftheseincreasedspeedsarenumerous.Business9sayfromEuropetoAmericaortotheFarEastcansavemuchtime.10ajourneythatwouldoncehavetakenweeksit11nowbyaironlytwenty-fourhours.Fruitvegetablesandothergoodsthatwoulddecay12alongslowjourneycannowbesafelysenttofar-distantplaces.Membersofonefamily13eachotherbyvastdistancescanhaveconversationswitheachotherbytelephone14iftheywereallsittinginthesameroom. Notailtheeffectsofspeedhoweverare15Peoplewhoareinthehabitofusingamotorcar16theywanttomovehalfamilebecomephysicallylazyandlosethe17ofenjoyingavigorouswalk.Thosewhotravelthroughacountryateightymilesahourdonotseemuchofthelifeofthatcountryofitspeopleandanimalsandplantsastheyflash18Theybecomesoanxiousaboutmovingquicklyfromoneplacetoanotherthattheyare19abletorelaxandenjoya20journey. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.8
Text1 Computerpeopletalkalotabouttheneedforotherpeopletobecome“computerliterate”inothewordstolearntounderstandcomputersandwhatmakethemtick.Butnotallexpertsagreehoweverthatthisisagoodidea. OnepioneerinparticularwhodisagreesisDavidTebbuttthefounderofGomputer-townUK.Althoughmanypeopleseeit’thatway.HesaysthatComputer-townUKwasformedforcomputerbutDaviddoesnotseeitthatway.HesaysthatComputer-townUKwasformedforjusttheoppositereasontobringcomputertothepeopleandmakethem“People-literate”. DavidfirstgottheideawhenhevisitedoneofAmerica’sbest-knowncomputer“guru”figuresBobAlbrechtwhohadstartedaprojectcalledComputer-townUSAinthelocallibrary. OverhereinBritainComputer-townshavetakenoffinabigwayandtherearenowabout40scatteredoverthecountry.DavidTebbuttthinkstheyaremostsuccessfulwhentiedtoacomputerclub.Heinsiststhereisavastandimportantdifferencebetweenthetwoalthoughtheycomplementeachother.Theclubscaterfortheenthusiastswithsomecomputerknowledgealreadywhogettogetherandeventuallyformanexpertcomputergroup.Thisfrightensawaynon-expertsknownas"grockles"游客whoarehappiergoingtoComputer-townswheretherearecomputersavailableforthemtoexperimentonwithexpertsavailabletoencouragethemandansweranyquestion;theyarenottoldwhattodotheyfindout. DavidTebbutfindsitinterestingtoseethetwodifferentapproachesworkingsidebyside.Thecomputerexpertshavetolearnnottotellpeopleaboutcomputersbuthavetobeabletoexplaintheanswerstothequestionsthatpeoplereallywanttoknow.Peoplearenothavingtolearncomputerjargon行话buttheexpertsarehavingtotranslatecomputermysteriesintoeasilyunderstoodterms;thecomputersarebecoming"people--literate". DavidTebbuttisancomputerexpert.
InthenineteenthcenturyCharlesDickenstheEnglishnovelistwroteexcitedly1astage-coachpulledalongbyateamofhorsesthatcould2morethantwentymilesofroadwithinsixtyminutes.Tousinthetwentiethcenturyin3manisabletomoveandtocommunicatewithsuchrapiditythe4ofthestage-coachseemsnospeedatall.Aeroplanesflymanyhundredsofmilesinanhour;expresstrains5fourtimesthespeedofthestage-coach;andevenwithout6wecanbywirelessortelegraphcommunicatewithinsecondswithpeopleon7sideofthe’globe.The8oftheseincreasedspeedsarenumerous.Business9sayfromEuropetoAmericaortotheFarEastcansavemuchtime.10ajourneythatwouldoncehavetakenweeksit11nowbyaironlytwenty-fourhours.Fruitvegetablesandothergoodsthatwoulddecay12alongslowjourneycannowbesafelysenttofar-distantplaces.Membersofonefamily13eachotherbyvastdistancescanhaveconversationswitheachotherbytelephone14iftheywereallsittinginthesameroom. Notailtheeffectsofspeedhoweverare15Peoplewhoareinthehabitofusingamotorcar16theywanttomovehalfamilebecomephysicallylazyandlosethe17ofenjoyingavigorouswalk.Thosewhotravelthroughacountryateightymilesahourdonotseemuchofthelifeofthatcountryofitspeopleandanimalsandplantsastheyflash18Theybecomesoanxiousaboutmovingquicklyfromoneplacetoanotherthattheyare19abletorelaxandenjoya20journey. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.4
PartB Directions: A.Title:TELEVISION B.Wordlimit:160-200words C.Timelimit:40minutes D.Youarerequiredtodevelopyouressayaccordingtothegiventopicsentenceofeachparagraph 3.Howeverpeoplehavedifferentopinionsabouttelevisionandhavearguedheatedlyaboutitsadvantagesanddisadvantages.
WillAmerica’scitieseveragainbeplacesmostpeoplewanttoliveinItseemsunlikely.hereasin1970America’ssuburbscontained25%morefamiliesthanitscitiestodaytheycontain75%more.Middle-classfamilies--"thebedrockofastablecommunity"inthewordsoftheDepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment--associatecitieswithpovertyandthereforecrime.41______.NowondersomanyfamiliesequatetheAmericandreamwithahomeinthesuburbs. Buttheresultingurbansprawlcarriesacost.AreportthisweekfromtheSierraClubwhichhasbeenpreachingecologicalsensitivityformorethanacenturyunderlineswhatitcalls"thedarksideoftheAmericandream"~trafficcongestion;commutingjourneysthat"stealtimefromfamilyandwork";airandwaterpollution;lostfarfnlandandrecreationalspace;increasedflooding;andmoretaxestopayforasuburbaninfrastructurethatrangesfrompolicingtosewagesystems.42______ PuttingnumberstoitsargumenttheSierraClubreckonsairpollution"costsUSagriculture morethan＄2.5billioneveryyear"anditarguesthatthepavingoverofnaturalwetlandshelpsproducethefloodsthatcostAmericaanaverageof$4.3billionayear.Intheperiodfrom1970to1990urbansprawlledthetwincitiesofMinneapolis--StPaulinMinnesotatoclose162schoolsinandaroundthecitycenterswhilebuilding78newonesintheouter’suburbs.Between1970and1995Mainespent6ver＄338millionbuildingnewschoolsevenasthenumberofstudentsinitspublicschoolsfellby27000.43______ 44______Amongthecountry’slargestcitiesthemostthreatenedapparentlyarethecitizensofAtlanta;amongmedium-sizedcitiesitisthepeopleofOrlandoFloridawhohavemosttofear;andamongsmallcitiestheinhabitantsofMcAllenTexas.AsforLosAnglesthe"grand-daddyofsprawl"thecitydeservesa“dishonorablemention”alongwithSanDiegoandPhoenix. 45______OneideabeingtriedinpartsofMichiganandMaryland’isforcommunitiestobuyfarmlandorenvironmentallysensitivelandtopreventitsdevelopment;anotherideapracticedinOregonandWashingtonstateistosetan"urbangrowthboundary"toencloseanurbanareawithinaninviolategreenbelt;athirdistooffertaxinducementstocommunitiesthatforgodevelopmentrights.ButinthelandofthecarperhapsthemostunlikelyideaisthatAmericanswillfollowtheexampleofNewJerseywhichrecentlyvotedforhigherpetroltaxestopreserveamillionacresofundevelopedlandoverthenexttenyears. A.Moreoverasthesuburbexpandstheinnercity’staxbaseshrinkssettingoffavicious cycleofhighertaxeslowercorporateprofitshigherjoblessnessandlowerpropertyvalues. B.Itwasobviousthatafter1970peoplepreferredtoliveinthesuburbwhileworkinthecity. C.Canurbansprawlberepulsed D.Theyhaveapoint:thepovertyrateinAmerica’surbanareasrosefrom14.2%in1970to21.5%in1993withmostoftheincreaseintheinner-cityareasfromwhichthemiddleclasshasfled. E.Meanwhiletheexhaustionofcommutersishardlylessenedbynewandbetterroadssinceeach1%increaseinnewlane-milesgenerateswithinfiveyearsa0.9%increaseintraffic. F.Thehouseinthesuburbmaynotbefullofconveniencesofeverysortsocarsaretheonlymeansforshoppingandtransportation. G.AllthistheSierraClubmaintainsillustratesthethreatthaturbansprawlrepresentstothequalityoflife. 42
Text2 Trafficstatisticspaintagloomypicture.TohelpsolvetheirtrafficwoessomerapidlygrowingU.S.citieshavesimplybuiltmoreroads.Buttrafficexpertssaybuildingmoreroadsisaquirk-fixsolutionthatwillnotalleviatethetrafficprobleminthelongrun.Soaringlandcostsincreasingconcernoversocialandenvironmentaldisruptionscausedbyroad-buildingandthelikelihoodthatmoreroadscanonlyleadtomorecarsandtrafficarepowerfulfactorsbearingdoyoua1950s-styleconstructionprogram. Thegoalofsmart-highwaytechnologyistomaketrafficsystemsworkatoptimumefficiencybytreatingtheroadandthevehiclestravellingonthemasanintegraltransportationsystem.Proponentsofthisadvancedtechnologysayelectronicdetectionsystemsclosed-circuittelevisionradiocommunicationrampmeteringvariablemessagesigningandothersmart-highwaytechnologycannowbeusedatareasonablecosttoimprovecommunicationbetweendriversandthepeoplewhomonitortraffic. PathfinderaSantaMonicaCalifornia-basedsmart-highwayprojectinwhicha14-milestretchoftheSantaMonicaFreewaymakingupwhatiscalleda"smartcorridor"isbeinginstrumentedwithburiedloopsinthepavement.Closed-circuittelevisioncamerassurveytheflowoftrafficwhilecommunicationslinkedtoproperlyequippedautomobilesadvisemotoristsoftheleastcongestedroutesordetours. Notalltrafficexpertslhoweverlooktosmart-highwaytechnologyastheultimatesolutiontotrafficgridlock.Somesaythehigh-techapproachislimitedandcanonlyoffertemporarysolutionstoaseriousproblem. “Electronicsonthehighwayaddressesjustoneaspectoftheproblem:howtoregulatetrafficmoreefficiently"explainsMichaelRennerseniorresearcherattheWorldwatchInstitute."Itdoesn’tdealwiththecentralproblemoftoomanycarsforroadsthatcan’tbebuiltfastenough.Itsendspeoplethewrongmessage.Theystartthinking’Yesthereusedtobeatrafficcongestionproblembutthat’sbeensolvednowbecausewehaveanadvancedhigh-techsysteminplace.Larsonagreesandadds‘Smarthighwaysisjustoneofthetoolsthatwewillusetodealwithourtrafficproblems.It’snotthesolutionitselfjustpartofthepackage.Therearedifferentsstrategies.” Othertrafficproblem-solvingoptionsbeingstudiedandexperimentedwithincludecarpoolingrapidmass-transitsystemsstaggeredorflexibleworkhoursandroadpricingasystemwherebymotoristspayacertainamountforthetimetheyuseahighway. Itseemsthatweneedanewmajorthrusttodealwiththetrafficproblemsofthenext20 years.Therehastobeabigchange. Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthewholepassage
Text4 Therearetwotypesofpeopleintheworld.Althoughtheyhaveequaldegreesofhealthandwealthandtheothercomfortsof’lifeonebecomeshappytheotherbecomesmiserable.Thisarisesfromthedifferentwaysinwhichtheyconsiderthingspersonsandeventsandtheresultingeffectsupontheirminds. Thepeoplewhoaretobehappyfixtheirattentionontheconveniencesofthingsthepleasantpartsofconversationthewell-prepareddishesthegoodnessofthewinesthefineweather.Thdyenjoyallthecheerfulthings.Thosewhoaretobeunhappythinkandspeakonlyofthecontrarythings.Thereforetheyarecontinuallydiscontented.Bytheirremarkstheysourthepleasuresofsocietyoffendmanypeopleandmakethemselvesdisagreeableeverywhere.Ifthisturnofmindwerefoundedinnaturesuchunhappypersonswouldbethemoretobepitied.Thetendencytocriticizeandbedisgustedisperhapstakenuporiginallybyimitation.Itgrowsintoahabitunknowntoitspossessors.Thehabitmaybestrongbutitmaybecuredwhenthosewhohave~itareconvincedofitsbadeffectsontheirinterestsandtastes.Ihopethislittlewarningmaybeofservicetothemandhelpthemchangethishabit. Althoughinfactitischieflyanactoftheimaginationithasseriousconsequencesinlifesinceitbringsondeepsorrowandbadluck.Thosepeopleoffendmanyothersnobodylovesthemandnoonetreatsthemwithmorethanthemostcommonpolitenessandrespectandscarcelythat.Thisfrequentlyputstheminbadtemperanddrawsthemintoarguments.Iftheyaimatobtainingsomeadvantageinrankorfortunenobodywishesthemsuccess.Norwillanyonestirasteporspeakawordoffavourfortheirhopes.Iftheybringonthemselvespublicdisapprovalnoonewillchangethisbadhabitandcondescendtobepleasedwithwhatispleasingwithoutworryingneedlesslyaboutthemselvesandothers.Iftheydonotitwillbegoodforotherstoavoidanycontactwiththem.Otherwiseitcanbedisagreeableandsometimesveryinconvenientespeciallywhenonebecomesmixedupintheirquarrels. scarcelythatParA．3Line4means
Text4 Therearetwotypesofpeopleintheworld.Althoughtheyhaveequaldegreesofhealthandwealthandtheothercomfortsof’lifeonebecomeshappytheotherbecomesmiserable.Thisarisesfromthedifferentwaysinwhichtheyconsiderthingspersonsandeventsandtheresultingeffectsupontheirminds. Thepeoplewhoaretobehappyfixtheirattentionontheconveniencesofthingsthepleasantpartsofconversationthewell-prepareddishesthegoodnessofthewinesthefineweather.Thdyenjoyallthecheerfulthings.Thosewhoaretobeunhappythinkandspeakonlyofthecontrarythings.Thereforetheyarecontinuallydiscontented.Bytheirremarkstheysourthepleasuresofsocietyoffendmanypeopleandmakethemselvesdisagreeableeverywhere.Ifthisturnofmindwerefoundedinnaturesuchunhappypersonswouldbethemoretobepitied.Thetendencytocriticizeandbedisgustedisperhapstakenuporiginallybyimitation.Itgrowsintoahabitunknowntoitspossessors.Thehabitmaybestrongbutitmaybecuredwhenthosewhohave~itareconvincedofitsbadeffectsontheirinterestsandtastes.Ihopethislittlewarningmaybeofservicetothemandhelpthemchangethishabit. Althoughinfactitischieflyanactoftheimaginationithasseriousconsequencesinlifesinceitbringsondeepsorrowandbadluck.Thosepeopleoffendmanyothersnobodylovesthemandnoonetreatsthemwithmorethanthemostcommonpolitenessandrespectandscarcelythat.Thisfrequentlyputstheminbadtemperanddrawsthemintoarguments.Iftheyaimatobtainingsomeadvantageinrankorfortunenobodywishesthemsuccess.Norwillanyonestirasteporspeakawordoffavourfortheirhopes.Iftheybringonthemselvespublicdisapprovalnoonewillchangethisbadhabitandcondescendtobepleasedwithwhatispleasingwithoutworryingneedlesslyaboutthemselvesandothers.Iftheydonotitwillbegoodforotherstoavoidanycontactwiththem.Otherwiseitcanbedisagreeableandsometimesveryinconvenientespeciallywhenonebecomesmixedupintheirquarrels. Peoplewhoareunhappy
InthenineteenthcenturyCharlesDickenstheEnglishnovelistwroteexcitedly1astage-coachpulledalongbyateamofhorsesthatcould2morethantwentymilesofroadwithinsixtyminutes.Tousinthetwentiethcenturyin3manisabletomoveandtocommunicatewithsuchrapiditythe4ofthestage-coachseemsnospeedatall.Aeroplanesflymanyhundredsofmilesinanhour;expresstrains5fourtimesthespeedofthestage-coach;andevenwithout6wecanbywirelessortelegraphcommunicatewithinsecondswithpeopleon7sideofthe’globe.The8oftheseincreasedspeedsarenumerous.Business9sayfromEuropetoAmericaortotheFarEastcansavemuchtime.10ajourneythatwouldoncehavetakenweeksit11nowbyaironlytwenty-fourhours.Fruitvegetablesandothergoodsthatwoulddecay12alongslowjourneycannowbesafelysenttofar-distantplaces.Membersofonefamily13eachotherbyvastdistancescanhaveconversationswitheachotherbytelephone14iftheywereallsittinginthesameroom. Notailtheeffectsofspeedhoweverare15Peoplewhoareinthehabitofusingamotorcar16theywanttomovehalfamilebecomephysicallylazyandlosethe17ofenjoyingavigorouswalk.Thosewhotravelthroughacountryateightymilesahourdonotseemuchofthelifeofthatcountryofitspeopleandanimalsandplantsastheyflash18Theybecomesoanxiousaboutmovingquicklyfromoneplacetoanotherthattheyare19abletorelaxandenjoya20journey. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.12
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