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Text 3 The farm is a major marketplace for millions of tons of synthetic fertilizers and pestic...
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Text2 Theuseofheatpumpshas’beenheldbacklargelybyskepticismaboutadvertisers’claimsthatheatpumpscanprovideasmanyasunitsofthermalenergyforeachunitofelectricalenergyusedthusapparentlycontradictingtheprincipleofenergyconservation.Heatpumpscirculateafluidrefrigerantthatcyclesalternativelyfromitsliquidphasetoitsvaporphaseinaclosedloop.Therefrigerantstartingasalow-temperaturelow-pressurevaporenterscompressordrivenbyanelectricmotor.Therefrigerantleavesthecompressorasahotdensevaporandflowsthroughaheatexchangercalledthecondenserwhichtransfersheatfromtherefrigeranttoabodyorair.Nowtherefrigerantasahigh-pressurecooledliquidconfrontsaflowrestrictionwhichcausesthepressuretodrop.Asthepressurefallstherefrigerantexpandsandpartiallyvaporizesbecomingchilled.Itthenpassesthroughasecondheatexchangertheevaporatorwhichtransfersheatfromtheairtotherefrigerantreducingthetemperatureofthissecondbodyofair.Ofthetwoheatexchangersoneislocatedinsideandtheotheroneoutsidethehousesoeachisincontactwithadifferentbodyofair:roomairandoutsideairrespectively. Theflowdirectionofrefrigerantthroughaheatpumpiscontrolledbyvalves.Whentherefrigerantflowisreversedtheheatexchangersswitchfunction.Thisflow-reversalcapabilityallowsheatpumps--eithertoheatorcoolroomair. NowifundercertainconditionsaheatpumpputsoutmorethermalenergythanitconsumesinelectricalenergyhasthelawofenergyconservationbeenchallengedNonotevenremotely:theadditionalinputofthermalenergyintothecirculatingrefrigerantviatheevaporatoraccountsforthedifferenceintheenergyequation. Unfortunatelythereisonerealproblem.Theheatingcapacityofaheatpumpdecreasesastheoutdoortemperaturefalls.Thedropincapacityiscausedbythelesseningamountofrefrigerantmassmovedthroughthecompressoratonetime.Theheatingcapacityisproportionaltothismassflowrate:thelessthemassofrefrigerantbeingcompressedthelessthethermalloaditcantransferthroughtheheat-pumpcycle.Thevolumeflowrateofrefrigerantvaporthroughthesingle-speedrotarycompressorusedinheatpumpsisapproximatelyconstant.Butcoldrefrigerantvaporenteringacompressorisatlowerpressurethanwarmervapor.Thereforethemassofcoldrefrigerant--andthusthethermalenergyitcarries--islessthaniftherefrigerantvaporwerewarmerbeforecompression. Herethenliesagenuinedrawbackofheatpumps:inextremelycoldclimates--wherethemostheatisneeded--heatpumpsareleastabletosupplyen6ughheat. Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto
The1ofthefluorescenttube2amajorrevolutioninthedevelopmentofbetterandcheaperlighting.FirstshownattheNewYorkandSanFranciscoWorld3in1939thismoreefficientmorediffuselonger-livedlamphasbeen4improvedsothatslowlyit5thesupremacyoftheincandescenthouseholdglobe.Thefluorescenttube6Australianhomesshopsandfactoriestodayissevenoreighttimes7thetubesthatbroughtshadow-freelightingtomanyofBritain’swartimefactories.Its8tooismuchgreater—from2000hoursin1940tomc/rethan7500hourstoday. But9its10useformorethan30yearsthefluorescenttuberemainsa 11tomanyofitsusers.Itisbuilt12acompletelydifferent13fromtheincandescentlight.Intheincandescentbulbatungstenwire14thanahumanhairisbroughttowhite-hottemperaturebypassinganelectric15throughit.Inthefluorescenttubeastreamofelectronsbombardsagascontainingmercury16invisibleultravioletradiation.Theultravioletrayshitthefluorescentcoatingthat17thetube18ittogrow.A40watt’fluorescenttubegivestwiceasmuchlightasa100.watttungstenglobe19aboutfivetimesaslongandrunscoolenoughto20higherlevelsoflight. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Text2 Oneoftheoddthingsaboutsomebusinessorganizationsisthattheyspendsomuchmoneytolurenewcustomersandspendsolittletokeepthemafterthey’vebeenlanded.Itjustdoesn’tmakesense.Takingcustomersforgrantedisroutineinsomelargerorganizationswheremerebignessgeneratesanattitudeofindifference. Loyalcustomersareanorganization’sonlyprotectionagainstbankruptcyandlosingthembecauseofneglectorindifferenceisdownrightsinful.Notonlydosatisfiedcustomerscontinuetofattenthetilltheyoftenencourageotherstobuy.Thisisadvertisingthatdoesn’tcostapenny.Andalthoughtherearealwaysproblemsingivinggoodservicetocustomersmaintainingtheirpatronage光顾isn’tallthatdifficult.It’samatterofattitudeofbelievingthateveryonewhobuysfromyouisentitledtothebesttreatmentyoucandeliver.Plusgivingjustalittlemorethanyouhaveto. Wesaidtherearealwaysproblemsingivinggoodservicetocustomers.Thereasonofcourseisthatnoorganizationisperfectandthere’smanyaslip:unreasonabledelaysinfillingordersshippingthewrongmerchandisefailingtoanswerletterspromptlyandsoon. Sometimestheseerrorsorfailurescan’tbehelped.Forexampleifyoucan’tgetpartsbecauseofmaterialshortagesoratransportationstrikecustomersmaybedeniedthegoodsthey’veordered.Andnotinfrequentlythecustomeristoblame--forexamplefailingtoclearlyidentifythearticleorservjcerequired. Yetnomatterwhoisatfaultcustomerswhomyouvaluehighlyshouldgenerallybegiventhebenefitofthedoubt.Notethatwesaid"customerswhomyouvaluehighly."Theoldsaying格言goesthatallcustomersshouldbetreatedalikeisamyth.Customerswhorepeatedlyplacelargeordersandpayforthemwillnaturallygetmoreattentionthanthosewhobuyinfrequentlyandhavetobebadgeredtopaywhattheyowe.Howeveryouhavetomaketheassumptionthatallcustomersaregoodunlessprovedotherwise. WhatdoestheauthorimplyinthesentenceTheoldsawthatallcustomersshouldbetreatedalikeisamyth
The1ofthefluorescenttube2amajorrevolutioninthedevelopmentofbetterandcheaperlighting.FirstshownattheNewYorkandSanFranciscoWorld3in1939thismoreefficientmorediffuselonger-livedlamphasbeen4improvedsothatslowlyit5thesupremacyoftheincandescenthouseholdglobe.Thefluorescenttube6Australianhomesshopsandfactoriestodayissevenoreighttimes7thetubesthatbroughtshadow-freelightingtomanyofBritain’swartimefactories.Its8tooismuchgreater—from2000hoursin1940tomc/rethan7500hourstoday. But9its10useformorethan30yearsthefluorescenttuberemainsa 11tomanyofitsusers.Itisbuilt12acompletelydifferent13fromtheincandescentlight.Intheincandescentbulbatungstenwire14thanahumanhairisbroughttowhite-hottemperaturebypassinganelectric15throughit.Inthefluorescenttubeastreamofelectronsbombardsagascontainingmercury16invisibleultravioletradiation.Theultravioletrayshitthefluorescentcoatingthat17thetube18ittogrow.A40watt’fluorescenttubegivestwiceasmuchlightasa100.watttungstenglobe19aboutfivetimesaslongandrunscoolenoughto20higherlevelsoflight. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
The1ofthefluorescenttube2amajorrevolutioninthedevelopmentofbetterandcheaperlighting.FirstshownattheNewYorkandSanFranciscoWorld3in1939thismoreefficientmorediffuselonger-livedlamphasbeen4improvedsothatslowlyit5thesupremacyoftheincandescenthouseholdglobe.Thefluorescenttube6Australianhomesshopsandfactoriestodayissevenoreighttimes7thetubesthatbroughtshadow-freelightingtomanyofBritain’swartimefactories.Its8tooismuchgreater—from2000hoursin1940tomc/rethan7500hourstoday. But9its10useformorethan30yearsthefluorescenttuberemainsa 11tomanyofitsusers.Itisbuilt12acompletelydifferent13fromtheincandescentlight.Intheincandescentbulbatungstenwire14thanahumanhairisbroughttowhite-hottemperaturebypassinganelectric15throughit.Inthefluorescenttubeastreamofelectronsbombardsagascontainingmercury16invisibleultravioletradiation.Theultravioletrayshitthefluorescentcoatingthat17thetube18ittogrow.A40watt’fluorescenttubegivestwiceasmuchlightasa100.watttungstenglobe19aboutfivetimesaslongandrunscoolenoughto20higherlevelsoflight. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Directions: A.Title:WEALTHANDHAPPINESS B.Wordlimit:160-200words C.Timelimit:40minutes D.Youarerequiredtodevelopyouressayaccordingtothegiventopicsentenceofeachagraph. E.Butwealthseldomgoeshandinhandwithhappiness.
Text2 Theuseofheatpumpshas’beenheldbacklargelybyskepticismaboutadvertisers’claimsthatheatpumpscanprovideasmanyasunitsofthermalenergyforeachunitofelectricalenergyusedthusapparentlycontradictingtheprincipleofenergyconservation.Heatpumpscirculateafluidrefrigerantthatcyclesalternativelyfromitsliquidphasetoitsvaporphaseinaclosedloop.Therefrigerantstartingasalow-temperaturelow-pressurevaporenterscompressordrivenbyanelectricmotor.Therefrigerantleavesthecompressorasahotdensevaporandflowsthroughaheatexchangercalledthecondenserwhichtransfersheatfromtherefrigeranttoabodyorair.Nowtherefrigerantasahigh-pressurecooledliquidconfrontsaflowrestrictionwhichcausesthepressuretodrop.Asthepressurefallstherefrigerantexpandsandpartiallyvaporizesbecomingchilled.Itthenpassesthroughasecondheatexchangertheevaporatorwhichtransfersheatfromtheairtotherefrigerantreducingthetemperatureofthissecondbodyofair.Ofthetwoheatexchangersoneislocatedinsideandtheotheroneoutsidethehousesoeachisincontactwithadifferentbodyofair:roomairandoutsideairrespectively. Theflowdirectionofrefrigerantthroughaheatpumpiscontrolledbyvalves.Whentherefrigerantflowisreversedtheheatexchangersswitchfunction.Thisflow-reversalcapabilityallowsheatpumps--eithertoheatorcoolroomair. NowifundercertainconditionsaheatpumpputsoutmorethermalenergythanitconsumesinelectricalenergyhasthelawofenergyconservationbeenchallengedNonotevenremotely:theadditionalinputofthermalenergyintothecirculatingrefrigerantviatheevaporatoraccountsforthedifferenceintheenergyequation. Unfortunatelythereisonerealproblem.Theheatingcapacityofaheatpumpdecreasesastheoutdoortemperaturefalls.Thedropincapacityiscausedbythelesseningamountofrefrigerantmassmovedthroughthecompressoratonetime.Theheatingcapacityisproportionaltothismassflowrate:thelessthemassofrefrigerantbeingcompressedthelessthethermalloaditcantransferthroughtheheat-pumpcycle.Thevolumeflowrateofrefrigerantvaporthroughthesingle-speedrotarycompressorusedinheatpumpsisapproximatelyconstant.Butcoldrefrigerantvaporenteringacompressorisatlowerpressurethanwarmervapor.Thereforethemassofcoldrefrigerant--andthusthethermalenergyitcarries--islessthaniftherefrigerantvaporwerewarmerbeforecompression. Herethenliesagenuinedrawbackofheatpumps:inextremelycoldclimates--wherethemostheatisneeded--heatpumpsareleastabletosupplyen6ughheat. ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinthecourseofaheatingseasontheheatingcapacityofhheatpumpisgreatestWhen
Text3 Healthingeneraltermsincludesmanynon-medicalareassuchashousingandemployment.Asfarasindividualisconcernedwelfarebenefitscomeintwomaincategories--fiatrateandsupplementary.FlatratebenefitsarethoseapersonhasanautomaticrighttoprovidedheorshehasmadeacertainnumberofcontributionstotheDepartmentofHealthandSocialSecurity.Unemploymentbenefitisoneofthese.Supplementarybenefitsarebasedonameanstest.Inotherwordstheyarebenefitsgivenregardlessofcontributionsmadewherethegovernmentdecidesthatanindividualhas.insufficientresourcesforaminimumstandardofliving.Thesebenefitscanbeintheformofallowancesforrentandratesspecialdietheatingandclothing.Suchbenefitshavetobeclaimedandtheindividualhastogivefulldetailsofallhisorhercapitalassetsandsourcesofincome.Unclaimedbenefitsamounttoapproximately$100millioneachyear. TheoriginatorsoftheWelfareStateideawereconcernedtoalleviateorremovewhattheysawastheevilsoftheirtime.TheireffortsresultedinagreatimprovementinthestandardoflivingandlifeexpectancyinBritain.ThisprogressinitselfhassimulatedtheincreasingcostofmaintainingtheWelfareState.Over45percentofthehealthauthorityexpenditureonhospitals andcommunityservicesisspentoncareoftheelderly.YetthereareindicationsthatBeveridge calculatedthatlesswouldneedtobespentonpeopleoncetheyretired.Advancesinmedicalknowledgehaveinvolvedtheuseofexpensivedrugsandhospitalprocedures.Drugandalcoholabusemakeincreasingdemandsonthemedicalservices. Thepresentgovernmentisplanninganewapproachtothesocialsecuritysystemwhichaccountsfornearlyone-thirdofpublicexpenditure.Changesinthemovement’spensionschemetoencourageprivateschemeswillstartfromAprilthisyear.Differentwaysofassessingneedareplanned.ToenableclosermonitoringandcontroltheDHSShasbegunthebiggestcomputerizationprograminEurope.Suggestionshavebeenmadebyoppositionpoliticiansthatthepresentmovementintendstosay"farewell"totheWelfareState.AlthoughallthemajorpartiesinBritainsaytheyarecommitted’toacaringsociety.There’saconsiderabledifferenceinthemeanseachwouldwishtousetoachieveit.Astheoldsayinggoes"Onlytimewilltell". Whichbenefitshavetobedemanded'
Text4 LetusaskwhatwerethepreparationandtrainingAbrahamLincolnhadfororatorywhetherpoliticalorforensic. Borninrudeandabjectpovertyheneverhadanyeducationexceptwhathegavehimselftillhewasapproachingmanhood.Notevenbookswherewithtoinformandtrainhismindwerewithinhisreach.Noschoolnouniversitynolegalfacultyhadanypartintraininghispowers.Whenhe.becamealawyerandapoliticiantheyearsmostfavourabletocontinuousstudyhadalreadypassedandtheopportunitieshefoundforreadingwereveryscanty.Heknewbutfewauthorsingeneralliteraturethoughheknewthosefewthoroughly.HetaughthimselfalittlemathematicsbuthecouldreadnolanguagesavehisownandhadonlythefaintestacquaintancewithEuropeanhistoryorwithanybranchofphilosophy. Thewantofregulareducationwasnotmadeupforbythepersonsamongwhomhislotwascast.Untilhewasagrownmanhenevermovedinanysocietyfromwhichhecouldlearnthosethingswithwhichthemindofanoratorwastobestored.Evenafterhehadgainedsomelegalpracticetherewasformanyyearsnooneforhimtomixwithexceptthepettypractitionersofapettytownmennearlyallofwhomknewlittlemorethanhedidhimself. Schoolsgavehimnothingandsocietygavehimnothing.Buthehadapowerfulintellectandaresolutewill.Isolationfosterednotonlyself-reliancebutthehabitofreflectionandindeedofprolongedandintensereflection.Hemadeallthatheknewapartofhimself.Hisconvictionswerehisown--clearandcoherent.Hewasnotpositiveoropinionatedandhedidnotdenythatatcertainmomentsheponderedandhesitatedlongbeforehedecided’onhiscourse.Butthoughhecouldkeepapolicyinsuspensewaitingforeventstoguidehimhedidnotwaver.Hepausedandreconsideredbutitwasneverhiswaytogobackonadecisiononcemoreortowastetimeinvainregretssothatallhehadexpectedhadnotbeenattained.Hetookadvicereadilyandleftmanythingstohisministers;buthedidnotleanonhisadvisers.Withoutvanityorostentationhewasalwaysindependentself-containedpreparedtotakefullresponsibilityforhisacts. ItissaidinthethirdparagraphthatAbrahamLincoln
Text1 Oneofthemajorproblemsofnuclearenergyistheinabilityofscientiststodiscoverasafewaytodisposeoftheradioactivewasteswhichoccurthroughoutthenuclearprocess.Manyofthesewastesremaindangerouslyactivefortensofthousandsofyearswhileothershavealifespanclosertoaquarterofamillionyears.Variousmethodshavebeenusedtodatebutallhaverevealedweaknessesforcingscientiststocontinuetheirsearch. Thenuclearprocessinvolvesseveralstageswiththedangerofradioactivityconstantlypresent.Fuelfornuclearreactorscomesfromuraniumorewhichwhenminedspontaneouslyproducesradioactivesubstancesasbyproducts.Thischaracteristicofuraniumorewentundetectedforalongtimeresultinginthedeathduetocancerofhundredsofuraniumminers. TheUnitedStatesattemptedtoburymuchofitsradioactivewastematerialincontainersmadeofsteelcoveredinconcreteandcapableofholdingamilliongallons.Foralongtimeitwasbelievedthatthenuclearwasteproblemhadbeensolveduntilsomeofthesetanksleakedallowingtheradioactivewastestoseepintotheenvironment.Canadapresentlystoresitsnuclearwasteinunderwatertankswiththelong-termeffectslargelyunknown. Howeverplansareunderconsiderationforabove-groundstorageofspentfuelfromreactors.Theseplansincludethebuildingofthreevastconcretecontainerswhichwouldbetwostorieshighandapproximatelythelengthandwidthoftwofootballfields.OthersuggestionsincludeenclosingthewasteinglassblocksandstoringtheminundergroundcavernsorplacinghotcontainersintheAntarcticregionwheretheywouldmelttheicetherebysinkingdownadverseeffectontheicesheets. Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe
Applicantswhohaveneverbeenissuedapassportintheirownnamemustexecuteanapplicationinpersonbefore1apassportagent;2aclerkofanyfederalcourtorstatecourtofrecordorajudgeorclerkofanyprobatecourtacceptingapplications;3apostalemployeedesignatedbythepostmasteratapostofficethathasbeenselectedtoacceptpassportapplications;or4aU.S.diplomaticorconsularofficerabroad. 41______.IftheapplicanthasnopriorpassportandwasbornintheU.S.acertifiedcopyofhis/herbirthcertificategenerallymustbepresentedtotheagentacceptingthepassportapplication.Tobeacceptablethecertificatemustshowthegivennameandsurnamethedateandplaceofbirthandthatthebirthrecordwasfiledshortlyafterbirth.Adelayedbirthcertificatearecordfiledmorethan1yearafterthedateofbirthisacceptableprovidedthatitshowsthatacceptablesecondaryevidencewasusedforcreatingthisrecord. 42______Thenoticemustbeaccompaniedbythebestobtainablesecondaryevidencesuchasabaptismalcertificateorahospitalbirthrecord. AnaturalizedcitizenwithnopreviouspassportmustpresentaCertificateofNaturalization.ApersonbornabroadclaimingU.S.citizenshipthrougheitheranative-bornornaturalizedcitizenparentmustnormallysubmitaCertificateofCitizenshipissuedbytheImmigrationandNaturalizationService;oraConsularReportofBirthorCertificationofBirthAbroadissuedbytheDept.ofState.43______ Additionallyifcitizenshipisderivedthroughbirthtocitizenparentsthefollowingdocumentswillberequired:parents’marriagecertificateshowingperiodsandplacesofresidenceorphysicalpresenceintheU.S.andabroadspecifyingperiodsspentabroadintheemploymentoftheU.S.governmentincludingthearmedforcesorwithcertaininternationalorganizations.44______ Itisimportanttoapplyforapassportasfarinadvanceaspossible.PassportofficesarebusiestbetweenMarchandSeptember.Itcantakeseveralweekstoreceiveyourpassport.45______ A.Ifabirthcertificateisnotobtainableanoticefromastateregistrarmustbesubmittedstatingthatnobirthrecordexists. B.AnyapplicantwithoutpriorpassportneedsabirthcertificateprovidedbyahospitalorclinicanywhereinAmerica. C.Ifoneoftheabovedocumentshasnotbeenobtainedevidenceofcitizenshipoftheparentsthroughwhomcitizenshipisclaimedandevidencethatwouldestablishtheparent/childrelationshipmustbesubmitted. D.Personsinothercircumstancesmaybeeligibletoapplyforanewpassportthroughinterviewappointedbyemailorphone. E.IfcitizenshipisderivedthroughnaturalizationofparentsevidenceofadmissiontotheU.S.forpermanentresidencealsowillberequired. F.AfullvaliditypassportpreviouslyissuedtotheapplicantoroneinwhichheorshewasincludedwillbeacceptedasproofofU.S.citizenship. G.Personswhopossessthemostrecentpassportissuedwithinthelast12yearsandaftertheir18thbirthdaymaybeeligibletoapplyforanewpassportbymail. 44
Text3 Ingeneraloursocietyisbecomingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucraticmanagementinwhich’manbecomesasmallwell-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwageswell-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusicandbypsychologistsand"human-relations"experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerlessthathedoesnotwhole-heartedlyparticipateinhisworkandthatheisboredwithit.Infacttheblue-andthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement. Theworkerandemployeeareanxiousnotonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajob;theyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionorinterestinlife.Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealities’ofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings. Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace. Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjobtheyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasfortherightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence.Fromthatmomentontheyareagainandagaintestedbythepsychologistsforwhomtestingisabigbusinessandbytheirsuperiorswhojudgetheirbehaviorsociabilitycapacitytogetalongetc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellow-competitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstresstheverycausesofunhappinessandillness. AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortothenineteenthcenturytreeenterprise”capitalismCertainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities--thoseofloveandofreason--aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisendandshouldbepreventedfromrulingwan. Tosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorsuggeststhatweshould
The1ofthefluorescenttube2amajorrevolutioninthedevelopmentofbetterandcheaperlighting.FirstshownattheNewYorkandSanFranciscoWorld3in1939thismoreefficientmorediffuselonger-livedlamphasbeen4improvedsothatslowlyit5thesupremacyoftheincandescenthouseholdglobe.Thefluorescenttube6Australianhomesshopsandfactoriestodayissevenoreighttimes7thetubesthatbroughtshadow-freelightingtomanyofBritain’swartimefactories.Its8tooismuchgreater—from2000hoursin1940tomc/rethan7500hourstoday. But9its10useformorethan30yearsthefluorescenttuberemainsa 11tomanyofitsusers.Itisbuilt12acompletelydifferent13fromtheincandescentlight.Intheincandescentbulbatungstenwire14thanahumanhairisbroughttowhite-hottemperaturebypassinganelectric15throughit.Inthefluorescenttubeastreamofelectronsbombardsagascontainingmercury16invisibleultravioletradiation.Theultravioletrayshitthefluorescentcoatingthat17thetube18ittogrow.A40watt’fluorescenttubegivestwiceasmuchlightasa100.watttungstenglobe19aboutfivetimesaslongandrunscoolenoughto20higherlevelsoflight. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
The1ofthefluorescenttube2amajorrevolutioninthedevelopmentofbetterandcheaperlighting.FirstshownattheNewYorkandSanFranciscoWorld3in1939thismoreefficientmorediffuselonger-livedlamphasbeen4improvedsothatslowlyit5thesupremacyoftheincandescenthouseholdglobe.Thefluorescenttube6Australianhomesshopsandfactoriestodayissevenoreighttimes7thetubesthatbroughtshadow-freelightingtomanyofBritain’swartimefactories.Its8tooismuchgreater—from2000hoursin1940tomc/rethan7500hourstoday. But9its10useformorethan30yearsthefluorescenttuberemainsa 11tomanyofitsusers.Itisbuilt12acompletelydifferent13fromtheincandescentlight.Intheincandescentbulbatungstenwire14thanahumanhairisbroughttowhite-hottemperaturebypassinganelectric15throughit.Inthefluorescenttubeastreamofelectronsbombardsagascontainingmercury16invisibleultravioletradiation.Theultravioletrayshitthefluorescentcoatingthat17thetube18ittogrow.A40watt’fluorescenttubegivestwiceasmuchlightasa100.watttungstenglobe19aboutfivetimesaslongandrunscoolenoughto20higherlevelsoflight. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
The1ofthefluorescenttube2amajorrevolutioninthedevelopmentofbetterandcheaperlighting.FirstshownattheNewYorkandSanFranciscoWorld3in1939thismoreefficientmorediffuselonger-livedlamphasbeen4improvedsothatslowlyit5thesupremacyoftheincandescenthouseholdglobe.Thefluorescenttube6Australianhomesshopsandfactoriestodayissevenoreighttimes7thetubesthatbroughtshadow-freelightingtomanyofBritain’swartimefactories.Its8tooismuchgreater—from2000hoursin1940tomc/rethan7500hourstoday. But9its10useformorethan30yearsthefluorescenttuberemainsa 11tomanyofitsusers.Itisbuilt12acompletelydifferent13fromtheincandescentlight.Intheincandescentbulbatungstenwire14thanahumanhairisbroughttowhite-hottemperaturebypassinganelectric15throughit.Inthefluorescenttubeastreamofelectronsbombardsagascontainingmercury16invisibleultravioletradiation.Theultravioletrayshitthefluorescentcoatingthat17thetube18ittogrow.A40watt’fluorescenttubegivestwiceasmuchlightasa100.watttungstenglobe19aboutfivetimesaslongandrunscoolenoughto20higherlevelsoflight. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
46MaybetheyaretooyoungtoknowbetterormoreprobablytheyareyoungenoughtoknowbetterthanmostbuttwoIntemetmarketingwhizzesfromSanFranciscosaybothdotcomcpmpaniesandtheInternetarmofconventionalcompanieswillcontinuetobewhereclientgrowthandprofitaremostprolific. Butamarketingstrategyincludingabove-lineadvertisingtodrivepeople’toyoursite-willstillbeimportantsay23-year-oldChristopherGeorgeand26-year-oldJulioCabanillasinteractivemediaspecialistsfromtheglobaladvertisingagencyFooteConeBeldingFCB. ThetwotraveltheworldtoinstructtheircounterpartsontherightsandwrongsofIntemetasmarketingstrategiesandthecorrectbrandingofdotcomcompanies.Theyshouldknow.47Sixtypercentofbillingsissuedbythe’SanFranciscoofficeofFCBarenowtodotcomcompaniesihcludingthemassiveon-linebookstoreAmazon.comwhichboastsaccesstomorethanamilliontitles. 48Onasmallerscalebutequallyeffectivehasbeenthelistencomadvertisingbannerplacedonahostofcarefullyselectedmusicrelatedsitesandsearchengines.Thebannerhasarequestfunctionwheretheusercanselectanartistandbetakendirectlytothatartist’swebpageanddownloadMP3audiotracks. “Thefactthatyoucansearchwithinthebannerandconditiontheusertoknowwhatyouareofferingiskey.Thecreativeapproachissimplebuteffectiveandconveysexactlywhatthesiteisabout.” 49AlthoughtheInternetstrategiesfollowthestandard1:3ratioofconventionaladvertisingcampaignsroughlythreetimesmoreshouldbespentonplacingadvertisinginthevariousmediasuchastelevisionornewspapersthanontheproductionoftheadvertisingcampaignthecosttoclientscomesbeforeandaftertheonlinecampaign. ForexampleofwhatnottodoSeniorGeorgeandCabanillaspointtothegiantsupermarketchainWal-MartintheUSasanInternetsitethathasnottakenadvantageoftheuniquepropertiesofinteractivity.“Whatthey’vedoneistakethebricksandmortarlayoutstoreaislesforexampleandsimplyputitonline”Cabanillassays. 50“Buttheonlineexperienceismuchmorefluidthanthatandshouldprovide’smarter’serviceslikerecommendationsdiscountsandotherfunthingstoenhancetheuserexperience.Notintrusivejustsmarter.” 46MaybetheyaretooyoungtoknowbetterormoreprobablytheyareyoungenoughtoknowbetterthanmostbuttwoIntemetmarketingwhizzesfromSanFranciscosaybothdotcomcpmpaniesandtheInternetarmofconventionalcompanieswillcontinuetobewhereclientgrowthandprofitaremostprolific.
Text3 Healthingeneraltermsincludesmanynon-medicalareassuchashousingandemployment.Asfarasindividualisconcernedwelfarebenefitscomeintwomaincategories--fiatrateandsupplementary.FlatratebenefitsarethoseapersonhasanautomaticrighttoprovidedheorshehasmadeacertainnumberofcontributionstotheDepartmentofHealthandSocialSecurity.Unemploymentbenefitisoneofthese.Supplementarybenefitsarebasedonameanstest.Inotherwordstheyarebenefitsgivenregardlessofcontributionsmadewherethegovernmentdecidesthatanindividualhas.insufficientresourcesforaminimumstandardofliving.Thesebenefitscanbeintheformofallowancesforrentandratesspecialdietheatingandclothing.Suchbenefitshavetobeclaimedandtheindividualhastogivefulldetailsofallhisorhercapitalassetsandsourcesofincome.Unclaimedbenefitsamounttoapproximately$100millioneachyear. TheoriginatorsoftheWelfareStateideawereconcernedtoalleviateorremovewhattheysawastheevilsoftheirtime.TheireffortsresultedinagreatimprovementinthestandardoflivingandlifeexpectancyinBritain.ThisprogressinitselfhassimulatedtheincreasingcostofmaintainingtheWelfareState.Over45percentofthehealthauthorityexpenditureonhospitals andcommunityservicesisspentoncareoftheelderly.YetthereareindicationsthatBeveridge calculatedthatlesswouldneedtobespentonpeopleoncetheyretired.Advancesinmedicalknowledgehaveinvolvedtheuseofexpensivedrugsandhospitalprocedures.Drugandalcoholabusemakeincreasingdemandsonthemedicalservices. Thepresentgovernmentisplanninganewapproachtothesocialsecuritysystemwhichaccountsfornearlyone-thirdofpublicexpenditure.Changesinthemovement’spensionschemetoencourageprivateschemeswillstartfromAprilthisyear.Differentwaysofassessingneedareplanned.ToenableclosermonitoringandcontroltheDHSShasbegunthebiggestcomputerizationprograminEurope.Suggestionshavebeenmadebyoppositionpoliticiansthatthepresentmovementintendstosay"farewell"totheWelfareState.AlthoughallthemajorpartiesinBritainsaytheyarecommitted’toacaringsociety.There’saconsiderabledifferenceinthemeanseachwouldwishtousetoachieveit.Astheoldsayinggoes"Onlytimewilltell". Thenewapproachtothesocialsecuritysystemwillspend
The1ofthefluorescenttube2amajorrevolutioninthedevelopmentofbetterandcheaperlighting.FirstshownattheNewYorkandSanFranciscoWorld3in1939thismoreefficientmorediffuselonger-livedlamphasbeen4improvedsothatslowlyit5thesupremacyoftheincandescenthouseholdglobe.Thefluorescenttube6Australianhomesshopsandfactoriestodayissevenoreighttimes7thetubesthatbroughtshadow-freelightingtomanyofBritain’swartimefactories.Its8tooismuchgreater—from2000hoursin1940tomc/rethan7500hourstoday. But9its10useformorethan30yearsthefluorescenttuberemainsa 11tomanyofitsusers.Itisbuilt12acompletelydifferent13fromtheincandescentlight.Intheincandescentbulbatungstenwire14thanahumanhairisbroughttowhite-hottemperaturebypassinganelectric15throughit.Inthefluorescenttubeastreamofelectronsbombardsagascontainingmercury16invisibleultravioletradiation.Theultravioletrayshitthefluorescentcoatingthat17thetube18ittogrow.A40watt’fluorescenttubegivestwiceasmuchlightasa100.watttungstenglobe19aboutfivetimesaslongandrunscoolenoughto20higherlevelsoflight. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
46MaybetheyaretooyoungtoknowbetterormoreprobablytheyareyoungenoughtoknowbetterthanmostbuttwoIntemetmarketingwhizzesfromSanFranciscosaybothdotcomcpmpaniesandtheInternetarmofconventionalcompanieswillcontinuetobewhereclientgrowthandprofitaremostprolific. Butamarketingstrategyincludingabove-lineadvertisingtodrivepeople’toyoursite-willstillbeimportantsay23-year-oldChristopherGeorgeand26-year-oldJulioCabanillasinteractivemediaspecialistsfromtheglobaladvertisingagencyFooteConeBeldingFCB. ThetwotraveltheworldtoinstructtheircounterpartsontherightsandwrongsofIntemetasmarketingstrategiesandthecorrectbrandingofdotcomcompanies.Theyshouldknow.47Sixtypercentofbillingsissuedbythe’SanFranciscoofficeofFCBarenowtodotcomcompaniesihcludingthemassiveon-linebookstoreAmazon.comwhichboastsaccesstomorethanamilliontitles. 48Onasmallerscalebutequallyeffectivehasbeenthelistencomadvertisingbannerplacedonahostofcarefullyselectedmusicrelatedsitesandsearchengines.Thebannerhasarequestfunctionwheretheusercanselectanartistandbetakendirectlytothatartist’swebpageanddownloadMP3audiotracks. “Thefactthatyoucansearchwithinthebannerandconditiontheusertoknowwhatyouareofferingiskey.Thecreativeapproachissimplebuteffectiveandconveysexactlywhatthesiteisabout.” 49AlthoughtheInternetstrategiesfollowthestandard1:3ratioofconventionaladvertisingcampaignsroughlythreetimesmoreshouldbespentonplacingadvertisinginthevariousmediasuchastelevisionornewspapersthanontheproductionoftheadvertisingcampaignthecosttoclientscomesbeforeandaftertheonlinecampaign. ForexampleofwhatnottodoSeniorGeorgeandCabanillaspointtothegiantsupermarketchainWal-MartintheUSasanInternetsitethathasnottakenadvantageoftheuniquepropertiesofinteractivity.“Whatthey’vedoneistakethebricksandmortarlayoutstoreaislesforexampleandsimplyputitonline”Cabanillassays. 50“Buttheonlineexperienceismuchmorefluidthanthatandshouldprovide’smarter’serviceslikerecommendationsdiscountsandotherfunthingstoenhancetheuserexperience.Notintrusivejustsmarter.” 50Buttheonlineexperienceismuchmorefluidthanthatandshouldprovide’smarter’serviceslikerecommendationsdiscountsandotherfunthingstoenhancetheuserexperience.
46MaybetheyaretooyoungtoknowbetterormoreprobablytheyareyoungenoughtoknowbetterthanmostbuttwoIntemetmarketingwhizzesfromSanFranciscosaybothdotcomcpmpaniesandtheInternetarmofconventionalcompanieswillcontinuetobewhereclientgrowthandprofitaremostprolific. Butamarketingstrategyincludingabove-lineadvertisingtodrivepeople’toyoursite-willstillbeimportantsay23-year-oldChristopherGeorgeand26-year-oldJulioCabanillasinteractivemediaspecialistsfromtheglobaladvertisingagencyFooteConeBeldingFCB. ThetwotraveltheworldtoinstructtheircounterpartsontherightsandwrongsofIntemetasmarketingstrategiesandthecorrectbrandingofdotcomcompanies.Theyshouldknow.47Sixtypercentofbillingsissuedbythe’SanFranciscoofficeofFCBarenowtodotcomcompaniesihcludingthemassiveon-linebookstoreAmazon.comwhichboastsaccesstomorethanamilliontitles. 48Onasmallerscalebutequallyeffectivehasbeenthelistencomadvertisingbannerplacedonahostofcarefullyselectedmusicrelatedsitesandsearchengines.Thebannerhasarequestfunctionwheretheusercanselectanartistandbetakendirectlytothatartist’swebpageanddownloadMP3audiotracks. “Thefactthatyoucansearchwithinthebannerandconditiontheusertoknowwhatyouareofferingiskey.Thecreativeapproachissimplebuteffectiveandconveysexactlywhatthesiteisabout.” 49AlthoughtheInternetstrategiesfollowthestandard1:3ratioofconventionaladvertisingcampaignsroughlythreetimesmoreshouldbespentonplacingadvertisinginthevariousmediasuchastelevisionornewspapersthanontheproductionoftheadvertisingcampaignthecosttoclientscomesbeforeandaftertheonlinecampaign. ForexampleofwhatnottodoSeniorGeorgeandCabanillaspointtothegiantsupermarketchainWal-MartintheUSasanInternetsitethathasnottakenadvantageoftheuniquepropertiesofinteractivity.“Whatthey’vedoneistakethebricksandmortarlayoutstoreaislesforexampleandsimplyputitonline”Cabanillassays. 50“Buttheonlineexperienceismuchmorefluidthanthatandshouldprovide’smarter’serviceslikerecommendationsdiscountsandotherfunthingstoenhancetheuserexperience.Notintrusivejustsmarter.” 48Onasmallerscalebutequallyeffectivehasbeenthelistencomadvertisingbannerplacedonahostofcarefullyselectedmusicrelatedsitesandsearchengines.
Applicantswhohaveneverbeenissuedapassportintheirownnamemustexecuteanapplicationinpersonbefore1apassportagent;2aclerkofanyfederalcourtorstatecourtofrecordorajudgeorclerkofanyprobatecourtacceptingapplications;3apostalemployeedesignatedbythepostmasteratapostofficethathasbeenselectedtoacceptpassportapplications;or4aU.S.diplomaticorconsularofficerabroad. 41______.IftheapplicanthasnopriorpassportandwasbornintheU.S.acertifiedcopyofhis/herbirthcertificategenerallymustbepresentedtotheagentacceptingthepassportapplication.Tobeacceptablethecertificatemustshowthegivennameandsurnamethedateandplaceofbirthandthatthebirthrecordwasfiledshortlyafterbirth.Adelayedbirthcertificatearecordfiledmorethan1yearafterthedateofbirthisacceptableprovidedthatitshowsthatacceptablesecondaryevidencewasusedforcreatingthisrecord. 42______Thenoticemustbeaccompaniedbythebestobtainablesecondaryevidencesuchasabaptismalcertificateorahospitalbirthrecord. AnaturalizedcitizenwithnopreviouspassportmustpresentaCertificateofNaturalization.ApersonbornabroadclaimingU.S.citizenshipthrougheitheranative-bornornaturalizedcitizenparentmustnormallysubmitaCertificateofCitizenshipissuedbytheImmigrationandNaturalizationService;oraConsularReportofBirthorCertificationofBirthAbroadissuedbytheDept.ofState.43______ Additionallyifcitizenshipisderivedthroughbirthtocitizenparentsthefollowingdocumentswillberequired:parents’marriagecertificateshowingperiodsandplacesofresidenceorphysicalpresenceintheU.S.andabroadspecifyingperiodsspentabroadintheemploymentoftheU.S.governmentincludingthearmedforcesorwithcertaininternationalorganizations.44______ Itisimportanttoapplyforapassportasfarinadvanceaspossible.PassportofficesarebusiestbetweenMarchandSeptember.Itcantakeseveralweekstoreceiveyourpassport.45______ A.Ifabirthcertificateisnotobtainableanoticefromastateregistrarmustbesubmittedstatingthatnobirthrecordexists. B.AnyapplicantwithoutpriorpassportneedsabirthcertificateprovidedbyahospitalorclinicanywhereinAmerica. C.Ifoneoftheabovedocumentshasnotbeenobtainedevidenceofcitizenshipoftheparentsthroughwhomcitizenshipisclaimedandevidencethatwouldestablishtheparent/childrelationshipmustbesubmitted. D.Personsinothercircumstancesmaybeeligibletoapplyforanewpassportthroughinterviewappointedbyemailorphone. E.IfcitizenshipisderivedthroughnaturalizationofparentsevidenceofadmissiontotheU.S.forpermanentresidencealsowillberequired. F.AfullvaliditypassportpreviouslyissuedtotheapplicantoroneinwhichheorshewasincludedwillbeacceptedasproofofU.S.citizenship. G.Personswhopossessthemostrecentpassportissuedwithinthelast12yearsandaftertheir18thbirthdaymaybeeligibletoapplyforanewpassportbymail. 42
Text4 LetusaskwhatwerethepreparationandtrainingAbrahamLincolnhadfororatorywhetherpoliticalorforensic. Borninrudeandabjectpovertyheneverhadanyeducationexceptwhathegavehimselftillhewasapproachingmanhood.Notevenbookswherewithtoinformandtrainhismindwerewithinhisreach.Noschoolnouniversitynolegalfacultyhadanypartintraininghispowers.Whenhe.becamealawyerandapoliticiantheyearsmostfavourabletocontinuousstudyhadalreadypassedandtheopportunitieshefoundforreadingwereveryscanty.Heknewbutfewauthorsingeneralliteraturethoughheknewthosefewthoroughly.HetaughthimselfalittlemathematicsbuthecouldreadnolanguagesavehisownandhadonlythefaintestacquaintancewithEuropeanhistoryorwithanybranchofphilosophy. Thewantofregulareducationwasnotmadeupforbythepersonsamongwhomhislotwascast.Untilhewasagrownmanhenevermovedinanysocietyfromwhichhecouldlearnthosethingswithwhichthemindofanoratorwastobestored.Evenafterhehadgainedsomelegalpracticetherewasformanyyearsnooneforhimtomixwithexceptthepettypractitionersofapettytownmennearlyallofwhomknewlittlemorethanhedidhimself. Schoolsgavehimnothingandsocietygavehimnothing.Buthehadapowerfulintellectandaresolutewill.Isolationfosterednotonlyself-reliancebutthehabitofreflectionandindeedofprolongedandintensereflection.Hemadeallthatheknewapartofhimself.Hisconvictionswerehisown--clearandcoherent.Hewasnotpositiveoropinionatedandhedidnotdenythatatcertainmomentsheponderedandhesitatedlongbeforehedecided’onhiscourse.Butthoughhecouldkeepapolicyinsuspensewaitingforeventstoguidehimhedidnotwaver.Hepausedandreconsideredbutitwasneverhiswaytogobackonadecisiononcemoreortowastetimeinvainregretssothatallhehadexpectedhadnotbeenattained.Hetookadvicereadilyandleftmanythingstohisministers;buthedidnotleanonhisadvisers.Withoutvanityorostentationhewasalwaysindependentself-containedpreparedtotakefullresponsibilityforhisacts. WearealsotoldthatAbrahamLincoln
Text2 Theuseofheatpumpshas’beenheldbacklargelybyskepticismaboutadvertisers’claimsthatheatpumpscanprovideasmanyasunitsofthermalenergyforeachunitofelectricalenergyusedthusapparentlycontradictingtheprincipleofenergyconservation.Heatpumpscirculateafluidrefrigerantthatcyclesalternativelyfromitsliquidphasetoitsvaporphaseinaclosedloop.Therefrigerantstartingasalow-temperaturelow-pressurevaporenterscompressordrivenbyanelectricmotor.Therefrigerantleavesthecompressorasahotdensevaporandflowsthroughaheatexchangercalledthecondenserwhichtransfersheatfromtherefrigeranttoabodyorair.Nowtherefrigerantasahigh-pressurecooledliquidconfrontsaflowrestrictionwhichcausesthepressuretodrop.Asthepressurefallstherefrigerantexpandsandpartiallyvaporizesbecomingchilled.Itthenpassesthroughasecondheatexchangertheevaporatorwhichtransfersheatfromtheairtotherefrigerantreducingthetemperatureofthissecondbodyofair.Ofthetwoheatexchangersoneislocatedinsideandtheotheroneoutsidethehousesoeachisincontactwithadifferentbodyofair:roomairandoutsideairrespectively. Theflowdirectionofrefrigerantthroughaheatpumpiscontrolledbyvalves.Whentherefrigerantflowisreversedtheheatexchangersswitchfunction.Thisflow-reversalcapabilityallowsheatpumps--eithertoheatorcoolroomair. NowifundercertainconditionsaheatpumpputsoutmorethermalenergythanitconsumesinelectricalenergyhasthelawofenergyconservationbeenchallengedNonotevenremotely:theadditionalinputofthermalenergyintothecirculatingrefrigerantviatheevaporatoraccountsforthedifferenceintheenergyequation. Unfortunatelythereisonerealproblem.Theheatingcapacityofaheatpumpdecreasesastheoutdoortemperaturefalls.Thedropincapacityiscausedbythelesseningamountofrefrigerantmassmovedthroughthecompressoratonetime.Theheatingcapacityisproportionaltothismassflowrate:thelessthemassofrefrigerantbeingcompressedthelessthethermalloaditcantransferthroughtheheat-pumpcycle.Thevolumeflowrateofrefrigerantvaporthroughthesingle-speedrotarycompressorusedinheatpumpsisapproximatelyconstant.Butcoldrefrigerantvaporenteringacompressorisatlowerpressurethanwarmervapor.Thereforethemassofcoldrefrigerant--andthusthethermalenergyitcarries--islessthaniftherefrigerantvaporwerewarmerbeforecompression. Herethenliesagenuinedrawbackofheatpumps:inextremelycoldclimates--wherethemostheatisneeded--heatpumpsareleastabletosupplyen6ughheat. Theauthorregardsthenotionthatheatpumpshaveagenuinedrawbackasa
Text2 Oneoftheoddthingsaboutsomebusinessorganizationsisthattheyspendsomuchmoneytolurenewcustomersandspendsolittletokeepthemafterthey’vebeenlanded.Itjustdoesn’tmakesense.Takingcustomersforgrantedisroutineinsomelargerorganizationswheremerebignessgeneratesanattitudeofindifference. Loyalcustomersareanorganization’sonlyprotectionagainstbankruptcyandlosingthembecauseofneglectorindifferenceisdownrightsinful.Notonlydosatisfiedcustomerscontinuetofattenthetilltheyoftenencourageotherstobuy.Thisisadvertisingthatdoesn’tcostapenny.Andalthoughtherearealwaysproblemsingivinggoodservicetocustomersmaintainingtheirpatronage光顾isn’tallthatdifficult.It’samatterofattitudeofbelievingthateveryonewhobuysfromyouisentitledtothebesttreatmentyoucandeliver.Plusgivingjustalittlemorethanyouhaveto. Wesaidtherearealwaysproblemsingivinggoodservicetocustomers.Thereasonofcourseisthatnoorganizationisperfectandthere’smanyaslip:unreasonabledelaysinfillingordersshippingthewrongmerchandisefailingtoanswerletterspromptlyandsoon. Sometimestheseerrorsorfailurescan’tbehelped.Forexampleifyoucan’tgetpartsbecauseofmaterialshortagesoratransportationstrikecustomersmaybedeniedthegoodsthey’veordered.Andnotinfrequentlythecustomeristoblame--forexamplefailingtoclearlyidentifythearticleorservjcerequired. Yetnomatterwhoisatfaultcustomerswhomyouvaluehighlyshouldgenerallybegiventhebenefitofthedoubt.Notethatwesaid"customerswhomyouvaluehighly."Theoldsaying格言goesthatallcustomersshouldbetreatedalikeisamyth.Customerswhorepeatedlyplacelargeordersandpayforthemwillnaturallygetmoreattentionthanthosewhobuyinfrequentlyandhavetobebadgeredtopaywhattheyowe.Howeveryouhavetomaketheassumptionthatallcustomersaregoodunlessprovedotherwise. Thewordidentifyinthefourthparagraphisthesameas
The1ofthefluorescenttube2amajorrevolutioninthedevelopmentofbetterandcheaperlighting.FirstshownattheNewYorkandSanFranciscoWorld3in1939thismoreefficientmorediffuselonger-livedlamphasbeen4improvedsothatslowlyit5thesupremacyoftheincandescenthouseholdglobe.Thefluorescenttube6Australianhomesshopsandfactoriestodayissevenoreighttimes7thetubesthatbroughtshadow-freelightingtomanyofBritain’swartimefactories.Its8tooismuchgreater—from2000hoursin1940tomc/rethan7500hourstoday. But9its10useformorethan30yearsthefluorescenttuberemainsa 11tomanyofitsusers.Itisbuilt12acompletelydifferent13fromtheincandescentlight.Intheincandescentbulbatungstenwire14thanahumanhairisbroughttowhite-hottemperaturebypassinganelectric15throughit.Inthefluorescenttubeastreamofelectronsbombardsagascontainingmercury16invisibleultravioletradiation.Theultravioletrayshitthefluorescentcoatingthat17thetube18ittogrow.A40watt’fluorescenttubegivestwiceasmuchlightasa100.watttungstenglobe19aboutfivetimesaslongandrunscoolenoughto20higherlevelsoflight. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Text4 LetusaskwhatwerethepreparationandtrainingAbrahamLincolnhadfororatorywhetherpoliticalorforensic. Borninrudeandabjectpovertyheneverhadanyeducationexceptwhathegavehimselftillhewasapproachingmanhood.Notevenbookswherewithtoinformandtrainhismindwerewithinhisreach.Noschoolnouniversitynolegalfacultyhadanypartintraininghispowers.Whenhe.becamealawyerandapoliticiantheyearsmostfavourabletocontinuousstudyhadalreadypassedandtheopportunitieshefoundforreadingwereveryscanty.Heknewbutfewauthorsingeneralliteraturethoughheknewthosefewthoroughly.HetaughthimselfalittlemathematicsbuthecouldreadnolanguagesavehisownandhadonlythefaintestacquaintancewithEuropeanhistoryorwithanybranchofphilosophy. Thewantofregulareducationwasnotmadeupforbythepersonsamongwhomhislotwascast.Untilhewasagrownmanhenevermovedinanysocietyfromwhichhecouldlearnthosethingswithwhichthemindofanoratorwastobestored.Evenafterhehadgainedsomelegalpracticetherewasformanyyearsnooneforhimtomixwithexceptthepettypractitionersofapettytownmennearlyallofwhomknewlittlemorethanhedidhimself. Schoolsgavehimnothingandsocietygavehimnothing.Buthehadapowerfulintellectandaresolutewill.Isolationfosterednotonlyself-reliancebutthehabitofreflectionandindeedofprolongedandintensereflection.Hemadeallthatheknewapartofhimself.Hisconvictionswerehisown--clearandcoherent.Hewasnotpositiveoropinionatedandhedidnotdenythatatcertainmomentsheponderedandhesitatedlongbeforehedecided’onhiscourse.Butthoughhecouldkeepapolicyinsuspensewaitingforeventstoguidehimhedidnotwaver.Hepausedandreconsideredbutitwasneverhiswaytogobackonadecisiononcemoreortowastetimeinvainregretssothatallhehadexpectedhadnotbeenattained.Hetookadvicereadilyandleftmanythingstohisministers;buthedidnotleanonhisadvisers.Withoutvanityorostentationhewasalwaysindependentself-containedpreparedtotakefullresponsibilityforhisacts. ThehabitofreflectionhelpedLincoln
The1ofthefluorescenttube2amajorrevolutioninthedevelopmentofbetterandcheaperlighting.FirstshownattheNewYorkandSanFranciscoWorld3in1939thismoreefficientmorediffuselonger-livedlamphasbeen4improvedsothatslowlyit5thesupremacyoftheincandescenthouseholdglobe.Thefluorescenttube6Australianhomesshopsandfactoriestodayissevenoreighttimes7thetubesthatbroughtshadow-freelightingtomanyofBritain’swartimefactories.Its8tooismuchgreater—from2000hoursin1940tomc/rethan7500hourstoday. But9its10useformorethan30yearsthefluorescenttuberemainsa 11tomanyofitsusers.Itisbuilt12acompletelydifferent13fromtheincandescentlight.Intheincandescentbulbatungstenwire14thanahumanhairisbroughttowhite-hottemperaturebypassinganelectric15throughit.Inthefluorescenttubeastreamofelectronsbombardsagascontainingmercury16invisibleultravioletradiation.Theultravioletrayshitthefluorescentcoatingthat17thetube18ittogrow.A40watt’fluorescenttubegivestwiceasmuchlightasa100.watttungstenglobe19aboutfivetimesaslongandrunscoolenoughto20higherlevelsoflight. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Text1 Oneofthemajorproblemsofnuclearenergyistheinabilityofscientiststodiscoverasafewaytodisposeoftheradioactivewasteswhichoccurthroughoutthenuclearprocess.Manyofthesewastesremaindangerouslyactivefortensofthousandsofyearswhileothershavealifespanclosertoaquarterofamillionyears.Variousmethodshavebeenusedtodatebutallhaverevealedweaknessesforcingscientiststocontinuetheirsearch. Thenuclearprocessinvolvesseveralstageswiththedangerofradioactivityconstantlypresent.Fuelfornuclearreactorscomesfromuraniumorewhichwhenminedspontaneouslyproducesradioactivesubstancesasbyproducts.Thischaracteristicofuraniumorewentundetectedforalongtimeresultinginthedeathduetocancerofhundredsofuraniumminers. TheUnitedStatesattemptedtoburymuchofitsradioactivewastematerialincontainersmadeofsteelcoveredinconcreteandcapableofholdingamilliongallons.Foralongtimeitwasbelievedthatthenuclearwasteproblemhadbeensolveduntilsomeofthesetanksleakedallowingtheradioactivewastestoseepintotheenvironment.Canadapresentlystoresitsnuclearwasteinunderwatertankswiththelong-termeffectslargelyunknown. Howeverplansareunderconsiderationforabove-groundstorageofspentfuelfromreactors.Theseplansincludethebuildingofthreevastconcretecontainerswhichwouldbetwostorieshighandapproximatelythelengthandwidthoftwofootballfields.OthersuggestionsincludeenclosingthewasteinglassblocksandstoringtheminundergroundcavernsorplacinghotcontainersintheAntarcticregionwheretheywouldmelttheicetherebysinkingdownadverseeffectontheicesheets. HotcontainersofnuclearwastestobeputinAntarcticregionwould
Text3 Ingeneraloursocietyisbecomingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucraticmanagementinwhich’manbecomesasmallwell-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwageswell-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusicandbypsychologistsand"human-relations"experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerlessthathedoesnotwhole-heartedlyparticipateinhisworkandthatheisboredwithit.Infacttheblue-andthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement. Theworkerandemployeeareanxiousnotonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajob;theyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionorinterestinlife.Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealities’ofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings. Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace. Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjobtheyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasfortherightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence.Fromthatmomentontheyareagainandagaintestedbythepsychologistsforwhomtestingisabigbusinessandbytheirsuperiorswhojudgetheirbehaviorsociabilitycapacitytogetalongetc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellow-competitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstresstheverycausesofunhappinessandillness. AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortothenineteenthcenturytreeenterprise”capitalismCertainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities--thoseofloveandofreason--aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisendandshouldbepreventedfromrulingwan. Byawell-oiledcoginthemachinerytheauthorintendstorendertheideathatmanis
The1ofthefluorescenttube2amajorrevolutioninthedevelopmentofbetterandcheaperlighting.FirstshownattheNewYorkandSanFranciscoWorld3in1939thismoreefficientmorediffuselonger-livedlamphasbeen4improvedsothatslowlyit5thesupremacyoftheincandescenthouseholdglobe.Thefluorescenttube6Australianhomesshopsandfactoriestodayissevenoreighttimes7thetubesthatbroughtshadow-freelightingtomanyofBritain’swartimefactories.Its8tooismuchgreater—from2000hoursin1940tomc/rethan7500hourstoday. But9its10useformorethan30yearsthefluorescenttuberemainsa 11tomanyofitsusers.Itisbuilt12acompletelydifferent13fromtheincandescentlight.Intheincandescentbulbatungstenwire14thanahumanhairisbroughttowhite-hottemperaturebypassinganelectric15throughit.Inthefluorescenttubeastreamofelectronsbombardsagascontainingmercury16invisibleultravioletradiation.Theultravioletrayshitthefluorescentcoatingthat17thetube18ittogrow.A40watt’fluorescenttubegivestwiceasmuchlightasa100.watttungstenglobe19aboutfivetimesaslongandrunscoolenoughto20higherlevelsoflight. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
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